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Shirota Y, Otani T, Wasada S, Ito S, Mieda T, Nakamura K. Inner and outer penetrating spinal cord injuries lead to distinct overground walking in mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:345-352. [PMID: 38415183 PMCID: PMC10897851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating mechanical trauma. Although locomotion of model animals that mimic contusion SCI was actively examined, locomotion after penetrating SCI caused by sharp objects was not extensively studied. Severity of walking difficulty after partial transection of the spinal cord including penetrating SCI likely depends on the regions affected. Therefore, we compared beam walking and overground walking between mice after penetrating SCI at inner spinal cord region and mice with the injury at the outer region. Mice with the both penetrating SCIs did not display changes in beam walking. When appearance and movements of hindlimbs during overground walking was rated using Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion (BMS), however, mice with inner penetrating SCI showed low score shortly after the SCI. However, the score became high at later time points, as seen in contusion SCI mice. By contrast, BMS score did not decrease shortly after the outer penetrating SCI. However, the score became low 3 weeks after the SCI. As quantitative values during overground walking, movement duration in an open field were shorter at 1 day after the two penetrating SCIs. However, slower moving speed and fewer number of movement at 1 day were specific to mice with inner and outer penetrating SCIs, respectively. Moreover, BMS score was correlated with walking distance in open field only in mice with inner penetrating SCI. Thus, inner and outer penetrating SCI cause difficulty in overground walking with different severity and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shirota
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Taketo Otani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sayo Wasada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Tsunatori Honmachi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-0817, Japan
| | - Tokue Mieda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Ertlen C, Seblani M, Bonnet M, Brezun JM, Coyle T, Sabatier F, Fuentes S, Decherchi P, Serratrice N, Marqueste T. Efficacy of the immediate adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction autograft on functional sensorimotor recovery after spinal cord contusion in rats. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:29. [PMID: 38303017 PMCID: PMC10835949 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03645-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injuries (SCI) lead to functional alteration with important consequences such as motor and sensory disorders. The repair strategies developed to date remain ineffective. The adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) is composed of a cocktail of cells with trophic, pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory effects. Numerous therapeutic benefits were shown for tissue reconstitution, peripheral neuropathy and for the improvement of neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the therapeutic efficacy of SVF on sensorimotor recovery after an acute thoracic spinal cord contusion in adult rats was determined. METHOD Male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 45) were divided into 3 groups: SHAM (without SCI and treatment), NaCl (animals with a spinal lesion and receiving a saline injection through the dura mater) and SVF (animals with a spinal lesion and receiving a fraction of fat removed from adipocytes through the dura mater). Some animals were sacrificed 14 days after the start of the experiment to determine the inflammatory reaction by measuring the interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the lesion area. Other animals were followed once a week for 12 weeks to assess functional recovery (postural and locomotor activities, sensorimotor coordination). At the end of this period, spinal reflexivity (rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex) and physiological adjustments (ventilatory response to metabosensitive muscle activation following muscle fatigue) were measured with electrophysiological tools. RESULTS Compared to non-treated animals, results indicated that the SVF reduced the endogenous inflammation and increased the behavioral recovery in treated animals. Moreover, H-reflex depression and ventilatory adjustments to muscle fatigue were found to be comparable between SHAM and SVF groups. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the effectiveness of SVF and its high therapeutic potential to improve sensorimotor functions and to restore the segmental sensorimotor loop and the communication between supra- and sub-lesional spinal cord regions after traumatic contusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ertlen
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Mostafa Seblani
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Maxime Bonnet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), INSERM 1409 Centre d'Investigation Clinique en Biothérapies, Unité de Culture Et Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital de La Conception, 147, Boulevard Baille, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Stéphane Fuentes
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de La Timone, 264, Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
| | - Nicolas Serratrice
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital de La Timone, 264, Rue Saint-Pierre, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe Plasticité Des Systèmes Nerveux Et Musculaire (PSNM), Parc Scientifique Et Technologique de Luminy, Aix Marseille Univ, CC910 - 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Seblani M, Ertlen C, Coyle T, Decherchi P, Brezun JM. Combined effect of trifluoperazine and sodium cromoglycate on reducing acute edema and limiting lasting functional impairments after spinal cord injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2024; 372:114612. [PMID: 37993080 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Edema formation is one of the very first events to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI) leading to an increase of the intrathecal pressure and consequently to serious spinal tissue and functional impairments. Current edema treatments are still symptomatic and/or non-specific. Since edema formation mechanisms are mainly described as vasogenic and cytotoxic, it becomes crucial to understand the interplay between these two subtypes. Acting on key targets to inhibit edema formation may reduce secondary damage and related functional impairments. In this study, we characterize the edema kinetic after T9-10 spinal contusion. We use trifluoperazine (TFP) to block the expression and the functional subcellular localization of aquaporin-4 supposed to be implicated in the cytotoxic edema formation. We also use sodium cromoglycate (SCG) to deactivate mast cell degranulation known to be implicated in the vasogenic edema formation. Our results show a significant reduction of edema after TFP treatment and after TFP-SCG combined treatment compared to control. This reduction is correlated with limited onset of initial sensorimotor impairments particularly after combined treatment. Our results highlight the importance of potential synergetic targets in early edema therapy after SCI as part of tissue sparing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Céline Ertlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Team "Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire" (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille, Cedex 09, France.
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Bonnet M, Ertlen C, Seblani M, Brezun JM, Coyle T, Cereda C, Zuccotti G, Colli M, Desouches C, Decherchi P, Carelli S, Marqueste T. Activated Human Adipose Tissue Transplantation Promotes Sensorimotor Recovery after Acute Spinal Cord Contusion in Rats. Cells 2024; 13:182. [PMID: 38247873 PMCID: PMC10814727 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs) often result in sensory, motor, and vegetative function loss below the injury site. Although preclinical results have been promising, significant solutions for SCI patients have not been achieved through translating repair strategies to clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the effective potential of mechanically activated lipoaspirated adipose tissue when transplanted into the epicenter of a thoracic spinal contusion. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups: SHAM (uninjured and untreated), NaCl (spinal cord contusion with NaCl application), and AF (spinal cord contusion with transplanted activated human fat). Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were measured to assess endogenous inflammation levels 14 days after injury. Sensorimotor recovery was monitored weekly for 12 weeks, and gait and electrophysiological analyses were performed at the end of this observational period. The results indicated that AF reduced endogenous inflammation post-SCI and there was a significant improvement in sensorimotor recovery. Moreover, activated adipose tissue also reinstated the segmental sensorimotor loop and the communication between supra- and sub-lesional spinal cord regions. This investigation highlights the efficacy of activated adipose tissue grafting in acute SCI, suggesting it is a promising therapeutic approach for spinal cord repair after traumatic contusion in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bonnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Céline Ertlen
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Mostafa Seblani
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Michel Brezun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Thelma Coyle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center «Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi», Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano (UNIMI), Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Mattia Colli
- Podgora7 Clinic, Via Podgora 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Christophe Desouches
- Clinique Phénicia—CD Esthétique, 5 Boulevard Notre Dame, F-13006 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Via Ludovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center «Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi», Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano (UNIMI), Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy;
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, CC910-163, Avenue de Luminy, CEDEX 09, F-13288 Marseille, France (J.-M.B.); (P.D.)
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Modi AD, Parekh A, Patel ZH. Methods for evaluating gait associated dynamic balance and coordination in rodents. Behav Brain Res 2024; 456:114695. [PMID: 37783346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Balance is the dynamic and unconscious control of the body's centre of mass to maintain postural equilibrium. Regulated by the vestibular system, head movement and acceleration are processed by the brain to adjust joints. Several conditions result in a loss of balance, including Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Menière's Disease and cervical spondylosis, all of which are caused by damage to certain parts of the vestibular pathways. Studies about the impairment of the vestibular system are challenging to carry out in human trials due to smaller study sizes limiting applications of the results and a lacking understanding of the human balance control mechanism. In contrast, more controlled research can be performed in animal studies which have fewer confounding factors than human models and allow specific conditions that affect balance to be replicated. Balance control can be studied using rodent balance-related behavioural tests after spinal or brain lesions, such as the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Scale, Foot Fault Scoring System, Ledged Beam Test, Beam Walking Test, and Ladder Beam Test, which are discussed in this review article along with their advantages and disadvantages. These tests can be performed in preclinical rodent models of femoral nerve injury, stroke, spinal cord injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshat D Modi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Anavi Parekh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeenal H Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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Schaufler D, Manthou ME, Theotokis P, Rink-Notzon S, Angelov DN. Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and Manually Assisted Locomotor Therapy on Neurotrophin-3 Expression and Microglia/Macrophage Mobilization Following Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3238-3254. [PMID: 37185735 PMCID: PMC10137282 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells play an important role in neuroinflammation and secondary damages after spinal cord injury (SCI). Progressive microglia/macrophage inflammation along the entire spinal axis follows SCI, and various factors may determine the microglial activation profile. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is known to control the survival of neurons, the function of synapses, and the release of neurotransmitters, while also stimulating axon plasticity and growth. We examined the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) and forms of assisted locomotor therapy, such as passive flexion-extension (PFE) therapy, at the neuronal level after SCI, with a focus on changes in NT-3 expression and on microglia/macrophage reaction, as they play a major role in the reconstitution of CNS integrity after injury and they may critically account for the observed structural and functional benefits of physical therapy. More specifically, the WBV therapy resulted in the best overall functional recovery when initiated at day 14, while inducing a decrease in Iba1 and the highest increase in NT-3. Therefore, the WBV therapy at the 14th day appeared to be superior to the PFE therapy in terms of recovery. Functional deficits and subsequent rehabilitation depend heavily upon the inflammatory processes occurring caudally to the injury site; thus, we propose that increased expression of NT-3, especially in the dorsal horn, could potentially be the mediator of this favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schaufler
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Lung Cancer Group Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Svenja Rink-Notzon
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Doychin N Angelov
- Anatomical Institute II, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Ito S, Kakuta Y, Yoshida K, Shirota Y, Mieda T, Iizuka Y, Chikuda H, Iizuka H, Nakamura K. A simple scoring of beam walking performance after spinal cord injury in mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272233. [PMID: 35951582 PMCID: PMC9371269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise evaluation of motor functions using simple and reproducible tests for mouse models of spinal cord injury (SCI) are required. Overground walking of SCI mice has been tested by Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion (BMS). In contrast, only a few works quantify walking performances of SCI mice on narrow beams, a different task. Here, we established a novel scoring system using a single beam walking apparatus for SCI mice. The scoring system uses binary judgments of values such as retention, moving forward and reaching the goal on a beam for rating. In addition, high score was given to SCI mouse when the mouse efficiently used hindlimbs for locomotion on the beam. A high rate of concordance of the score derived from positions of hindlimbs between two observers was obtained. Mice displayed the lowest total score on the beam immediately after the SCI, then the score gradually increased like time course of BMS score. Furthermore, the total scores reflected gradation of severity of SCI in 2 strains of mice. The beam walking score proved to be strongly correlated with that of BMS score, indicating that performances between overground walking and beam walking are partly correlated in SCI mice. Collectively, the novel scoring system offers an opportunity to easily evaluate motor performances of mice with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yohei Kakuta
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuma Shirota
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tokue Mieda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yoichi Iizuka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Chikuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Haku Iizuka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, Isesaki, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Rink S, Manthou ME, Arnold J, Grigo M, Dicken P, Abdulla DSY, Bendella H, Nohroudi K, Angelov DN. Motor, sensitive, and vegetative recovery in rats with compressive spinal-cord injury after combined treatment with erythropoietin and whole-body vibration. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:85-100. [PMID: 33612500 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-201120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical therapy with whole body vibration (WBV) following compressive spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats restores density of perisomatic synapses, improves body weight support and leads to a better bladder function. The purpose of the study was to determine whether the combined treatment with WBV plus erythropoietin (EPO) would further improve motor, sensory and vegetative functions after SCI in rats. METHODS Severe compressive SCI at low thoracic level was followed by a single i.p. injection of 2,5μg (250 IU) human recombinant EPO. Physical therapy with WBV started on 14th day after injury and continued over a 12-week post injury period. Locomotor recovery, sensitivity tests and urinary bladder scores were analysed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after SCI. The closing morphological measurements included lesion volume and numbers of axons in the preserved perilesional neural tissue bridges (PNTB). RESULTS Assessment of motor performance sensitivity and bladder function revealed no significant effects of EPO when compared to the control treatments. EPO treatment neither reduced the lesion volume, nor increased the number of axons in PNTB. CONCLUSIONS The combination of WBV + EPO exerts no positive effects on hind limbs motor performance and bladder function after compressive SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Julia Arnold
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Merle Grigo
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Paulina Dicken
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Diana Saad Yousif Abdulla
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Network Genomic Medicine, Lung Cancer Group Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Nohroudi
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Rink S, Pavlov S, Wöhler A, Bendella H, Manthou M, Papamitsou T, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN. Numbers of Axons in Spared Neural Tissue Bridges But Not Their Widths or Areas Correlate With Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord-Injured Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1203-1217. [PMID: 32594136 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between various parameters of tissue damage and subsequent functional recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) are not well understood. Patients may regain micturition control and walking despite large postinjury medullar cavities. The objective of this study was to establish possible correlations between morphological findings and degree of functional recovery after spinal cord compression at vertebra Th8 in rats. Recovery of motor (Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan, foot-stepping angle, rump-height index, and ladder climbing), sensory (withdrawal latency), and bladder functions was analyzed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks post-SCI. Following perfusion fixation, spinal cord tissue encompassing the injury site was cut in longitudinal frontal sections. Lesion lengths, lesion volumes, and areas of perilesional neural tissue bridges were determined after staining with cresyl violet. The numbers of axons in these bridges were quantified after staining for class III β-tubulin. We found that it was not the area of the spared tissue bridges, which is routinely determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the numbers of axons in them that correlated with functional recovery after SCI (Spearman's ρ > 0.8; p < 0.001). We conclude that prognostic statements based only on MRI measurements should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Stoyan Pavlov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University, Varna, Bulgaria
| | | | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sarah A Dunlop
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Australia
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10
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Bonnet M, Alluin O, Trimaille T, Gigmes D, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Delayed Injection of a Physically Cross-Linked PNIPAAm- g-PEG Hydrogel in Rat Contused Spinal Cord Improves Functional Recovery. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10247-10259. [PMID: 32426581 PMCID: PMC7226861 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a main health issue, leading to multiple functional deficits with major consequences such as motor and sensitive impairment below the lesion. To date, all repair strategies remain ineffective. In line with the experiments showing that implanted hydrogels, immunologically inert biomaterials, from natural or synthetic origins, are promising tools and in order to reduce functional deficits, to increase locomotor recovery, and to reduce spasticity, we injected into the lesion area, 1 week after a severe T10 spinal cord contusion, a thermoresponsive physically cross-linked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer hydrogel. The effect of postinjury intensive rehabilitation training was also studied. A group of male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving the hydrogel was enrolled in an 8 week program of physical activity (15 min/day, 5 days/week) in order to verify if the combination of a treadmill step-training and hydrogel could lead to better outcomes. The data obtained were compared to those obtained in animals with a spinal lesion alone receiving a saline injection with or without performing the same program of physical activity. Furthermore, in order to verify the biocompatibility of our designed biomaterial, an inflammatory reaction (interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) was examined 15 days post-hydrogel injection. Functional recovery (postural and locomotor activities and sensorimotor coordination) was assessed from the day of injection, once a week, for 9 weeks. Finally, 9 weeks postinjection, the spinal reflexivity (rate-dependent depression of the H-reflex) was measured. The results indicate that the hydrogel did not induce an additional inflammation. Furthermore, we observed the same significant locomotor improvements in hydrogel-injected animals as in trained saline-injected animals. However, the combination of hydrogel with exercise did not show higher recovery compared to that evaluated by the two strategies independently. Finally, the H-reflex depression recovery was found to be induced by the hydrogel and, albeit to a lesser degree, exercise. However, no recovery was observed when the two strategies were combined. Our results highlight the effectiveness of our copolymer and its high therapeutic potential to preserve/repair the spinal cord after lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Bonnet
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Alluin
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Thomas Trimaille
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire,
Equipe, Chimie Radicalaire Organique et Polymères de Spécialité,
(CROPS), Case 562—Avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire,
Equipe, Chimie Radicalaire Organique et Polymères de Spécialité,
(CROPS), Case 562—Avenue
Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, ISM, UMR 7287, Institut des Sciences du Mouvement:
Etienne-Jules MAREY, Equipe, Plasticité des Systèmes
Nerveux et Musculaire, (PSNM), Parc Scientifique et Technologique
de Luminy, Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille, CC910—163 Avenue de Luminy, F-13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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11
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Raslan A, Salem MAM, Al‐Hussaini A, Guntinas‐Lichius O, Irintchev A. Brief Electrical Stimulation Improves Functional Recovery After Femoral But Not After Facial Nerve Injury in Rats. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1304-1313. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Raslan
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyAssiut University Assiut Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyJena University Hospital Jena Germany
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12
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Ahmed RU, Alam M, Zheng YP. Experimental spinal cord injury and behavioral tests in laboratory rats. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01324. [PMID: 30906898 PMCID: PMC6411514 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in some serious neurophysiological consequences that alter healthy body functions and devastate the quality of living of individuals. To find a cure for SCI, researchers around the world are working on different neurorepair and neurorehabilitation modalities. To test a new treatment for SCI as well as to understand the mechanism of recovery, animal models are being widely used. Among them, SCI rat models are arguably the most prominent. Furthermore, it is important to select a suitable behavioral test to evaluate both the motor and sensory recovery following any therapeutic intervention. In this paper, we review the rat models of spinal injury and commonly used behavioral tests to serve as a useful guideline for neuroscientists in the field of SCI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakib Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Monzurul Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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13
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Rink S, Arnold D, Wöhler A, Bendella H, Meyer C, Manthou M, Papamitsou T, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN. Recovery after spinal cord injury by modulation of the proteoglycan receptor PTPσ. Exp Neurol 2018; 309:148-159. [PMID: 30118740 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SCI is followed by dramatic upregulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) which limit axonal regeneration, oligodendrocyte replacement and remyelination. The recent discovery of the specific CSPGs signaling receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (RPTPσ) provided an opportunity to refine the therapeutic approach to overcome CSPGs inhibitory actions. In previously published work, subcutaneous (s.c.) delivery of 44 μg/day of a peptide mimetic of PTPσ called intracellular sigma peptide (ISP), which binds to PTPσ and blocks CSPG-mediated inhibition, facilitated recovery after contusive SCI. Since this result could be of great interest for clinical trials, we independently repeated this study, but modified the method of injury as well as peptide application and the dosage. Following SCI at the Th10-segment, 40 rats were distributed in 3 groups. Animals in group 1 (20 rats) were subjected to SCI, but received no treatment. Rats in group 2 were treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 44 μg/day ISP (SCI + ISP44) and animals of group 3 with s.c. injections of 500 μg/day ISP (SCI + ISP500) for 7 weeks after lesioning. Recovery was analyzed at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks after SCI by determining (i) BBB-score, (ii) foot-stepping angle, (iii) rump-height index, (iv) number of correct ladder steps, (v) bladder score and (vi) sensitivity (withdrawal latency after thermal stimulus). Finally, we determined the amount of serotonergic fibers in the preserved neural tissue bridges (PNTB) around the lesion site. Our results show that, systemic therapy with ISP improved locomotor, sensory and vegetative recovery which correlated with more spared serotonergic fibers in PNTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany.
| | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany.
| | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.
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14
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The effect of myelotomy following low thoracic spinal cord compression injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Rink S, Bendella H, Alsolivany K, Meyer C, Woehler A, Jansen R, Isik Z, Stein G, Wennmachers S, Nakamura M, Angelov DN. Constitutively reduced sensory capacity promotes better recovery after spinal cord-injury (SCI) in blind rats of the dystrophic RCS strain. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 36:397-416. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Zeynep Isik
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Helios Klinikum Siegburg, Germany
| | | | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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16
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Astrocytic expression of the CXCL12 receptor, CXCR7/ACKR3 is a hallmark of the diseased, but not developing CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 85:105-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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17
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Palm vitamin E reduces locomotor dysfunction and morphological changes induced by spinal cord injury and protects against oxidative damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14365. [PMID: 29085045 PMCID: PMC5662565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs following different types of crushes. External and internal outcomes of SCI are including paralysis, cavity, and cyst formation. Effects of dietary derived antioxidants, such as palm vitamin E on central nervous system (CNS) encourage researchers to focus on the potential therapeutic benefits of antioxidant supplements. In the present study, experiments were carried out to evaluate the neuro-protective effect of the palm vitamin E on locomotor function and morphological damages induced SCI. Seventy-two male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were randomly divided into four groups: sham (laminectomy); control (supplemented with the palm vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day); untreated-SCI (partial crush, 30–33% for 20 sec); treated-SCI (partial crush, 30–33% for 20 sec supplemented with the palm vitamin E at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day). The treatment with the palm vitamin E significantly improved the hind limb locomotor function, reduced the histopathological changes and the morphological damage in the spinal cord. Also, the palm vitamin E indicated a statistically significant decrease in the oxidative damage indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the treated-SCI compared to the untreated-SCI.
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18
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Manthou M, Abdulla DSY, Pavlov SP, Jansen R, Bendella H, Nohroudi K, Stein G, Meyer C, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Behram Kandemir Y, Sarikcioglu L, Semler O, Schoenau E, Dunlop S, Angelov DN. Whole body vibration (WBV) following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats: Timing of intervention. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:185-216. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | - Ramona Jansen
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Carolin Meyer
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sarah Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
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19
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Cheng P, Kuang F, Ju G. Aescin reduces oxidative stress and provides neuroprotection in experimental traumatic spinal cord injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:405-417. [PMID: 27596954 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aescin has many physiological functions that are highly relevant to spinal cord injury (SCI), including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-oedema, and enhancing vascular tone. The present study investigated the putative therapeutic value of aescin in SCI, with a focus on its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Sodium aescinate (1.0mg/kg body weight) or equivalent volume of saline was administered 30min after injury by intravenous injection, with an additional dose daily for seven consecutive days after moderate SCI in rats. After contusion injury of the 8th thoracic (T8) spinal cord, aescin-treated rats developed less severe hind limb weakness than saline controls, as assayed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale, the beam walking test, and a footprint analysis. The improved locomotor outcomes in aescin-treated rats corresponded to markedly decreased immune response, oxidative stress, neuronal loss, axon demyelination, spinal cord swelling, and cell apoptosis, measured around T8 after impact. Our data suggest aescin treatment as a novel, early, neuroprotective approach in SCI. Given the known safety of aescin in clinical applications, the results of this study suggest that it is a good candidate for SCI treatment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Institute of Neurosciences, PLA Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Neurology, PLA 425th Hospital, 86 Sanya Bay Road, Sanya 572000, China.
| | - Fang Kuang
- Institute of Neurosciences, PLA Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, PLA Fourth Military Medical University, 169 West Changle Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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20
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Bendella H, Brackmann DE, Goldbrunner R, Angelov DN. Nerve crush but not displacement-induced stretch of the intra-arachnoidal facial nerve promotes facial palsy after cerebellopontine angle surgery. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2905-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Bell MT, Puskas F, Bennett DT, Cleveland JC, Herson PS, Mares JM, Meng X, Weyant MJ, Fullerton DA, Brett Reece T. Clinical indicators of paraplegia underplay universal spinal cord neuronal injury from transient aortic occlusion. Brain Res 2015; 1618:55-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Xu N, Åkesson E, Holmberg L, Sundström E. A sensitive and reliable test instrument to assess swimming in rats with spinal cord injury. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:172-183. [PMID: 25986406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For clinical translation of experimental spinal cord injury (SCI) research, evaluation of animal SCI models should include several sensorimotor functions. Validated and reliable assessment tools should be applicable to a wide range of injury severity. The BBB scale is the most widely used test instrument, but similar to most others it is used to assess open field ambulation. We have developed an assessment tool for swimming in rats with SCI, with high discriminative power and sensitivity to functional recovery after mild and severe injuries, without need for advanced test equipment. We studied various parameters of swimming in four groups of rats with thoracic SCI of different severity and a control group, for 8 weeks after surgery. Six parameters were combined in a multiple item scale, the Karolinska Institutet Swim Assessment Tool (KSAT). KSAT scores for all SCI groups showed consistent functional improvement after injury, and significant differences between the five experimental groups. The internal consistency, the inter-rater and the test-retest reliability were very high. The KSAT score was highly correlated to the cross-section area of white matter spared at the injury epicenter. Importantly, even after 8 weeks of recovery the KSAT score reliably discriminated normal animals from those inflicted by the mildest injury, and also displayed the recovery of the most severely injured rats. We conclude that this swim scale is an efficient and reliable tool to assess motor activity during swimming, and an important addition to the methods available for evaluating rat models of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholms Sjukhem Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Holmberg
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholms Sjukhem Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Impact of treatment duration and lesion size on effectiveness of chondroitinase treatment post-SCI. Exp Neurol 2015; 267:64-77. [PMID: 25725355 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 2weeks of intralesional chondroitinase abc (ch'abc) treatment on anatomical plasticity and behavioral recovery are examined in adult cats and compared to results achieved with 4weeks of treatment following tightly controlled lateral hemisection injuries. Analyses also were completed using 35 cats with a range of hemisection magnitudes to assess relationships between treatment duration, lesion size and functional recovery. Results indicate that both 2 and 4weeks of treatment significantly increased the number of rubrospinal tract (RuST) neurons with axons below the lesion, but neither affected the number of corticospinal tract neurons. Similarly, both treatment periods also accelerated recovery of select motor tasks, which carries considerable importance with respect to human health care and rehabilitation. Four weeks of treatment promoted recovery beyond that seen with 2weeks in its significant impact on accuracy of movement critical for placement of the ipsilateral hindlimb onto small support surfaces during the most challenging locomotor tasks. Analyses, which extended to a larger group of cats with a range of lesion magnitudes, indicate that 4weeks of ch'abc treatment promoted earlier recovery as well as significantly greater targeting accuracy even in cats with larger lesions. Together, these results support the potential for ch'abc to promote anatomical and behavioral recovery and suggest that intraspinal treatment with ch'abc continues to enhance motor recovery and performance beyond the subacute injury period and diminishes the impact of lesion size.
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24
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Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, Irintchev A. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience 2014; 280:73-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Beneficial effects of thymosin β4 on spinal cord injury in the rat. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:408-16. [PMID: 24937047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) has many physiological functions that are highly relevant to spinal cord injury (SCI), including neuronal survival, anti-inflammation, wound repair promotion, and angiogenesis. The present study investigated the therapeutic value of Tβ4 in SCI, with a focus on its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and vasculoprotective properties. Tβ4 or a saline control was administered by intraperitoneal injection 30 min, 3 days, or 5 days after SCI with mild compression in rat. Locomotor recovery was tested with the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scale and a footprint analysis. All behavioral assessments were markedly improved with Tβ4 treatment. Histological examination at 7 days post injury showed that the numbers of surviving neurons and oligodendrocytes were significantly increased in Tβ4-treated animals compared to saline-treated controls. Levels of myelin basic protein, a marker of mature oligodendrocytes, in Tβ4-treated rats were 57.8% greater than those in saline-treated controls. The expression of ED1, a marker of activated microglia/macrophages, was reduced by 36.9% in the Tβ4-treated group compared to that of the saline-treated group. Tβ4 treatment after SCI was also associated with a significant decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and a significant increase in the mRNA levels of IL-10 compared to the control. Moreover, the size of lesion cavity delineated by astrocyte scar in the injured spinal cord was markedly reduced in Tβ4-treated animals compared to saline-treated controls. Given the known safety of Tβ4 in clinical trials and its beneficial effects on SCI recovery, the results of this study suggested that Tβ4 is a good candidate for SCI treatment in humans.
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Translation of the rat thoracic contusion model; part 2 — forward versus backward locomotion testing. Spinal Cord 2014; 52:529-35. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shinozaki M, Yasuda A, Nori S, Saito N, Toyama Y, Okano H, Nakamura M. Novel method for analyzing locomotor ability after spinal cord injury in rats: technical note. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2013; 53:907-13. [PMID: 24097095 PMCID: PMC4508735 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.tn2012-0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the research for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), the evaluation of motor function in model rats must be as objective, noninvasive, and ethical as possible. The maximum speed and acceleration of a mouse measured using a SCANET system were previously reported to vary significantly according to severity of SCI. In the present study, the motor performance of SCI model rats was examined with SCANET and assessed for Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score to determine the usefulness of the SCANET system in evaluating functional recovery after SCI. Maximum speed and acceleration within the measurement period correlated significantly with BBB scores. Furthermore, among several phased kinematic factors used in BBB scores, the capability of “plantar stepping” was associated with a drastic increase in maximum speed and acceleration after SCI. Therefore, evaluation of maximum speed and acceleration using a SCANET system is a useful method for rat models of SCI and can complement open field scoring scales.
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van Gorp S, Leerink M, Kakinohana O, Platoshyn O, Santucci C, Galik J, Joosten EA, Hruska-Plochan M, Goldberg D, Marsala S, Johe K, Ciacci JD, Marsala M. Amelioration of motor/sensory dysfunction and spasticity in a rat model of acute lumbar spinal cord injury by human neural stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:57. [PMID: 23710605 PMCID: PMC3706882 DOI: 10.1186/scrt209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intraspinal grafting of human neural stem cells represents a promising approach to promote recovery of function after spinal trauma. Such a treatment may serve to: I) provide trophic support to improve survival of host neurons; II) improve the structural integrity of the spinal parenchyma by reducing syringomyelia and scarring in trauma-injured regions; and III) provide neuronal populations to potentially form relays with host axons, segmental interneurons, and/or α-motoneurons. Here we characterized the effect of intraspinal grafting of clinical grade human fetal spinal cord-derived neural stem cells (HSSC) on the recovery of neurological function in a rat model of acute lumbar (L3) compression injury. Methods Three-month-old female Sprague–Dawley rats received L3 spinal compression injury. Three days post-injury, animals were randomized and received intraspinal injections of either HSSC, media-only, or no injections. All animals were immunosuppressed with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and methylprednisolone acetate from the day of cell grafting and survived for eight weeks. Motor and sensory dysfunction were periodically assessed using open field locomotion scoring, thermal/tactile pain/escape thresholds and myogenic motor evoked potentials. The presence of spasticity was measured by gastrocnemius muscle resistance and electromyography response during computer-controlled ankle rotation. At the end-point, gait (CatWalk), ladder climbing, and single frame analyses were also assessed. Syrinx size, spinal cord dimensions, and extent of scarring were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Differentiation and integration of grafted cells in the host tissue were validated with immunofluorescence staining using human-specific antibodies. Results Intraspinal grafting of HSSC led to a progressive and significant improvement in lower extremity paw placement, amelioration of spasticity, and normalization in thermal and tactile pain/escape thresholds at eight weeks post-grafting. No significant differences were detected in other CatWalk parameters, motor evoked potentials, open field locomotor (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotion score (BBB)) score or ladder climbing test. Magnetic resonance imaging volume reconstruction and immunofluorescence analysis of grafted cell survival showed near complete injury-cavity-filling by grafted cells and development of putative GABA-ergic synapses between grafted and host neurons. Conclusions Peri-acute intraspinal grafting of HSSC can represent an effective therapy which ameliorates motor and sensory deficits after traumatic spinal cord injury.
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Basoglu H, Kurtoglu T, Cetin NK, Bilgin MD, Kiylioglu N. Assessment of in vivo spinal cord conduction velocity in rats in an experimental model of ischemic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2013; 51:616-22. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2013.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wirth F, Schempf G, Stein G, Wellmann K, Manthou M, Scholl C, Sidorenko M, Semler O, Eisel L, Harrach R, Angelova S, Jaminet P, Ankerne J, Ashrafi M, Ozsoy O, Ozsoy U, Schubert H, Abdulla D, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN, Irintchev A, Schönau E. Whole-Body Vibration Improves Functional Recovery in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:453-68. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Wirth
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Greta Schempf
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gregor Stein
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | | | - Marilena Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carolin Scholl
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Malina Sidorenko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Oliver Semler
- Department of Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Leonie Eisel
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Rachida Harrach
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Srebrina Angelova
- Jean-Uhrmacher Institute for ENT-Research, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Patrick Jaminet
- Department of Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery with Burn Unit, BG- Trauma Centre, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Janina Ankerne
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Mahak Ashrafi
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Ozlem Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Umut Ozsoy
- Department of Physiology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | | | - Diana Abdulla
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neuroscience, School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Andrey Irintchev
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Eckhard Schönau
- Department of Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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Modification of the ladder rung walking task-new options for analysis of skilled movements. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:418627. [PMID: 23577278 PMCID: PMC3610362 DOI: 10.1155/2013/418627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Method sensitivity is critical for evaluation of poststroke motor function. Skilled walking was assessed in horizontal, upward, and downward rung ladder walking to compare the demands of the tasks and test sensitivity. The complete step sequence of a walk was subjected to analysis aimed at demonstrating the walking pattern, step sequence, step cycle, limb coordination, and limb interaction to complement the foot fault scoring system. Rats (males, n = 10) underwent unilateral photothrombotic lesion of the motor cortex of the forelimb and hind limb areas. Locomotion was video recorded before the insult and at postischemic days 7 and 28. Analysis of walking was performed frame-by-frame. Walking along the rung ladder revealed different results that were dependent on ladder inclination. Horizontal walking was found to discriminate lesion-related motor deficits in forelimb, whereas downward walking demonstrates hind limb use most sensitively. A more frequent use of the impaired forelimb that possibly supported poststroke motor learning in rats was shown. The present study provides a novel system for a detailed analysis of the complete walking sequence and will help to provide a better understanding of how rats deal with motor impairments.
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Lee HJ, Bian S, Jakovcevski I, Wu B, Irintchev A, Schachner M. Delayed Applications of L1 and Chondroitinase ABC Promote Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:1850-63. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joon Lee
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shan Bian
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bin Wu
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Irintchev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P.R. China
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6:109-25. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e328350f70c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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