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Tracking Antioxidant Status in Spinal Cord Injured Rodents: A Voltammetric Method Suited for Clinical Translation. World Neurosurg 2022; 161:e183-e191. [PMID: 35093575 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a signalling cascade that produces oxidative stress and damages the spinal cord. Voltammetry is a clinically accessible technique to detect, monitor, and guide correction of this potentially reversible secondary injury mechanism. Voltammetry is well suited for clinical translation because the method is inexpensive, simple, rapid, and portable. Voltammetry relies on the measurement of anodic current from a reagent-free, electrochemical reaction on the surface of a small electrode. METHODS The present study tested the use of new disposable carbon nanotube based screen printed electrodes (CNT-SPE) for the voltammetric measurement of antioxidant current (AC). Spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats after SCI. Locomotor function after SCI was assessed by using the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) score. RESULTS The more severe SCI caused a decline in spinal cord AC419 at 10 minutes (P < 0.05), 4 hours (P < 0.0001), and 1 day (P < 0.01) after injury compared with sham controls. It also caused a decline in plasma AC375 at 1 (P < 0.001) and 3 days (P < 0.05) after injury compared with their pre-injury baseline. Spinal cord AC419 correlated with plasma AC375 (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and BBB score (r = 0.66, P < 0.0001) at 1 day after SCI. CONCLUSIONS AC measured by CNT-SPE demonstrated a time- and severity-dependent decline after SCI. Plasma AC could serve as a surrogate marker for spinal cord AC.
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Zambrano-Rodríguez PC, Bolaños-Puchet S, Reyes-Alva HJ, de Los Santos RA, Martinez-Cruz A, Guízar-Sahagún G, Medina LA. High-resolution Micro-CT Myelography to Assess Spinal Subarachnoid Space Changes After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neuroimaging 2020; 31:79-89. [PMID: 33244842 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neurologic function. Although SSAS alterations are known to occur after spinal cord injury (SCI), there is a lack of high-resolution imaging studies of the SSAS after SCI in rodents. Therefore, the aim here was to assess changes in the SSAS of rats subjected to graded SCI, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography. METHODS Long-Evans adult rats were subjected to mild or severe spinal cord contusion at T9. Imaging studies of SSAS features were carried out in injured rats at acute (day 1) and subacute (day 15) stages postinjury, as well as in control rats, using high-resolution micro-CT myelography with a contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocol. We studied a total of 33 rats randomly allocated into five experimental groups. Micro-CT myelograms were assessed by expert observers using both qualitative and quantitative criteria. RESULTS Qualitative and quantitative analyses showed that SCI induces changes in the SSAS that vary as a function of both injury severity and time elapsed after injury. SSAS blockage was the main alteration detected. Moreover, the method used here allowed fine details to be observed in small animals, such as variations in the preferential pathways for contrast medium flow, neuroimaging nerve root enhancement, and leakage of contrast medium due to tearing of the dural sac. CONCLUSION Micro-CT myelography provides high-resolution images of changes in the SSAS after SCI in rats and is a useful tool for further experimental studies involving rat SCI in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Zambrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador
| | - Sirio Bolaños-Puchet
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio J Reyes-Alva
- Department of Neurology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Roberto A de Los Santos
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C., Mexico City, Mexico.,Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A Medina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Thoracic sympathetic nuclei ischemia: Effects on lower heart rates following experimentally induced spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurochirurgie 2020; 66:155-161. [PMID: 32387429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropathological mechanism of heart rhythm disorders, following spinal cord pathologies, to our knowledge, has not yet been adequately investigated. In this study, the effect of the ischemic neurodegeneration of the thoracic sympathetic nuclei (TSN) on the heart rate (HR) was examined following a spinal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SSAH). METHODS This study was conducted on 22 rabbits. Five rabbits were used as a control group, five as SHAM, and twelve as a study group. The animals' HRs were recorded via monitoring devices on the first day, and those results were accepted as baseline values. The HRs were remeasured after injecting 0.5 cc of isotonic saline for SHAM and 0.5 cc of autolog arterial blood into the thoracic spinal subarachnoid space at T4-T5 for the study group. After a three-week follow-up with continuous monitoring of their HRs, the rabbit's thoracic spinal cords and stellate ganglia were extracted. The specimens were evaluated by histopathological methods. The densities of degenerated neurons in the TSN and stellate ganglia were compared with the HRs. RESULTS The mean HRs and mean degenerated neuron density of the TSN and stellate ganglia in control group were 251±18/min, 5±2/mm3, and 3±1/mm3, respectively. The mean HRs and the mean degenerated neuron density of the TSN and stellate ganglia were detected as 242±13/min, 6±2/mm3, and 4±2/mm3 in SHAM (P>0.05 vs. control); 176±19/min, 94±12/mm3, and 28±6/mm3 in the study group (P<0.0001 vs. control and P<0.005 vs. SHAM), respectively. CONCLUSIONS SAH induced TSN neurodegeneration may have been responsible for low HRs following SSAH. To date this has not been mentioned in the literature.
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Zambrano-Rodríguez PC, Bolaños-Puchet S, Reyes-Alva HJ, García-Orozco LE, Romero-Piña ME, Martinez-Cruz A, Guízar-Sahagún G, Medina LA. Micro-CT myelography using contrast-enhanced digital subtraction: feasibility and initial results in healthy rats. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:323-330. [PMID: 30693408 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) is vital for neural performance. Although models of spinal diseases and trauma are used frequently, no methods exist to obtain high-resolution myelograms in rodents. Thereby, our aim was to explore the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution micro-CT myelograms of rats by contrast-enhanced dual-energy (DE) and single-energy (SE) digital subtraction. METHODS Micro-CT contrast-enhanced DE and SE imaging protocols were implemented with live adult rats (total of 18 animals). For each protocol, contrast agents based on iodine (Iomeron® 400 and Fenestra® VC) and gold nanoparticles (AuroVist™ 15 nm) were tested. For DE, images at low- and high-energy settings were acquired after contrast injection; for SE, one image was acquired before and the other after contrast injection. Post-processing consisted of region of interest selection, image registration, weighted subtraction, and longitudinal alignment. RESULTS High-resolution myelograms were obtained with contrast-enhanced digital subtraction protocols. After qualitative and quantitative (contrast-to-noise ratio) analyses, we found that the SE acquisition protocol with Iomeron® 400 provides the best images. 3D contour renderings allowed visualization of SSAS and identification of some anatomical structures within it. CONCLUSION This in vivo study shows the potential of SE contrast-enhanced myelography for imaging SSAS in rat. This approach yields high-resolution 3D images without interference from adjacent anatomical structures, providing an innovative tool for further assessment of studies involving rat SSAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Zambrano-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50090, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Sirio Bolaños-Puchet
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14280, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio J Reyes-Alva
- Department of Neurology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, 50090, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Luis E García-Orozco
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14280, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario E Romero-Piña
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14280, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angelina Martinez-Cruz
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C, Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, 14050, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Guízar-Sahagún
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Proyecto Camina A.C, Calzada de Tlalpan 4430, 14050, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Research Unit for Neurological Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Luis A Medina
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer INCan/UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, 14280, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Morris R, Whishaw IQ. A Proposal for a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury Featuring the Rubrospinal Tract and its Contributions to Locomotion and Skilled Hand Movement. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:5. [PMID: 26858587 PMCID: PMC4728831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury and repair is a dynamic field of research. The development of reliable animal models of traumatic spinal cord injury has been invaluable in providing a wealth of information regarding the pathological consequences and recovery potential of this condition. A number of injury models have been instrumental in the elaboration and the validation of therapeutic interventions aimed at reversing this once thought permanent condition. In general, the study of spinal cord injury and repair is made difficult by both its anatomical complexity and the complexity of the behavior it mediates. In this perspective paper, we suggest a new model for spinal cord investigation that simplifies problems related to both the functional and anatomical complexity of the spinal cord. We begin by reviewing and contrasting some of the most common animal models used for investigating spinal cord dysfunction. We then consider two widely used models of spinal deficit-recovery, one involving the corticospinal tracts (CTS) and the other the rubrospinal tract (RST). We argue that the simplicity of the function of the RST makes it a useful model for studying the cord and its functional repair. We also reflect on two obstacles that have hindered progress in the pre-clinical field, delaying translation to the clinical setup. The first is recovery of function without reconnection of the transected descending fibers and the second is the use of behavioral paradigms that are not under the control of the descending fiber pathway under scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Morris
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales Australia Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Q Whishaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Temporal changes of spinal subarachnoid space patency after graded spinal cord injury in rats. Injury 2015; 46:634-7. [PMID: 25616676 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbances in spinal subarachnoid space (SSAS) patency after SCI have been reported as an incidental finding, but there is a lack of information on its in vivo extent and time course. For substances and cells carried in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to reach damaged neural tissue and promote reparative processes, CSF must be able to flow freely in SASS. OBJECTIVE To characterise the extent and time course of SSAS patency disruption in vivo in a rat model after graded SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anaesthetised rats were subjected to mild or severe cord contusion at T9. Estimation of SSAS patency was carried out at 1h and 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 90 days postinjury, as well as in naïve rats, by quantifying the passage of superparamagnetic beads injected into the CSF at the cisterna magna and recovered at spinal level L2. CSF volume recovery was measured simultaneously. Data were analysed by the two-way ANOVA test. RESULTS Estimation of SSAS patency revealed nearly complete blockage early after contusion that was unevenly restored entering the chronic stages. Volume of CSF recovered was also significantly decreased early after injury compared to naïve rats, but was fully restored by 1 month postinjury. Overall, although modestly different from each other, changes in both parameters were more pronounced after severe rather than mild injuries for each time point examined. CONCLUSIONS SCI alters SSAS patency. Its extent is a function primarily of time elapsed after lesion and secondly of injury severity. It is reasonable to expect that disturbances in SASS patency might alter CSF dynamics and impair self-reparative mechanisms and intrathecal therapeutics, making SSAS patency blockage a key target for SCI management.
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Characterization of spinal subarachnoid bleeding associated to graded traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. Spinal Cord 2014; 52 Suppl 2:S14-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Franco-Bourland RE, Guízar-Sahagún G, Quintana-Armenta A, Reyes-Alva HJ, Martínez-Cruz A, Madrazo I. Superparamagnetic beads for estimation of spinal subarachnoid space permeability in rats. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 219:271-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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