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Orbach G, Melendes EJ, Warren K, Qiu J, Meehan WP, Mannix R, Guilhaume-Correa F. Visual Impairment in Pre-Clinical Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 38497739 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Impairment in visual function is common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the clinical setting, a phenomenon that translates to pre-clinical animal models as well. In Morris et al. (2021), we reported histological changes following weight-drop-induced TBI in a rodent model including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, decreased electroretinogram (ERG) evoked potential, optic nerve diameter reduction, induced inflammation and gliosis, and loss of myelin accompanied by markedly impaired visual acuity. In this review, we will describe several pre-clinical TBI models that result in injuries to the visual system, indicating that visual function may be impaired following brain injury induced by a number of different injury modalities. This underscores the importance of understanding the role of the visual system and the potential detrimental sequelae to this sensory modality post-TBI. Given that most commonly employed behavioral tests such as the Elevated Plus Maze and Morris Water Maze rely on an intact visual system, interpretation of functional deficits in diffuse models may be confounded by off- target effects on the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Orbach
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eva J Melendes
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Warren
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William P Meehan
- Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fernanda Guilhaume-Correa
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Harper MM, Boehme NA, Dutca L, Navarro V. Increasing the number and intensity of shock tube generated blast waves leads to earlier retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and regional cell death. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109754. [PMID: 38113955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a blast exposure generated from a shock tube on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) function and structure. Mice were exposed to one of three blast conditions using a shock tube; a single blast wave of 20 PSI, a single blast wave of 30 PSI, or three blast waves of 30 PSI given on three consecutive days with a one-day inter-blast interval. The structure and function of the retina were analyzed using the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), the optomotor reflex (OMR), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The in vivo parameters were examined at baseline, and then again 1-week, 4-weeks, and 16-weeks following blast exposure. The number of surviving RGCs was quantified at the end of the study. Analysis of mice receiving a 20 PSI injury showed decreased PERG and OMR responses 16-weeks post blast, without evidence of changed retinal thickness or RGC death. Mice subjected to a 30 PSI injury showed decreased PERG responses 4 weeks and 16 weeks after injury, without changes in the retinal thickness or RGC density. Mice subjected to 30 PSI X 3 blast exposures had PERG deficits 1-week and 4-weeks post exposure. There was also significant change in retinal thickness 1-week and 16-weeks post blast exposure. Mice receiving 30 PSI X 3 blast injuries had regional loss of RGCs in the central retina, but not in the mid-peripheral or peripheral retina. Overall, this study has shown that increasing the number of blast exposures and the intensity leads to earlier functional loss of RGCs. We have also shown regional RGC loss only when using the highest blast intensity and number of blast injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Nickolas A Boehme
- Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura Dutca
- Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Victor Navarro
- Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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3
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Dang Y, Wang T. Research Progress on the Immune-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Posttraumatic Epilepsy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4059-4069. [PMID: 37889439 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a severe complication arising from a traumatic brain injury caused by various violent actions on the brain. The underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of PTE are complex and have not been fully defined. Approximately, one-third of patients with PTE are resistant to antiepileptic therapy. Recent research evidence has shown that neuroinflammation is critical in the development of PTE. This article reviews the immune-inflammatory mechanisms regarding microglial activation, astrocyte proliferation, inflammatory signaling pathways, chronic neuroinflammation, and intestinal flora. These mechanisms offer novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of PTE and have groundbreaking implications in the prevention and treatment of PTE. Immunoinflammatory cross-talk between glial cells and gut microbiota in posttraumatic epilepsy. This graphical abstract depicts the roles of microglia and astrocytes in posttraumatic epilepsy, highlighting the influence of the gut microbiota on their function. TBI traumatic brain injury, AQP4 aquaporin-4, Kir4.1 inward rectifying K channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbin Dang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, No. 82 Cuiyingmen, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.
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Vincent JC, Garnett CN, Watson JB, Higgins EK, Macheda T, Sanders L, Roberts KN, Shahidehpour RK, Blalock EM, Quan N, Bachstetter AD. IL-1R1 signaling in TBI: assessing chronic impacts and neuroinflammatory dynamics in a mouse model of mild closed-head injury. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:248. [PMID: 37884959 PMCID: PMC10601112 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to secondary injury cascades following traumatic brain injury (TBI), with alternating waves of inflammation and resolution. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a critical neuroinflammatory mediator originating from brain endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells, is acutely overexpressed after TBI, propagating secondary injury and tissue damage. IL-1 affects blood-brain barrier permeability, immune cell activation, and neural plasticity. Despite the complexity of cytokine signaling post-TBI, we hypothesize that IL-1 signaling specifically regulates neuroinflammatory response components. Using a closed-head injury (CHI) TBI model, we investigated IL-1's role in the neuroinflammatory cascade with a new global knock-out (gKO) mouse model of the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1), which efficiently eliminates all IL-1 signaling. We found that IL-1R1 gKO attenuated behavioral impairments 14 weeks post-injury and reduced reactive microglia and astrocyte staining in the neocortex, corpus callosum, and hippocampus. We then examined whether IL-1R1 loss altered acute neuroinflammatory dynamics, measuring gene expression changes in the neocortex at 3, 9, 24, and 72 h post-CHI using the NanoString Neuroinflammatory panel. Of 757 analyzed genes, IL-1R1 signaling showed temporal specificity in neuroinflammatory gene regulation, with major effects at 9 h post-CHI. IL-1R1 signaling specifically affected astrocyte-related genes, selectively upregulating chemokines like Ccl2, Ccl3, and Ccl4, while having limited impact on cytokine regulation, such as Tnfα. This study provides further insight into IL-1R1 function in amplifying the neuroinflammatory cascade following CHI in mice and demonstrates that suppression of IL-1R1 signaling offers long-term protective effects on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Vincent
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Colleen N Garnett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James B Watson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emma K Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Teresa Macheda
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lydia Sanders
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kelly N Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ryan K Shahidehpour
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Eric M Blalock
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ning Quan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine and Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, 741 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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5
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Harper MM, Gramlich OW, Elwood BW, Boehme NA, Dutca LM, Kuehn MH. Immune responses in mice after blast-mediated traumatic brain injury TBI autonomously contribute to retinal ganglion cell dysfunction and death. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109272. [PMID: 36209837 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the immune system and its influence on chronic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction following blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI). METHODS C57BL/6J and B6.129S7-Rag1tm1Mom/J (Rag-/-) mice were exposed to one blast injury of 140 kPa. A separate cohort of C57BL/6J mice was exposed to sham-blast. Four weeks following bTBI mice were euthanized, and splenocytes were collected. Adoptive transfer (AT) of splenocytes into naïve C57BL/6J recipient mice was accomplished via tail vein injection. Three groups of mice were analyzed: those receiving AT of splenocytes from C57BL/6J mice exposed to blast (AT-TBI), those receiving AT of splenocytes from C57BL/6J mice exposed to sham (AT-Sham), and those receiving AT of splenocytes from Rag-/- mice exposed to blast (AT-Rag-/-). The visual function of recipient mice was analyzed with the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and the optomotor response (OMR). The structure of the retina was evaluated using optical coherence tomography (OCT), and histologically using BRN3A-antibody staining. RESULTS Analysis of the PERG showed a decreased amplitude two months post-AT that persisted for the duration of the study in AT-TBI mice. We also observed a significant decrease in the retinal thickness of AT-TBI mice two months post-AT compared to sham, but not at four or six months post-AT. The OMR response was significantly decreased in AT-TBI mice 5- and 6-months post-AT. BRN3A staining showed a loss of RGCs in AT-TBI and AT-Rag-/- mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the immune system contributes to chronic RGC dysfunction following bTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Departments of Biology, And Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Oliver W Gramlich
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin W Elwood
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nickolas A Boehme
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura M Dutca
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Veterans Administration Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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6
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Liu M, Li H, Yang R, Ji D, Xia X. GSK872 and necrostatin-1 protect retinal ganglion cells against necroptosis through inhibition of RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic model of glaucoma. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:262. [PMID: 36289519 PMCID: PMC9608931 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02626-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma, the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Current treatments for glaucoma only slow or partially prevent the disease progression, failing to prevent RGCs death and visual field defects completely. Glutamate excitotoxicity via N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors plays a vital role in RGCs death in glaucoma, which is often accompanied by oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Methods The glutamate-induced R28 cell excitotoxicity model and NMDA-induced mouse glaucoma model were established in this study. Cell counting kit-8, Hoechst 33342/PI dual staining and lactate dehydrogenase release assay were performed to evaluate cell viability. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining was used to detect apoptosis and necrosis rate. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) were used to detect oxidative stress in R28 cells. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines were measured by qRT-PCR. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to detect necroptotic morphological changes in RGCs. Retinal RGCs numbers were detected by immunofluorescence. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect retinal morphological changes. The expression levels of RIP1, RIP3, MLKL and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins were measured by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Results We found that glutamate excitotoxicity induced necroptosis in RGCs through activation of the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway in vivo and in vitro. Administration of the RIP3 inhibitor GSK872 and RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) prevented glutamate-induced RGCs loss, retinal damage, neuroinflammation, overproduction of ROS and a decrease in GSH. Furthermore, after suppression of the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway by GSK872 and Nec-1, glutamate-induced upregulation of key proteins involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, including NLRP3, pro-caspase-1, cleaved-caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), was markedly inhibited. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway mediates necroptosis of RGCs and regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by glutamate excitotoxicity. Moreover, GSK872 and Nec-1 can protect RGCs from necroptosis and suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation through inhibition of RIP1/RIP3/MLKL pathway, conferring a novel neuroprotective treatment for glaucoma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02626-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hosiptal, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibo Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hosiptal, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongliang Yang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hosiptal, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Ji
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hosiptal, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008 Hunan People’s Republic of China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hosiptal, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan People’s Republic of China
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Jacquens A, Needham EJ, Zanier ER, Degos V, Gressens P, Menon D. Neuro-Inflammation Modulation and Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Lesions: From Bench to Bed-Side. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911193. [PMID: 36232495 PMCID: PMC9570205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head trauma is the most common cause of disability in young adults. Known as a silent epidemic, it can cause a mosaic of symptoms, whether neurological (sensory-motor deficits), psychiatric (depressive and anxiety symptoms), or somatic (vertigo, tinnitus, phosphenes). Furthermore, cranial trauma (CT) in children presents several particularities in terms of epidemiology, mechanism, and physiopathology-notably linked to the attack of an immature organ. As in adults, head trauma in children can have lifelong repercussions and can cause social and family isolation, difficulties at school, and, later, socio-professional adversity. Improving management of the pre-hospital and rehabilitation course of these patients reduces secondary morbidity and mortality, but often not without long-term disability. One hypothesized contributor to this process is chronic neuroinflammation, which could accompany primary lesions and facilitate their development into tertiary lesions. Neuroinflammation is a complex process involving different actors such as glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes), the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, excitotoxicity, production of oxygen derivatives, cytokine release, tissue damage, and neuronal death. Several studies have investigated the effect of various treatments on the neuroinflammatory response in traumatic brain injury in vitro and in animal and human models. The aim of this review is to examine the various anti-inflammatory therapies that have been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Jacquens
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42-16-00-00
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Vincent Degos
- Unité de Neuroanesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital de la Pitié Salpêtrière 43-87, Boulevard de l’Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Inserm, Maladies Neurodéveloppementales et Neurovasculaires, Université Paris Cité, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 93, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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8
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Qiu J, Boucher M, Conley G, Li Y, Zhang J, Morriss N, Meehan Iii WP, Mannix R. Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Optic Nerve Damage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:344-355. [PMID: 35363316 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision disorders are associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 20%-40% of clinical cases and involve a diverse set of potential symptoms that can present acutely or chronically. Due to its structure and position, the optic nerve is vulnerable to multiple forms of primary injury, which can result in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Multiple studies have shown that the optic tract may also be injured during TBI, though data regarding the temporospatial resolution of injury to the optic nerve are sparse. We evaluated the time course of optic nerve injury and visual impairments in our closed head impact acceleration mouse model of mild TBI (mTBI) designed to mimic repetitive injuries experienced in the context of sport. Our results show that inflammation and gliosis occur acutely in response to injury. Additionally, indications of optic nerve degeneration and functional loss of vision beginning at 1-month postinjury, and retinal ganglion cell loss at 7 months, revealed that the degeneration is continuous and permanent. Together, this study demonstrated that the optic nerve is vulnerable to damage during mTBI, which can cause TON and vision loss. These findings will be important for clinicians to consider to determine whether optic nerve is injured in the TBI patients with vision problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Qiu
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masen Boucher
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Grace Conley
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yue Li
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas Morriss
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William P Meehan Iii
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- From the Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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The Therapeutic Prospects of Targeting IL-1R1 for the Modulation of Neuroinflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031731. [PMID: 35163653 PMCID: PMC8915186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) holds pivotal roles in the immune system, as it is positioned at the “epicenter” of the inflammatory signaling networks. Increased levels of the cytokine IL-1 are a recognized feature of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) during injury and disease, i.e., neuroinflammation. Despite IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling within the CNS having been the subject of several studies, the roles of IL-1R1 in the CNS cellular milieu still cause controversy. Without much doubt, however, the persistent activation of the IL-1/IL-1R1 signaling pathway is intimately linked with the pathogenesis of a plethora of CNS disease states, ranging from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS), all the way to schizophrenia and prion diseases. Importantly, a growing body of evidence is showing that blocking IL-1R1 signaling via pharmacological or genetic means in different experimental models of said CNS diseases leads to reduced neuroinflammation and delayed disease progression. The aim of this paper is to review the recent progress in the study of the biological roles of IL-1R1, as well as to highlight key aspects that render IL-1R1 a promising target for the development of novel disease-modifying treatments for multiple CNS indications.
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10
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Deng W, Hedberg-Buenz A, Soukup DA, Taghizadeh S, Wang K, Anderson MG, Garvin MK. AxonDeep: Automated Optic Nerve Axon Segmentation in Mice With Deep Learning. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:22. [PMID: 34932117 PMCID: PMC8709929 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optic nerve damage is the principal feature of glaucoma and contributes to vision loss in many diseases. In animal models, nerve health has traditionally been assessed by human experts that grade damage qualitatively or manually quantify axons from sampling limited areas from histologic cross sections of nerve. Both approaches are prone to variability and are time consuming. First-generation automated approaches have begun to emerge, but all have significant shortcomings. Here, we seek improvements through use of deep-learning approaches for segmenting and quantifying axons from cross-sections of mouse optic nerve. Methods Two deep-learning approaches were developed and evaluated: (1) a traditional supervised approach using a fully convolutional network trained with only labeled data and (2) a semisupervised approach trained with both labeled and unlabeled data using a generative-adversarial-network framework. Results From comparisons with an independent test set of images with manually marked axon centers and boundaries, both deep-learning approaches outperformed an existing baseline automated approach and similarly to two independent experts. Performance of the semisupervised approach was superior and implemented into AxonDeep. Conclusions AxonDeep performs automated quantification and segmentation of axons from healthy-appearing nerves and those with mild to moderate degrees of damage, similar to that of experts without the variability and constraints associated with manual performance. Translational Relevance Use of deep learning for axon quantification provides rapid, objective, and higher throughput analysis of optic nerve that would otherwise not be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Deng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dana A Soukup
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sima Taghizadeh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Mona K Garvin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa City VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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11
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Honig MG, Del Mar NA, Henderson DL, O'Neal D, Doty JB, Cox R, Li C, Perry AM, Moore BM, Reiner A. Raloxifene Modulates Microglia and Rescues Visual Deficits and Pathology After Impact Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:701317. [PMID: 34776838 PMCID: PMC8585747 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.701317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) involves widespread axonal injury and activation of microglia, which initiates secondary processes that worsen the TBI outcome. The upregulation of cannabinoid type-2 receptors (CB2) when microglia become activated allows CB2-binding drugs to selectively target microglia. CB2 inverse agonists modulate activated microglia by shifting them away from the harmful pro-inflammatory M1 state toward the helpful reparative M2 state and thus can stem secondary injury cascades. We previously found that treatment with the CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189 after mild TBI in mice produced by focal cranial blast rescues visual deficits and the optic nerve axon loss that would otherwise result. We have further shown that raloxifene, which is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved as an estrogen receptor modulator to treat osteoporosis, but also possesses CB2 inverse agonism, yields similar benefit in this TBI model through its modulation of microglia. As many different traumatic events produce TBI in humans, it is widely acknowledged that diverse animal models must be used in evaluating possible therapies. Here we examine the consequences of TBI created by blunt impact to the mouse head for visual function and associated pathologies and assess raloxifene benefit. We found that mice subjected to impact TBI exhibited decreases in contrast sensitivity and the B-wave of the electroretinogram, increases in light aversion and resting pupil diameter, and optic nerve axon loss, which were rescued by daily injection of raloxifene at 5 or 10 mg/ml for 2 weeks. Raloxifene treatment was associated with reduced M1 activation and/or enhanced M2 activation in retina, optic nerve, and optic tract after impact TBI. Our results suggest that the higher raloxifene dose, in particular, may be therapeutic for the optic nerve by enhancing the phagocytosis of axonal debris that would otherwise promote inflammation, thereby salvaging less damaged axons. Our current work, together with our prior studies, shows that microglial activation drives secondary injury processes after both impact and cranial blast TBI and raloxifene mitigates microglial activation and visual system injury in both cases. The results thus provide a strong basis for phase 2 human clinical trials evaluating raloxifene as a TBI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia G Honig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nobel A Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Desmond L Henderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Dylan O'Neal
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - John B Doty
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rachel Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Aaron M Perry
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Bob M Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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12
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Harper MM, Boehme N, Dutca LM, Anderson MG. The Retinal Ganglion Cell Response to Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury Is Genetic Background Dependent. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:13. [PMID: 34106210 PMCID: PMC8196410 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of genetic background on the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) response to blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Jackson Diversity Outbred (J:DO), C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. Methods Mice were subject to one blast injury of 137 kPa. RGC structure was analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), function by the pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and histologically using BRN3A antibody staining. Results Comparison of the change in each group from baseline for OCT and PERG was performed. There was a significant difference in the J:DOΔOCT compared to C57BL/6J mice (P = 0.004), but not compared to BALB/cByJ (P = 0.21). There was a significant difference in the variance of the ΔOCT in J:DO compared to both C57BL/6J and BALB/cByJ mice. The baseline PERG amplitude was 20.33 ± 9.32 µV, which decreased an average of −4.14 ± 12.46 µV following TBI. Baseline RGC complex + RNFL thickness was 70.92 ± 4.52 µm, which decreased an average of −1.43 ± 2.88 µm following blast exposure. There was not a significant difference in the ΔPERG between J:DO and C57BL/6J (P = 0.13), although the variances of the groups were significantly different. Blast exposure in J:DO mice results in a density change of 558.6 ± 440.5 BRN3A-positive RGCs/mm2 (mean ± SD). Conclusions The changes in retinal outcomes had greater variance in outbred mice than what has been reported, and largely replicated herein, for inbred mice. These results demonstrate that the RGC response to blast injury is highly dependent upon genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Harper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nickolas Boehme
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Laura M Dutca
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Michael G Anderson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City, IA, United States.,The Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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13
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Axonopathy precedes cell death in ocular damage mediated by blast exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11774. [PMID: 34083587 PMCID: PMC8175471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) of varied types are common across all populations and can cause visual problems. For military personnel in combat settings, injuries from blast exposures (bTBI) are prevalent and arise from a myriad of different situations. To model these diverse conditions, we are one of several groups modeling bTBI using mice in varying ways. Here, we report a refined analysis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in male C57BL/6J mice exposed to a blast-wave in an enclosed chamber. Ganglion cell layer thickness, RGC density (BRN3A and RBPMS immunoreactivity), cellular density of ganglion cell layer (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and axon numbers (paraphenylenediamine staining) were quantified at timepoints ranging from 1 to 17-weeks. RNA sequencing was performed at 1-week and 5-weeks post-injury. Earliest indices of damage, evident by 1-week post-injury, are a loss of RGC marker expression, damage to RGC axons, and increase in glial markers expression. Blast exposure caused a loss of RGC somas and axons—with greatest loss occurring by 5-weeks post-injury. While indices of glial involvement are prominent early, they quickly subside as RGCs are lost. The finding that axonopathy precedes soma loss resembles pathology observed in mouse models of glaucoma, suggesting similar mechanisms.
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14
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Evans LP, Boehme N, Wu S, Burghardt EL, Akurathi A, Todd BP, Newell EA, Ferguson PJ, Mahajan VB, Dutca LM, Harper MM, Bassuk AG. Sex Does Not Influence Visual Outcomes After Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury but IL-1 Pathway Mutations Confer Partial Rescue. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:7. [PMID: 33030508 PMCID: PMC7582458 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In a mouse model of blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI), interleukin-1 (IL-1)-pathway components were tested as potential therapeutic targets for bTBI-mediated retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction. Sex was also evaluated as a variable for RGC outcomes post-bTBI. Methods Male and female mice with null mutations in genes encoding IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI were compared to C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) mice after exposure to three 20-psi blast waves given at an interblast interval of 1 hour or to mice receiving sham injury. To determine if genetic blockade of IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI could prevent damage to RGCs, the function and structure of these cells were evaluated by pattern electroretinogram and optical coherence tomography, respectively, 5 weeks following blast or sham exposure. RGC survival was also quantitatively assessed via immunohistochemical staining of BRN3A at the completion of the study. Results Our results showed that male and female WT mice had a similar response to blast-induced retinal injury. Generally, constitutive deletion of IL-1α, IL-1β, or IL-1RI did not provide full protection from the effects of bTBI on visual outcomes; however, injured WT mice had significantly worse visual outcomes compared to the injured genetic knockout mice. Conclusions Sex does not affect RGC outcomes after bTBI. The genetic studies suggest that deletion of these IL-1 pathway components confers some protection, but global deletion from birth did not result in a complete rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nickolas Boehme
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Shu Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Elliot L Burghardt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Abhigna Akurathi
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Brittany P Todd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Newell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Polly J Ferguson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Laura M Dutca
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Matthew M Harper
- Iowa City VA Health Care System Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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15
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Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Characteristics of Key Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Inflammatory Response, Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration, Phagocytosis, and Immune Process during Early Lung Blast Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8899274. [PMID: 34007409 PMCID: PMC8099533 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8899274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies found that blast injury caused a significant increased expression of interleukin-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor, a significant decrease in the expression of IL-10, an increase in Evans blue leakage, and a significant increase in inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs. However, the molecular characteristics of lung injury at different time points after blast exposure have not yet been reported. Therefore, in this study, tandem mass spectrometry (TMT) quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were used for the first time to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism of lung blast injury at different time points. Forty-eight male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 w after low-intensity blast exposure. TMT quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis were performed to analyze protein expression profiling in the lungs from control and blast-exposed mice, and differential protein expression was verified by Western blotting. The results demonstrated that blast exposure induced severe lung injury, leukocyte infiltration, and the production of inflammatory factors in mice. After analyzing the expression changes in global proteins and inflammation-related proteomes after blast exposure, the results showed that a total of 6861 global proteins and 608 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 215, 128, 187, 232, and 65 proteins were identified at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 week after blast exposure, respectively. Moreover, blast exposure-induced 177 differentially expressed proteins were associated with inflammatory responses, which were enriched in the inflammatory response regulation, leukocyte transendothelial migration, phagocytosis, and immune response. Therefore, blast exposure may induce early inflammatory response of lung tissue by regulating the expression of key proteins in the inflammatory process, suggesting that early inflammatory response may be the initiating factor of lung blast injury. These data can provide potential therapeutic candidates or approaches for the development of future treatment of lung blast injury.
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16
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Evans LP, Roghair AM, Gilkes NJ, Bassuk AG. Visual Outcomes in Experimental Rodent Models of Blast-Mediated Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:659576. [PMID: 33935648 PMCID: PMC8081965 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.659576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Blast-mediated traumatic brain injuries (bTBI) cause long-lasting physical, cognitive, and psychological disorders, including persistent visual impairment. No known therapies are currently utilized in humans to lessen the lingering and often serious symptoms. With TBI mortality decreasing due to advancements in medical and protective technologies, there is growing interest in understanding the pathology of visual dysfunction after bTBI. However, this is complicated by numerous variables, e.g., injury location, severity, and head and body shielding. This review summarizes the visual outcomes observed by various, current experimental rodent models of bTBI, and identifies data showing that bTBI activates inflammatory and apoptotic signaling leading to visual dysfunction. Pharmacologic treatments blocking inflammation and cell death pathways reported to alleviate visual deficits in post-bTBI animal models are discussed. Notably, techniques for assessing bTBI outcomes across exposure paradigms differed widely, so we urge future studies to compare multiple models of blast injury, to allow data to be directly compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P. Evans
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ariel M. Roghair
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Noah J. Gilkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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17
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Sharma S, Tiarks G, Haight J, Bassuk AG. Neuropathophysiological Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies for Post-traumatic Epilepsy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:612073. [PMID: 33708071 PMCID: PMC7940684 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.612073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death in young adults and a risk factor for acquired epilepsy. Severe TBI, after a period of time, causes numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative problems with varying comorbidities; and brain homeostasis may never be restored. As a consequence of disrupted equilibrium, neuropathological changes such as circuit remodeling, reorganization of neural networks, changes in structural and functional plasticity, predisposition to synchronized activity, and post-translational modification of synaptic proteins may begin to dominate the brain. These pathological changes, over the course of time, contribute to conditions like Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). PTE is one of the most common, devastating complications of TBI; and of those affected by a severe TBI, more than 50% develop PTE. The etiopathology and mechanisms of PTE are either unknown or poorly understood, which makes treatment challenging. Although anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are used as preventive strategies to manage TBI, control acute seizures and prevent development of PTE, their efficacy in PTE remains controversial. In this review, we discuss novel mechanisms and risk factors underlying PTE. We also discuss dysfunctions of neurovascular unit, cell-specific neuroinflammatory mediators and immune response factors that are vital for epileptogenesis after TBI. Finally, we describe current and novel treatments and management strategies for preventing PTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaunik Sharma
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Grant Tiarks
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Joseph Haight
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Medical Laboratories, Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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18
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Yazdankhah M, Shang P, Ghosh S, Hose S, Liu H, Weiss J, Fitting CS, Bhutto IA, Zigler JS, Qian J, Sahel JA, Sinha D, Stepicheva NA. Role of glia in optic nerve. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100886. [PMID: 32771538 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) - a region where the RGC axons exit the eye - represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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