1
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Román-Fernández A, Mansour MA, Kugeratski FG, Anand J, Sandilands E, Galbraith L, Rakovic K, Freckmann EC, Cumming EM, Park J, Nikolatou K, Lilla S, Shaw R, Strachan D, Mason S, Patel R, McGarry L, Katoch A, Campbell KJ, Nixon C, Miller CJ, Leung HY, Le Quesne J, Norman JC, Zanivan S, Blyth K, Bryant DM. Spatial regulation of the glycocalyx component podocalyxin is a switch for prometastatic function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq1858. [PMID: 36735782 PMCID: PMC9897673 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The glycocalyx component and sialomucin podocalyxin (PODXL) is required for normal tissue development by promoting apical membranes to form between cells, triggering lumen formation. Elevated PODXL expression is also associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcome in multiple tumor types. How PODXL presents this duality in effect remains unknown. We identify an unexpected function of PODXL as a decoy receptor for galectin-3 (GAL3), whereby the PODXL-GAL3 interaction releases GAL3 repression of integrin-based invasion. Differential cortical targeting of PODXL, regulated by ubiquitination, is the molecular mechanism controlling alternate fates. Both PODXL high and low surface levels occur in parallel subpopulations within cancer cells. Orthotopic intraprostatic xenograft of PODXL-manipulated cells or those with different surface levels of PODXL define that this axis controls metastasis in vivo. Clinically, interplay between PODXL-GAL3 stratifies prostate cancer patients with poor outcome. Our studies define the molecular mechanisms and context in which PODXL promotes invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Román-Fernández
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mohammed A. Mansour
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Cancer Biology and Therapy Lab, Division of Human Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Fernanda G. Kugeratski
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | | | - Emma Sandilands
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Kai Rakovic
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eva C. Freckmann
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Erin M. Cumming
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ji Park
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Konstantina Nikolatou
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Robin Shaw
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Susan Mason
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | - Archana Katoch
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Colin Nixon
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Crispin J. Miller
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Hing Y. Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - John Le Quesne
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James C. Norman
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David M. Bryant
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- The CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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2
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Hossain ME, Cevallos RR, Zhang R, Hu K. Attenuating iPSC reprogramming stress with dominant-negative BET peptides. iScience 2023; 26:105889. [PMID: 36691621 PMCID: PMC9860338 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is inefficient and stochastic. The underlying causes for these deficiencies are elusive. Here, we showed that the reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, and KLF4, collectively OSK) elicit dramatic reprogramming stress even without the pro-oncogene MYC including massive transcriptional turbulence, massive and random deregulation of stress-response genes, cell cycle impairment, downregulation of mitotic genes, illegitimate reprogramming, and cytotoxicity. The conserved dominant-negative (DN) peptides of the three ubiquitous human bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins enhanced iPSC reprogramming and mitigated all the reprogramming stresses mentioned above. The concept of reprogramming stress developed here affords an alternative avenue to understanding and improving iPSC reprogramming. These DN BET fragments target a similar set of the genes as the BET chemical inhibitors do, indicating a distinct approach to targeting BET proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Emon Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ricardo Raul Cevallos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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3
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Chen W, Huang W, Pather SR, Chang W, Sung L, Wu H, Liao M, Lee C, Wu H, Wu C, Liao K, Lin C, Yang S, Lin H, Lai P, Ng C, Hu C, Chen I, Chuang C, Lai C, Lin P, Lee Y, Schuyler SC, Schambach A, Lu FL, Lu J. Podocalyxin-Like Protein 1 Regulates Pluripotency through the Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathway. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 10:e2205451. [PMID: 36373710 PMCID: PMC9811443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering signaling mechanisms critical for the extended pluripotent stem cell (EPSC) state and primed pluripotency is necessary for understanding embryonic development. Here, a membrane protein, podocalyxin-like protein 1 (PODXL) as being essential for extended and primed pluripotency, is identified. Alteration of PODXL expression levels affects self-renewal, protein expression of c-MYC and telomerase, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) and EPSC colony formation. PODXL is the first membrane protein reported to regulate de novo cholesterol biosynthesis, and human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are more sensitive to cholesterol depletion than fibroblasts. The addition of exogenous cholesterol fully restores PODXL knockdown-mediated loss of pluripotency. PODXL affects lipid raft dynamics via the regulation of cholesterol. PODXL recruits the RAC1/CDC42/actin network to regulate SREBP1 and SREBP2 maturation and lipid raft dynamics. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals PODXL overexpression enhanced chimerism between human cells in mouse host embryos (hEPSCs 57%). Interestingly, in the human-mouse chimeras, laminin and collagen signaling-related pathways are dominant in PODXL overexpressing cells. It is concluded that cholesterol regulation via PODXL signaling is critical for ESC/EPSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Ju Chen
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaGenome and Systems Biology Degree ProgramCollege of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Kai Huang
- Center for Genomic MedicineMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMA02114USA
| | - Sarshan R. Pather
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate GroupPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Wei‐Fang Chang
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Li‐Ying Sung
- Institute of BiotechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Animal Resource CenterNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
| | - Han‐Chung Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- Biomedical Translation Research Center (BioTReC)Academia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Ying Liao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Hui Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chung‐Yi Wu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Chun‐Yu Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Hsuan Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Lun Lai
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Hou Ng
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Mei Hu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - I‐Chih Chen
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Chien‐Ying Lai
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Po‐Yu Lin
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Yueh‐Chang Lee
- Department of OphthalmologyHualien Tzu Chi HospitalBuddhist Tzu Chi Medical FoundationHualien97004Taiwan
| | - Scott C. Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCollege of MedicineChang Gung UniversityDivision of Head and Neck SurgeryDepartment of OtolaryngologyChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan33302Taiwan
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental HematologyHannover Medical School30625HannoverGermany
| | - Frank Leigh Lu
- Department of PediatricsNational Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Medical CollegeTaipei10051Taiwan
| | - Jean Lu
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaGenome and Systems Biology Degree ProgramCollege of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei10617Taiwan
- Genomics Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipei11529Taiwan
- National RNAi Platform/ National Core Facility Program for BiotechnologyTaipei11529Taiwan
- Department of Life ScienceTzu Chi UniversityHualien97004Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical SciencesNational Defense Medical CenterTaipei11490Taiwan
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4
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Canals Hernaez D, Hughes MR, Li Y, Mainero Rocca I, Dean P, Brassard J, Bell EM, Samudio I, Mes-Masson AM, Narimatsu Y, Clausen H, Blixt O, Roskelley CD, McNagny KM. Targeting a Tumor-Specific Epitope on Podocalyxin Increases Survival in Human Tumor Preclinical Models. Front Oncol 2022; 12:856424. [PMID: 35600398 PMCID: PMC9115113 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.856424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (Podxl) is a CD34-related cell surface sialomucin that is normally highly expressed by adult vascular endothelia and kidney podocytes where it plays a key role in blocking adhesion. Importantly, it is also frequently upregulated on a wide array of human tumors and its expression often correlates with poor prognosis. We previously showed that, in xenograft studies, Podxl plays a key role in metastatic disease by making tumor initiating cells more mobile and invasive. Recently, we developed a novel antibody, PODO447, which shows exquisite specificity for a tumor-restricted glycoform of Podxl but does not react with Podxl expressed by normal adult tissue. Here we utilized an array of glycosylation defective cell lines to further define the PODO447 reactive epitope and reveal it as an O-linked core 1 glycan presented in the context of the Podxl peptide backbone. Further, we show that when coupled to monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) toxic payload, PODO447 functions as a highly specific and effective antibody drug conjugate (ADC) in killing ovarian, pancreatic, glioblastoma and leukemia cell lines in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate PODO447-ADCs are highly effective in targeting human pancreatic and ovarian tumors in xenografted NSG and Nude mouse models. These data reveal PODO447-ADCs as exquisitely tumor-specific and highly efficacious immunotherapeutic reagents for the targeting of human tumors. Thus, PODO447 exhibits the appropriate characteristics for further development as a targeted clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Canals Hernaez
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael R Hughes
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yicong Li
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ilaria Mainero Rocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pamela Dean
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julyanne Brassard
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin M Bell
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ismael Samudio
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (ICMM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Calvin D Roskelley
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M McNagny
- The Biomedical Research Centre and School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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5
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Liquid condensation of reprogramming factor KLF4 with DNA provides a mechanism for chromatin organization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5579. [PMID: 34552088 PMCID: PMC8458463 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of a few master transcription factors can reprogram the epigenetic landscape and three-dimensional chromatin topology of differentiated cells and achieve pluripotency. During reprogramming, thousands of long-range chromatin contacts are altered, and changes in promoter association with enhancers dramatically influence transcription. Molecular participants at these sites have been identified, but how this re-organization might be orchestrated is not known. Biomolecular condensation is implicated in subcellular organization, including the recruitment of RNA polymerase in transcriptional activation. Here, we show that reprogramming factor KLF4 undergoes biomolecular condensation even in the absence of its intrinsically disordered region. Liquid–liquid condensation of the isolated KLF4 DNA binding domain with a DNA fragment from the NANOG proximal promoter is enhanced by CpG methylation of a KLF4 cognate binding site. We propose KLF4-mediated condensation as one mechanism for selectively organizing and re-organizing the genome based on the local sequence and epigenetic state. KLF4, OCT4, SOX2 and MYC cooperate to reorganize chromatin during somatic cell reprogramming. Here the authors show that KLF4 forms a liquid-like biomolecular condensate that recruits OCT4 and SOX2, and that condensation of the isolated KLF4 DNA binding domain with DNA is enhanced by CpG methylation
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6
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Zhou D, Fan J, Liu Z, Tang R, Wang X, Bo H, Zhu F, Zhao X, Huang Z, Xing L, Tao K, Zhang H, Nie H, Zhang H, Zhu W, He Z, Fan L. TCF3 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Human Spermatogonial Stem Cells by Targeting PODXL. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:695545. [PMID: 34422820 PMCID: PMC8377737 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.695545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the initial cells for the spermatogenesis. Although much progress has been made on uncovering a number of modulators for the SSC fate decisions in rodents, the genes mediating human SSCs remain largely unclear. Here we report, for the first time, that TCF3, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcriptional modulator proteins, can stimulate proliferation and suppress the apoptosis of human SSCs through targeting podocalyxin-like protein (PODXL). TCF3 was expressed primarily in GFRA1-positive spermatogonia, and EGF (epidermal growth factor) elevated TCF3 expression level. Notably, TCF3 enhanced the growth and DNA synthesis of human SSCs, whereas it repressed the apoptosis of human SSCs. RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that TCF3 protein regulated the transcription of several genes, including WNT2B, TGFB3, CCN4, MEGF6, and PODXL, while PODXL silencing compromised the stem cell activity of SSCs. Moreover, the level of TCF3 protein was remarkably lower in patients with spermatogenesis failure when compared to individuals with obstructive azoospermia with normal spermatogenesis. Collectively, these results implicate that TCF3 modulates human SSC proliferation and apoptosis through PODXL. This study is of great significance since it would provide a novel molecular mechanism underlying the fate determinations of human SSCs and it could offer new targets for gene therapy of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Zhou
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyu Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Ruiling Tang
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xingming Wang
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Bo
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Zenghui Huang
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Liu Xing
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Tao
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.,The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Hongchuan Nie
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbing Zhu
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Zuping He
- The Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology in Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Liqing Fan
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive & Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.,Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Salicylic diamines selectively eliminate residual undifferentiated cells from pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte preparations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2391. [PMID: 33504837 PMCID: PMC7841182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical translation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC) derivatives is hindered by the tumorigenic risk from residual undifferentiated cells. Here, we identified salicylic diamines as potent agents exhibiting toxicity to murine and human PSCs but not to cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from them. Half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of small molecules SM2 and SM6 were, respectively, 9- and 18-fold higher for human than murine PSCs, while the IC50 of SM8 was comparable for both PSC groups. Treatment of murine embryoid bodies in suspension differentiation cultures with the most effective small molecule SM6 significantly reduced PSC and non-PSC contamination and enriched CM populations that would otherwise be eliminated in genetic selection approaches. All tested salicylic diamines exerted their toxicity by inhibiting the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in PSCs. No or only minimal and reversible effects on OCR, sarcomeric integrity, DNA stability, apoptosis rate, ROS levels or beating frequency were observed in PSC-CMs, although effects on human PSC-CMs seemed to be more deleterious at higher SM-concentrations. Teratoma formation from SM6-treated murine PSC-CMs was abolished or delayed compared to untreated cells. We conclude that salicylic diamines represent promising compounds for PSC removal and enrichment of CMs without the need for other selection strategies.
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8
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Hu K. Become Competent in Generating RNA-Seq Heat Maps in One Day for Novices Without Prior R Experience. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2239:269-303. [PMID: 33226625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1084-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat map visualization of RNA-seq data is a commonplace task. However, most laboratories rely on bioinformaticians who are not always available. Biological scientists are afraid to prepare heat maps independently because R is a programming platform. Here, using RNA-seq data for 16 differentially expressed genes in WNT pathway between embryonic stem cells and fibroblasts, I share a tutorial for novices without any prior R experience to master the skills, in one day, required for preparation of heat maps using the pheatmap package. Procedures described include installation of R, RStudio, and the pheatmap package, as well as hands-on practices for some basic R commands, conversion of RNA-seq data frame to a numeric matrix suitable for generation of heat maps, and defining arguments for the pheatmap function to make a desired heat map. More than 20 template scripts are provided to generate heat maps and to control the dimensions and appearances of the heat maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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9
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Shao Z, Cevallos RR, Hu K. Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the GFP-Marked Lentiviral Vectors in the Chemically Defined Medium. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2239:101-116. [PMID: 33226615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1084-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Much investigation is needed to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of iPSC reprogramming and to improve this technology. Lentivirus-mediated iPSC reprogramming remains the most effective method to study human pluripotency reprogramming. iPSC production is more efficient and consistent in the chemically defined medium. Fibroblasts are the most common starting cells for iPSC generation. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for iPSC generation from human fibroblasts using the GFP-expressing lentiviral vectors in the chemically defined medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ricardo Raúl Cevallos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Cevallos RR, Hossain ME, Zhang R, Hu K. Evaluating Reprogramming Efficiency and Pluripotency of the Established Human iPSCS by Pluripotency Markers. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2239:235-249. [PMID: 33226623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1084-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotency of human induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs) cannot be tested strictly in a similar way as we can do for the mouse ones because of ethical restrictions. One common and initial approach to prove the pluripotency of an established human iPSC line is to demonstrate expression of a set of established surface and intracellular pluripotency markers. This chapter provides procedures of immunocytochemistry of the established HiPSC lines for a set of the signature intracellular pluripotency proteins, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28. We also describe cell phenotyping by flow cytometry for the five established human pluripotency surface markers, SSEA3, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, and TRA2-49 (ALP). Numbers of ALP+ and TRA-1-60+ colonies are the most widely used parameters for evaluation of human iPSC reprogramming efficiency. Therefore, this chapter also provides detailed steps for substrate colorimetric reaction of the ALP activity, as well as the TRA-1-60 staining, of the iPSC colonies in the reprogramming population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Raúl Cevallos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Md Emon Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Cevallos RR, Edwards YJK, Parant JM, Yoder BK, Hu K. Human transcription factors responsive to initial reprogramming predominantly undergo legitimate reprogramming during fibroblast conversion to iPSCs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19710. [PMID: 33184372 PMCID: PMC7661723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The four transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC (OSKM) together can convert human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It is, however, perplexing that they can do so only for a rare population of the starting cells with a long latency. Transcription factors (TFs) define identities of both the starting fibroblasts and the end product, iPSCs, and are also of paramount importance for the reprogramming process. It is critical to upregulate or activate the iPSC-enriched TFs while downregulate or silence the fibroblast-enriched TFs. This report explores the initial TF responses to OSKM as the molecular underpinnings for both the potency aspects and the limitation sides of the OSKM reprogramming. The authors first defined the TF reprogramome, i.e., the full complement of TFs to be reprogrammed. Most TFs were resistant to OSKM reprogramming at the initial stages, an observation consistent with the inefficiency and long latency of iPSC reprogramming. Surprisingly, the current analyses also revealed that most of the TFs (at least 83 genes) that did respond to OSKM induction underwent legitimate reprogramming. The initial legitimate transcriptional responses of TFs to OSKM reprogramming were also observed in the reprogramming fibroblasts from a different individual. Such early biased legitimate reprogramming of the responsive TFs aligns well with the robustness aspect of the otherwise inefficient and stochastic OSKM reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Cevallos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yvonne J K Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - John M Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Bradley K Yoder
- Department of Cell Developmental and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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A cancer-specific anti-podocalyxin monoclonal antibody (60-mG 2a-f) exerts antitumor effects in mouse xenograft models of pancreatic carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100826. [PMID: 33088928 PMCID: PMC7559861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of podocalyxin (PODXL) is associated with progression, metastasis, and poor outcomes in several cancers. PODXL also plays an important role in the development of normal tissues. For antibody-based therapy to target PODXL-expressing cancers using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), cancer-specificity is necessary to reduce the risk of adverse effects to normal tissues. In this study, we developed an anti-PODXL cancer-specific mAb (CasMab), named as PcMab-60 (IgM, kappa) by immunizing mice with soluble PODXL, which is overexpressed in LN229 glioblastoma cells. The PcMab-60 reacted with the PODXL-overexpressing LN229 (LN229/PODXL) cells and MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells in flow cytometry but did not react with normal vascular endothelial cells (VECs), whereas one of non-CasMabs, PcMab-47 showed high reactivity for not only LN229/PODXL and MIA PaCa-2 cells but also VECs, indicating that PcMab-60 is a CasMab. Next, we engineered PcMab-60 into a mouse IgG2a-type mAb, named as 60-mG2a, to add antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We further developed a core fucose-deficient type of 60-mG2a, named as 60-mG2a-f, to augment its ADCC activity. In vivo analysis revealed that 60-mG2a-f exerted antitumor activity in MIA PaCa-2 xenograft models at a dose of 100 μg/mouse/week administered three times. These results suggested that 60-mG2a-f could be useful for antibody-based therapy against PODXL-expressing pancreatic cancers. PODXL is associated with poor outcomes in several cancers. We developed an anti-PODXL cancer-specific mAb (PcMab-60). A core fucose-deficient IgG2a type of PcMab-60 (60-mG2a-f) exerted antitumor activity in MIA PaCa-2 xenograft models. 60-mG2a-f could be useful for antibody-based therapy against PODXL-expressing pancreatic cancers.
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Become Competent within One Day in Generating Boxplots and Violin Plots for a Novice without Prior R Experience. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3040064. [PMID: 32977580 PMCID: PMC7712237 DOI: 10.3390/mps3040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The boxplot is a powerful visualization tool of sampled continuous data sets because of its rich information delivered, compact size, and effective visual expression. The advantage of boxplots is not widely appreciated. Many top journals suggest that boxplots should be used in place of bar charts, but have been wrongly replaced by bar charts. One technical barrier to the usage of boxplots in reporting quantitative data is that bench scientists are not competent in generating boxplots, and are afraid of R, a programming tool. This tutorial provides an effective training material in that even a novice without prior R experience can become competent, within one day, in generating professional boxplots. The available R scripts for boxplots are very limited in scope and are aimed at specialists, and the bench scientists have difficulty in following these scripts. This tutorial provides extensive step-by-step R scripts and instructions, as well as 29 illustrations for customizing every detail of the boxplot structures. Basic R commands and concepts are introduced for users without prior R experiences, which can be skipped by audiences with R knowledge. Violin plots are the enhanced version of boxplots, and therefore, this tutorial also provides a brief introduction and usage of the R package vioplot with one additional illustration. While the protocol is prepared for the newbies and trainees it will be a handy tool for infrequent users, and may benefit the experienced users as well since it provides scripts for customizing every detail of boxplots.
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Profiling and quantification of pluripotency reprogramming reveal that WNT pathways and cell morphology have to be reprogramed extensively. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04035. [PMID: 32490244 PMCID: PMC7260443 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent state can be established via reprogramming of somatic nuclei by factors within an oocyte or by ectopic expression of a few transgenes. Considered as being extensive and intensive, the full complement of genes to be reprogrammed, however, has never been defined, nor has the degree of reprogramming been determined quantitatively. Here, we propose a new concept of reprogramome, which is defined as the full complement of genes to be reprogrammed to the expression levels found in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). This concept in combination with RNA-seq enables us to precisely profile reprogramome and sub-reprogramomes, and study the reprogramming process with the help of other available tools such as GO analyses. With reprogramming of human fibroblasts into PSCs as an example, we have defined the full complement of the human fibroblast-to-PSC reprogramome. Furthermore, our analyses of the reprogramome revealed that WNT pathways and genes with roles in cellular morphogenesis should be extensively and intensely reprogrammed for the establishment of pluripotency. We further developed a new mathematical model to quantitate the overall reprogramming, as well as reprogramming in a specific cellular feature such as WNT signaling pathways and genes regulating cellular morphogenesis. We anticipate that our concept and mathematical model may be applied to study and quantitate other reprogramming (pluripotency reprogramming from other somatic cells, and lineage reprogramming), as well as transcriptional and epigenetic differences between any two types of cells including cancer cells and their normal counterparts.
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Hu K. A PIANO (Proper, Insufficient, Aberrant, and NO Reprogramming) Response to the Yamanaka Factors in the Initial Stages of Human iPSC Reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3229. [PMID: 32370214 PMCID: PMC7246695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yamanaka reprogramming is revolutionary but inefficient, slow, and stochastic. The underlying molecular events for these mixed outcomes of induction of pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) reprogramming is still unclear. Previous studies about transcriptional responses to reprogramming overlooked human reprogramming and are compromised by the fact that only a rare population proceeds towards pluripotency, and a significant amount of the collected transcriptional data may not represent the positive reprogramming. We recently developed a concept of reprogramome, which allows one to study the early transcriptional responses to the Yamanaka factors in the perspective of reprogramming legitimacy of a gene response to reprogramming. Using RNA-seq, this study scored 579 genes successfully reprogrammed within 48 h, indicating the potency of the reprogramming factors. This report also tallied 438 genes reprogrammed significantly but insufficiently up to 72 h, indicating a positive drive with some inadequacy of the Yamanaka factors. In addition, 953 member genes within the reprogramome were transcriptionally irresponsive to reprogramming, showing the inability of the reprogramming factors to directly act on these genes. Furthermore, there were 305 genes undergoing six types of aberrant reprogramming: over, wrong, and unwanted upreprogramming or downreprogramming, revealing significant negative impacts of the Yamanaka factors. The mixed findings about the initial transcriptional responses to the reprogramming factors shed new insights into the robustness as well as limitations of the Yamanaka factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Yuan D, Chen H, Wang S, Liu F, Cheng Y, Fang J. Identification of LEA, a podocalyxin-like glycoprotein, as a predictor for the progression of colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:5155-5166. [PMID: 30277651 PMCID: PMC6198229 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Large external antigen (LEA) is considered as a colorectal cancer (CRC)‐associated antigen, which was found via mAb ND‐1 generated using hybridoma technology, but its molecular features remain unknown. To facilitate the clinical application of LEA, we identified LEA as a podocalyxin‐like protein 1 (PODXL) with molecular weight of approximately 230 kDa, a hyperglycosylated protein, using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry in combination, and verified that ND‐1‐recognized epitope is on the terminal sialic acid of LEA. Correlation analysis between LEA and PODXL in molecular weight, immunological cross‐reactivity, and gene expression dependence supported the PODXL identity of the LEA. Moreover, we assessed the clinical significance of the LEA in 89 pairs of primary CRC tissues and adjacent nontumor colorectal tissues using ND‐1 by quantum dot‐based immunohistochemistry (QD‐IHC). High LEA expression was correlated significantly with T stage (P = 0.010). Patients with high LEA expression showed significantly poorer prognosis than those with LEA low expression (P = 0.007). Multivariate analysis indicated LEA expression as an independent predictor. Furthermore, the comparative analysis showed that mAb ND‐1‐based IHC analysis toward sugar residue of PODXL has higher sensitivity and specificity to evaluate the LEA/PODXL expression than mAb 3D3‐based method toward core protein of PODXL in CRC cell lines and clinical samples. In addition, we first found that LEA/PODXL can be secreted in exosomes from cancer cells and CRC patient peripheral blood. Our results demonstrate that LEA is an independent predictor for CRC progression and has the potential to be applied for clinical setting with high sensitivity, high specificity, and noninvasive access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezheng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yajie Cheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Anti-podocalyxin antibody exerts antitumor effects via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in mouse xenograft models of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22480-22497. [PMID: 29854293 PMCID: PMC5976479 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PODXL) overexpression is associated with progression, metastasis, and poor outcomes in cancers. We recently produced the novel anti-PODXL monoclonal antibody (mAb) PcMab-47 (IgG1, kappa). Herein, we engineered PcMab-47 into 47-mG2a, a mouse IgG2a-type mAb, to add antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We further developed 47-mG2a-f, a core fucose-deficient type of 47-mG2a to augment its ADCC. Immunohistochemical analysis of oral cancer tissues using PcMab-47 and 47-mG2a revealed that the latter stained oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells in a cytoplasmic pattern at a much lower concentration. PcMab-47 and 47-mG2a detected PODXL in 163/201 (81.1%) and in 197/201 (98.0%) OSCC samples, respectively. 47-mG2a-f also detected PODXL in OSCCs at a similar frequency as 47-mG2a. In vitro analysis revealed that both 47-mG2a and 47-mG2a-f exhibited strong complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against CHO/hPODXL cells. In contrast, 47-mG2a-f exhibited much stronger ADCC than 47-mG2a against OSCC cells, indicating that ADCC and CDC of those anti-PODXL mAbs depend on target cells. In vivo analysis revealed that both 47-mG2a and 47-mG2a-f exerted antitumor activity in CHO/hPODXL xenograft models at a dose of 100 μg or 500 μg/mouse/week administered twice. 47-mG2a-f, but not 47-mG2a, exerted antitumor activity in SAS and HSC-2 xenograft models at a dose of 100 μg/mouse/week administered three times. Although both 47-mG2a and 47-mG2a-f exerted antitumor activity in HSC-2 xenograft models at a dose of 500 μg/mouse/week administered twice, 47-mG2a-f also showed higher antitumor activity than 47-mG2a. These results suggested that a core fucose-deficient anti-PODXL mAb could be useful for antibody-based therapy against PODXL-expressing OSCCs.
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Itai S, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Determination of critical epitope of PcMab-47 against human podocalyxin. Biochem Biophys Rep 2018; 14:78-82. [PMID: 29872738 PMCID: PMC5986553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a type I transmembrane protein, which is highly glycosylated. PODXL is expressed in some types of human cancer tissues including oral, breast, and lung cancer tissues and may promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. We previously produced PcMab-47, a novel anti-PODXL monoclonal antibody (mAb) which reacts with endogenous PODXL-expressing cancer cell lines and normal cells independently of glycosylation in Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical analysis. In this study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical analysis to determine the epitope of PcMab-47. The minimum epitope of PcMab-47 was found to be Asp207, His208, Leu209, and Met210. A blocking peptide containing this minimum epitope completely neutralized PcMab-47 reaction against oral cancer cells by flow cytometry and immunohistochemical analysis. These findings could lead to the production of more functional anti-PODXL mAbs, which are advantageous for antitumor activities. PODXL is involved in cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. PcMab-47 mAb against PODXL shows high ADCC/CDC and antitumor activities. PcMab-47 epitope was determined to be Asp207, His208, Leu209, and Met210. A blocking peptide completely neutralized PcMab-47 reaction by FCM and IHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Itai
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.,New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Shao Z, Yao C, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Xu W, Townes TM, Crowley MR, Hu K. Reprogramming by De-bookmarking the Somatic Transcriptional Program through Targeting of BET Bromodomains. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3138-3145. [PMID: 27653680 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One critical event in reprogramming to pluripotency is erasure of the somatic transcriptional program of starting cells. Here, we present the proof of principle of a strategy for reprogramming to pluripotency facilitated by small molecules that interfere with the somatic transcriptional memory. We show that mild chemical targeting of the acetyllysine-binding pockets of the BET bromodomains, the transcriptional bookmarking domains, robustly enhances reprogramming. Furthermore, we show that chemical targeting of the transcriptional bookmarking BET bromodomains downregulates or turns off the expression of somatic genes in both naive and reprogramming fibroblasts. Chemical blocking of the BET bromodomains also results in loss of fibroblast morphology early in reprogramming. We therefore experimentally demonstrate that cell fate conversion can be achieved by chemically targeting the transcriptional bookmarking BET bromodomains responsible for transcriptional memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Shao
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA
| | - Chunping Yao
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA
| | - Weihua Xu
- Longyan University, Fujian 364012, China
| | - Tim M Townes
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA
| | - Michael R Crowley
- Howell and Elizabeth Heflin Center for Genomic Science, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA
| | - Kejin Hu
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0024, USA.
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Indications and prospects of neural transplantation for chronic neurological diseases. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 21:490-6. [PMID: 27517509 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The replacement of damaged cells in the central nervous system (CNS) affected by degenerative disorders represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. The advent of stem cell technology may offer the possibility of generating a large number of renewable, specifically differentiated cells to potentially cure large cohorts of patients. In this review, we discuss current knowledge and issues involved in neural cell transplantation. The most important preclinical and clinical results of cellular transplantation applied to Parkinson's, Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis will be summarized. RECENT FINDINGS Cellular transplantation is emerging as a possible therapy for a variety of incurable neurological disorders. The disorders that will primarily take advantage from neural stem cell grafting are those involving a well defined cell population in a restricted area of the CNS. Several clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and efficacy of different stem cell-derived products, and promising results have been obtained for disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, several scientific questions remain unanswered. Among these, the impact of the immunological interaction between host and graft in the particular environment of the CNS still requires additional investigations. SUMMARY Several chronic neurological disorders appear to be amenable to cell regenerative therapies. However, safety, efficacy and immunological issues will need to be carefully evaluated beforehand.
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Itai S, Yamada S, Kaneko MK, Harada H, Kato Y. Immunohistochemical Analysis Using Antipodocalyxin Monoclonal Antibody PcMab-47 Demonstrates Podocalyxin Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2017; 36:220-223. [PMID: 28873000 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2017.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin is a CD34-related type I transmembrane protein that is highly glycosylated with N-glycan, O-glycan, and keratan sulfate. Podocalyxin was originally found in the podocytes of rat kidney and is reportedly expressed in many types of tumors, including brain tumors, colorectal cancers, and breast cancers. Overexpression of podocalyxin is an independent predictor of progression, metastasis, and poor outcome. We recently immunized mice with recombinant human podocalyxin, which was produced using LN229 glioblastoma cells, and produced a novel antipodocalyxin monoclonal antibody (mAb), PcMab-47, which reacts with endogenous podocalyxin-expressing cancer cell lines and normal cell lines independent of glycosylation in Western blot, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical analyses. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis against oral cancers using PcMab-47. PcMab-47-stained oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in a cytoplasmic pattern and detected 26/38 (68.4%) of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells on tissue microarrays. These results indicate that PcMab-47 is useful in detecting podocalyxin of oral cancers for immunohistochemical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Itai
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi, Japan .,2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Yamada
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Harada
- 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- 1 Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine , Miyagi, Japan .,3 New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University , Miyagi, Japan
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