Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation Versus Thyroid Lobectomy for Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study of 884 Patients

Impact of Hashimoto's thyroiditis on radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma: a cohort study of 391 patients

PURPOSE

To assess the impact of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) outcomes for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).

METHODS

A retrospective study of 391 PTMC patients treated with RFA from March 2017 to August 2020, divided by HT accompanied or not. Ablation area size, volume reduction ratio (VRR), lesion disappearance, complications, and recurrences were analyzed.

RESULTS

391 patients (mean age, 41.3 ± 11.2 [SD]; 317 women, 110 with HT) were evaluated. The follow-up time was 2 years. HT+ PTMC patients (Group A) exhibited larger ablation diameters at 1st and 3rd month post-RFA. In comparison, PTMC patients (Group B) had larger diameters at 1st and 3rd months but smaller at 6th months, returning to baseline around 6th month in Group B and 9th month in Group A. VRRs in Group B were greater than Group A at 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th month, all p < 0.05). The Kaplan-Meier curves revealed a slower lesion disappearance rate in A (12th) compared to B group (9th). Complication and recurrence rates were similar for both groups (4.4% and 0.8% overall, Group B vs Group A: 4.3% vs 4.6%, p = 0.905; 0.4% vs 1.8%, p = 0.192).

CONCLUSION

HT delays the resorption of PTMC lesions following RFA, but it does not impact the procedure's effectiveness or safety. Regardless of HT status, RFA remains a viable alternative to surgery for PTMC.

Comparison of US-guided thermal ablation and surgery for papillary thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

We conducted the systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively compare ablation and surgery in terms of effectiveness, safety and multiple factors affecting life quality of patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCO were searched for relevant studies published between January 1980 and September 2023. Two reviewers independently extracted data according to the PRISMA recommendations and assessed the quality of each study with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Pooled analyses were performed using random or fixed-effects models, as appropriate.

RESULTS

A total of 4829 patients with PTC from 19 eligible studies were included. Through the meta-analysis, similar tumor progression (OR: 1.07; 95% CI 0.78, 1.48; p = 0.66) and recurrence-free survival (OR: 0.86; 95% CI, 0.55, 1.34; p = 0.50) were found between the patients undergoing ablation and those undergoing surgery. More strikingly, the lower risk of major complications (OR: 0.31; 95% CI 0.24, 0.41; p < 0.001), the shorter hospital stay (MD = 3.67 d; 95% CI, -4.89, -2.44; p < 0.001), the abbreviated procedure time (MD: -66.33 min, 95% CI, -77.08, -55.59; p < 0.001), the less intraoperative blood loss (MD: -27.43 ml, 95% CI, -34.60, -20.27; p < 0.001) and the lower treatment cost (MD: -860.42 USD, 95% CI, -1008.03, -712.81; p < 0.001) were noticed in ablation techniques compared to surgical operation. Thermal ablation has shown multiple advantages by virtue of its percutaneous puncture compared with surgical resection.

CONCLUSION

As an effective, safe, minimally invasive and economical modality, thermal ablation might be a promising alternative to existing PTC management options.

Pseudo-Contrast-enhanced US via Enhanced Generative Adversarial Networks for Evaluating Tumor Ablation Efficacy

Purpose To develop methods for creating pseudo-contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) by using an enhanced generative adversarial network and evaluate its ability to assess tumor ablation effectiveness. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 1030 patients who underwent thyroid nodule ablation across seven centers from January 2020 to April 2023. A generative adversarial network-based model was developed for direct pseudo-CEUS generation from B-mode US and tested on thyroid, breast, and liver ablation datasets. The reliability of pseudo-CEUS was assessed using structural similarity index (SSIM), color histogram correlation, and mean absolute percentage error against real CEUS. Additionally, a subjective evaluation system was devised to validate its clinical value. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was employed to analyze differences in the data. Results The study included 1030 patients (mean age, 46.9 years ± 12.5 [SD]; 799 female and 231 male patients). For internal test set 1, the mean SSIM was 0.89 ± 0.05, while across external test sets 1-6, mean SSIM values ranged from 0.84 ± 0.08 to 0.88 ± 0.04. Subjective assessments affirmed the method's stability and near-realistic performance in evaluating ablation effectiveness. The thyroid ablation datasets had an average identification score of 0.49 (0.5 indicates indistinguishability), while the similarity average score for all datasets was 4.75 out of 5. Radiologists' assessments of residual blood supply were nearly consistent, with no differences in defining ablation zones between real and pseudo-CEUS. Conclusion The pseudo-CEUS method demonstrated high similarity to real CEUS in evaluating tumor ablation effectiveness. Keywords: Ablation Techniques, Ultrasound, Computer Applications-Virtual Imaging Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2025.

2024 International Expert Consensus on US-guided Thermal Ablation for T1N0M0 Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Thermal ablation has started to gain acceptance as a therapeutic approach for the management of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), mainly in the T1 stage (tumor size ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension and limited to the thyroid). Despite its increasing popularity, a lack of uniformity in the technical details persists, and existing guidelines do not fully align with recent research advancements. To standardize the use of US-guided thermal ablation for T1N0M0 PTC, a panel of experts jointly issued this expert consensus on thermal ablation for PTC. This consensus was developed by experts with specific competence and expertise in this field through rounds of the modified Delphi method. An evidence-based approach incorporating the practical experience of the panelists was adopted. The consensus was developed through extensive discussions, systematic literature review with meta-analysis, and expert evaluations. In this consensus, a total of 27 recommendations are made, addressing the indications and contraindications for thermal ablation for PTC, physician training, preoperative preparation, technical procedures, complications, efficacy assessment, and follow-up strategies. This expert consensus provides up-to-date, high-quality, standardized guidance to harmonize treatment practices, enhance patient outcomes, and potentially shape future research and policy developments in the management of T1N0M0 PTC using US-guided thermal ablation.

Ultrasound-Guided Thermal Ablation vs Surgery in T1N0M0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES

Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation (TA) offers a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), but its efficacy and safety remain controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate and compare the outcomes of TA and surgery in treating T1N0M0 PTC, encompassing both T1a and T1b stages.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies comparing TA and surgery for T1N0M0 PTC up to October 23, 2024. Standardized mean differences and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for primary and secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Sixteen studies with a total of 5045 patients were analyzed. No significant differences were observed in recurrence (OR=1.464; 95% CI=0.881, 2.433; P=.141), lymph node metastasis (OR=0.817; 95% CI=0.492, 1.356; P=.434), transient hoarseness (OR=0.700; 95% CI=0.339, 1.445; P=.334), hematoma (OR=0.528; 95% CI=0.187, 1.492; P=.228), and infection (OR=0.368; 95% CI=0.060, 2.268; P=.281). Notably, TA significantly reduced permanent hoarseness, hypoparathyroidism, dysphagia, procedure time, hospitalization, cost, estimated blood loss, and surgical incision (all P<.05). The subgroup analyses demonstrated similar primary outcomes within each subgroup, including tumor stage (T1a/T1b), type of TA (microwave/radiofrequency), and follow-up time (short-term/long-term).

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound-guided TA is a safe and effective alternative to surgery for both T1a and T1b stages of T1N0M0 PTC, offering comparable prognostic outcomes with fewer complications, lower costs, and faster recovery.

Efficacy and Oncologic Outcomes of Thermal Ablation Techniques in the Treatment of Primary Low-Risk Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and oncologic outcomes of thermal ablation techniques, including radiofrequency, laser, and microwave ablation, in treating primary thyroid cancer compared with surgical resection.

METHOD

We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis, which included 21 comparative studies and 40 noncomparative studies.

RESULTS

The three thermal ablation techniques showed significant superiority over surgical resection in terms of operative time, pain, cost, quality of life, and complications. Three years after the procedure, the tumor volume reduction and complete disappearance rates for the three thermal ablation techniques were similar, at approximately 99% and 93%-95%, respectively. The recurrence rate remained comparable (approximately 2%-3%) among the three thermal ablation techniques and surgical resection during a follow-up period exceeding 3 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The safety, efficacy, and oncologic outcomes of thermal ablation techniques may be acceptable and comparable to surgical resection for selected cases of primary thyroid cancer.

Comparative outcomes of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation vs. microwave ablation for patients with T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the clinical outcomes between radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) for the treatment of T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a large cohort.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included 1111 patients with solitary T1N0M0 PTC treated with RFA (n = 894) or MWA (n = 215) by experienced physicians. A propensity score matching was used to compare disease progression, including lymph node metastases (LNM), recurrent tumors and persistent tumors, recurrence-free survival (RFS), volume reduction ratio (VRR), and complications between the RFA and MWA groups. The subgroup outcomes of T1a and T1b tumors treated with RFA and MWA were also compared.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up period of 41.7 ± 12.6 months, the overall incidence rates of disease progression, LNM, recurrent tumors, and persistent tumors were 2.1%, 0.7%, 1.2%, and 0.2%, respectively. Eight patients (0.7%) experienced transient voice change and recovered within 3 months. After 1:1 matching, there were no significant differences in disease progression (3.3% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.793), LNM (1.4% vs. 1.9%, p = 1.000), recurrent tumor (1.4% vs. 1.9%, p = 1.000), persistent tumors (0.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.317), RFS rates (96.7% vs. 96.3%, p = 0.821), VRR (99.3 ± 3.0% vs. 98.3 ± 8.5%, p = 0.865), tumor disappearance rate (87.9% vs. 81.4%, p = 0.061) and complications (1.4% vs. 1.9%, p = 1.000) between the RFA and MWA groups. For T1a and T1b tumors, clinical outcomes were comparable between RFA and MWA.

CONCLUSIONS

RFA and MWA did not show significant differences in clinical outcomes for T1N0M0 PTC. The choice between RFA and MWA could depend on physician expertise and resources of local center resources. A qualified and experienced physician with extensive knowledge of the modalities is recommended when thermal ablation is performed.

KEY POINTS

Question With radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) used worldwide for T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), is one of them superior to the others? Findings There were no significant differences in disease progression, recurrence-free survival, volume reduction ratio, tumor disappearance, or complications between techniques for solitary T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical relevance The choice between RFA and MWA could depend on physician expertise and resources of the local center resources. A qualified and experienced physician with extensive knowledge of the modalities is recommended when thermal ablation is performed.

Multicenter study of thermal ablation versus partial thyroidectomy for paratracheal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To compare the clinical outcomes of patients with unifocal paratracheal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) after thermal ablation (TA) vs. partial thyroidectomy (PT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective multicenter study included 436 patients with unifocal, clinical N0 paratracheal PTMC who underwent TA (210 patients) or PT (236 patients) between June 2014 and December 2020. The propensity score matching method was used to mitigate confounding factors between the two groups. Disease progression, progression-free survival (PFS), complications, and treatment variables were compared. Adjusted Cox regression models were utilized to assess the impact of treatment on disease progression.

RESULTS

After matching, a comparable incidence of disease progression (3.3% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.79) and comparable 5-year PFS rates (97.0% vs. 97.4%, p = 0.75) were observed between the TA and PT groups. Adjusted Cox regression models showed no significant correlation between TA and disease progression. TA was associated with shorter hospitalization (0 vs. 6.0 days), less estimated blood loss (0 vs. 15.0 mL), shorter incision length (0.3 vs. 6.0 cm), and lower costs ($1748.3 vs. $2898.0) compared with PT (all p < 0.001). The complication rate was 1.1% after TA and 3.3% after PT (p = 0.28), with permanent complications were exclusively observed in the PT group.

CONCLUSION

The mid-term incidence of disease progression and PFS rates were similar between TA and PT in patients with unifocal paratracheal PTMC. TA might represent a promising alternative treatment to PT for eligible patients with paratracheal PTMC.

KEY POINTS

Question Is thermal ablation a viable alternative treatment to partial thyroidectomy for treating paratracheal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma? Findings Comparable incidence of disease progression and 5-year progression-free survival rates were observed between thermal ablation and partial thyroidectomy. Clinical relevance Thermal ablation, as a minimally invasive procedure, provides a promising alternative to partial thyroidectomy, with comparable clinical outcomes for patients with paratracheal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

Assessment of thermal ablation for treating Bethesda IV thyroid nodules: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation in the treatment of patients with Bethesda IV thyroid nodules (follicular neoplasms) by analyzing large-scale data on various outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature searches were conducted in PUBMED, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies on the use of thermal ablation in patients with Bethesda IV thyroid nodules published from March 1, 2014, to March 1, 2024. Data on volume change at 12 months; the volume reduction rate (VRR) at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months; the complete disappearance rate (CDR); and the complication rate were evaluated. All the data were analyzed with STATA 15.

RESULTS

Five eligible studies were included. The findings indicate that thermal ablation is both effective and safe. The mean change in tumor volume at 12 months postthermal ablation was characterized by a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -1.13 (95% CI: -1.36 - -0.90, p = 0.000). Specifically, the mean changes in tumor volume at 12 months after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) were - 1.19 (95% CI: -1.75 - -0.64) and - 1.26 (95% CI: -1.71 - -0.81), respectively. The VRRs at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postthermal ablation were 43% (95% CI: 33 - 53%), 47% (95% CI: 20 - 74%), 69% (95% CI: 62 - 76%), and 85% (95% CI: 79 - 90%), respectively. The VRRs at 12 months after RFA and MWA were 84% (95% CI: 76 - 91%) and 85% (95% CI: 75 - 95%), respectively. The VRR at 12 months, stratified by initial nodule size, was 84% (95% CI: 77 - 91%) and 86% (95% CI: 78 - 94%). The CDR at the final follow-up was 88% (95% CI: 80 - 95%). The complication rate was 4.0% (95% CI: 0.0 - 8.0%), with pain and hoarseness being the most frequently reported complications; no life-threatening complications were documented.

CONCLUSIONS

Thermal ablation is a reliable treatment for Bethesda IV thyroid nodules, and RFA and MWA are advantageous treatment strategies. However, more prospective, multicenter, and large-sample studies are needed in the future.

Lobectomy sufficiency for 1-4 cm differential thyroid cancer: a large retrospective study in China

This study aimed to determine whether lobectomy is appropriate for the long-term prognosis of 1-4-cm-sized differential thyroid cancer (DTC). This retrospective study included 2,178 patients with 1-4-cm DTC treated via thyroid lobectomy (LT) or total or near-total thyroidectomy (TT) and who were followed up for at least 3 years. The primary endpoint was a structural incomplete response, which was confirmed via imaging with or without a positive histological or cytological examination. Subgroup analysis was performed according to tumor size. LT was performed in 1,535 patients (70.48%), and TT was conducted in the remaining 643 (29.55%) patients. During an average follow-up period of 48.08 months, the recurrence rate was 7.2% in the LT group and 5.3% in the TT group, which was not significantly different (p = 0.108). There were no significant differences in disease-free survival between both groups (hazard ratio, 1.394; 95% confidence interval, 0.9761-1.990; p = 0.089). In the subgroup analysis, the recurrence rates in the LT group were higher than those in the TT group for both the 2-3-cm (13.6% vs. 2.6%, p < 0.01) and 3-4-cm categories (20.6% vs. 4.8%, p < 0.01). For 1-2-cm DTC, surgeons can choose LT or TT owing to their similar recurrence rate, whereas for 2-4-cm DTC, TT is preferred.

Thyroid nodules: diagnosis and management

Thyroid nodules, with a prevalence of almost 25% in the general population, are a common occurrence. Their prevalence varies considerably depending on demographics such as age and sex as well as the presence of risk factors. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the prevalence, risk stratification and current management strategies for thyroid nodules, with a particular focus on changes in diagnostic and therapeutic protocols that have occurred over the past 10 years. Several sonography-based stratification systems (such as Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data Systems (TIRADS)) might help to predict the malignancy risk of nodules, potentially eliminating the need for biopsy in many instances. However, large or suspicious nodules necessitate cytological evaluation following fine-needle aspiration biopsy for accurate classification. In the case of cytology yielding indeterminate results, additional tools, such as molecular testing, can assist in guiding the management plan. Surgery is no longer the only treatment for symptomatic or malignant nodules: active surveillance or local ablative treatments might be beneficial for appropriately selected patients. To enhance clinician-patient interactions and discussions about diagnostic options, shared decision-making tools have been developed. A personalized, risk-based protocol promotes high-quality care while minimizing costs and unnecessary testing.

Role of Locoregional Therapies in the Treatment of Thyroid Pathology: Proceedings from the Society of Interventional Radiology Foundation Research Consensus Panel

The role of locoregional therapy in the management of thyroid pathology is rapidly evolving. The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) Foundation commissioned an international research consensus panel consisting of physicians from multiple disciplines with expertise in the management of benign and malignant thyroid disease. The panel focused on identifying gaps in the current body of literature to establish research priorities that have the potential to shape the landscape of minimally invasive thyroid interventions. The topics discussed were centered on the emerging role of ablation for malignant thyroid tumors and the treatment of large functioning nodules with embolization and ablation. Specifically, the panel prioritized identifying nodule characteristics, including size and location, that are associated with ideal outcomes following thermal ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma through the development of an international registry or a prospective, multi-institutional trial. The panel also prioritized evaluating the role of locoregional therapy in Stage T1b papillary thyroid cancer through a sequence of 2 studies: (a) a Phase I study of ablation followed by immediate resection of Stage T1b papillary thyroid cancer, which may lead to (b) a Phase II prospective, multi-institutional study of ablation followed by biopsy for Stage T1b papillary thyroid cancer. Lastly, the panel prioritized investigating the treatment of large, functioning thyroid nodules >20 mL in volume through a randomized clinical trial or prospective registry comparing embolization alone with embolization followed by ablation.

Thermal Ablation for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Importance

Image-guided thermal ablation has been administered for patients with T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) who elect to not undergo surgery or receive active surveillance. Considering the indolent nature of PTC, long-term outcomes of ablation are needed.

Objective

To investigate l0-year outcomes of thermal ablation in treating T1N0M0 PTC.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This multicenter study was conducted at 4 university-affiliated hospitals in China and included 179 consecutive patients with T1N0M0 PTC (median [IQR] volume, 88.0 [163.2] mm3) who underwent thermal ablation between June 2010 and March 2014. Patients who were ineligible to undergo surgery or elected not to were included, and patients had PTC tumors that were smaller than 20 mm as confirmed by biopsy; no clinical or imaging evidence of extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastasis (LNM), or distant metastasis; and no history of neck irradiation.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcomes were disease progression (LNM, newly developed tumors, persistent tumors, and distant metastasis) and disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary outcomes were technical success, volume reduction rate, tumor disappearance, complications, and delayed surgery. DFS was calculated using a Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

Among the 179 patients, the mean (SD) age was 45.8 (12.7) years, and 118 (65.9%) were female. During a mean (SD) follow-up period of 120.8 (10.8) months, disease progression was found in 11 of 179 patients (6.1%), including LNM in 4 patients (2.2%), newly developed tumors in 6 patients (3.3%), and persistent tumor in 1 patient (0.6%). The 10-year DFS was 93.9%. The technical success, median volume reduction rate, and tumor disappearance rate was 100%, 100%, and 97.2%, respectively. The magnitude of the disease progression (6.1% vs 7.1%; difference, 1.0%; 95% CI, -6.5% to 25.6%) and DFS (93.9% vs 92.9%; difference, 1.0%, 95% CI, -6.5% to 25.6%) between patients with T1a and T1b tumors was small. The difference in the rate of tumor disappearance between T1a and T1b tumors was large (99.4% vs 71.4%; difference, 28.0%; 95% CI, 10.9%-54.0%). One patient experienced transient voice hoarseness (0.6%). Because of anxiety, 1 patient underwent delayed surgery (0.6%).

Conclusions and Relevance

The results of this 10-year multicenter cohort study suggest that thermal ablation is an effective and safe alternative for patients with T1N0M0 PTC who do not undergo surgery or receive active surveillance. For safe and effective treatment, accurate radiologic evaluation, an understanding of ablation techniques, and experienced physicians are recommended.

Exploring Radiofrequency Ablation for T1 Papillary Thyroid Cancer in the United States: Mayo Clinic Experience

OBJECTIVE

To report the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for T1 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a large referral center in the United States.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective study of 8 patients who underwent RFA for T1 PTC at Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minnesota, between July 1, 2020, and February 28, 2023. The RFA technique and the type of anesthesia are described. Thyroid function, changes in ablated zone, and adverse events were analyzed for up to 24 months after the procedure.

RESULTS

Of the 8 patients included in the study, 7 were female and 1 was male with a mean ± SD age of 53±16.4 years. Thyroid status was unaffected in 7 of the 8 patients. The median duration of RFA was 6 minutes (range, 2 to 14.5 minutes) with energy delivered at between 25 and 45 W. The mean ± SD volume of small PTCs was 0.3±0.2 mL, and the mean largest diameter was 9.5±3.3 mm (range, 6 to 15 mm). The mean ± SD ablated volume at 3 to 6 months was larger than the target lesion (0.8±0.7 mL), with a reduction in mean ± SD ablated volume of 0.4±0.4 mL at 7 to 12 months and 0.1±0.06 mL at 13 to 18 months. The ablated zone almost disappeared at 19 to 24 months (0.04±0.04 mL). There were no major adverse events during or after the RFA procedure.

CONCLUSION

This is the first reported series of T1 PTC treated with RFA in the United States. Early postablation imaging revealed that the ablated region was larger than the target lesions, followed by a serial decrease in size. Therefore, RFA at centers with such expertise appears to be a safe and effective treatment for small PTCs. Further studies are needed to evaluate its long-term efficacy and the risk of recurrence.

Comparative efficacy of different thermal ablation and conventional surgery for the treatment of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Systematic review including traditional pooling and Bayesian network meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To compare the efficacy of different thermal ablation and conventional surgery for the treatment of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma, using a systematic review including traditional pooling and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A comprehensive literature search in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases identified retrospective studies evaluating the tumor volume change after different thermal ablation or conventional surgery. Studies from the date of their inception to January 6, 2024, were included. A review of 4463 potential papers, including a full-text review of 23, identified 10 eligible papers covering a total of 2658 patients for meta-analysis. The tumor volume change over a 12-month follow-up was compared between different thermal ablations. Tumor diameter change, complications, recurrence, operation and hospitalization time were evaluated by network meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Based on the traditional frequentist approach, the overall pooled estimates for the standardized mean difference (SMD) in tumor volume change of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), laser ablation (LA), and microwave ablation (MWA) were 1.38 (95 % credibility interval (CI), 0.62-2.13), 1.94 (95%CI, 0.78-3.10) and 1.38 (95%CI, 1.01-1.75), respectively. Based on the Bayesian network meta-analysis, in examining the surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) ranking, RFA (SUCRA, 76.6), MWA (SUCRA, 66.6), and LA (SUCRA, 39.8) were identified as the three interventions that were associated with the greatest reduction in risk for complications compared with conventional surgery (CS), with RFA (SUCRA, 76.6) being ranked as the highest in safety. MWA, SMD 4.43 [95%CI, 2.68-6.17], RFA SMD 4.24 [95 % CI, 1.66-6.82], and LA SMD 4.24 [95 % CI, 1.48-7.00] were associated with the shorter operation time compared with CS. LA SMD 4.61 [95 % CI, 1.79-7.44] and MWA SMD 3.07 [95 % CI, 1.32-4.83] were associated with the shorter hospitalization time compared with CS, with LA (SUCRA, 86.5) yielding the highest ranking. MWA was associated with a reduced risk for tumor recurrence RR 0.02 [95 % CI, -0.44-0.49], compared with CS.

CONCLUSION

We conducted a comprehensive review of the published literature on the effectiveness and safety of different thermal ablation techniques and conventional surgery for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma. Important research gaps persist due to a lack of long-term data and high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

A Prospective Clinical Trial of Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients with Low-Risk Unifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma Favoring Active Surveillance Over Surgery

Background: Active surveillance (AS) of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC) is emerging as an alternative to immediate surgery. While thermal ablation has also shown promise for low-risk PTMC, it has not been prospectively studied in patients appropriate for AS. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for tumor control and quality of life (QoL) management in patients with PTMC who favored AS over immediate surgery. Methods: This prospective clinical trial was conducted at a single tertiary referral hospital from 2018 to 2021. Of 227 adult patients aged ≤60 years with low-risk unifocal PTMC favoring AS over immediate surgery, 100 patients underwent RFA for their management. The primary endpoint was the disease progression rate, and secondary endpoints were technical success, volume reduction rate (VRR), complication rates, and QoL. Results: The median age of the study population was 42 years (range, 27-59 years), and 83% (83/100, [CI: 66.1-100]) were female. The median follow-up was 30 months (range, 12-56 months). All 100 patients underwent RFA with technical success. Most of the ablation zones showed continuous volume reduction, and 95.9% (94/98, [CI: 77.5-100.0]) showed complete disappearance at the last follow-up. The median VRR was 100.0% at 1-year follow-up and persisted throughout the last follow-up. The cumulative disease progression rate among 98 patients who underwent at least 1-year follow-up was 3.1% (3/98, [CI: 0.6-9.0]); one patient had lymph node metastasis (treated with surgery), and two patients had new PTMC (1 treated with RFA, 1 ongoing AS). Major complications were not observed. Psychological (baseline vs. last follow-up, 7.3 vs. 8.0, p = 0.002) and social (8.0 vs. 8.7, p = 0.005) QoL scores significantly improved during follow-up without compromising physical QoL (8.6 vs. 8.5, p = 0.99). Conclusions: RFA can be a reasonable strategy for effectively and safely controlling tumors and improving QoL in non-elderly patients with low-risk PTMC appropriate for AS. Clinical Trial registration: This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03432299.

The relationship between ablation range and ablation energy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a comparison between microwave ablation and laser ablation

OBJECTIVES

To study the relationship between the ablation range and applied energy of laser ablation (LA) and microwave ablation (MWA) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC).

METHODS

A total of 201 PTMC patients were treated with LA (n = 102) or MWA (n = 99) with single-applicator fixed ablation. The ablation range was determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound. The ratios of ablation volume, longitudinal diameter, and orthogonal diameter to ablation energy (RAV/E, RAL/E, RAO/E) were analyzed and compared between MWA and LA. The effects of PTMC characteristics and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) on ablation efficiency were evaluated by linear regression.

RESULTS

The RAV/E was 0.72 (0.65-0.84) mm3/J for MWA and 0.48 (0.39-0.54) mm3/J for LA. HT was significantly correlated with RAV/E of LA (coefficient =  - 0.367, p < 0.0001). RAL/E did not differ significantly between MWA and LA (MWA 0.026 mm/J, LA 0.025 mm/J; p = 0.957). However, MWA had a greater RAO/E than LA (MWA 0.014 mm/J, LA 0.012 mm/J; p < 0.0001). The plateau values of MWA and LA on the ablation orthogonal diameter were 10.7 mm and 8.69 mm, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

MWA showed a higher RAV/E than LA. More intuitively, MWA had a better ablation performance than LA on the orthogonal axis rather than the longitudinal axis. Theoretically, MWA and LA could achieve complete ablation of ≤ 6.70 mm and ≤ 4.69 mm PTMC separately by single-applicator fixed ablation considering a unilateral 2-mm safe margin. HT had a negative effect on LA but not on MWA.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

This study establishes strong connections between ablation energy and ablation range in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in vivo, possibly contributing to the supplementation of the PTMC Ablation Consensus or Guidelines and providing a scientific basis for choosing clinical ablation parameters in PTMC.

KEY POINTS

• Both microwave ablation (MWA) and laser ablation (LA) have excellent performance on the ablation longitudinal axis (easily exceeding 10 mm) for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). • MWA performed much better than LA on the ablation orthogonal axis. • MWA and LA are expected to achieve complete ablation of ≤ 6.70 mm and ≤ 4.69 mm PTMC separately by single-applicator fixed ablation considering a unilateral 2-mm safe margin.

Comparison of Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Microwave Ablation and Conventional Thyroidectomy in the Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: Meta-Analysis

Purpose: To perform a meta-analysis of clinical trials comparing percutaneous microwave ablation (PMWA) guided by ultrasound with conventional thyroidectomy for the management of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), analyzing feasibility, safety, and long-term efficacy, and to provide clinical guidance for the treatment selection of PTMC. Methods: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database were systematically searched to identify clinical studies of PMWA or thyroidectomy for PTMC up to December 2023. The relevant data from the articles were extracted, and the data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results: A total of 442 articles were identified and subsequently screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 clinical studies involving a total of 1577 patients were included, with 788 patients in the PMWA group and 789 patients in the surgery group. Following data extraction and statistical analysis, in comparison to the surgery group, the PMWA group had shorter operation time [mean differences (MD) = -36.36; 95% CI -55.66 to -17.06; P = .0002], shorter hospital stay (MD = -3.93; 95% CI -5.55 to -2.30; P < .00001), less intraoperative bleeding (MD = -21.25; 95% CI -27.36 to -15.15; P < .00001), and lower hospital costs (MD = -1.00; 95% CI -1.33 to -0.66; P < .00001), all with statistical significance. The comparison of postoperative complications revealed a lower incidence of complications in the PMWA group compared to the surgery group [relative risk (RR) = 0.29; 95% CI 0.21 to 0.40; P < .00001], with statistical significance. Thyroid-related hormone analysis showed that the free triiodothyronine (MD = 0.61; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.90; P < .00001) and free thyroxine (MD = 1.81; 95% CI 0.94 to 2.68; P < .0001) levels in the PMWA group were higher than those in the traditional surgery group, while the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone were lower than those in the traditional surgery group (MD = -7.63; 95% CI -10.25 to -5.01; P < .00001), with statistically significant differences, indicating that PMWA had a smaller impact on thyroid function. In 2 studies, there were no statistically significant disparities in postoperative recurrence or lymph node metastasis (LNM) between the 2 cohorts (RR = 0.70; 95% CI 0.33 to 1.50; P = .36). There were no statistically significant differences in physiological health score between different groups and different time points before and after treatment (P > .05); However, the mental component score and the total score of the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) item short-form health survey were significantly elevated in the ablation group compared to the excision group post-treatment (P < .05). Conclusion: For patients with low-risk PTMC with definitive diagnosis and precise risk stratification, PMWA can be selected. PMWA treatment for patients with PTMC is comparable to conventional surgical treatment and has the advantages of minimal trauma, rapid recovery, no scarring, and fewer complications, which are superior to open surgery to a certain extent. For patients with ambiguous preoperative diagnosis and uncertainty regarding LNM status, surgical intervention is the optimal choice.

Efficacy and Safety of Thermal Ablation for Solitary Low-Risk T2N0M0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of thermal ablation in treating solitary low-risk T2N0M0 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and compare the outcomes of microwave ablation (MWA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective, single center study involved 34 patients (age: 40.0 ± 13.9 years; 28 female) who had low-risk T2N0M0 PTC with a maximum diameter >2 cm and ≤4 cm and underwent MWA (n = 15) or RFA (n = 19) from November 2016 to April 2023. The primary outcomes were the cumulative rate of disease progression and delayed surgery rates. In contrast, the secondary outcomes included changes in tumor size, cumulative rate of complete tumor disappearance, and complication rates.

RESULTS

The median follow-up period was 18.0 months (interquartile range [IQR]: 9.0-40.0 months). At 12 months, the median volume reduction rate of the ablation zone was 74.2% (IQR: 53.7%-86.0%). Disease progression was noted in two patients within 1 year, including one patient with local tumor progression post-RFA and one with a new tumor post-MWA, resulting in a constant cumulative disease progression rate of 8.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0%-19.8%) throughout the remaining follow-up period. Both patients were subsequently treated with additional ablation and did not require surgery. The cumulative rates of complete tumor disappearance at 1, 3, and 5 years were 4.0% (95% CI: 0%-11.4%), 26.8% (95% CI: 2.7%-44.9%), and 51.2% (95% CI: 0%-79.1%), respectively. No significant differences were observed in the disease progression (P = 0.829) or complete tumor disappearance (P = 0.633) rates between the MWA and RFA groups. Complications occurred in 14.7% (5/34) of patients presenting with transient hoarseness. RFA had a higher but not statistically significant complication rate than MWA did (21.1% [4/19] vs. 6.7% [1/15]; P = 0.355).

CONCLUSION

Both MWA and RFA demonstrated promising short-term outcomes in terms of efficacy and safety in treating solitary low-risk T2N0M0 PTC, with no significant differences.

Management of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer. Minimally-invasive treatments dictate a further paradigm shift?

BACKGROUND

Current management options for PTMC include lobo-isthmectomy and active surveillance (AS). Recently, ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures (MITs) are offered as a nonsurgical therapy for PTMC because they do not require hospitalization and general anaesthesia, and do not result in loss of thyroid function or cosmetic damage. MITs are reported to consistently provide, mostly in large retrospective series of patients, a rapid, safe, and cost-effective way to eradicate low-risk thyroid malignancies. However, conclusive data from well-conducted prospective studies on the histologically-proven completeness of tumor ablation and the long-term clinical advantages versus AS are still lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided minimally invasive treatments (MITs) for PTMC in comparison to traditional surgical methods and active surveillance, and to assess their role in current clinical practice.

METHODS

A structured literature review was conducted using keywords related to PTMC, MIT, and comparative techniques. Studies were evaluated based on treatment modality, patient selection, follow-up duration, complication rates, and clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

MITs have shown promising results in the management of PTMC. These treatments offer several advantages over surgery, such as reduced use of surgical resources, lower costs, minimal work disruption, and fewer major complications. However, there are still limitations, including the need for long-term surveillance and the potential risk of incomplete tumor ablation.

CONCLUSIONS

MITs represent a promising non-surgical option for managing low-risk PTMC, especially for patients ineligible for or refusing surgery. Despite favorable outcomes, more robust prospective data are needed to confirm their long-term benefits and completeness of tumor ablation. Interdisciplinary discussions and thorough patient education on the advantages and limitations of MITs are crucial for informed decision-making.

The effectiveness and safety of thermal ablation for thyroid carcinoma lymph node metastasis are affected by the diameter of metastatic lymph nodes: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

To explore the diameter of lymph nodes with metastatic thyroid carcinoma and the effectiveness and safety of thermal ablation.

METHODS

Several databases were searched for literature on the treatment of thyroid carcinoma metastatic lymph nodes by thermal ablation. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the diameter of the metastatic lymph nodes. The measures included pooled estimates of mean volume reduction, pooled proportions of total disappearance and recurrence, and the pooled proportions of overall complications.

RESULTS

There were 20 studies with 372 patients and 620 metastatic lymph nodes included. Based on the average maximum diameter of the metastatic lymph nodes, they were divided into three groups: A (≤ 10 mm), B (10 < diameter ≤ 20 mm), and C (> 20 mm). The study results indicated a significant decrease in the average volume only in groups A and B. The ratio of tumor disappearance showed that group A had the highest percentage, followed by group B and then group C. The recurrence rates were comparable between groups A and B, but slightly lower than in group C. Moreover, the overall complication rates for the three groups were ranked as follows: group A > group C > group B.

CONCLUSION

Overall, thermal ablation is an effective and safe treatment for thyroid cancer metastatic lymph nodes with diameters of 10-20mm.

Long-term comparison of image-guided thermal ablation vs. lobectomy for solitary papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a multi-center retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Image-guided thermal ablation has been applied in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) who refuse surgery or active surveillance. However, evidence to support ablation is limited by single-center designs and a lack of long-term data. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term outcomes between ablation and lobectomy for patients with solitary PTMC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This multi-center retrospective study included 1021 consecutive patients with solitary PTMC who underwent ablation ( n =444) or lobectomy ( n =577) at the four university-affiliated hospitals. The primary outcomes were disease progression [lymph node metastasis (LNM), recurrent tumors, persistent tumors and distant metastasis] and disease-free survival (DFS). Secondary outcomes were complications, hospitalization, procedure time, estimated blood loss and cost. The two groups were compared using propensity score matching.

RESULTS

After matching, no significant differences were observed in disease progression (4.7% vs. 3.4%, P =0.307), LNM (1.6% vs. 1.6%, P =1.000), recurrent tumors (2.9% vs. 1.8%, P =0.269), persistent tumors(0.2% vs. 0%, P =0.317) and DFS (95.5% vs. 97.1%, P =0.246) between the ablation and lobectomy groups during the median follow-up of 96.5 months. The ablation group had significantly lower complication rates (0.7% vs. 5.2%, P <0.001), shorter post-treatment hospitalization {median [interquartile range (IQR)], 0 vs. 4.0 [3.0] days, P <0.001}, shorter procedure time [8.5 (2.8) vs. 90.0 (43.8) min, P <0.001], reduced estimated blood loss [0 vs. 20.0 (10.0) ml, P <0.001], and lower cost [$1873.2 (254.0) vs. $2292.9 (797.8), P <0.001] than the lobectomy group.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed comparable disease progression and survival outcomes between ablation and lobectomy for solitary PTMC. Imaged-guided thermal ablation could be effective and safe alternatives to lobectomy for properly selected patients with PTMC.

Advances in clinical research on ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) emerges as a minimally invasive strategy for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), offering advantages over traditional surgical approaches. RFA employs high-frequency electric currents under precise ultrasound guidance to ablate cancerous tissue. Clinical trials consistently demonstrate RFA's efficacy in tumor control and patient-reported outcomes. However, long-term studies are essential to validate its durability and monitor for potential complications. Collaborative efforts among various medical disciplines ensure procedural accuracy and comprehensive postoperative care. Technological innovations, such as enhanced ultrasound imaging and temperature control, promise to refine RFA's precision and effectiveness. Nevertheless, challenges persist, including the need for standardized protocols and comparative studies with traditional treatments. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, patient selection criteria, and optimization of procedural techniques to solidify RFA's role in PTMC management. RFA presents a promising avenue for PTMC treatment, warranting further investigation and refinement in clinical practice.

Thermal ablation for multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Clinical studies have indicated the potential safety and efficacy of thermal ablation (TA) in treating multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (MPTMC). However, a comprehensive systematic evaluation of its effectiveness was still lack.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for studies published until October 23, 2023, that reported on the effectiveness of thermal ablation in the management of MPTMC. Data extraction and methodological quality assessment were independently conducted by two reviewers following the guidelines outlined in the PRISMA.

RESULTS

This systematic review and meta-analysis identified 389 tumors in 169 patients from four studies. After treatment with different TA, the combined rate of complete disappearance of MPTMC was 92.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 68.2-100] and the combined rate of overall complications was 4.4% [95% CI: 1.5-8.5]. During the follow-up period, local tumor recurrence was observed in only 2 patients with a combined rate of 0.2% [95% CI: 0.0-2.6]; lymph node metastasis (LNM) was observed in 3 patients with a combined rate of 1.2% [95% CI: 0-4.1]. Additionally, 6 patients developed new PTMC. It is noteworthy that no patients were observed to develop distant metastases during the follow-up period, and no patients had delayed surgery after underwent ablation.

CONCLUSIONS

For patients grappling with MPTMC, TA emerges as an excellent approach for achieving localized tumor control. Nonetheless, achieving favorable outcomes necessitates stringent inclusion criteria and a profound level of expertize.

Enhancing clinical decision-making: A novel nomogram for stratifying cancer-specific survival in middle-aged individuals with follicular thyroid carcinoma utilizing SEER data

Background

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignant tumor in the endocrine system, is also one of the head and neck tumor. Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma (FTC) plays an important role in the pathological classification of thyroid cancer. This study aimed to develop an innovative predictive tool, a nomogram, for predicting cancer specific survival (CSS) in middle-aged FTC patients.

Methods

We collected patient data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The data from patients between 2004 and 2015 were used as the training set, and the data from patients between 2016 and 2018 were used as the validation set. To identify independent risk factors affecting patient survival, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. Based on this, we developed a nomogram model aimed at predicting CSS in middle-aged patients with FTC. The consistency index (C-index), the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the calibration curve were used to evaluate the accuracy and confidence of the model.

Results

A total of 2470 patients were enrolled in this study, in which patients from 2004 to 2015 were randomly assigned to the training cohort (N = 1437) and validation cohort (N = 598), and patients from 2016 to 2018 were assigned to the external validation cohort (N = 435) in terms of time. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that marriage, histological grade and TNM stage were independent risk factors for survival. The C-index for the training cohort was 0.866 (95 % CI: 0.805-0.927), for the validation cohort it was 0.944 (95 % CI: 0.903-0.985), and for the external validation cohort, it reached 0.999 (95 % CI: 0.997-1.001). Calibration curves and AUC suggest that the model has good accuracy.

Conclusions

We developed an innovative nomogram to predict CSS in middle-aged patients with FTC. Our model after a rigorous internal validation and external validation process, based on the time proved that the high level of accuracy and reliability. This tool helps healthcare professionals and patients make informed clinical decisions.

The frequency of risk pathological characteristics in clinically low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma suitable for active surveillance

PURPOSE

Active surveillance has emerged as an initial management strategy for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). The main objective of this research was to investigate the frequency of risk pathological characteristics among patients with clinically low-risk PTMC who are suitable for Active Surveillance.

METHODS

A retrospective review was conducted on patients who underwent lobectomy for PTMC between January 2013 and December 2018. Patients with bilateral tumors, macroscopic multifocal tumors, macroscopic extrathyroidal extension (ETE), clinical lymph node metastases, macroscopic extranodal extension (ENE), distant metastases, a history of neck radiation or familial thyroid cancer were excluded. Pathological characteristics were collected from the postoperative pathological results. Aggressive variants, multifocality, ETE, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) ≥ 5, and ENE were defined as risk characteristics.

RESULTS

The study included 4923 patients, of whom 1229 (25.0%) were male. The mean age was 43 years. A total of 2250 patients (45.7%) exhibited risk characteristics. Among them, 15 patients presented with aggressive variants, and 1813 patients (36.8%) had ETE. Multifocality, LVI, and PNI were observed in 551 (11.2%), 21 (0.4%), and 40 (0.8%) patients, respectively. A total of 139 patients (2.8%) had five or more metastatic LNs, and ENE was identified in 140 patients. Notably, 172 patients (3.5%) fulfilled the criteria for completion thyroidectomy, as they had aggressive variants, LVI, or five or more metastatic LNs.

CONCLUSIONS

Nearly half of the patients diagnosed with clinically low-risk PTMC exhibited risk pathological characteristics, and a small proportion of patients met the criteria for completion thyroidectomy.

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a review of the current state and future perspectives

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a highly prevalent cancer that typically exhibits indolent behavior and is associated with a favorable prognosis. The treatment of choice is surgical intervention; however, this approach carries the risk of complications, including scarring and loss of thyroid function. Although active surveillance can mitigate the risk of PTC overtreatment, the possibility of tumor growth and metastasis can elicit anxiety among patients. Ultrasoundguided thermal ablation has emerged as a safe and effective alternative for individuals who are ineligible for or decline surgery. This article provides a review of the clinical research on radiofrequency ablation as a treatment for PTC, offering a thorough examination of its efficacy, safety, and future perspectives.

Efficacy and safety of thermal ablation modalities for the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: Systematic Review and network meta-analysis

Background

Thermal ablation (TA) modalities such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and laser ablation (LA) have been widely used in the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients. Based on previous small-sample meta-analyses, this network meta was designed to further compare the efficacy and safety of these thermal ablation methods in PTMC patients.

Methods

China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies published before May 2022. The efficacy outcomes was recurrence and lymph node metastasis (LNM), the safety outcome included operation time, intra-operative blood loss, hospital stays and complications. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was selected for the risk of bias assessment. Stata 14.0 was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Twenty-nine articles were included. Based on as least 6 months follow up, our analysis discovered no significant statistical differences in all efficacy and safety outcomes between MWA, RFA, and LA groups. Moreover, three TA treatments all produced significant least operation time, hospital stays, and complications than surgery group. Additionally, our study found that RFA showed relatively less complications, LNM, operation time and intra-operative blood loss, compared with other TA treatments. MWA indicated the lowest probability of recurrence, LA showed the longest hospital stays.

Conclusions

MWA, RFA, and LA are all effective treatment strategies for patients with PTMC, but could not completely replace conventional surgical treatment.

Follow-up strategy of radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: defining a response-to-ablation system

OBJECTIVE

To define a response-to-ablation system based on dynamic risk stratification proposed by the 2015 American Thyroid Association guidelines for predicting clinical outcomes and guiding follow-up strategies for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA).

METHODS

This retrospective study reviewed patients with low-risk PTMC who underwent RFA between 2014 and 2018. We classified patients into three groups based on their response to therapy at the 1-year follow-up: complete, indeterminate, and incomplete. The primary endpoints were local tumor progression (LTP) and disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS

Among the 748 patients (mean age, 43.7 years ± 9.8; 586 women), 4.0% (30/748) had LTP during a median follow-up of 5 years. The response was complete in 80.2% (600/748) of the patients, indeterminate in 18.1% (135/748), and incomplete in 1.7% (13/748). The LTP rate in the final follow-up was 1% (6/600), 8.1% (11/135), and 100% (13/13), respectively. The risk of LTP was significantly different in the incomplete response group (HR, 1825.82; 95% CI: 458.27, 7274.36; p < 0.001) and indeterminate response group (HR, 8.12; 95% CI: 2.99, 22.09; p < 0.001) than in the complete response group. There were significant differences in DFS among groups (p < 0.001). The proportion of variation explained and C-index of the system was high (27.66% and 0.79, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

We defined a response-to-ablation system that provides a new paradigm for the management of patients with PTMC who underwent RFA. Our data confirm that the system can effectively predict the risk of LTP and guide ongoing follow-up recommendations.

KEY POINTS

• The response-to-ablation system can classify patients with low-risk PTMC who underwent RFA into complete, indeterminate, or incomplete response categories. • Results suggest that, in this population, this system can identify three separate cohorts of patients who have significantly different clinical outcomes. • The response-to-ablation system will help better tailor the ongoing follow-up recommendations.

Radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with a trachea-adjacent versus trachea-distant location

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) adjacent to the trachea and compare them with those of PTMC distant from the trachea.

METHODS

Patients who received RFA for solitary low-risk PTMC between June 2014 and July 2020 were reviewed and classified into adjacent and distant groups. To balance between-group confounders, the propensity score matching approach was employed. Volume, volume reduction ratio (VRR), tumor disappearance, complications, and disease progression were assessed and compared between the groups. Furthermore, factors affecting disease progression were evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 122 and 470 patients were included in the adjacent and distant groups, respectively. Overall VRR was 99.5% ± 3.1 and cumulative tumor disappearance rate was 99.4% after a mean follow-up time of 40.1 months ± 16.2. Overall disease progression and complications incidence were 3.7% and 1.0%, respectively. No substantial differences were observed between the two groups in the latest volume (0.8 mm3 ± 4.1 vs. 0.9 mm3 ± 4.2, p = .77), VRR (99.7% ± 1.6 vs. 99.5% ± 2.7, p = .75), cumulative tumor disappearance rate (92.6% vs. 94.2%, p = .58), and incidence of disease progression (4.1% vs. 4.5%, p = .70) and complication (1.7% vs. 0.8%, p = .86) after 1:2 matching. Additionally, tracheal adjacency exhibited no association with disease progression in multivariate Cox regression analysis (p = .73).

CONCLUSION

For eligible patients with PTMC located adjacent to or distant from the trachea, RFA may offer a safe and effective alternative treatment method.

Ultrasound-guided microwave ablation versus surgery for solitary T1bN0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective multicenter study

OBJECTIVE

Microwave ablation (MWA) has emerged as a minimally invasive technology for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), but it has not been widely applied to treat T1bN0M0 PTC with high-level evidence. This study was designed to compare the real-world efficacy and safety of MWA or surgery for treating T1bN0M0 PTC.

METHODS

From December 2019 to April 2021, 123 continuous unifocal T1bN0M0 PTC patients without lymph node metastasis (LNM) or distant metastasis (DM) were included from 10 hospitals. Patients were allocated into the MWA or surgery group based on their willingness. The main outcomes were local tumour progression (LTP), new thyroid cancer, LNM, and DM. The secondary outcomes included changes in tumour size and volume, complications, and cosmetic results. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify influencing factors.

RESULTS

Fifty-two patients chose MWA, and 71 patients chose surgery. Patients had similar demographic information and tumour characteristics in the two groups. The follow-up durations after MWA and surgery were 10.6 ± 4.2 and 10.4 ± 3.4 months, respectively. The LNM rate was 5.8% in the MWA group and 1.4% in the surgery group (p = 0.177). No LTP, new thyroid cancer, or distant metastasis (DM) occurred in either group. Five (9.6%) of the 52 patients in the MWA group and 8 (11.3%) of the 71 patients in the surgery group had complications (p = 0.27). Better cosmetic results were found in the MWA group (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

MWA achieved comparable short-term treatment efficacy with surgery. MWA might be an optional choice for surgery for low-risk T1bN0M0 PTC but concerns about LNM need to be studied further.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

MWA achieved comparable short-time treatment efficacy with surgery. MWA might be an optional choice for surgery for low-risk T1bN0M0 PTC.

KEY POINTS

• MWA achieved comparable short-term treatment efficacy with surgery. MWA might be an optional choice for surgery for low-risk T1bN0M0 PTC but concerns about LNM need to be studied further. • The complication rate in the surgery group was higher than that in the MWA group without a significant difference. • There was no statistically significant difference in the LNM rate between the MWA and surgery groups.

Efficacy of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma after one year

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and safety of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation guided by ultrasound for treating papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

METHOD

At our institution, fifty people who had been treated for micropapillary thyroid cancer with ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation were chosen. Thyroid function was evaluated after one month, and the volume of the ablation region was assessed immediately, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. At the same time, the complications or adverse reactions after treatment were evaluated.

RESULTS

As time passed, the volume of the ablation area decreased gradually, showing a regression trend. There was a significant difference in the volume of the ablation area between adjacent groups (P < 0.05), and the tumor volume reduction ratio (VRR) of the ablation area was a statistically significant difference between adjacent groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the indexes related to thyroid function before and after treatment(P > 0.05). No local recurrence or distant metastasis was found during follow-up; The most common complication after the operation was a slight pain in the neck. A few patients had toothache and neck swelling symptoms, and the above symptoms subsided within 24 h after the operation.

CONCLUSION

Ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation is safe and effective for treating single-focus micropapillary thyroid carcinoma while retaining thyroid function, with few and minor complications, which can be used as an ideal surgical option.

Long-Term Outcomes and Risk Factors of Radiofrequency Ablation for T1N0M0 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Importance

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has gained increasing interest as a minimally invasive procedure to treat low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Considering the indolent nature of this disease, studies in large populations with long follow-up would be invaluable to further substantiate the effectiveness of RFA.

Objective

To evaluate the long-term (58.5 months) outcomes of patients with T1N0M0 PTC who underwent RFA and investigate risk factors for local tumor progression (LTP).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study included 1613 patients aged 18 years or older with T1N0M0 PTC who underwent ultrasonography-guided RFA between January 2014 and December 2020 at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital in Beijing, China. Included in the analysis were patients with PTC (confirmed by biopsy) with a maximum diameter of 20 mm or less; no evidence of extrathyroidal extension (capsular disruption or involvement of perithyroidal tissue), lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis on ultrasonography or computed tomography; and no evidence of an aggressive subtype of PTC on biopsy. Patients with PTC larger than 2 cm, less than 12 months of follow-up, or inadequate follow-up information were excluded. Data were analyzed in April 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Long-term progression rate, disease-free survival, and complete tumor disappearance and their associations with patient and tumor characteristics. Disease-free survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess risk factors for LTP and complete tumor disappearance.

Results

The study comprised 1613 patients (mean [SD] age, 43.3 [10.2] years; 1256 women [77.9%]) with 1834 T1N0M0 PTC tumors. During a mean follow-up of 58.5 months (range, 27 to 111 months), LTP was observed in 69 patients (4.3%), including 42 (2.6%) with tumor recurrence and 27 (1.7%) with tumor persistence. Cumulative disease-free survival rates at 1, 3, 5, and 8 years were 98.0%, 96.7%, 96.0%, and 95.7%, respectively. The overall complication rate was 2.0% (32 patients), with 6 (0.4%) major complications. Independent risk factors for LTP included subcapsular tumor location 2 mm or less from the capsule or trachea (hazard ratio [HR], 3.36; 95% CI, 2.02-5.59; P < .001) and multifocal tumors (HR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.30-3.96; P = .004). Furthermore, 1376 patients (85.3%) showed complete tumor disappearance at follow-up ultrasonographic examination. Factors associated with complete tumor disappearance included age 40 years or less (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.87; P < .001), stage T1a tumors (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.31-0.45; P < .001), and unifocal tumors (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.42-0.60; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, ultrasonography-guided RFA for T1N0M0 PTC had excellent long-term outcomes. Patients with unifocal T1N0M0 PTC and subcapsular tumor location more than 2 mm from the capsule or trachea may be the best candidates for RFA.

Age-stratified comparison of active surveillance versus radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma using decision analysis

BACKGROUND

Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas may be treated with radiofrequency ablation, active surveillance, or surgery. The objective of this study was to use mathematical modeling to compare treatment alternatives for papillary thyroid microcarcinomas among those who decline surgery. We hypothesized that radiofrequency ablation would outperform active surveillance in avoiding progression and surgery but that the effect size would be small for older patients.

METHODS

We engaged stakeholders to identify meaningful long-term endpoints for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma treatment-(1) cancer progression/surgery, (2) need for thyroid replacement therapy, and (3) permanent treatment complication. A Markov decision analysis model was created to compare the probability of these endpoints after radiofrequency ablation or active surveillance for papillary thyroid microcarcinomas and overall cost. Transition probabilities were extracted from published literature. Model outcomes were estimated to have a 10-year time horizon.

RESULTS

The primary outcome yielded a number needed to treat of 18.1 for the avoidance of progression and 27.4 for the avoidance of lifelong thyroid replacement therapy for radiofrequency ablation compared to active surveillance. However, as patient age increased, the number needed to treat to avoid progression increased from 5.2 (age 20-29) to 39.1 (age 60+). The number needed to treat to avoid lifelong thyroid replacement therapy increased with age from 7.8 (age 20-29) to 59.3 (age 60+). The average 10-year cost/treatment for active surveillance and radiofrequency ablation were $6,400 and $11,700, respectively, translating to a cost per progression-avoided of $106,500.

CONCLUSION

As an alternative to active surveillance, radiofrequency ablation may have a greater therapeutic impact in younger patients. However, routine implementation may be cost-prohibitive for most patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinomas.

Long-term efficacy of microwave ablation for multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a 5-year follow-up study

OBJECTIVES

Microwave ablation (MWA) has achieved excellent long-term efficacy in treating unifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (UPTMC). The therapeutic effect of this treatment on multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (MPTMC) is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the long-term efficacy of MWA for low-risk MPTMC and to provide evidence-based medicine for the revision of clinical guidelines.

METHODS

This study included 66 MPTMC patients with a total of 158 lesions, all of whom received MWA. We collected and retrospectively analyzed the patients' follow-up data before MWA, at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months posttreatment and every 6 months thereafter until 5 years posttreatment. We evaluated the MWA complication rate, technical success rate (TSR), lesion volume reduction rate (VRR), and complete disappearance rate (CDR) during follow-up and in those patients with tumor progression and delayed surgery.

RESULTS

After 60 months of follow-up, all 158 lesions disappeared in 66 patients, and the volume was reduced from 43.82 mm3 to 0.00 mm3. The TSR and VRR were both 100%. The CDRs at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years were 57.59%, 93.67%, and 100%, respectively. The complication rate was 3.03% (2/66), and the incidence of tumor progression was 3.03% (2/66), including one new intrathyroidal lesion and one cervical lymph node metastasis (LNM). These lesions were retreated with MWA, and the lesions disappeared during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONS

Ultrasound-guided MWA for low-risk MPTMC is safe and effective and may serve as an alternative option for patients who refuse surgery or active surveillance (AS).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

This study concludes that ultrasound-guided microwave ablation for low-risk multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is safe and effective and may serve as an alternative option for patients who refuse surgery or active surveillance.

KEY POINTS

• Ultrasound-guided microwave ablation for low-risk multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is safe and effective. • During 5 years of follow-up, multifocal papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients treated with microwave ablation had a favorable prognosis. • To provide evidence-based medicine for the revision of clinical guidelines.

Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency, microwave and laser ablation for the treatment of T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma on a large scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

To analyze the efficacy and safety of radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA) and laser ablation (LA) in T1N0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients by evaluating data on several outcomes on a large scale.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Literature searches were conducted in PUBMED, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for studies of thermal ablation (TA) for treating T1N0M0 PTC. Data on the volume reduction rate (VRR) at the 12-month follow-up and final follow-up, complete disappearance rate, local recurrence rate, lymph node metastasis rate, and complication rate of RFA, MWA and LA were evaluated separately. RFA effects were compared between T1aN0M0 and T1bN0M0 patients.

RESULTS

A total of 36 eligible studies were included. RFA presented superior efficacy than MWA in 12-month VRR. At the final follow-up, the difference was slight in subgroups, showing a significant reduction. The complete disappearance rate of LA (93.00%) was higher than that of RFA (81.00%) and MWA (71.00%). Additionally, the local recurrence rate pooled proportions of MWA and RFA were both 2.00%, lower than that of the LA group (3.00%). There was no event of distant metastasis. The lymph node metastasis rates were similar, as RFA (1.00%) had the lowest. For minor complication rates, the pooled proportions of RFA (3.00%) were smaller than those of LA (6.00%) and MWA (13.00%). T1aN0M0 lesions presented with better outcomes than T1bN0M0 lesions.

CONCLUSION

RFA, MWA and LA were reliable in curing PTC, and RFA presented advantages in most outcomes. T1aN0M0 patients may experience fewer side effects than T1bN0M0 patients.

Five-year Outcome Between Radiofrequency Ablation vs Surgery for Unilateral Multifocal Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

CONTEXT

Ultrasound (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been considered as an alternative to surgery or active surveillance for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). However, little is known about the long-term outcomes of RFA in comparison with surgery for unilateral multifocal PTMC.

OBJECTIVE

This work aims to report the comparison between RFA vs surgery for unilateral multifocal PTMC over a more than 5-year follow-up period.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study at a primary care center with a median follow-up period of 72.9 months. A total of 97 patients with unilateral multifocal PTMC were treated with RFA (RFA group, n = 44) or surgery (surgery group, n = 53). In the RFA group, patients were treated by a bipolar RFA generator and an 18-gauge bipolar RF electrode with a 0.9-cm active tip. In the surgery group, patients underwent thyroid lobectomy with prophylactic central neck dissection.

RESULTS

During the follow-up, no statistically significant differences were found in disease progression (4.5% vs 3.8%; P = ≥.999), lymph node metastasis (2.3% vs 3.8%; P = ≥.999), persistent lesion (2.3% vs 0%; P = .272), and RFS rates (97.7% vs 96.2%; P = .673) in the RFA and surgery groups. Patients undergoing RFA had a shorter hospitalization (0 vs 8.0 [3.0] d; P < .001), shorter procedure time (3.5 [2.4] vs 80.0 [35.0] min; P < .001), lower estimated blood loss (0 vs 20.0 [15.0] mL; P < .001), and lower costs ($1768.3 [0.1] vs $2084.4 [1173.8]; P = .001) than those in the surgery group. The complication rate in the surgery group was 7.5%, whereas none of the RFA-treated patients experienced any complications (P = .111).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed 6-year comparable outcomes between RFA and surgery for unilateral multifocal PTMC. RFA may be a safe and effective alternative to surgery in selected patients with unilateral multifocal PTMC.

Radiofrequency ablation for papillary thyroid cancer located in isthmus: comparison with that originated in thyroid lobe

PURPOSE

To analyze the outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for isthmus papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) versus PTC originating from the lobes.

METHODS

Patients with solitary low-risk PTC treated with RFA between July 2014 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. This study was approved by our institutional review board. Of the 562 patients, 104 and 458 had PTCs located in the thyroid isthmus and thyroid lobes, respectively. Local tumor progression (LTP), LTP-free survival (LTPFS), changes in tumor volume, and complications were compared between the two groups using propensity-score matching (PSM).

RESULTS

The isthmic and lobar groups showed no significant differences in LTP (2.9% vs. 3.8%), new PTC (2.9% vs. 2.9%), persistent lesions (0.0% vs. 0.2%), or LTPFS after PSM. Before PSM, the two groups showed significant differences in the volume reduction ratio (VRR) of the ablated tumors at 1, 3, 24, 30, and 48 months after RFA, but no differences between the two groups were observed in tumor volume, VRR, or disappearance rate after PSM (p > .05). One patient in the isthmic group presented with coughing, while another complained of hoarseness. Complications did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The outcomes of RFA for patients with low-risk PTC in the thyroid isthmus and thyroid lobes were similar. Therefore, RFA may serve as an alternative treatment option for patients with low-risk isthmic PTC.

Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: the devil is in the details

Thermal ablation (TA) has harvested favorable outcomes in treating low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Preoperative assessment, intraoperative procedures and postoperative follow-up are all closely linked with the success and safety of TA on PTMC. However, many details in these aspects have not been systematically reviewed. This review firstly described the influence of preoperative assessment, especially for the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM), as well as the molecular testing on the selection of TA for PTMC. Besides, we also summarized the experiences in treating special PTMC cases by TA, like multifocal lesions, PTMC located in the isthmus or adjacent to the dorsal capsule. At last, we discussed the follow-up strategies, the influence of the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level on the prognosis of PTMCs, and the management for recurrent cases. In conclusion, the procedures during the entire perioperative period should be standardized to improve the outcomes of TA in treating PTMC patients.

Safety and efficacy of microwave ablation for the treatment of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a prospective multicenter study

OBJECTIVES

To assess the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) via a prospective multicenter study.

METHODS

From January 2017 through June 2021, low-risk PTMC patients were screened. The management details of active surveillance (AS), surgery, and thermal ablation were discussed. Among patients who accepted thermal ablation, microwave ablation (MWA) was performed. The main outcome was disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary outcomes were tumor size and volume changes, local tumor progression (LTP), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and complication rate.

RESULTS

A total of 1278 patients were included in the study. The operation time of ablation was 30.21 ± 5.14 min with local anesthesia. The mean follow-up time was 34.57 ± 28.98 months. Six patients exhibited LTP at 36 months, of whom 5 patients underwent a second ablation, and 1 patient received surgery. The central LNM rate was 0.39% at 6 months, 0.63% at 12 months, and 0.78% at 36 months. Of the 10 patients with central LNM at 36 months, 5 patients chose ablation, 3 patients chose surgery and the other 2 patients chose AS. The overall complication rate was 1.41%, and 1.10% of patients developed hoarseness of the voice. All of the patients recovered within 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Thermal ablation of low-risk PTMC was observed to be safe and efficacious with few minor complications. This technique may help to bridge the gap between surgery and AS as treatment options for patients wishing to have their PTMC managed in a minimally invasive manner.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

This study proved that microwave ablation is a safe and effective treatment method for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

KEY POINTS

Percutaneous US-guided microwave ablation of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is a very minimally invasive treatment under local anesthesia during a short time period. The local tumor progression and complication rate of microwave ablation in the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma are very low.

Publications on ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for thyroid nodules from 2000 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND

Thyroid nodules are increasingly treated with minimally invasive surgery. Thermal ablation could efficiently treat patients with benign thyroid nodules, recurrent thyroid cancer, and low-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma. This research aims to explore the research field of thermal ablation for thyroid nodules using bibliometric analysis.

METHODS

The web of science core collection (WoSCC) database was utilized from its inception to 1 October 2022, to collect research articles and reviews on ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for thyroid nodules. We applied the R package 'bibliometrix' to summarize the main findings, calculate the occurrences of the top keywords and visualize the international collaboration networks. The co-authorship and co-occurrence analyses were conducted with VOSviewer software. CiteSpace was used to identify the top references and keywords with the highest citation bursts.

RESULTS

A total of 820 publications from 32 countries were retrieved. The annual number of related publications showed an increasing trend. China, Italy, and Korea were the most contributing countries. The University of Ulsan College of Medicine in Korea was the most productive institution, and Jung Hwan Baek published the maximum number of articles. The International Journal of Hyperthermia was the most productive journal. 'Papillary thyroid micro-carcinoma (PTMC)' and 'association guideline' were the most frequently used keywords in the field of thermal ablation for thyroid nodules, which indicated the potential hot research topics and frontiers in the future.

CONCLUSION

This bibliometric study conducts a comprehensive analysis of publications on thermal ablation for thyroid nodules, which aids investigators in discovering potential research directions.

Management of surgical diseases of thyroid gland indications of the United Italian Society of Endocrine Surgery (SIUEC)

A task force of the United Italian society of Endocrine Surgery (SIUEC) was commissioned to review the position statement on diagnostic, therapeutic and health‑care management protocol in thyroid surgery published in 2016, at the light of new technologies, recent oncological concepts, and tailored approaches. The objective of this publication was to support surgeons with modern rational protocols of treatment that can be shared by health-care professionals, taking into account important clinical, healthcare and therapeutic aspects, as well as potential sequelae and complications. The task force consists of 13 members of the SIUEC highly trained and experienced in thyroid surgery. The main topics concern clinical evaluation and preoperative workup, patient preparation for surgery, surgical treatment, non-surgical options, postoperative management, prevention and management of major complications, outpatient care and follow-up.

[Application of Radiofrequency Ablation to Thyroid Cancer: Past, Present, and Future]

Thyroid cancer, characterized by high incidence rates, good prognosis, and frequent recurrence, is typically treated surgically. However, since the early 2000s, radiofrequency ablation, which is commonly utilized in liver, lung, and kidney cancers, is being performed for management of primary and recurrent thyroid cancers. Many studies have focused on inoperable cases of low-risk papillary microcarcinoma (≤ 1 cm) and some have investigated its role in larger lesions (up to 4 cm). Overall, these studies have reported positive results. Radiofrequency ablation for recurrent cancer has primarily been performed for locally recurrent cervical cancer, and this therapeutic approach has been attempted for treatment of distant metastases in lungs and bones, with encouraging outcomes. A growing global trend, particularly in South Korea, the United States, and Europe supports radiofrequency ablation for thyroid cancer. However, this therapy is currently not recognized as a treatment option recommended by universally accepted clinical guidelines such as those established by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Based on past efforts and future research, radiofrequency ablation is expected to play a key role in thyroid cancer treatment in the near future.

Effectiveness and Safety of Percutaneous Treatment in Lesions Suggestive of Thyroid Cancer (Bethesda V and VI-T1aN0M0) Compared to Surgical Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Thyroid nodules are common entities, with 5% malignancy. Differentiated thyroid cancer represents 90% of thyroid malignancies, with papillary carcinoma being the most common. Management is generally surgical; among its complications are injury to the recurrent laryngeal and superior laryngeal nerve, causing hoarseness, postsurgical hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, and pain. Other noninvasive percutaneous interventions of thermal ablation such as microwave, radiofrequency, or laser incur lower costs and could be an option for treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effectiveness and safety of thermal ablation in lesions suspected of thyroid cancer (Bethesda V and VI/T1aN0M0) compared to surgical treatment.

METHODS

Systematic review/meta-analysis of observational studies and clinical trials. Database search includes MEDLINE/PUBMED, Embase, Scopus, Scielo, and BVS/LILACS. Studies on patients over 18 years of age with lesions suspicious of thyroid cancer were included.

RESULTS

A total of 10 studies were obtained, with 2939 patients: 1468 subjected to thermal ablation and 1471 to surgery. Regarding effectiveness, no differences were found in local recurrence [relative risk (RR) 1.17 (95% CI 0.69-1.99)] and cervical lymph node metastasis [RR 0.76 (95% CI 0.43-1.36)]. Regarding safety, infection [RR 0.29 (95% CI 0.05-1.74)], hematoma [RR 0.57 (95% CI 0.17-1.94)], and transient hoarseness [RR 0.77 (95% CI 0.39-1.51)] were evaluated, without difference. However, permanent hoarseness had significant differences in favor of thermal ablation [RR 0.29 (95% CI 0.11-0.75)].

CONCLUSIONS

Thermal ablation for the treatment of T1aN0M0 papillary thyroid carcinoma is equally effective when compared to surgical techniques and offers a better safety profile, particularly in permanent hoarseness.

Important parameters should be paid attention in PTMC radiofrequency ablation

In order to provide clinical references for the RFA procedure and to study the pivotal factors affecting the recovery time of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), 176 patients with low-risk intrathyroidal PTMC were included in this research. We randomly divided the whole cohort into training and test groups at a ratio of 7:3. The two-sample t-test was used to detect differences between the two groups. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the best predictor variables for predicting the status of RFA zone. Multiple test methods were used to ensure the scientific nature and accuracy of the Cox proportional hazards model. We tested the performance for the parameters and revealed the best cut-off value of each variable by the ROC curve and log-rank tests. The results showed patients aged above 49 years old, with RFA energy above 2800 J, the average diameter of the original tumour above 0.6 cm, or the average diameter of ablation zone at 1 month after RFA above 1.1 cm are risk factors for RFA zone delayed healing.

History of Thyroid Ultrasound

From low-resolution images in the 1960s to current high-resolution technology, ultrasound has proven to be the initial imaging modality of choice for thyroid application. Point-of-care ultrasound has brought the technology to the thyroid specialist. Combined with physical examination, it provides real-time information regarding goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy has become the accepted norm, with biopsies rarely performed using palpation alone. Advantages of ultrasound-guided biopsy include precise placement of the needle within the nodule, selective sampling of areas with suspicious features, and accurate direction of the biopsy needle to actively growing viable cells in the periphery of the nodule. Education of endocrinologists in thyroid ultrasound began in the late 1990s and by 2016 more than 6000 clinicians had completed an ultrasound course. Concurrent with this rapid expansion of use of thyroid ultrasound was a rise in the diagnosis of small papillary carcinomas, which might have otherwise remained indolent and undetected. The 2009 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for the Management of Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer recommended biopsy for all solid hypoechoic nodules measuring larger than 1 cm. Attempting to decrease the frequency of biopsies of low-risk nodules, subsequent guidelines have focused on identifying and selectively biopsying those thyroid nodules at higher risk of clinically significant carcinoma based on ultrasound appearance. A major role for thyroid ultrasound has been in both preoperative staging and mapping to help determine the extent of surgery, as well as postoperative monitoring for locoregional soft tissue or lymph node metastases. With the recognition that the increase in papillary carcinoma was predominantly a result of early diagnosis of small often indolent cancers, active surveillance has become a promising management strategy for papillary thyroid microcarcinomas. Thyroid ultrasound is essential to active surveillance of thyroid cancer. Easy access to high-quality ultrasound studies is a requirement for a successful active surveillance program. Thyroid ultrasound has been used to facilitate interventional procedures, including treatment of thyroid nodules, treatment of recurrent thyroid cancer, and therapy of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma.

Choice in Ablative Therapies for Thyroid Nodules

Ultrasound-guided ablation procedures have been growing in popularity and offer many advantages compared with traditional surgery for thyroid nodules. Many technologies are available, with thermal ablative techniques being the most popular currently though other nonthermal techniques, such as cryoablation and electroporation, are gaining interest. The objective of the present review is to provide an overview of each of the currently available ablative therapies and their applications in various clinical indications.

Thyroid cancer

The past 5-10 years have brought in a new era in the care of patients with thyroid cancer, with the introduction of transformative diagnostic and management options. Several international ultrasound-based thyroid nodule risk stratification systems have been developed with the goal of reducing unnecessary biopsies. Less invasive alternatives to surgery for low-risk thyroid cancer, such as active surveillance and minimally invasive interventions, are being explored. New systemic therapies are now available for patients with advanced thyroid cancer. However, in the setting of these advances, disparities exist in the diagnosis and management of thyroid cancer. As new management options are becoming available for thyroid cancer, it is essential to support population-based studies and randomised clinical trials that will inform evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on the management of thyroid cancer, and to include diverse patient populations in research to better understand and subsequently address existing barriers to equitable thyroid cancer care.

Long-term Outcomes of Ultrasound-guided Thermal Ablation for the Treatment of Solitary Low-risk Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVE

To report more than 5-year outcomes of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation (TA) for patients with solitary low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in a large multicenter cohort.

BACKGROUND

TA, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) have been used in patients with low-risk PTMC who refuse surgery or active surveillance. However, its clinical value remains controversial.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective multicenter study included 474 patients with solitary low-risk PTMC treated with TA (357 for RFA; 117 for MWA) from 4 centers and followed up for at least 5 years. Disease progression including lymph node metastasis and recurrent tumors, volume reduction rate (VRR), tumor disappearance rate, complications, and delayed surgery were assessed. RFA and MWA outcomes were compared using propensity score matching.

RESULTS

During the median follow-up period of 77.2 months, disease progression incidence, lymph node metastasis, and recurrent tumors rates were 3.6%, 1.1%, and 2.5%, respectively. Age below 40 years old, male sex, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and tumor size were not independent factors associated with disease progression by Cox analysis. The median VRR was 100% and 471 tumors disappeared radiographically. Eight patients experienced transient voice change (1.7%) which recovered within 3 months. None of the patients underwent delayed surgery because of anxiety. After 1:1 matching, no significant differences were found in the disease progression, VRR, tumor disappearance rate, or complications between RFA and MWA subgroups.

CONCLUSION

This multicenter study revealed that TA was an effective and safe treatment for patients with solitary low-risk PTMC, which could be offered as a treatment option for the management for low-risk PTMC.