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Gálvez C, Urrea V, Garcia-Guerrero MDC, Bernal S, Benet S, Mothe B, Bailón L, Dalmau J, Martinez A, Nieto A, Leal L, García F, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J, Salgado M. Altered T-cell subset distribution in the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals with extremely low proviral DNA (LoViReTs). J Intern Med 2022; 292:308-320. [PMID: 35342993 PMCID: PMC9308636 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV cure strategies aim to eliminate viral reservoirs that persist despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). We have previously described that 9% of HIV-infected individuals who receive ART harbor low levels of provirus (LoViReTs). METHODS We selected 22 LoViReTs matched with 22 controls ART suppressed for more than 3 years with fewer than 100 and more than 100 HIV-DNA copies/106 CD4+ T cells, respectively. We measured HIV reservoirs in blood and host genetic factors. Fourteen LoViReTs underwent leukapheresis to analyze replication-competent virus, and HIV-DNA in CD4+ T-cell subpopulations. Additionally, we measured HIV-DNA in rectum and/or lymph node biopsies from nine of them. RESULTS We found that LoViReTs harbored not only lower levels of total HIV-DNA, but also significantly lower intact HIV-DNA, cell-associated HIV-RNA, and ultrasensitive viral load than controls. The proportion of intact versus total proviruses was similar in both groups. We found no differences in the percentage of host factors. In peripheral blood, 71% of LoViReTs had undetectable replication-competent virus. Minimum levels of total HIV-DNA were found in rectal and lymph node biopsies compared with HIV-infected individuals receiving ART. The main contributors to the reservoir were short-lived transitional memory and effector memory T cells (47% and 29%, respectively), indicating an altered distribution of the HIV reservoir in the peripheral T-cell subpopulations of LoViReTs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, LoViReTs are characterized by low levels of viral reservoir in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, which might be explained by an altered distribution of the proviral HIV-DNA towards more short-lived memory T cells. LoViReTs can be considered exceptional candidates for future interventions aimed at curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gálvez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Garcia-Guerrero
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bernal
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Susana Benet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Bailón
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Dalmau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andrea Martinez
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Aroa Nieto
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lorna Leal
- Infectious Diseases Department Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Department Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Salgado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
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Banigbe B, Audet CM, Okonkwo P, Arije OO, Bassi E, Clouse K, Simmons M, Aliyu MH, Freedberg KA, Ahonkhai AA. Effect of PEPFAR funding policy change on HIV service delivery in a large HIV care and treatment network in Nigeria. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221809. [PMID: 31553735 PMCID: PMC6760763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to PEPFAR 2.0 with its focus on country ownership was accompanied by substantial funding cuts. We describe the impact of this transition on HIV care in a large network of HIV clinics in Nigeria. We surveyed 30 comprehensive HIV treatment clinics to assess services supported before (October 2013-September 2014) and after (October 2014-September 2015) the PEPFAR funding policy change, the impact of these policy changes on service delivery areas, and response of clinics to the change. We compared differences in support for staffing, laboratory services, and clinical operations pre- and post-policy change using paired t-tests. We used framework analysis to assess answers to open ended questions describing responses to the policy change. Most sites (83%, n = 25) completed the survey. The majority were public (60%, n = 15) and secondary (68%, n = 17) facilities. Clinics had a median of 989 patients in care (IQR: 543-3326). All clinics continued to receive support for first and second line antiretrovirals and CD4 testing after the policy change, while no clinics received support for other routine drug monitoring labs. We found statistically significant reductions in support for viral load testing, staff employment, defaulter tracking, and prevention services (92% vs. 64%, p = 0.02; 80% vs. 20%, 100% vs. 44%, 84% vs. 16%, respectively, p<0.01 for all) after the policy change. Service delivery was hampered by interrupted laboratory services and reduced wages and staff positions leading to reduced provider morale, and compromised quality of care. Almost all sites (96%) introduced user fees to address funding shortages. Clinics in Nigeria are experiencing major challenges in providing routine HIV services as a result of PEPFAR's policy changes. Funding cutbacks have been associated with compromised quality of care, staff shortages, and reliance on fee-based care for historically free services. Sustainable HIV services funding models are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn M. Audet
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Friends in Global Health, Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Olujide O. Arije
- Institute of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Kate Clouse
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Melynda Simmons
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Muktar H. Aliyu
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Freedberg
- Division of Infectious Disease and General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR), Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aima A. Ahonkhai
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease and General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Association between a Suppressive Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Containing Maraviroc and the Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine Response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.02050-17. [PMID: 29084751 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02050-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The response to the HBV vaccine in HIV-infected patients is deficient. Our aim was to analyze whether a suppressive combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) containing maraviroc (MVC-cART) was associated with a better response to HBV vaccine. Fifty-seven patients on suppressor cART were administered the HBV vaccine. The final response, the early response, and the maintenance of the response were assessed. An anti-HBs titer of >10 mIU/ml was considered a positive response. A subgroup of subjects was simultaneously vaccinated against hepatitis A virus (HAV). Lineal regression analyses were performed to determine demographic, clinical, and immunological factors associated with the anti-HBs titer. Vaccine response was achieved in 90% of the subjects. After 1 year, 81% maintained protective titers. Only simultaneous HAV vaccination was independently associated with the magnitude of the response in anti-HBs titers, with a P value of 0.045 and a regression coefficient (B) [95% confident interval (CI)] of 236 [5 to 468]. In subjects ≤50 years old (n = 42), MVC-cART was independently associated with the magnitude of the response (P = 0.009; B [95% CI], 297 [79 to 516]) together with previous vaccination and simultaneous HAV vaccination. High rates of HBV vaccine response can be achieved by revaccination, simultaneous HAV vaccination, and administration of cARTs including MVC. MVC may be considered for future vaccination protocols in patients on suppressive cART.
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4
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Ruiz-Mateos E, Tarancon-Diez L, Alvarez-Rios AI, Dominguez-Molina B, Genebat M, Pulido I, Abad MA, Muñoz-Fernandez MA, Leal M. Association of heterozygous CCR5Δ32 deletion with survival in HIV-infection: A cohort study. Antiviral Res 2017; 150:15-19. [PMID: 29221798 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of a 32 base pair deletion in the CCR5 gene (CCR5Δ32) in HIV-disease progression and response to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) is well established. However, the impact of CCR5Δ32 in the long-term survival pre-cART and after cART introduction in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients is unknown. We analyzed the association of CCR5Δ32 deletion in the long-term survival of HIV-infected patients recruited between June 1981 and October 2016 (n = 1006). Clinical and epidemiological variables were recorded and CCR5Δ32 deletion was assessed by PCR and electrophoretic analysis. The association of CCR5Δ32 deletion with the time to death was analyzed by Log-Rank tests and Cox Regression models. The CCR5 WT/Δ32 prevalence was 13.4% (n = 135). We did not find any homozygous subject for CCR5Δ32 deletion. AIDS (n = 85, 41.5%) and non-AIDS (n = 87, 42.4%) events were the main causes of 205 deaths. CCR5Δ32 deletion was independently associated with survival (p = 0.022; hazard ratio (HR): 0.572, confidence interval (CI) [0.354-0.923]), after adjusting by HIV diagnosis before 1997, age at diagnosis, being on cART, risk of transmission, nadir CD4+ T-cell counts and CDC stage C. This result was reproduced when the analysis was restricted to patients on cART (p = 0.045; HR: 0.530 [0.286-0.985]). These results confirm the protective role of CCR5Δ32, and extend it to the long-term survival in a large cohort of HIV-infected patients. Beyond its antiviral effect, CCR5Δ32 enhanced the long-term survival of patients on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Laura Tarancon-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana I Alvarez-Rios
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital (IBiS/CSIC/SAS/University of Seville), Seville, Spain
| | - Beatriz Dominguez-Molina
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Pulido
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Antonia Abad
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Muñoz-Fernandez
- Molecular Immunobiology Laboratory, General Universitary Hospital Gregorio Marañon, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañon, Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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5
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Martínez-Bonet M, González-Serna A, Clemente MI, Morón-López S, Díaz L, Navarro M, Puertas MC, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Martinez-Picado J, Muñoz-Fernández MA. Relationship between CCR5 (WT/Δ32) heterozygosity and HIV-1 reservoir size in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 23:318-324. [PMID: 28042001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several host factors contribute to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression in the absence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Among them, the CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is known to be the main co-receptor used by HIV-1 to enter target cells during the early stages of an HIV-1 infection. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association of CCR5(WT/Δ32) heterozygosity with HIV-1 reservoir size, lymphocyte differentiation, activation and immunosenescence in adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection receiving cART. METHODS CCR5 genotype was analysed in 242 patients with vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection from Paediatric Spanish AIDS Research Network Cohort (coRISpe). Proviral HIV-1 DNA was quantified by digital-droplet PCR, and T-cell phenotype was evaluated by flow cytometry in a subset of 24 patients (ten with CCR5(Δ32/WT) genotype and 14 with CCR5(WT/WT) genotype). RESULTS Twenty-three patients were heterozygous for the Δ32 genotype but none was homozygous for the mutated CCR5 allele. We observed no difference in the HIV-1 reservoir size (455 and 578 copies of HIV-1 DNA per million CD4+ T cells in individuals with CCR5(WT/WT) and CCR5(Δ32/WT) genotypes, respectively; p 0.75) or in the immune activation markers between both genotype groups. However, we found that total HIV-1 DNA in CD4+ T cells correlated with the percentage of memory CD4+ T cells: a direct correlation in CCR5(WT/Δ32) patients but an inverse correlation in those with the CCR5(WT/WT) genotype. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests a differential distribution of the viral reservoir compartment in CCR5(WT/Δ32) patients with perinatal HIV infection, which is a characteristic that may affect the design of strategies for reservoir elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Serna
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M I Clemente
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Morón-López
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - L Díaz
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Navarro
- Department of Infection Disease Section, Paediatric Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - E Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Immuno Molecular Biology, Section of Immunology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain; Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
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Romero-Sánchez MC, Alvarez-Ríos AI, Bernal-Morell E, Genebat M, Vera F, Benhnia MREI, Bravo-Urbieta J, Galera-Peñaranda C, de Pablo-Bernal RS, Abad-Carrillo MA, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E. Maintenance of virologic efficacy and decrease in levels of β2-microglobulin, soluble CD40L and soluble CD14 after switching previously treated HIV-infected patients to an NRTI-sparing dual therapy. Antiviral Res 2014; 111:26-32. [PMID: 25173576 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel strategies are necessary to decrease inflammatory parameters in successfully treated HIV-infected patients. Our aim was to evaluate the maintenance of viral suppression and potential changes in inflammatory, immune-activation and coagulation biomarkers in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients switched to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-sparing (NRTI) and maraviroc (MVC)-containing combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). Fifty-eight HIV-infected patients were observed after their treatment regimens were changed to MVC 150mg/once daily plus ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor therapy. Activation-, inflammation- and coagulation-associated biomarkers and mitochondrial (mt)DNA were analyzed after a median of 24weeks of follow-up. We observed that after changing to an NRTI-sparing regimen, 96.6% of HIV-patients on viral suppressive cART maintained viral suppression and their CD4+ T cell counts did not change significantly (median of 31weeks of follow-up). This cART switch reduced soluble CD40 ligand (p=0.002), beta-2 microglobulin (p=0.025), and soluble CD14 (p=0.009) in patients with higher baseline levels of these inflammation biomarkers after a median of 24weeks of follow-up. The results of our study show that changing to NRTI-sparing dual therapy decreased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers and maintained the immune-virologic efficacy. The potential benefits of this regimen warrant further investigation to uncover the association of this therapy with the potential decrease in the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients from non-AIDS-defining illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Concepción Romero-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Ana I Alvarez-Ríos
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (IBiS/CSIC/SAS/University of Seville), Seville 41013, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Genebat
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Francisco Vera
- Infectious Diseases Section, Santa María del Rosell-Santa Lucía Hospital, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Mohammed Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bravo-Urbieta
- Infectious Diseases Section, Morales Meseguer University General Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Rebeca S de Pablo-Bernal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - María Antonia Abad-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain.
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville 41013, Spain.
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Correlation of the virological response to short-term maraviroc monotherapy with standard and deep-sequencing-based genotypic tropism prediction methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:1202-7. [PMID: 22143533 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05857-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotypic tropism testing methods are emerging as the first step before prescription of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (MVC) to HIV-infected patients in Europe. Studies validating genotypic tests have included other active drugs that could have potentially convoluted the effects of MVC. The maraviroc clinical test (MCT) is an in vivo drug sensitivity test based on the virological response to a short-term exposure to MVC monotherapy. Thus, our aim was to compare the results of genotypic tropism testing methods with the short-term virological response to MVC monotherapy. A virological response in the MCT was defined as a ≥ 1-log(10) decrease in HIV RNA or undetectability after 8 days of drug exposure. Seventy-three patients undergoing the MCT were included in this study. We used both standard genotypic methods (n = 73) and deep sequencing (n = 27) on MCT samples at baseline. For the standard methods, the most widely used genotypic algorithms for analyzing the V3 loop sequence, geno2pheno and PSSM, were used. For deep sequencing, the geno2pheno algorithm was used with a false-positive rate cutoff of 3.5. The discordance rates between the standard genotypic methods and the virological response were approximately 20% (including mostly patients without a virological response). Interestingly, these discordance rates were similar to that obtained from deep sequencing (18.5%). The discordance rates between the genotypic methods (tropism assays predictive of the use of the CCR5 coreceptor) and the MCT (in vivo MVC sensitivity assay) indicate that the algorithms used by genotypic methods are still not sufficiently optimized.
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TROCAI (tropism coreceptor assay information): a new phenotypic tropism test and its correlation with Trofile enhanced sensitivity and genotypic approaches. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:4453-8. [PMID: 20943871 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00953-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The only clinically validated assay available to determine HIV tropism is Trofile, an assay that possesses some limitations. Our first aim was to develop a new phenotypic tropism test (TROCAI [tropism coreceptor assay information]) and to categorize results generated by this test according to the virological response to a short-term exposure to the CCR5 receptor antagonist maraviroc (maraviroc clinical test). Our second aim was to compare TROCAI results to those obtained by Trofile enhanced sensitivity (ES) and to different genotypic algorithms. TROCAI assayed HIV tropism in 33 HIV-infected patient viral isolates obtained from a modified coculture, followed by multiple infection cycles of indicator cells. TROCAI obtained a reportable result in all patients with viral loads of >500 HIV RNA copies/ml and in 3/6 patients with <500 HIV RNA copies/ml (30/33 patients, 91.9%). Patients who responded to maraviroc had an X4-using virus proportion in indicator cell supernatant of 0 to 0.41%. Hence, we used the threshold of 0.5% to categorize TROCAI results as R5 (<0.5%) or dual/mixed (>0.5%). The concordance between TROCAI and Trofile (ES) was 22/24 (91.6%), and with genotypic approaches it was 22/26 (84.6%). TROCAI results, which were categorized in this study by the maraviroc clinical test, could be used as a test in addition to those currently used to select patients for treatment with CCR5 antagonists.
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