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Ogoke O, Yousef O, Ott C, Kalinousky A, Lin W, Shamul C, Ross S, Parashurama N. Modeling Liver Organogenesis by Recreating Three-Dimensional Collective Cell Migration: A Role for TGFβ Pathway. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:621286. [PMID: 34211963 PMCID: PMC8239196 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.621286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) collective cell migration (CCM) is critical for improving liver cell therapies, eliciting mechanisms of liver disease, and modeling human liver development and organogenesis. Mechanisms of CCM differ in 2D vs. 3D systems, and existing models are limited to 2D or transwell-based systems, suggesting there is a need for improved 3D models of CCM. To recreate liver 3D CCM, we engineered in vitro 3D models based upon a morphogenetic transition that occurs during liver organogenesis, which occurs rapidly between E8.5 and E9.5 (mouse). During this morphogenetic transition, 3D CCM exhibits co-migration (multiple cell types), thick-strand interactions with surrounding septum transversum mesenchyme (STM), branching morphogenesis, and 3D interstitial migration. Here, we engineer several 3D in vitro culture systems, each of which mimics one of these processes in vitro. In mixed spheroids bearing both liver cells and uniquely MRC-5 (fetal lung) fibroblasts, we observed evidence of co-migration, and a significant increase in length and number of liver spheroid protrusions, which was highly sensitive to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) stimulation. In MRC-5-conditioned medium (M-CM) experiments, we observed dose-dependent branching morphogenesis associated with an upregulation of Twist1, which was inhibited by a broad TGFβ inhibitor. In models in which liver spheroids and MRC-5 spheroids were co-cultured, we observed complex strand morphogenesis, whereby thin, linear, 3D liver cell strands attach to the MRC-5 spheroid, anchor and thicken to form permanent and thick anchoring contacts between the two spheroids. In these spheroid co-culture models, we also observed spheroid fusion and strong evidence for interstitial migration. In conclusion, we present several novel cultivation systems that recreate distinct features of liver 3D CCM. These methodologies will greatly improve our molecular, cellular, and tissue-scale understanding of liver organogenesis, liver diseases like cancer, and liver cell therapy, and will also serve as a tool to bridge conventional 2D studies and preclinical in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Osama Yousef
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Cortney Ott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Allison Kalinousky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Wayne Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Claire Shamul
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Shatoni Ross
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States.,Clinical and Translational Research Center, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Buffalo, NY, United States
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2
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Wei JJ, Tang L, Chen LL, Xie ZH, Ren Y, Qi HG, Lou JY, Weng GB, Zhang SW. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates TGF-β1-Induced EMT by Increasing HGF Expression in HK-2 Cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 50:908-918. [PMID: 34183949 PMCID: PMC8223559 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v50i5.6108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have recently shown promise for the treatment of various types of chronic kidney disease models. However, the mechanism of this effect is still not well understood. Our study is aimed to investigate the effect of MSCs on transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) and the underlying mechanism related to the reciprocal balance between hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and TGF-β1. Methods: Our study was performed at Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China between Mar 2017 and Jun 2018. HK-2 cells were initially treated with TGF-β1, then co-cultured with MSCs. The induced EMT was assessed by cellular morphology and the expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and EMT-related proteins. MTS assay and flow cytometry were employed to detect the effect of TGF-β1 and MSCs on HK-2 cell proliferation and apoptosis. SiRNA against hepatocyte growth factor (siHGF) was transfected to decrease the expression of HGF to identify the role of HGF in MSCs inhibiting HK-2 cells EMT. Results: Overexpressing TGF-β1 decreased HGF expression, induced EMT, suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis in HK-2 cells; but when co-cultured with MSCs all the outcomes were reversed. However, after treated with siHGF, all the benefits taken from MSCs vanished. Conclusion: TGF-β1 was a motivating factor of kidney cell EMT and it suppressed the HGF expression. However, MSCs provided protection against EMT by increasing HGF level and decreasing TGF-β1 level. Our results also demonstrated HGF is one of the critical factor in MSCs anti- fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Wei
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang-Liang Chen
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Xie
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Ren
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong-Gang Qi
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiang-Yong Lou
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo-Bin Weng
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Wei Zhang
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Ningbo Urology and Nephrology Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Chen BJ, Wu JS, Tang YJ, Tang YL, Liang XH. What makes leader cells arise: Intrinsic properties and support from neighboring cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8983-8995. [PMID: 32572948 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells collectively invading as a cohesive and polarized group is termed collective invasion, which is a fundamental property of many types of cancers. In this multicellular unit, cancer cells are heterogeneous, consisting of two morphologically and functionally distinct subpopulations, leader cells and follower cells. Leader cells at the invasive front are responsible for exploring the microenvironment, paving the way, and transmitting information to follower cells. Here, in this review, we will describe the important role of leader cells in collective invasion and the emerging underlying mechanisms of leader cell formation including intrinsic properties and the support from neighboring cells. It will help us to elucidate the essence of collective invasion and provide new anticancer therapeutic clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Pathology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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TGF-β Family Signaling in Ductal Differentiation and Branching Morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031997. [PMID: 28289061 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells contribute to the development of various vital organs by generating tubular and/or glandular architectures. The fully developed forms of ductal organs depend on processes of branching morphogenesis, whereby frequency, total number, and complexity of the branching tissue define the final architecture in the organ. Some ductal tissues, like the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation, disintegrate and regenerate through periodic cycles. Differentiation of branched epithelia is driven by antagonistic actions of parallel growth factor systems that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal communication. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members and their extracellular antagonists are prominently involved in both normal and disease-associated (e.g., malignant or fibrotic) ductal tissue patterning. Here, we discuss collective knowledge that permeates the roles of TGF-β family members in the control of the ductal tissues in the vertebrate body.
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5
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Varadaraj A, Jenkins LM, Singh P, Chanda A, Snider J, Lee NY, Amsalem-Zafran AR, Ehrlich M, Henis YI, Mythreye K. TGF-β triggers rapid fibrillogenesis via a novel TβRII-dependent fibronectin-trafficking mechanism. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1195-1207. [PMID: 28298487 PMCID: PMC5415016 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increased recycling of soluble fibronectin from the cell surface for fibrillogenesis. This recycling is regulated by TGF-β in a transcription- and SMAD-independent manner via specific TβRII and integrin α5β1 interactions. The recycling of fibronectin is Rab11 dependent and is required for TGF-β–induced cell migration. Fibronectin (FN) is a critical regulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling through its availability and stepwise polymerization for fibrillogenesis. Availability of FN is regulated by its synthesis and turnover, and fibrillogenesis is a multistep, integrin-dependent process essential for cell migration, proliferation, and tissue function. Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is an established regulator of ECM remodeling via transcriptional control of ECM proteins. Here we show that TGF-β, through increased FN trafficking in a transcription- and SMAD-independent manner, is a direct and rapid inducer of the fibrillogenesis required for TGF-β–induced cell migration. Whereas TGF-β signaling is dispensable for rapid fibrillogenesis, stable interactions between the cytoplasmic domain of the type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII) and the FN receptor (α5β1 integrin) are required. We find that, in response to TGF-β, cell surface–internalized FN is not degraded by the lysosome but instead undergoes recycling and incorporation into fibrils, a process dependent on TβRII. These findings are the first to show direct use of trafficked and recycled FN for fibrillogenesis, with a striking role for TGF-β in this process. Given the significant physiological consequences associated with FN availability and polymerization, our findings provide new insights into the regulation of fibrillogenesis for cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Varadaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Laura M Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - Anindya Chanda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29201
| | - John Snider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
| | - N Y Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Karthikeyan Mythreye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 .,Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
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6
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Wu JS, Sheng SR, Liang XH, Tang YL. The role of tumor microenvironment in collective tumor cell invasion. Future Oncol 2017; 13:991-1002. [PMID: 28075171 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For many cancer types, cancer cells invade into surrounding tissues by collective movement of cell groups that remain connected via cell-cell junctions. This migration is completely distinguished from single-cell migration, in which cancer cells disrupt the tight intercellular junctions and gain a mesenchymal phenotype. Recently, emerging evidence has revealed that collective cell invasion depends on not only cell-intrinsic mechanisms but also on extracellular mechanisms by bidirectional interplay between the tumor cell and the tumor environment. Herein, in this review we discuss the role and underline mechanisms of tumor microenvironment in collective tumor cell invasion, particularly focusing on extracellular matrix remodeling and cross-talk between tumor and stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Shun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Su-Rui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China.,Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology (Sichuan University), No. 14, Sec. 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, PR China
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7
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Gandalovičová A, Vomastek T, Rosel D, Brábek J. Cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness. Oncotarget 2016; 7:25022-49. [PMID: 26872368 PMCID: PMC5041887 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apico-basal polarity is typical of cells present in differentiated epithelium while front-rear polarity develops in motile cells. In cancer development, the transition from epithelial to migratory polarity may be seen as the hallmark of cancer progression to an invasive and metastatic disease. Despite the morphological and functional dissimilarity, both epithelial and migratory polarity are controlled by a common set of polarity complexes Par, Scribble and Crumbs, phosphoinositides, and small Rho GTPases Rac, Rho and Cdc42. In epithelial tissues, their mutual interplay ensures apico-basal and planar cell polarity. Accordingly, altered functions of these polarity determinants lead to disrupted cell-cell adhesions, cytoskeleton rearrangements and overall loss of epithelial homeostasis. Polarity proteins are further engaged in diverse interactions that promote the establishment of front-rear polarity, and they help cancer cells to adopt different invasion modes. Invading cancer cells can employ either the collective, mesenchymal or amoeboid invasion modes or actively switch between them and gain intermediate phenotypes. Elucidation of the role of polarity proteins during these invasion modes and the associated transitions is a necessary step towards understanding the complex problem of metastasis. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the role of cell polarity signaling in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vomastek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, Videňská, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rosel
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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Wang Y, Fukuda T, Isaji T, Lu J, Im S, Hang Q, Gu W, Hou S, Ohtsubo K, Gu J. Loss of α1,6-fucosyltransferase inhibits chemical-induced hepatocellular carcinoma and tumorigenesis by down-regulating several cell signaling pathways. FASEB J 2015; 29:3217-27. [PMID: 25873065 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-270710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Up-regulation of core fucosylation catalyzed by α1,6-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) has been observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, to explore the role of Fut8 expression in hepatocarcinogensis, we established the chemical-induced HCC models in the male wild-type (WT; Fut8(+/+)), hetero (Fut8(+/-)), and knockout (KO; Fut8(-/-)) mice by use of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and pentobarbital (PB). In the Fut8(+/+) and Fut8(+/-) mice, multiple large and vascularized nodules were induced with an increased expression of Fut8 after DEN and PB treatment. However, the formation of HCC in Fut8(-/-) mice was suppressed almost completely. This potent inhibitory effect of Fut8 deficiency on tumorigenesis was also confirmed by the abolished tumor formation of Fut8 KO human hepatoma cell line cells by use of a xenograft tumor model. Furthermore, loss of the Fut8 gene resulted in attenuated responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in the HepG2 cell line, which provides the possible mechanisms for the contribution of Fut8 to hepatocarcinogensis. Taken together, our study clearly demonstrated that core fucosylation acts as a critical functional modulator in the liver and implicated Fut8 as a prognostic marker, as well as a novel, therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Fukuda
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Tomoya Isaji
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Jishun Lu
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Sanghun Im
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Qinglei Hang
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Wei Gu
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Sicong Hou
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- *Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Japan
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9
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NG2 regulates directional migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells via Rho GTPases and polarity complex proteins. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10858-74. [PMID: 23804106 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5010-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane proteoglycan NG2 is expressed by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), which migrate to axons during developmental myelination and remyelinate in the adult after migration to injured sites. Highly invasive glial tumors also express NG2. Despite the fact that NG2 has been implicated in control of OPC migration, its mode of action remains unknown. Here, we show in vitro and in vivo that NG2 controls migration of OPC through the regulation of cell polarity. In stab wounds in adult mice we show that NG2 controls orientation of OPC toward the wound. NG2 stimulates RhoA activity at the cell periphery via the MUPP1/Syx1 signaling pathway, which favors the bipolar shape of migrating OPC and thus directional migration. Upon phosphorylation of Thr-2256, downstream signaling of NG2 switches from RhoA to Rac stimulation. This triggers process outgrowth through regulators of front-rear polarity and we show using a phospho-mimetic form of NG2 that indeed NG2 recruits proteins of the CRB and the PAR polarity complexes to stimulate Rac activity via the GEF Tiam1. Our findings demonstrate that NG2 is a core organizer of Rho GTPase activity and localization in the cell, which controls OPC polarity and directional migration. This work also reveals CRB and PAR polarity complexes as new effectors of NG2 signaling in the establishment of front-rear polarity.
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10
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Decreased tumor progression and invasion by a novel anti-cell motility target for human colorectal carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66439. [PMID: 23755307 PMCID: PMC3670870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described a novel modulator of the actin cytoskeleton that also regulates Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase activities in TGFβ-sensitive epithelial cells. Here we examined the functional role of this signaling regulatory protein (km23-1) in mediating the migration, invasion, and tumor growth of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. We show that small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of km23-1 in human CRC cells inhibited constitutive extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, as well as pro-invasive ERK effector functions that include phosphorylation of Elk-1, constitutive regulation of c-Fos-DNA binding, TGFβ1 promoter transactivation, and TGFβ1 secretion. In addition, knockdown of km23-1 reduced the paracrine effects of CRC cell-secreted factors in conditioned medium and in fibroblast co-cultures. Moreover, km23-1 depletion in human CRC cells reduced cell migration and invasion, as well as expression of the ERK-regulated, metastasis-associated scaffold protein Ezrin. Finally, km23-1 inhibition significantly suppressed tumor formation in vivo. Thus, our results implicate km23-1 as a novel anti-metastasis target for human colon carcinoma cells, capable of decreasing tumor growth and invasion via a mechanism involving suppression of various pro-migratory features of CRC. These include a reduction in ERK signaling, diminished TGFβ1 production, decreased expression of the plasma membrane-cytoskeletal linker Ezrin, as well as attenuation of the paracrine effects of colon carcinoma-secreted factors on fibroblast migration and mitogenesis. As such, km23-1 inhibitors may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for interfering with colon cancer progression and invasion.
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11
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Duncan MB, Yang C, Tanjore H, Boyle PM, Keskin D, Sugimoto H, Zeisberg M, Olsen BR, Kalluri R. Type XVIII collagen is essential for survival during acute liver injury in mice. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:942-51. [PMID: 23580202 PMCID: PMC3701214 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative response to drug- and toxin-induced liver injury induces changes to the hepatic stroma, including the extracellular matrix. Although the extracellular matrix is known to undergo changes during the injury response, its impact on maintaining hepatocyte function and viability in this process remains largely unknown. We demonstrate that recovery from toxin-mediated injury is impaired in mice deficient in a key liver extracellular matrix molecule, type XVIII collagen, and results in rapid death. The type-XVIII-collagen-dependent response to liver injury is mediated by survival signals induced by α1β1 integrin, integrin linked kinase and the Akt pathway, and mice deficient in either α1β1 integrin or hepatocyte integrin linked kinase also succumb to toxic liver injury. These findings demonstrate that type XVIII collagen is an important functional component of the liver matrix microenvironment and is crucial for hepatocyte survival during injury and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Duncan
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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12
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Simonin Y, Vegna S, Akkari L, Grégoire D, Antoine E, Piette J, Floc'h N, Lassus P, Yu GY, Rosenberg AR, Karin M, Durantel D, Hibner U. Lymphotoxin signaling is initiated by the viral polymerase in HCV-linked tumorigenesis. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003234. [PMID: 23555249 PMCID: PMC3605200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) typically results in chronic infection that leads to progressive liver disease ranging from mild inflammation to severe fibrosis and cirrhosis as well as primary liver cancer. HCV triggers innate immune signaling within the infected hepatocyte, a first step in mounting of the adaptive response against HCV infection. Persistent inflammation is strongly associated with liver tumorigenesis. The goal of our work was to investigate the initiation of the inflammatory processes triggered by HCV viral proteins in their host cell and their possible link with HCV-related liver cancer. We report a dramatic upregulation of the lymphotoxin signaling pathway and more specifically of lymphotoxin-β in tumors of the FL-N/35 HCV-transgenic mice. Lymphotoxin expression is accompanied by activation of NF-κB, neosynthesis of chemokines and intra-tumoral recruitment of mononuclear cells. Spectacularly, IKKβ inactivation in FL-N/35 mice drastically reduces tumor incidence. Activation of lymphotoxin-β pathway can be reproduced in several cellular models, including the full length replicon and HCV-infected primary human hepatocytes. We have identified NS5B, the HCV RNA dependent RNA polymerase, as the viral protein responsible for this phenotype and shown that pharmacological inhibition of its activity alleviates activation of the pro-inflammatory pathway. These results open new perspectives in understanding the inflammatory mechanisms linked to HCV infection and tumorigenesis. Hepatitis C affects nearly 200 million people worldwide. It results from the failure of the immune system to control the hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and spread, leading to progressive liver disease that can culminate in fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. The inflammatory cells that infiltrate the diseased liver functionally contribute to fibrotic disease and cancer development by the release of potent soluble mediators that regulate cell survival and proliferation, angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, metabolism and genomic integrity. The goal of our work was to study the mechanisms of the initiation of the inflammatory process linked to HCV infection. We have shown that the presence of a single viral protein, namely NS5B, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase, promotes pro-inflammatory signaling. Moreover, inhibition of this pathway in HCV transgenic mice fully protects the animals from HCV-linked liver cancer. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms linked to HCV infection and thereby to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simonin
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (YS); (UH)
| | - Serena Vegna
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Leila Akkari
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Grégoire
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Antoine
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Piette
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Floc'h
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Lassus
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | | | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM, U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 1, 5 Bd Henry IV, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (YS); (UH)
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Hepatitis C viral protein NS5A induces EMT and participates in oncogenic transformation of primary hepatocyte precursors. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1021-8. [PMID: 22750466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Apicobasal polarity, which is essential for epithelial structure and function, is targeted by several tumour-related pathogens and is generally perturbed in the course of carcinogenesis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a strong risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, typically preceded by dysplastic alterations of cell morphology. We investigated the molecular mechanisms and the functional consequences of HCV-driven perturbations of epithelial polarity. METHODS We used biochemical, genetic, and cell biology approaches to assess the impact of hepatitis C viral protein NS5A on the polarity and function of hepatocytes and hepatic progenitors. Transgenic animals and xenograft models served for in vivo validation of the results obtained in cell culture. RESULTS We found that expression of HCV-NS5A in primary hepatic precursors and in immortalized hepatocyte cell lines gave rise to profound modifications of cell polarity, leading to epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). NS5A, either alone or in the context of the full complement of viral proteins in the course of infection, acted through activating Twist2, a transcriptional regulator of EMT. The effects of NS5A were additive to those of TGF-β, a cytokine abundant in diseased liver and highly relevant to HCV-related pathology. Moreover, NS5A cooperates with oncogenic Ras, giving rise to transformed, invasive cells that are highly tumorigenic in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that in the context of HCV infection, NS5A favors formation of preneoplastic lesions by disrupting cell polarity and additional oncogenic events cooperate with the viral protein to give rise to motile and invasive tumour cells.
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Anitua E, Sanchez M, De la Fuente M, Zalduendo MM, Orive G. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) stimulates tendon and synovial fibroblasts migration and improves the biological properties of hyaluronic acid. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2012; 20:1657-65. [PMID: 21987365 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-011-1697-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell migration plays an essential role in development, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF-Endoret) technology offers a potential source of growth factors involved in tissue regeneration. Here, we evaluate the potential of PRGF-Endoret over tendon cells and synovial fibroblasts migration and study whether the combination of this autologous technology with hyaluronic acid (HA) improves the effect and potential of the biomaterials over the motility of both types of fibroblasts. METHODS Migration of primary tendon cells and synovial fibroblasts after culturing with either PRGF or PPGF (plasma poor in growth factors) at different doses was evaluated. Furthermore, the migratory capacity induced by the combination of PPGF and PRGF with HA was tested. RESULTS PPGF stimulated migration of both types of cells but this effect was significantly higher when PRGF was used. Tendon cells showed an increase of 212% in migratory ability when HA was combined with PPGF and of 335% in the case of HA + PRGF treatment compared with HA alone. CONCLUSIONS PRGF-Endoret stimulates migration of tendon cells and synovial fibroblasts and improves the biological properties of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Anitua
- Private Practice in Implantology and Oral Rehabilitation in Vitoria, Vitoria, Spain.
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Hassan M, Selimovic D, El-Khattouti A, Ghozlan H, Haikel Y, Abdelkader O. Hepatitis C virus-host interactions: Etiopathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. World J Exp Med 2012; 2:7-25. [PMID: 24520529 PMCID: PMC3905577 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v2.i2.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a significant health problem facing the world. This virus infects more than 170 million people worldwide and is considered the major cause of both acute and chronic hepatitis. Persons become infected mainly through parenteral exposure to infected material by blood transfusions or injections with nonsterile needles. Although the sexual behavior is considered as a high risk factor for HCV infection, the transmission of HCV infection through sexual means, is less frequently. Currently, the available treatment for patients with chronic HCV infection is interferon based therapies alone or in combination with ribavirin and protease inhibitors. Although a sustained virological response of patients to the applied therapy, a great portion of patients did not show any response. HCV infection is mostly associated with progressive liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the focus of many patients and clinicians is sometimes limited to that problem, the natural history of HCV infection (HCV) is also associated with the development of several extrahepatic manifestations including dermatologic, rheumatologic, neurologic, and nephrologic complications, diabetes, arterial hypertension, autoantibodies and cryglobulins. Despite the notion that HCV-mediated extrahepatic manifestations are credible, the mechanism of their modulation is not fully described in detail. Therefore, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HCV-induced alteration of intracellular signal transduction pathways, during the course of HCV infection, may offer novel therapeutic targets for HCV-associated both hepatic and extrahepatic manifestations. This review will elaborate the etiopathogenesis of HCV-host interactions and summarize the current knowledge of HCV-associated diseases and their possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hassan
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Denis Selimovic
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Abdelouahid El-Khattouti
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Hanan Ghozlan
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Ola Abdelkader
- Mohamed Hassan, Denis Selimovic, Youssef Haikel, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U 977, Faculty of Medicine, and Dental Faculty, 11 Rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Tse JM, Cheng G, Tyrrell JA, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Boucher Y, Jain RK, Munn LL. Mechanical compression drives cancer cells toward invasive phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:911-6. [PMID: 22203958 PMCID: PMC3271885 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118910109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled growth in a confined space generates mechanical compressive stress within tumors, but little is known about how such stress affects tumor cell behavior. Here we show that compressive stress stimulates migration of mammary carcinoma cells. The enhanced migration is accomplished by a subset of "leader cells" that extend filopodia at the leading edge of the cell sheet. Formation of these leader cells is dependent on cell microorganization and is enhanced by compressive stress. Accompanied by fibronectin deposition and stronger cell-matrix adhesion, the transition to leader-cell phenotype results in stabilization of persistent actomyosin-independent cell extensions and coordinated migration. Our results suggest that compressive stress accumulated during tumor growth can enable coordinated migration of cancer cells by stimulating formation of leader cells and enhancing cell-substrate adhesion. This novel mechanism represents a potential target for the prevention of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Tse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gang Cheng
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - James A. Tyrrell
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Thomson Reuters, Corporate Research and Development, New York, NY 10007; and
| | | | - Yves Boucher
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rakesh K. Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Lance L. Munn
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Vasanthan KS, Subramanian A, Krishnan UM, Sethuraman S. Role of biomaterials, therapeutic molecules and cells for hepatic tissue engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:742-52. [PMID: 22265845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current liver transplantation strategies face severe shortcomings owing to scarcity of donors, immunogenicity, prohibitive costs and poor survival rates. Due to the lengthy list of patients requiring transplant, high mortality rates are observed during the endless waiting period. Tissue engineering could be an alternative strategy to regenerate the damaged liver and improve the survival and quality of life of the patient. The development of an ideal scaffold for liver tissue engineering depends on the nature of the scaffold, its architecture and the presence of growth factors and recognition motifs. Biomimetic scaffolds can simulate the native extracellular matrix for the culture of hepatocytes to enable them to exhibit their functionality both in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights the physiology and pathophysiology of liver, the current treatment strategies, use of various scaffolds, incorporation of adhesion motifs, growth factors and stem cells that can stabilize and maintain hepatocyte cultures for a long period.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a central regulator in chronic liver disease contributing to all stages of disease progression from initial liver injury through inflammation and fibrosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver-damage-induced levels of active TGF-β enhance hepatocyte destruction and mediate hepatic stellate cell and fibroblast activation resulting in a wound-healing response, including myofibroblast generation and extracellular matrix deposition. Being recognised as a major profibrogenic cytokine, the targeting of the TGF-β signalling pathway has been explored with respect to the inhibition of liver disease progression. Whereas interference with TGF-β signalling in various short-term animal models has provided promising results, liver disease progression in humans is a process of decades with different phases in which TGF-β or its targeting might have both beneficial and adverse outcomes. Based on recent literature, we summarise the cell-type-directed double-edged role of TGF-β in various liver disease stages. We emphasise that, in order to achieve therapeutic effects, we need to target TGF-β signalling in the right cell type at the right time.
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Shiraki N, Yamazoe T, Qin Z, Ohgomori K, Mochitate K, Kume K, Kume S. Efficient differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatic cells in vitro using a feeder-free basement membrane substratum. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24228. [PMID: 21887386 PMCID: PMC3162614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoderm-inducing effect of the mesoderm-derived supportive cell line M15 on embryonic stem (ES) cells is partly mediated through the extracellular matrix, of which laminin α5 is a crucial component. Mouse ES or induced pluripotent stem cells cultured on a synthesized basement membrane (sBM) substratum, using an HEK293 cell line (rLN10-293 cell) stably expressing laminin-511, could differentiate into definitive endoderm and subsequently into pancreatic lineages. In this study, we investigated the differentiation on sBM of mouse and human ES cells into hepatic lineages. The results indicated that the BM components played an important role in supporting the regional-specific differentiation of ES cells into hepatic endoderm. We show here that knockdown of integrin β1 (Itgb1) in ES cells reduced their differentiation into hepatic lineages and that this is mediated through Akt signaling activation. Moreover, under optimal conditions, human ES cells differentiated to express mature hepatocyte markers and secreted high levels of albumin. This novel procedure for inducing hepatic differentiation will be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanisms controlling lineage-specific fates during gut regionalization. It could also represent an attractive approach to providing a surrogate cell source, not only for regenerative medicine, but also for pharmaceutical and toxicologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shiraki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Yamazoe
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zeng Qin
- BM Matrix Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keiko Ohgomori
- BM Matrix Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mochitate
- BM Matrix Laboratory, Environmental Health Sciences Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- Global Center of Excellence Program, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Chaussepied M, Janski N, Baumgartner M, Lizundia R, Jensen K, Weir W, Shiels BR, Weitzman JB, Glass EJ, Werling D, Langsley G. TGF-b2 induction regulates invasiveness of Theileria-transformed leukocytes and disease susceptibility. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001197. [PMID: 21124992 PMCID: PMC2987823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria parasites invade and transform bovine leukocytes causing either East Coast fever (T. parva), or tropical theileriosis (T. annulata). Susceptible animals usually die within weeks of infection, but indigenous infected cattle show markedly reduced pathology, suggesting that host genetic factors may cause disease susceptibility. Attenuated live vaccines are widely used to control tropical theileriosis and attenuation is associated with reduced invasiveness of infected macrophages in vitro. Disease pathogenesis is therefore linked to aggressive invasiveness, rather than uncontrolled proliferation of Theileria-infected leukocytes. We show that the invasive potential of Theileria-transformed leukocytes involves TGF-b signalling. Attenuated live vaccine lines express reduced TGF-b2 and their invasiveness can be rescued with exogenous TGF-b. Importantly, infected macrophages from disease susceptible Holstein-Friesian (HF) cows express more TGF-b2 and traverse Matrigel with great efficiency compared to those from disease-resistant Sahiwal cattle. Thus, TGF-b2 levels correlate with disease susceptibility. Using fluorescence and time-lapse video microscopy we show that Theileria-infected, disease-susceptible HF macrophages exhibit increased actin dynamics in their lamellipodia and podosomal adhesion structures and develop more membrane blebs. TGF-b2-associated invasiveness in HF macrophages has a transcription-independent element that relies on cytoskeleton remodelling via activation of Rho kinase (ROCK). We propose that a TGF-b autocrine loop confers an amoeboid-like motility on Theileria-infected leukocytes, which combines with MMP-dependent motility to drive invasiveness and virulence. Theileria annulata causes tropical theileriosis that is endemic in cattle in North Africa, the Middle East, India and China. T. parva causes East Coast fever that is prevalent in East and Southern Africa. In endemic countries indigenous cattle are more resistant to pathology, but produce little meat and milk and attempts to improve output by importing European and American breeds have failed due to a high susceptibility to these diseases that are often rapidly fatal. We examined T. annulata-transformed macrophages isolated from disease resistant Sahiwal compared to disease-susceptible Holstein-Friesian (HF) cattle, for their capacity to traverse synthetic extra-cellular matrix in vitro. The invasive capacity of all transformed macrophages was TGF-b dependent, but those of disease-susceptible HF animals invaded better i.e. they were more aggressive. The greater invasive capacity of HF transformed macrophages matched their increased production of TGF-b2, since levels of TGF-b1, and all three TGF-b receptors, were the same as in transformed macrophages isolated from disease-resistant Sahiwal animals. TGF-b2 production therefore likely renders Theileria-transformed leukocytes more pathogenic and consistently, in a live attenuated line used to vaccinate against tropical theileriosis transcripts of TGF-b2 and those of a significant number of TGF-target genes drop and consequently, TGF-b-mediated invasiveness decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chaussepied
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
| | - Natacha Janski
- Université Paris-Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR7216 Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Martin Baumgartner
- University of Berne, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Division Molecular Pathobiology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Regina Lizundia
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Jensen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - William Weir
- Division of Veterinary Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Shiels
- Division of Veterinary Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan B. Weitzman
- Université Paris-Diderot Paris 7, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR7216 Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth J. Glass
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris-Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm U1016, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Warstat K, Meckbach D, Weis-Klemm M, Hack A, Klein G, de Zwart P, Aicher WK. TGF-beta enhances the integrin alpha2beta1-mediated attachment of mesenchymal stem cells to type I collagen. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:645-56. [PMID: 19827952 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric integrins are important receptors for the attachment of cells to their extracellular matrix. Here, we studied the attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to type I collagen (col-1), which is part of the extracellular matrix in bone, skin, and connective tissues. Furthermore, we examined how TGF-beta influences the integrin expression and attachment of MSC. Using flow cytometry, immunoblot, and RT-PCR, we report that MSC express several integrin subunits, including the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (VLA-2, CD49b/CD29). TGF-beta increases the expression of integrin subunits alpha(2), alpha(6), and beta(1) in MSC, thereby enhancing the attachment of MSC to col-1. The TGF-beta-mediated up-regulation of the expression of the integrin subunits alpha(2) and alpha(6) is mainly mediated in MSC by Smad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Warstat
- Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Akkari L, Haouzi D, Binamé F, Floc'h N, Lassus P, Baghdiguian S, Hibner U. Cell shape and TGF-β signaling define the choice of lineage during in vitro differentiation of mouse primary hepatic precursors. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:186-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kroening S, Stix J, Keller C, Streiff C, Goppelt-Struebe M. Matrix-independent stimulation of human tubular epithelial cell migration by Rho kinase inhibitors. J Cell Physiol 2010; 223:703-12. [PMID: 20175114 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proximal tubular epithelial cells differ from other epithelial cells in the expression of N-cadherin as major adherens junction protein instead of E-cadherin. Migration of proximal epithelial cells (HKC-8) was analyzed by scratch wounding and by a barrier assay, which allowed determination of migration velocity on different extracellular matrices. Migration velocity was about threefold higher on fibronectin compared to collagen IV. The differential migration velocity was reflected by the orientation of F-actin stress fibers. TGF-beta activated secretion of fibronectin and thus increased migration on collagen IV, but did not further promote migration on fibronectin. Pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinases (ROCKs) by Y-27632, hydroxyfasudil and H-1152, or siRNA against ROCKs significantly increased migration velocity independently of the extracellular matrix. Cells at the migration front showed long filopodia, which could not be mimicked by overexpression of consitutively active Cdc42, indicative of a more complex regulation of F-actin structures. N-cadherin was reorganized from tight zipper-like structures into loosened cell-cell contacts upon incubation with Y-27632, but HKC-8 cells still migrated as cohort. Migration through single cell pores in a modified Boyden chamber assay was also stimulated by ROCK inhibitors. ROCK inhibitors enhanced migration of primary cultures of renal tubular cells which consisted of proximal and distal tubular cells expressing N-cadherin and E-cadherin, respectively. There was no indication of a switch in cadherin expression in these cells or a preferential migration of N-cadherin expressing cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of ROCKs may thus favor repair processes in renal tubules by increasing the migratory capacity of tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kroening
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical Clinic 4, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Binamé F, Pawlak G, Roux P, Hibner U. What makes cells move: requirements and obstacles for spontaneous cell motility. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:648-61. [PMID: 20237642 DOI: 10.1039/b915591k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Movement of individual cells and of cellular cohorts, chains or sheets requires physical forces that are established through interactions of cells with their environment. In vivo, migration occurs extensively during embryonic development and in adults during wound healing and tumorigenesis. In order to identify the molecular events involved in cell movement, in vitro systems have been developed. These have contributed to the definition of a number of molecular pathways put into play in the course of migratory behaviours, such as mesenchymal and amoeboid movement. More recently, our knowledge of migratory modes has been enriched by analyses of cells exploring and moving through three-dimensional (3D) matrices. While the cells' morphologies differ in 2D and 3D environments, the basic mechanisms that put a cellular body into motion are remarkably similar. Thus, in both 2D and 3D, the polarity of the migrating cell is initially defined by a specific subcellular localization of signalling molecules and components of molecular machines required for motion. While the polarization can be initiated either in response to extracellular signalling or be a chance occurrence, it is reinforced and sustained by positive feedback loops of signalling molecules. Second, adhesion to a substratum is necessary to generate forces that will propel the cell engaged in either mesenchymal or ameboid migration. For collective cell movement, intercellular coordination constitutes an additional requirement: a cell cohort remains stationary if individual cells pull in opposite directions. Finally, the availability of space to move into is a general requirement to set cells into motion. Lack of free space is probably the main obstacle for migration of most healthy cells in an adult multicellular organism. Thus, the requirements for cell movement are both intrinsic to the cell, involving coordinated signalling and interactions with molecular machines, and extrinsic, imposed by the physicochemical nature of the environment. In particular, the geometry and stiffness of the support act on a range of signalling pathways that induce specific cell migratory responses. These issues are discussed in the present review in the context of published work and our own data on collective migration of hepatocyte cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- CNRS, UMR 5535, IGMM, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
For all animals, cell migration is an essential and highly regulated process. Cells migrate to shape tissues, to vascularize tissues, in wound healing, and as part of the immune response. Unfortunately, tumor cells can also become migratory and invade surrounding tissues. Some cells migrate as individuals, but many cell types will, under physiological conditions, migrate collectively in tightly or loosely associated groups. This includes invasive tumor cells. This review discusses different types of collective cell migration, including sheet movement, sprouting and branching, streams, and free groups, and highlights recent findings that provide insight into cells' organization and behavior. Cells performing collective migration share many cell biological characteristics with independently migrating cells but, by affecting one another mechanically and via signaling, these cell groups are subject to additional regulation and constraints. New properties that emerge from this connectivity can contribute to shaping, guiding, and ultimately ensuring tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Rørth
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, The National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Role of CXCR4/SDF-1 alpha in the migratory phenotype of hepatoma cells that have undergone epithelial-mesenchymal transition in response to the transforming growth factor-beta. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1595-606. [PMID: 19586611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of FaO rat hepatoma cells with TGF-beta selects cells that survive to its apoptotic effect and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT). We have established a cell line (T beta T-FaO, from TGF-beta-treated FaO) that shows a mesenchymal, de-differentiated, phenotype in the presence of TGF-beta and is refractory to its suppressor effects. In the absence of this cytokine, cells revert to an epithelial phenotype in 3-4 weeks and recover the response to TGF-beta. T beta T-FaO show higher capacity to migrate than that observed in the parental FaO cells. We found that FaO cells express low levels of CXCR4 and do not respond to SDF-1 alpha. However, TGF-beta up-regulates CXCR4, through a NF kappaB-dependent mechanism, and T beta T-FaO cells show elevated levels of CXCR4, which is located in the presumptive migration front. A specific CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100) attenuates the migratory capacity of T beta T-FaO cells on collagen gels. Extracellular SDF-1 alpha activates the ERKs pathway in T beta T-FaO, but not in FaO cells, increasing cell scattering and protecting cells from apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Targeted knock-down of CXCR4 with specific siRNA blocks the T beta T-FaO response to SDF-1 alpha. Thus, the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis might play an important role in mediating cell migration and survival after a TGF-beta-induced EMT in hepatoma cells.
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