1
|
Lindamood HL, Liu TM, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Using ALS to understand profilin 1's diverse roles in cellular physiology. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39056295 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Profilin is an actin monomer-binding protein whose role in actin polymerization has been studied for nearly 50 years. While its principal biochemical features are now well understood, many questions remain about how profilin controls diverse processes within the cell. Dysregulation of profilin has been implicated in a broad range of human diseases, including neurodegeneration, inflammatory disorders, cardiac disease, and cancer. For example, mutations in the profilin 1 gene (PFN1) can cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), although the precise mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration remain unclear. While initial work suggested proteostasis and actin cytoskeleton defects as the main pathological pathways, multiple novel functions for PFN1 have since been discovered that may also contribute to ALS, including the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport, stress granules, mitochondria, and microtubules. Here, we will review these newly discovered roles for PFN1, speculate on their contribution to ALS, and discuss how defects in actin can contribute to these processes. By understanding profilin 1's involvement in ALS pathogenesis, we hope to gain insight into this functionally complex protein with significant influence over cellular physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halli L Lindamood
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tatiana M Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao G, Zhao X, Zhang M, Ying J, Yu F, Li S, Zhang Y. Vesicle trafficking in
Arabidopsis
pollen tubes. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2231-2242. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang‐Jiu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
| | - Xin‐Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
| | | | - Jun Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences Shandong Agricultural University Tai’an, Shandong China
- College of Life Sciences Nankai University China
- Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses Nankai University China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Identification and characterization of profilin gene family in rice. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
4
|
Skruber K, Warp PV, Shklyarov R, Thomas JD, Swanson MS, Henty-Ridilla JL, Read TA, Vitriol EA. Arp2/3 and Mena/VASP Require Profilin 1 for Actin Network Assembly at the Leading Edge. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2651-2664.e5. [PMID: 32470361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cells have many types of actin structures, which must assemble from a common monomer pool. Yet, it remains poorly understood how monomers are distributed to and shared between different filament networks. Simplified model systems suggest that monomers are limited and heterogeneous, which alters actin network assembly through biased polymerization and internetwork competition. However, less is known about how monomers influence complex actin structures, where different networks competing for monomers overlap and are functionally interdependent. One example is the leading edge of migrating cells, which contains filament networks generated by multiple assembly factors. The leading edge dynamically switches between the formation of different actin structures, such as lamellipodia or filopodia, by altering the balance of these assembly factors' activities. Here, we sought to determine how the monomer-binding protein profilin 1 (PFN1) controls the assembly and organization of actin in mammalian cells. Actin polymerization in PFN1 knockout cells was severely disrupted, particularly at the leading edge, where both Arp2/3 and Mena/VASP-based filament assembly was inhibited. Further studies showed that in the absence of PFN1, Arp2/3 no longer localizes to the leading edge and Mena/VASP is non-functional. Additionally, we discovered that discrete stages of internetwork competition and collaboration between Arp2/3 and Mena/VASP networks exist at different PFN1 concentrations. Low levels of PFN1 caused filopodia to form exclusively at the leading edge, while higher concentrations inhibited filopodia and favored lamellipodia and pre-filopodia bundles. These results demonstrate that dramatic changes to actin architecture can be made simply by modifying PFN1 availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Skruber
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Peyton V Warp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rachael Shklyarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - James D Thomas
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Maurice S Swanson
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, NY 13210, USA
| | - Tracy-Ann Read
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric A Vitriol
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Christensen JR, Craig EW, Glista MJ, Mueller DM, Li Y, Sees JA, Huang S, Suarez C, Mets LJ, Kovar DR, Avasthi P. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii formin FOR1 and profilin PRF1 are optimized for acute rapid actin filament assembly. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:3123-3135. [PMID: 31664873 PMCID: PMC6938247 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-08-0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulated assembly of multiple filamentous actin (F-actin) networks from an actin monomer pool is important for a variety of cellular processes. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga expressing a conventional and divergent actin that is an emerging system for investigating the complex regulation of actin polymerization. One actin network that contains exclusively conventional F-actin in Chlamydomonas is the fertilization tubule, a mating structure at the apical cell surface in gametes. In addition to two actin genes, Chlamydomonas expresses a profilin (PRF1) and four formin genes (FOR1-4), one of which (FOR1) we have characterized for the first time. We found that unlike typical profilins, PRF1 prevents unwanted actin assembly by strongly inhibiting both F-actin nucleation and barbed-end elongation at equimolar concentrations to actin. However, FOR1 stimulates the assembly of rapidly elongating actin filaments from PRF1-bound actin. Furthermore, for1 and prf1-1 mutants, as well as the small molecule formin inhibitor SMIFH2, prevent fertilization tubule formation in gametes, suggesting that polymerization of F-actin for fertilization tubule formation is a primary function of FOR1. Together, these findings indicate that FOR1 and PRF1 cooperate to selectively and rapidly assemble F-actin at the right time and place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R. Christensen
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Evan W. Craig
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Michael J. Glista
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David M. Mueller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jennifer A. Sees
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Shengping Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| | - Cristian Suarez
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Laurens J. Mets
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - David R. Kovar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Prachee Avasthi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology , University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66103
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molecular mechanisms of contractile-ring constriction and membrane trafficking in cytokinesis. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1649-1666. [PMID: 30448943 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis from plants to humans, with a focus on contribution of membrane trafficking to cytokinesis. Selection of the division site in fungi, metazoans, and plants is reviewed, as well as the assembly and constriction of a contractile ring in fungi and metazoans. We also provide an introduction to exocytosis and endocytosis, and discuss how they contribute to successful cytokinesis in eukaryotic cells. The conservation in the coordination of membrane deposition and cytoskeleton during cytokinesis in fungi, metazoans, and plants is highlighted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Qu X, Jiang Y, Chang M, Zhang R, Wu Y, Fu Y, Huang S. Profilin Regulates Apical Actin Polymerization to Control Polarized Pollen Tube Growth. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1694-709. [PMID: 26433093 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth is an essential step during flowering plant reproduction, whose growth depends on a population of dynamic apical actin filaments. Apical actin filaments were thought to be involved in the regulation of vesicle fusion and targeting in the pollen tube. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the construction of apical actin structures in the pollen tube remain largely unclear. Here, we identify profilin as an important player in the regulation of actin polymerization at the apical membrane in the pollen tube. Downregulation of profilin decreased the amount of filamentous actin and induced disorganization of apical actin filaments, and reduced tip-directed vesicle transport and accumulation in the pollen tube. Direct visualization of actin dynamics revealed that the elongation of actin filaments originating at the apical membrane decreased in profilin mutant pollen tubes. Mutant profilin that is defective in binding poly-L-proline only partially rescues the actin polymerization defect in profilin mutant pollen tubes, although it fully rescues the actin turnover phenotype. We propose that profilin controls the construction of actin structures at the pollen tube tip, presumably by favoring formin-mediated actin polymerization at the apical membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaolu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuxiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Youjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanjin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; National Center for Plant Gene Research, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|