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Mano RM, Kuona P, Misihairabgwi JM. Determination of birth prevalence of sickle cell disease using point of care test HemotypeSC™ at Rundu Hospital, Namibia. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:323. [PMID: 38730340 PMCID: PMC11084002 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD), a noncommunicable disease, has the greatest burden in sub-Saharan Africa. The majority of children (50-90%) with SCD die before their 5th birthday, with approximately 150,000-300,000 annual SCD child deaths in Africa. In developed countries, newborn screening (NBS) has been shown to improve the survival of children with sickle cell disease, with under5 childhood mortality reduced tenfold due to interventions performed before the development of complications. Point -of-care tests have been developed for resource limited settings to expand NBS. The aim of this study was to determine the birth prevalence of sickle cell disease in Namibia using the HemoTypeSC™ point-of-care test. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Rundu Intermediate Hospital in the Kavango East Region. Two hundred and two (202) well newborns within 72 h of birth were recruited for the study from 22 February to the 23th March 2023. Descriptive statistics were used to compute the haemoglobin types of the study participants. RESULTS The majority of the participants (n = 105, 52%) were females, and (n = 97,48%) were males. The median age of the participants was 23 h (Q1, Q3; 11; 33),) with an age range of 2-98 h. Sickle cell trait was present in 9.4% of the screened newborns, no homozygous disease was detected, and 90.6% had Hb AA. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to measure HbS gene carriage at birth using HemotypeSC point-of-care testing in Namibia. There was a moderate prevalence of sickle cell traits but no SCD. This baseline study may provide the foundation for larger epidemiological surveys to map HbS gene carriage in Namibia to provide evidence for policy makers to fashion appropriate SCD newborn screening services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runyararo Mashingaidze Mano
- Department of Maternal & Child Health, Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia Hage Geingob Campus, Bach Street, Windhoek, Namibia.
| | - Patience Kuona
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jane Masiiwa Misihairabgwi
- Department of Human, Biological and Translational Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, Windhoek, Namibia
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Franco E, Karkoska KA, McGann PT. Inherited disorders of hemoglobin: A review of old and new diagnostic methods. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024; 104:102758. [PMID: 37246072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2023.102758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The genetic regulation of hemoglobin is complex and there are a number of genetic abnormalities that result in clinically important hemoglobin disorders. Here, we review the molecular pathophysiology of hemoglobin disorders and review both old and new methods of diagnosing these disorders. Timely diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies in infants is essential to coordinate optimal life-saving interventions, and accurate identification of carriers of deleterious mutations allows for genetic counseling and informed family planning. The initial laboratory workup of inherited disorders of hemoglobin should include a complete blood count (CBC) and peripheral blood smear, followed by carefully selected tests based on clinical suspicion and available methodology. We discuss the utility and limitations of the various methodologies to fractionate hemoglobin, including cellulose acetate and citrate agar hemoglobin electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, high-resolution high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary zone electrophoresis. Recognizing that most of the global burden of hemoglobin disorders exists in low- and middle-income countries, we review the increasingly available array of point-of-care-tests (POCT), which have an increasingly important role in expanding early diagnosis programs to address the global burden of sickle cell disease, including Sickle SCAN, HemoTypeSC, Gazelle Hb Variant, and Smart LifeLC. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of hemoglobin and the globin genes, as well as a clear understanding of the utility and limitations of currently available diagnostic tests, is essential in reducing global disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Franco
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America; Lifespan Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Hasbro Children's Hospital and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Kristine A Karkoska
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Patrick T McGann
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America; Lifespan Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center at Hasbro Children's Hospital and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States of America.
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Kasai ET, Gulbis B, Ntukamunda JK, Bours V, Batina Agasa S, Marini Djang'eing'a R, Boemer F, Katenga Bosunga G, Ngbonda Dauly N, Sokoni Vutseme LJ, Boso Mokili B, Alworong'a Opara JP. Newborn screening for sickle cell disease in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo: an update. Hematology 2023; 28:2213043. [PMID: 37183964 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2023.2213043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal screening is the first action necessary to identify children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and thus ensure their care. Using rapid tests to give an immediate result to families is a new resilient approach of great interest. These two aspects are essential for establishing an adequate health policy for this disease. This study was undertaken in Kisangani to update the current incidence of neonatal SCD. METHODS Heel prick blood samples of 1432 babies born from different racial groups of parents living in Kisangani were collected at birth and screened using a point of care test, i.e. the HemoTypeSCTM. RESULTS The incidence at birth was 2.2% (n = 31; 95% CI: [1.5%-3.1%]) for HbSS homozygosity and 21% (n = 303; 95% CI: [19%-23%]) for HbAS heterozygosity. Compared to a previous study in 2010; the incidence at the birth of the HbSS form has doubled, while that of the heterozygous form HbAS remained almost unchanged. The inter-ethnic incidence of HbSS among the five top-represented ethnic groups was significant (<0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of homozygote form has doubled compared to the 0.96% reported in 2010. Setting up a neonatal screening program and an awareness unit is necessary to assess the need for care services correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tebandite Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Béatrice Gulbis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justin Kadima Ntukamunda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vincent Bours
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Salomon Batina Agasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gedeon Katenga Bosunga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kisangani University Clinics, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, The Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Nestor Ngbonda Dauly
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - La Joie Sokoni Vutseme
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social, Administrative and Political Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bosco Boso Mokili
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Pierre Alworong'a Opara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kasai ET, Kadima JN, Alworong'a Opara JP, Boemer F, Dresse MF, Makani J, Bours V, Marini Djang'eing'a R, Paul KK, Batina Agasa S. Pairing parents and offspring's HemoTypeSC Test to validate results and confirm sickle cell pedigree: a case study in Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. HEMATOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 27:853-859. [PMID: 35938952 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2107351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HemoTypeSCTM is one of the immunoassay methods currently used for the early diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in newborns. Earlier diagnosis remains the key strategy for early preventive care needs and parents' education about the child's future well-being throughout his life. Before considering these children as sick and aligning them for regular medical monitoring, it may be valuable to confirm the HemoTypeSC result with a secondary laboratory testing method. In resource-limited settings, where confirmatory methods are not always available, we propose testing the parents to validate the HemoTypeSC result. METHODS This study explored this approach in the city of Kisangani. It was a prospective diagnostic accuracy study using genotype biological parents to evaluate HemoTypeSC's performance in the newborn. RESULTS Fifty-eight children born to 46 known mothers, and 37 known fathers, have been tested. The phenotyping showed that 41 (70.7%) children were SS, whose 37 were born to a couple AS/AS and 4 to a couple AS/xx. Of the 41 SS children, 8 (19.5%) were newborns and 33 (80.4%) were children; 12 (20.6%) children were AS, one of whom was born to a couple SS/AA and 11 to a couple AA/SS; 5 (8.6%) children were AA. In this population, the probability of offspring born to AS/AS parents being SS rather than AS is high (odds, 1.25). No statistical difference was observed between girls and boys. The pedigree of all 58 children has been confirmed. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that testing biological parents with HemoTypeSC is a reliable confirmatory method for newborn screening but it presents some limitations discussed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Tebandite Kasai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Justin Ntokamunda Kadima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Pierre Alworong'a Opara
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Human Genetics, CHU of Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Julie Makani
- Muhimbili Wellcome Programme, Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, Human Genetic Center, CHU, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Roland Marini Djang'eing'a
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo.,Laboratory of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Kambale-Kombi Paul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Salomon Batina Agasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Dexter D, McGann PT. The promise and role of point of care testing to reduce the global burden of sickle cell disease through early diagnosis and linkage to care. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:63-69. [PMID: 34340260 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a devastating and under-recognised global child health issue affecting over 300,000 infants annually, with the highest prevalence in India and sub-Saharan Africa. Most affected infants born in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) lack access to SCD testing and die from complications in the first years of life without a formal diagnosis. The majority of deaths are preventable with early diagnosis and provision of inexpensive interventions. Despite global recognition of the urgent need, expansion of SCD newborn screening (NBS) programmes beyond the pilot stage has been obstructed by a dependence on an expensive and logistically challenging centralised laboratory testing model. Recently, several point-of-care tests (POCT) for SCD have been developed with promising field validation studies. Here, we summarise the state of POCT for SCD, review barriers and unanswered questions, and discuss optimal strategies for utilising POCT to address the growing global burden of SCD. There is an urgent need to prospectively evaluate the ability of POCT to reduce the morbidity and high early mortality of SCD. To impact a sustainable reduction to this end, it is essential to link a diagnosis with comprehensive SCD care, including wide and affordable access to affordable hydroxycarbamide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dexter
- Department of Paediatrics, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Patrick T McGann
- Division of Hematology and Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Olatunya OS, Albuquerque DM, Fagbamigbe AF, Faboya OA, Ajibola AE, Babalola OA, Adebisi AO, Falusi AG, Adekile A, Costa FF. Diagnostic Accuracy of HemotypeSC as a Point-of-Care Testing Device for Sickle Cell Disease: Findings from a Southwestern State in Nigeria and Implications for Patient Care in Resource-Poor Settings of sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211016789. [PMID: 34046518 PMCID: PMC8138286 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211016789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the performance of a rapid, point-of-care testing device (HemotypeSC)™ for diagnosing sickle cell disease (SCD) relative to 2 commonly-used methods compared to DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the reference standard. The diagnostic performance of (HemotypeSC)™ in diagnosing SCD and determining various other Hb genotypes relative to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis in alkaline buffer (CAE) was investigated among 156 participants aged 4 to 23 years in Ekiti, Southwest Nigeria. PCR was considered as the reference method/gold standard. The sensitivity and specificity for SS, SC, AS, AC, and AA genotypes by HemotypeSC and HPLC when compared with PCR, were each 100%. Similarly, their positive and negative predictive values were each 100%. However, sensitivity and specificity for identifying these Hb genotypes by CAE were 100, 100, 96.5, 0, 99.2%, and 99, 100, 92.9, 0, 91.7%. Also, CAE did not identify any of the 2 HbAC individuals that were correctly identified by PCR and both HemotypeSC, and HPLC, thus representing 100% HbAC misdiagnosis. In conclusion, this study shows that HemotypeSC has perfect concordance with PCR and 100% accuracy in diagnosing SCD in the population tested. Its ease of use, accuracy and other attributes make it suitable for use in sub-Saharan Africa for rapid determination of Hb genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladele S. Olatunya
- Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti,
Ekiti State, Nigeria
- University of Campinas, São Paulo
State, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adewale O. Adebisi
- Ekiti State University Teaching
Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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Feasibility Study of the "HemoTypeSC" Test for the Rapid Screening of Sickle Cell Disease in Côte D'Ivoire. Adv Hematol 2021; 2021:8862039. [PMID: 33790971 PMCID: PMC7997769 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8862039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a hereditary disease that predominantly affects black people. It is very widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly at the Lehmann “sickle belt” level, where the prevalence of the hemoglobin S involves at least 10% of the population in West Africa and can reach 40% in Central Africa. In Côte d'Ivoire, the prevalence of the hemoglobin S is about 12–14% in the general population and about 11.71% in the child population in Abidjan. On the other hand, its coexistence with other hemoglobin phenotypes such as AC (6.2%) and β-thalassemia (2.7%) traits may also cause composite heterogeneous sickle cell disease, e.g., SC or S/β-thalassemia in this study. Since 2009, sickle cell disease has been recognized as a public health problem; however, much still remains to be performed despite the progress achieved. The objective of this study is thus to promote a rapid screening for the struggling against sickle cell disease in Côte d'Ivoire. This study was carried out over 6 months (April–September 2019) and has included 336 children, of which 236 all-comers, recruited in the municipality of Treichville in Abidjan and 100 other children with already known hemoglobin phenotype followed up in the Hematology Department of the University Hospital of Treichville. Two tests were used: the HemoTypeSC™ for rapid screening and the hemoglobin electrophoresis which is the reference method used for confirming the diagnosis in the laboratory. The findings confirmed the reliability of the HemoTypeSC™ with a sensitivity and specificity at 100% for the detection of hemoglobin A, S, and C. On the other hand, this sensitivity and specificity drop to 98.2% and 99.7%, respectively, when we analyze all the 336 children together, including the cases with HbF detected by hemoglobin electrophoresis. Hence, the importance of performing certainty tests following the HemoTypeSC™ screening test in order to determine the accurate phenotypes and proportions of the types of hemoglobin. The prevalence of hemoglobin S in subgroup 1 of 236 children of all-comers was 15%. The HemoTypeSC™ is therefore reliable, inexpensive, and disposable for rapid screening and early detection of sickle cell disease in Côte d'Ivoire. The HemoTypeSC™ provides rapid detection of hemoglobin phenotypes HbAA, HbSS, HbSC, HbCC, HbAS, and HbAC.
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Adegoke SA, Oladimeji OI, Akinlosotu MA, Akinwumi AI, Matthew KA. HemoTypeSC point-of-care testing shows high sensitivity with alkaline cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis for screening hemoglobin SS and SC genotypes. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2021; 44:341-345. [PMID: 33531281 PMCID: PMC9477771 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction By providing timely actionable results for prompt management, point-of-care testing (POCT) kits have revolutionised medical care for various diseases, ranging from infectious diseases like malaria to genetic disorders, such as sickle cell disease (SCD). They are, however, underutilised in the diagnosis of SCD in developing countries, where the need is greatest. Objective The study was aimed at assessing the sensitivity of HemoTypeSC POCT among a cohort of children with SCD, previously diagnosed by Alkaline cellulose acetate hemoglobin electrophoresis (ACAE), with or without high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, HemoTypeSC test was conducted on all participants and its sensitivity was determined by comparing results with those obtained using ACAE. Discordance was verified with HPLC. Results One hundred and forty-five children aged one to 19 years were studied. There were 84 males and 61 females (male: female ratio = 1.4: 1). The HemoTypeSC was able to correctly diagnose sickle cell anemia (SCA) and hemoglobin SC in all (100%) of the children tested. Conclusion The HemoTypeSC shows high sensitivity in detecting SCA and hemoglobin SC. Hence, it is useful for targeted screening of individuals suspected of having SCD, leading to rapid diagnosis of these hemoglobinopathies, even in resource-constrained settings.
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Analytic Characteristics and Performance of Novel Immunoassay Point-of-Care Tests for Early Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease. POINT OF CARE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/poc.0000000000000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Kaestner L, Bianchi P. Trends in the Development of Diagnostic Tools for Red Blood Cell-Related Diseases and Anemias. Front Physiol 2020; 11:387. [PMID: 32528298 PMCID: PMC7264400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the progress in genetic analysis and next-generation sequencing technologies have opened up exciting landscapes for diagnosis and study of molecular mechanisms, allowing the determination of a particular mutation for individual patients suffering from hereditary red blood cell-related diseases or anemia. However, the huge amount of data obtained makes the interpretation of the results and the identification of the pathogenetic variant responsible for the diseases sometime difficult. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that the same mutation can result in varying cellular properties and different symptoms of the disease. Even for the same patient, the phenotypic expression of the disorder can change over time. Therefore, on top of genetic analysis, there is a further request for functional tests that allow to confirm the pathogenicity of a molecular variant, possibly to predict prognosis and complications (e.g., vaso-occlusive pain crises or other thrombotic events) and, in the best case, to enable personalized theranostics (drug and/or dose) according to the disease state and progression. The mini-review will reflect recent and future directions in the development of diagnostic tools for red blood cell-related diseases and anemias. This includes point of care devices, new incarnations of well-known principles addressing physico-chemical properties, and interactions of red blood cells as well as high-tech screening equipment and mobile laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kaestner
- Theoretical Medicine and Biosciences, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Experimental Physics, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Paola Bianchi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano, UOC Ematologia, UOS Fisiopatologia delle Anemie, Milan, Italy
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Dunseth CD, Schlueter AJ, Knudson CM. False positive testing for sickle hemoglobin in a blood donor with mild erythrocytosis and hemoglobin Geldrop St. Anna. Transfus Apher Sci 2020; 59:102724. [PMID: 31983541 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Solubility testing for sickle hemoglobin is commonly performed to identify blood suitable for patients with sickle cell disease. A 32-year-old Caucasian male blood donor's unit screened positive for sickle hemoglobin via solublity testing (Streck). As the donor was considered low risk for being positive for hemoglobin S (HbS), he self-referred to hematology for further evaluation. Testing with hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed the patient to be negative for HbS; however, 42 % fetal hemoglobin (HbF) was noted. Since this was higher than typically seen in hereditary persistence of HbF, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing of hemoglobin (Hb) was ordered through a referral laboratory. Hb gene sequencing revealed the patient to be heterozygous for Hb Geldrop St. Anna, a rare Hb variant. This variant has previously been shown to migrate in the HbF region with alkaline electrophoresis. The workup demonstrated that the oxygen dissociation curve was left-shifted consistent with slightly increased oxygen affinity of this variant. The patient's hematocrits (Hct) from his past donations were 53 % and 54 % about two years apart and his Hct at his hematology evaluation was 53 %. This report describes the first case of Hb Geldrop St. Anna in the United States and was associated with a false positive HbS screen. This Hb variant is considered to be benign and has an increased oxygen affinity that is associated with mild erythrocytosis. The donor was allowed to continue donating blood products.
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