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Kobayashi NHC, Farias SV, Luz DA, Machado-Ferraro KM, da Conceição BC, da Silveira CCM, Fernandes LMP, Cartágenes SDC, Ferreira VMM, Fontes-Júnior EA, Maia CDSF. Ketamine plus Alcohol: What We Know and What We Can Expect about This. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147800. [PMID: 35887148 PMCID: PMC9323326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse has become a public health concern. The misuse of ketamine, a psychedelic substance, has increased worldwide. In addition, the co-abuse with alcohol is frequently identified among misusers. Considering that ketamine and alcohol share several pharmacological targets, we hypothesize that the consumption of both psychoactive substances may synergically intensify the toxicological consequences, both under the effect of drugs available in body systems and during withdrawal. The aim of this review is to examine the toxicological mechanisms related to ketamine plus ethanol co-abuse, as well the consequences on cardiorespiratory, digestive, urinary, and central nervous systems. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the probable sites of shared molecular mechanisms that may elicit additional hazardous effects. Finally, we highlight the gaps of knowledge in this area, which deserves further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Harumi Correa Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Sarah Viana Farias
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Diandra Araújo Luz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Kissila Márvia Machado-Ferraro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Brenda Costa da Conceição
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cinthia Cristina Menezes da Silveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Luanna Melo Pereira Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Sabrina de Carvalho Cartágenes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Vânia Maria Moraes Ferreira
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Psychology Institute, University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro—Asa Norte, Brasília 70910900, DF, Brazil;
| | - Enéas Andrade Fontes-Júnior
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Cristiane do Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Inflammation and Behavior, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075110, PA, Brazil; (N.H.C.K.); (S.V.F.); (D.A.L.); (K.M.M.-F.); (B.C.d.C.); (C.C.M.d.S.); (L.M.P.F.); (S.d.C.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-91-3201-7201
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Ethanol Metabolism in the Liver, the Induction of Oxidant Stress, and the Antioxidant Defense System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071258. [PMID: 35883749 PMCID: PMC9312216 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver metabolizes ethanol through three enzymatic pathways: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochrome p450 (also called MEOS), and catalase. Alcohol dehydrogenase class I (ADH1) is considered the most important enzyme for the metabolism of ethanol, MEOS and catalase (CAT) are considered minor alternative pathways. However, contradicting experiments suggest that the non-ADH1 pathway may have a greater relevance for the metabolism of ethanol than previously thought. In some conditions, ethanol is predominately metabolized to acetaldehyde via cytochrome P450 family 2 (CYP2E1), which is involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly through electron leakage to oxygen to form the superoxide (O2•−) radical or in catalyzed lipid peroxidation. The CAT activity can also participate in the ethanol metabolism that produces ROS via ethanol directly reacting with the CAT-H2O2 complex, producing acetaldehyde and water and depending on the H2O2 availability, which is the rate-limiting component in ethanol peroxidation. We have shown that CAT actively participates in lactate-stimulated liver ethanol oxidation, where the addition of lactate generates H2O2, which is used by CAT to oxidize ethanol to acetaldehyde. Therefore, besides its known role as a catalytic antioxidant component, the primary role of CAT could be to function in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver.
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Biochemical mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and other diabetic complications in humans: the methanol-formaldehyde-formic acid hypothesis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:415-451. [PMID: 35607958 PMCID: PMC9828688 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia in diabetic patients is associated with abnormally-elevated cellular glucose levels. It is hypothesized that increased cellular glucose will lead to increased formation of endogenous methanol and/or formaldehyde, both of which are then metabolically converted to formic acid. These one-carbon metabolites are known to be present naturally in humans, and their levels are increased under diabetic conditions. Mechanistically, while formaldehyde is a cross-linking agent capable of causing extensive cytotoxicity, formic acid is an inhibitor of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase, capable of inducing histotoxic hypoxia, ATP deficiency and cytotoxicity. Chronic increase in the production and accumulation of these toxic one-carbon metabolites in diabetic patients can drive the pathogenesis of ocular as well as other diabetic complications. This hypothesis is supported by a large body of experimental and clinical observations scattered in the literature. For instance, methanol is known to have organ- and species-selective toxicities, including the characteristic ocular lesions commonly seen in humans and non-human primates, but not in rodents. Similarly, some of the diabetic complications (such as ocular lesions) also have a characteristic species-selective pattern, closely resembling methanol intoxication. Moreover, while alcohol consumption or combined use of folic acid plus vitamin B is beneficial for mitigating acute methanol toxicity in humans, their use also improves the outcomes of diabetic complications. In addition, there is also a large body of evidence from biochemical and cellular studies. Together, there is considerable experimental support for the proposed hypothesis that increased metabolic formation of toxic one-carbon metabolites in diabetic patients contributes importantly to the development of various clinical complications.
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Teschke R. Alcoholic Liver Disease: Alcohol Metabolism, Cascade of Molecular Mechanisms, Cellular Targets, and Clinical Aspects. Biomedicines 2018; 6:E106. [PMID: 30424581 PMCID: PMC6316574 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is the result of cascade events, which clinically first lead to alcoholic fatty liver, and then mostly via alcoholic steatohepatitis or alcoholic hepatitis potentially to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pathogenetic events are linked to the metabolism of ethanol and acetaldehyde as its first oxidation product generated via hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS), which depends on cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP 2E1), and is inducible by chronic alcohol use. MEOS induction accelerates the metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde that facilitates organ injury including the liver, and it produces via CYP 2E1 many reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as ethoxy radical, hydroxyethyl radical, acetyl radical, singlet radical, superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, alkoxyl radical, and peroxyl radical. These attack hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, stellate cells, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and their signaling mediators such as interleukins, interferons, and growth factors, help to initiate liver injury including fibrosis and cirrhosis in susceptible individuals with specific risk factors. Through CYP 2E1-dependent ROS, more evidence is emerging that alcohol generates lipid peroxides and modifies the intestinal microbiome, thereby stimulating actions of endotoxins produced by intestinal bacteria; lipid peroxides and endotoxins are potential causes that are involved in alcoholic liver injury. Alcohol modifies SIRT1 (Sirtuin-1; derived from Silent mating type Information Regulation) and SIRT2, and most importantly, the innate and adapted immune systems, which may explain the individual differences of injury susceptibility. Metabolic pathways are also influenced by circadian rhythms, specific conditions known from living organisms including plants. Open for discussion is a 5-hit working hypothesis, attempting to define key elements involved in injury progression. In essence, although abundant biochemical mechanisms are proposed for the initiation and perpetuation of liver injury, patients with an alcohol problem benefit from permanent alcohol abstinence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Leimenstrasse 20, D-63450 Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Toselli F, Dodd PR, Gillam EMJ. Emerging roles for brain drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in neuropsychiatric conditions and responses to drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:379-404. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1221960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chen X, Li R, Liang T, Zhang K, Gao Y, Xu L. Puerarin improves metabolic function leading to hepatoprotective effects in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 20:849-852. [PMID: 23669266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (PR), an active component extracted from the kudzu root, has been widely used as an ethno-medicine to treat hepatopathy in China. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective action of PR in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury in rats. Data showed that the serum levels of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were elevated following PR administration. In addition, the levels of endogenous CYP2E1, CYP1A2, and CYP3A proteins in liver tissue were also gradually decreased following PR treatment. Histopathological examinations suggested that alcohol-induced hepatocellular lesions were mitigated by PR treatment. Collectively, these data indicate that PR contributes to cytoprotection against alcohol-induced liver lesions through improving metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chen
- Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, PR China
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Ethanol intake and ethanol-induced locomotion and locomotor sensitization in Cyp2e1 knockout mice. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2009; 19:217-25. [DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328324e726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vasiliou V, Ziegler TL, Bludeau P, Petersen DR, Gonzalez FJ, Deitrich RA. CYP2E1 and catalase influence ethanol sensitivity in the central nervous system. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006; 16:51-8. [PMID: 16344722 DOI: 10.1097/01.fpc.0000182777.95555.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genetic factors are known to influence the sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol in humans and laboratory animals. Ethanol is metabolized to acetaldehyde mainly by the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway (ADHs) and, to a lesser extent, by microsomal oxidization (CYP2E1) and the catalase-H2O2 system. METHODS In this study, we examined the role of CYP2E1 and catalase in ethanol metabolism and sensitivity, using transgenic knockout Cyp2e1(-/-) mice, acatalasemic (Cs/Cs) mice, double mutant Cyp2e1(-/-)/Cs/Cs mice and their respective wild-type counterparts 129/sv, C3H/HeJ, 129/sv X C3H/HeJ mice. Ethanol was administered to the mouse lines and ethanol pharmacokinetics and sleep times were evaluated. RESULTS Although the rates of whole blood ethanol elimination following i.p. administration were found to be similar regardless of dose or genetic stock, Cs/Cs, Cyp2e1(-/-) and Cyp2e1(-/-)/Cs/Cs mice exhibited longer ethanol-induced sleep times, especially at higher ethanol doses. This infers that there is less acetaldehyde produced in the brains of these animals and is in opposition to the idea that increased acetaldehyde increases the actions of ethanol. The Cyp2e1(-/-) animals produced lower whole blood levels of acetaldehyde than wild-type controls; however, this difference was seen only at higher doses of ethanol. The amount of acetaldehyde produced following the incubation of ethanol with liver and brain microsomes was greater in tissues derived from 129/sv than in those from Cyp2e1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Although the contribution of CYP2E1 and catalase in ethanol oxidation may be of little significance, these enzymes appear to play a significant role in ethanol sensitivity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Vasiliou
- Molecular Toxicology & Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Lieber CS. The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and its physiologic and pathologic role. Drug Metab Rev 2005; 36:511-29. [PMID: 15554233 DOI: 10.1081/dmr-200033441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of ethanol via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) explains various metabolic effects of ethanol but does not account for the tolerance. This fact, as well as the discovery of the proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) after chronic alcohol consumption, suggested the existence of an additional pathway which was then described by Lieber and DeCarli, namely the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), involving cytochrome P450. The existence of this system was initially challenged but the effect of ethanol on liver microsomes was confirmed by Remmer and his group. After chronic ethanol consumption, the activity of the MEOS increases, with an associated rise in cytochrome P450, especially CYP2E1, most conclusively shown in alcohol dehydrogenase negative deer mice. There is also cross-induction of the metabolism of other drugs, resulting in drug tolerance. Furthermore, the conversion of hepatotoxic agents to toxic metabolites increases, which explains the enhanced susceptibility of alcoholics to the adverse effects of various xenobiotics, including industrial solvents. CYP2E1 also activates some commonly used drugs (such as acetaminophen) to their toxic metabolites, and promotes carcinogenesis. In addition, catabolism of retinol is accelerated resulting in its depletion. Contrasting with the stimulating effects of chronic consumption, acute ethanol intake inhibits the metabolism of other drugs. Moreover, metabolism by CYP2E1 results in a significant release of free radicals which, in turn, diminishes reduced glutathione (GSH) and other defense systems against oxidative stress which plays a major pathogenic role in alcoholic liver disease. CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, two other perivenular P450s, also sustain the metabolism of ethanol, thereby contributing to MEOS activity and possibly liver injury. CYP2E1 has also a physiologic role which comprises gluconeogenesis from ketones, oxidation of fatty acids, and detoxification of xenobiotics other than ethanol. Excess of these physiological substrates (such as seen in obesity and diabetes) also leads to CYP2E1 induction and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which includes nonalcoholic fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with pathological lesions similar to those observed in alcoholic steatohepatitis. Increases of CYP2E1 and its mRNA prevail in the perivenular zone, the area of maximal liver damage. CYP2E1 up-regulation was also demonstrated in obese patients as well as in rat models of obesity and NASH. Furthermore, NASH is increasingly recognized as a precursor to more severe liver disease, sometimes evolving into "cryptogenic" cirrhosis. The prevalence of NAFLD averages 20% and that of NASH 2% to 3% in the general population, making these conditions the most common liver diseases in the United States. Considering the pathogenic role that up-regulation of CYP2E1 also plays in alcoholic liver disease (vide supra), it is apparent that a major therapeutic challenge is now to find a way to control this toxic process. CYP2E1 inhibitors oppose alcohol-induced liver damage, but heretofore available compounds are too toxic for clinical use. Recently, however, polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC), an innocuous mixture of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines extracted from soybeans (and its active component dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine), were discovered to decrease CYP2E1 activity. PPC also opposes hepatic oxidative stress and fibrosis. It is now being tested clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Lieber
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Section of Liver Disease and Nutrition and Alcohol Research Center, Bronx Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
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Abstract
Most tissues of the body contain enzymes capable of ethanol oxidation or nonoxidative metabolism, but significant activity occurs only in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the stomach. Hence, medical consequences are predominant in these organs. In the liver, ethanol oxidation generates an excess of reducing equivalents, primarily as NADH, causing hepatotoxicity. An additional system, containing cytochromes P-450 inducible by chronic alcohol feeding, was demonstrated in liver microsomes and found to be a major cause of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Lieber
- Bronx VA Medical Center (151-2), 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA.
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Lieber CS. Microsomal Ethanol-Oxidizing System (MEOS): The First 30 Years (1968-1998)-A Review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Salmela KS, Kessova IG, Tsyrlov IB, Lieber CS. Respective Roles of Human Cytochrome P-4502E1, 1A2, and 3A4 in the Hepatic Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsukada H, Wang PY, Kaneko T, Wang Y, Nakano M, Sato A. Dietary carbohydrate intake plays an important role in preventing alcoholic fatty liver in the rat. J Hepatol 1998; 29:715-24. [PMID: 9833908 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Dietary carbohydrate intake during ethanol ingestion augments the induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) by ethanol. This study addresses the role of carbohydrate intake in the development of alcoholic fatty liver in the rat. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed on liquid diets containing ethanol (3.5 g/day, 36% of total calories) with different amounts of carbohydrate and fat for 4 weeks, and the development of fatty liver was observed biochemically and morphologically. RESULTS An ethanol-containing low-carbohydrate diet (protein 17%; fat 36%; carbohydrate 11%; ethanol 36%) had more markedly adverse effects on the liver of rats than did an isocaloric ethanol-containing high-carbohydrate diet (protein 17%; fat 5%; carbohydrate 42%; ethanol 36%). The hepatic triglyceride level in the rats that consumed the low-carbohydrate diet was higher than that in the rats kept on the high-carbohydrate diet, a finding that was confirmed histologically. The ethanol-containing low-carbohydrate diet caused a marked increase in the activity of hepatic CYP2E1. The CYP2E1 protein level, as measured by Western blot analysis, matched the activity of CYP2E1, as measured by the rates of dimethylnitrosamine, p-nitrophenol and ethanol metabolism. The severity of the fatty liver was well correlated with the increased CYP2E1 activity. CONCLUSIONS Dietary carbohydrate intake plays an important role in the development of alcoholic fatty liver by affecting CYP2E1 activity in the liver. A liquid diet containing ethanol in which the ethanol is included at the expense of fat is more acceptable to rats than a diet in which the ethanol replaces carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tsukada
- Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Yamanashi, Tamaho, Japan
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Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lytton S, Albano E. ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450 ENZYMES IN ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE PATHOGENESIS. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb04321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Kitson
- Biochemistry Department, Massey University, Palmerston, North New Zealand
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Nebbia C, Dacasto M, Ceppa L, Bosia S, Burdino E, Witkamp RF, Ugazio G. Gender differences in ethanol oxidation and cytochrome P4502E1 content and functions in hepatic microsomes from alcohol-preferring and non-preferring rats. Xenobiotica 1996; 26:1121-9. [PMID: 8948088 DOI: 10.3109/00498259609050257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
1. We have studied the hepatic microsomal metabolism of ethanol (MEOS), CYP2E1 expression and catalytic activity, and the response to phenobarbital (PB) induction or CCl4 challenge in rats of either sex genetically selected for their preference (P) or aversion (NP) for ethanol. 2. In P versus NP females, the amount of both total cytochrome P450 and P450 binding to metyrapone was lower, whereas the activities of MEOS, aniline 4-hydroxylase (4-AOH), and 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase (PNP-OH) as well as the level of immunodetectable CYP2E1 content were consistently higher. By contrast, no substantial differences were observed between P and NP males. 3. Despite an apparent down-regulation of CYP2E1 expression occurring in all rats as a result of PB induction, P females maintained higher 2E1 levels and showed enhanced MEOS, 4-AOH and PNP-OH activities with respect to NP females. No such changes were detected in the male counterparts. 4. No sex-related differences in CCl4-mediated inhibition of monooxygenase or MEOS activities were evident between P and NP animals. 5. These results indicate that, in females only, the behavioural trait of ethanol preference is apparently associated not only with higher constitutive levels of CYP2E1 and rate of microsomal metabolism of ethanol but also with altered susceptibility to PB induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nebbia
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Department of Animal Pathology, Turin, Italy
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Jansen EH, Laan CA, de Fluiter P. Advances in sample preparation, electrophoretic separation and detection methods for rat cytochrome P450 enzymes. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 684:133-45. [PMID: 8906470 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(96)00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A limited overview is given of the separation and detection of specific cytochrome P450 enzymes of the rat. Separation methods include group-specific chromatographic separation and electrophoretic separation in and elution from polyacrylamide gels. Detection methods that are considered include enzymatic analysis with and without chromatographic step using liquid chromatography and immunochemical methods following separation of the cytochrome P450 enzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Western blotting). The advantages and limitations of the various methods have been compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Jansen
- Laboratory for Health Effects Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Kunitoh S, Asai H, Imaoka S, Funae Y, Monna T. Metabolism of acetaldehyde to acetate by rat hepatic P-450s: presence of different metabolic pathway from acetaldehyde dehydrogenase system. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996; 20:22A-24A. [PMID: 8659682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01721.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-dependent activity of acetaldehyde oxidation was investigated in microsomes by assaying [14C]acetic acid produced from [14C]acetaldehyde with ion-exchange column. Rat hepatic microsomes exhibited acetaldehyde oxidation activity in the presence of NADPH. This activity was induced 2-fold by the treatment of rats with ethanol. We designated this NADPH-dependent oxidation system as microsomal acetaldehyde-oxidizing system (MAOS), to distinguish from the NAD-dependent acetaldehyde oxidation system by acetaldehyde in mitochondria and cytsol. We further investigated essential enzymes contributing to MAOS activity. Acetaldehyde oxidation activity was investigated in eight forms of purified P-450 in a reconstituted system. Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1 had the highest oxidation activity and CYP1A2 and CYP4A2 had the next highest activity. Other forms had low activity. To assess the contribution of these forms to MAOS activity, immunoblot was done. CYP2E1 was induced 2-fold by ethanol treatment, but CYP1A2 and CYP4A2 were not reflecting the MAOS activity increased by ethanol treatment. These results suggest that CYP2E1 is the essential enzyme in the MAOS of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kunitoh
- Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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