1
|
Tang Z, Liu Y, Duan Y. Breath analysis: technical developments and challenges in the monitoring of human exposure to volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:285-99. [PMID: 26343020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is a growing concern about human quality of life. In particular, there is an awareness of the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment and human health, so the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs is an increasingly urgent need. Biomonitoring is theoretically more accurate compared with traditional ambient air monitoring, and it plays an essential role in human environmental exposure assessment. Breath analysis is a biomonitoring method with many advantages, which is applicable to assessments of human exposure to a large number of VOCs. Techniques are being developed to improve the sensitivity and precision of breath analysis based on in-direct and direct measurements which will be reviewed in this paper. This paper briefly reviews the frequently used methods in both of these categories, specifically highlighting some promising new techniques. Furthermore, this review also provides theoretical background knowledge about the use of breath analysis as a biomonitoring tool for human exposure assessment. A review of the application of breath analysis to human exposure monitoring during last two decades is also provided according to occupational/non-occupational exposure. Obstacles and potential challenges in this field are also summarized. Based on the gradual improvements in the theoretical basis and technology reviewed in this paper, breath analysis is an enormous potential approach for the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marco E, Grimalt JO. A rapid method for the chromatographic analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath of tobacco cigarette and electronic cigarette smokers. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:51-9. [PMID: 26243705 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in smoke from tobacco and electronic cigarettes and in exhaled breath of users of these smoking systems has been developed. Both disposable and rechargeable e-cigarettes were considered. Smoke or breath were collected in Bio-VOCs. VOCs were then desorbed in Tenax cartridges which were subsequently analyzed by thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method provides consistent results when comparing the VOC compositions from cigarette smoke and the equivalent exhaled breath of the smokers. The differences in composition of these two sample types are useful to ascertain which compounds are retained in the respiratory system after tobacco cigarette or e-cigarette smoking. Strong differences were observed in the VOC composition of tobacco cigarette smoke and exhaled breath when comparing with those of e-cigarette smoking. The former involved transfers of a much larger burden of organic compounds into smokers, including benzene, toluene, naphthalene and other pollutants of general concern. e-Cigarettes led to strong absorptions of propylene glycol and glycerin in the users of these systems. Tobacco cigarettes were also those showing highest concentration differences between nicotine concentrations in smoke and exhaled breath. The results from disposable e-cigarettes were very similar to those from rechargeable e-cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mckee RH, Adenuga MD, Carrillo JC. Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:273-365. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1016216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
4
|
Trace detection of endogenous human volatile organic compounds for search, rescue and emergency applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
5
|
Kwak J, Fan M, Harshman SW, Garrison CE, Dershem VL, Phillips JB, Grigsby CC, Ott DK. Evaluation of Bio-VOC Sampler for Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaled Breath. Metabolites 2014; 4:879-88. [PMID: 25532709 PMCID: PMC4279150 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4040879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled breath has been used to determine exposures of humans to chemicals. Prior to analysis of VOCs, breath samples are often collected with canisters or bags and concentrated. The Bio-VOC breath sampler, a commercial sampling device, has been recently introduced to the market with growing use. The main advantage for this sampler is to collect the last portion of exhaled breath, which is more likely to represent the air deep in the lungs. However, information about the Bio-VOC sampler is somewhat limited. Therefore, we have thoroughly evaluated the sampler here. We determined the volume of the breath air collected in the sampler was approximately 88 mL. When sampling was repeated multiple times, with the succeeding exhalations applied to a single sorbent tube, we observed linear relationships between the normalized peak intensity and the number of repeated collections with the sampler in many of the breath VOCs detected. No moisture effect was observed on the Tenax sorbent tubes used. However, due to the limitation in the collection volume, the use of the Bio-VOC sampler is recommended only for detection of VOCs present at high concentrations unless repeated collections of breath samples on the sampler are conducted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kwak
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Maomian Fan
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Sean W Harshman
- UES, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Catherine E Garrison
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Victoria L Dershem
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Phillips
- Naval Medical Research Unit-Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Claude C Grigsby
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing/RHXBC, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| | - Darrin K Ott
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The sub-chronic oral toxicity of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene in Sprague–Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:143-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
7
|
Alonso M, Sanchez JM. Analytical challenges in breath analysis and its application to exposure monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
8
|
Alonso M, Castellanos M, Besalú E, Sanchez JM. A headspace needle-trap method for the analysis of volatile organic compounds in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|