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Pernetti R, Maffia S, Previtali B, Oddone E. Assessment of nanoparticle emission in additive manufacturing: Comparing wire and powder laser metal deposition processes. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2023; 20:329-335. [PMID: 37115506 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2023.2208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing, is an emerging technology with a wide range of industrial applications and process typologies. Although the release of metal nanoparticles as by-products could occur, occupational exposure limits and cogent safety standards are not currently available due to the novelty of the technology. To support the definition of benchmarks, this study aims to provide a preliminary comparison between the nanoparticle release patterns of laser metal deposition, adopting different feedstocks, namely, metal wire and metal powder. The monitored device is a university research setup, and the work presents the results of two different processes with AISI 316 L as a feedstock in powder and wired form, respectively. The monitoring confirmed the outcomes of previous studies, with a high release of nanoparticles from the powder head on the device (average 138,713 n/cm3 during printing, with maximum values exceeding 106 n/cm3). Moreover, the results show a significant concentration of nanoparticles with a wire head during the printing phase (average release of 628,156 n/cm3 with a maximum of 1,114,987 n/cm3) and pauses (average of 32,633 n/cm3 and a maximum of 733,779 n/cm3). The monitored values during pauses are particularly relevant since no personal protection equipment was used in the wire processes and the operators could access the printing room during pauses for device interventions, thus being exposed to significant nanoparticle concentrations. This study presents a preliminary evaluation of the potential exposure during laser metal deposition while implementing different technologies and provides evidence for defining effective operational safety procedures for the operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pernetti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simone Maffia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Previtali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Oddone
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Unità Operativa Ospedaliera di Medicina del Lavoro (UOOML), ICS Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
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Monitoring and Optimisation of Ag Nanoparticle Spray-Coating on Textiles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123165. [PMID: 34947513 PMCID: PMC8706691 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An automatic lab-scaled spray-coating machine was used to deposit Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) on textile to create antibacterial fabric. The spray process was monitored for the dual purpose of (1) optimizing the process by maximizing silver deposition and minimizing fluid waste, thereby reducing suspension consumption and (2) assessing AgNPs release. Monitoring measurements were carried out at two locations: inside and outside the spray chamber (far field). We calculated the deposition efficiency (E), finding it to be enhanced by increasing the spray pressure from 1 to 1.5 bar, but to be lowered when the number of operating sprays was increased, demonstrating the multiple spray system to be less efficient than a single spray. Far-field AgNPs emission showed a particle concentration increase of less than 10% as compared to the background level. This finding suggests that under our experimental conditions, our spray-coating process is not a critical source of worker exposure.
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Gao X, Zhou X, Zou H, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Chen R, Yuan W, Luan Y, Quan C, Zhang M. Exposure characterization and risk assessment of ultrafine particles from the blast furnace process in a steelmaking plant. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12257. [PMID: 34375492 PMCID: PMC8354618 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify the exposure characteristics and risks of ultrafine particles from the blast furnace process and to provide a reasonable control strategy for protecting the health of workers. METHODS The blast furnace location of a steelmaking plant was selected as a typical investigation site. A membrane-based sampling system was used to collect ultrafine particles to analyze their morphology and elemental compositions. A real-time system was used to monitor the total number concentration (NC), total respirable mass concentration (MC), surface area concentration (SAC), and size distribution by number. The risk level of ultrafine particles was analyzed using the Stoffenmanager-Nano model. RESULTS The total NC, total MC, and SAC increased significantly relative to background concentrations after slag releasing started and decreased gradually after the activity stopped. The three highest total concentrations during slag releasing were 3-10 times higher than those of the background or non-activity period. The ultrafine particles were mainly gathered at 10.4 or 40 nm, and presented as lump-like agglomerates. The metal elements (Al and Pt) in the ultrafine particles originated from slag and iron ore. The risk level of the ultrafine particles was high, indicating the existing control measures were insufficient. CONCLUSIONS The blast furnace workers are at high risk due to exposure to high levels of ultrafine particles associated with working activity and with a bimodal size distribution. The existing control strategies, including engineering control, management control, and personal protection equipment need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjing Gao
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Xingfan Zhou
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour ProtectionBeijing Academy of Science and TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Hua Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Qunli Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational HealthNingbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and PreventionNingboChina
| | - Zanrong Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Rui Chen
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour ProtectionBeijing Academy of Science and TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Yuqing Luan
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Changjian Quan
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
| | - Meibian Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Radiation ProtectionZhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionHangzhouChina
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Kawai S, Niwano M, Sato M. A risk assessment framework for self-management of poorly soluble low toxic nanomaterials. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02165. [PMID: 31453392 PMCID: PMC6700412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of nanomaterials is still being debated and the risk should be assessed using the latest available information. As for poorly soluble low toxic (PSLT) nanomaterials, the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for titanium dioxide (TiO2) based on a particle surface area (SA) metric. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) suggested a tiered exposure assessment approach. This article proposes a risk assessment framework for self-management of PSLT particles. Lung burden (described in SA units), which had positive correlation with low observed adverse effect levels for PSLT particles, is chosen as the dose metric. In-house OEL is determined for individual workplaces. For materials with limited data, we suggest evaluating in-house OEL by utilizing the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for TiO2, as a representative PSLT nanomaterial. As for the exposure assessment, workplace concentration is first measured with simple equipment (ex. optical particle counter, OPC), and respirator performance is taken into account if it is unavoidable as a last resort. This framework enables efficient risk assessment for PSLT particles by assuming worst cases for each step, and considering the particle characteristics and operational conditions in each workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kawai
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masanori Niwano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
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Study on the Interaction between Modes of a Nanoparticle-Laden Aerosol System. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6374394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-laden two-phase flow systems, especially atmospheric aerosols, are usually found with several modes for particle size distribution (PSD). For the first time, a mathematical method is proposed to study the interaction of nanoparticle dynamics between modes by establishing two joint population balance equations (PBEs). The PBEs are solved using the sectional method, which divides the PSD into discrete bins. The nanoparticle-laden system involves Brownian coagulation, ventilation, and injection. The interaction between modes within a size distribution is studied quantitatively with and without injection and ventilation. The study shows that particles with smaller size are easier to be removed by background particles, but the lag time to be removed is affected by not only the total number concentration of small particles but also their sizes. Background particles play an important role in determining the evolution of small particle system, whose presence makes the secondary model absent for the small particles.
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Panzarini E, Mariano S, Carata E, Mura F, Rossi M, Dini L. Intracellular Transport of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Biological Responses: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1305. [PMID: 29702561 PMCID: PMC5983807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicine, food, and cosmetics represent the new promising applications for silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs). AgNPs are most commonly used in food and cosmetics; conversely, the main applications of gold NPs (AuNPs) are in the medical field. Thus, in view of the risk of accidentally or non-intended uptake of NPs deriving from the use of cosmetics, drugs, and food, the study of NPs⁻cell interactions represents a key question that puzzles researchers in both the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology fields. The response of cells starts when the NPs bind to the cell surface or when they are internalized. The amount and modality of their uptake depend on many and diverse parameters, such as NPs and cell types. Here, we discuss the state of the art of the knowledge and the uncertainties regarding the biological consequences of AgNPs and AuNPs, focusing on NPs cell uptake, location, and translocation. Finally, a section will be dedicated to the most currently available methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of intracellular transport of metal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Stefania Mariano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Carata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Francesco Mura
- Department of Basic and Applied Science to Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Basic and Applied Science to Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Center for Nanotechnology Applied to Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
- CNR-Nanotec, Institute of Nanotechnology, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
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7
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Pilou M, Vaquero-Moralejo C, Jaén M, Lopez De Ipiña Peña J, Neofytou P, Housiadas C. Modeling of occupational exposure to accidentally released manufactured nanomaterials in a production facility and calculation of internal doses by inhalation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 22:249-258. [PMID: 27670588 PMCID: PMC5102221 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1226535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational exposure to manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) and its potential health impacts are of scientific and practical interest, as previous epidemiological studies associate exposure to nanoparticles with health effects, including increased morbidity of the respiratory and the circulatory system. OBJECTIVES To estimate the occupational exposure and effective internal doses in a real production facility of TiO2 MNMs during hypothetical scenarios of accidental release. METHODS Commercial software for geometry and mesh generation, as well as fluid flow and particle dispersion calculation, were used to estimate occupational exposure to MNMs. The results were introduced to in-house software to calculate internal doses in the human respiratory tract by inhalation. RESULTS Depending on the accidental scenario, different areas of the production facility were affected by the released MNMs, with a higher dose exposure among individuals closer to the particles source. CONCLUSIONS Granted that the study of the accidental release of particles can only be performed by chance, this numerical approach provides valuable information regarding occupational exposure and contributes to better protection of personnel. The methodology can be used to identify occupational settings where the exposure to MNMs would be high during accidents, providing insight to health and safety officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Pilou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | | | - María Jaén
- Navarrean Nanoproduct Technology, TECNAN, Los Arcos, Spain
| | | | - Panagiotis Neofytou
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Christos Housiadas
- Thermal Hydraulics & Multiphase Flow Laboratory, INRASTES, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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Morris AS, Adamcakova-Dodd A, Lehman SE, Wongrakpanich A, Thorne PS, Larsen SC, Salem AK. Amine modification of nonporous silica nanoparticles reduces inflammatory response following intratracheal instillation in murine lungs. Toxicol Lett 2015; 241:207-15. [PMID: 26562768 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous silica nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique material properties that make them ideal for many different applications. However, the impact of these materials on human and environmental health needs to be established. We investigated nonporous silica NPs both bare and modified with amine functional groups (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)) in order to evaluate the effect of surface chemistry on biocompatibility. In vitro data showed there to be little to no cytotoxicity in a human lung cancer epithelial cell line (A549) for bare silica NPs and amine-functionalized NPs using doses based on both mass concentration (below 200μg/mL) and exposed total surface area (below 14m(2)/L). To assess lung inflammation, C57BL/6 mice were administered bare or amine-functionalized silica NPs via intra-tracheal instillation. Two doses (0.1 and 0.5mg NPs/mouse) were tested using the in vivo model. At the higher dose used, bare silica NPs elicited a significantly higher inflammatory response, as evidence by increased neutrophils and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid compared to amine-functionalized NPs. From this study, we conclude that functionalization of nonporous silica NPs with APTES molecules reduces murine lung inflammation and improves the overall biocompatibility of the nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie S Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrea Adamcakova-Dodd
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sean E Lehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Amaraporn Wongrakpanich
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Peter S Thorne
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sarah C Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Xing M, Zhang Y, Zou H, Quan C, Chang B, Tang S, Zhang M. Exposure characteristics of ferric oxide nanoparticles released during activities for manufacturing ferric oxide nanomaterials. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:138-48. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2014.1001535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Iavicoli I, Leso V, Ricciardi W, Hodson LL, Hoover MD. Opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology in the green economy. Environ Health 2014; 13:78. [PMID: 25294341 PMCID: PMC4201727 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a world of finite resources and ecosystem capacity, the prevailing model of economic growth, founded on ever-increasing consumption of resources and emission pollutants, cannot be sustained any longer. In this context, the "green economy" concept has offered the opportunity to change the way that society manages the interaction of the environmental and economic domains. To enable society to build and sustain a green economy, the associated concept of "green nanotechnology" aims to exploit nano-innovations in materials science and engineering to generate products and processes that are energy efficient as well as economically and environmentally sustainable. These applications are expected to impact a large range of economic sectors, such as energy production and storage, clean up-technologies, as well as construction and related infrastructure industries. These solutions may offer the opportunities to reduce pressure on raw materials trading on renewable energy, to improve power delivery systems to be more reliable, efficient and safe as well as to use unconventional water sources or nano-enabled construction products therefore providing better ecosystem and livelihood conditions.However, the benefits of incorporating nanomaterials in green products and processes may bring challenges with them for environmental, health and safety risks, ethical and social issues, as well as uncertainty concerning market and consumer acceptance. Therefore, our aim is to examine the relationships among guiding principles for a green economy and opportunities for introducing nano-applications in this field as well as to critically analyze their practical challenges, especially related to the impact that they may have on the health and safety of workers involved in this innovative sector. These are principally due to the not fully known nanomaterial hazardous properties, as well as to the difficulties in characterizing exposure and defining emerging risks for the workforce. Interestingly, this review proposes action strategies for the assessment, management and communication of risks aimed to precautionary adopt preventive measures including formation and training of employees, collective and personal protective equipment, health surveillance programs to protect the health and safety of nano-workers. It finally underlines the importance that occupational health considerations will have on achieving an effectively sustainable development of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Iavicoli
- />Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco, Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Veruscka Leso
- />Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco, Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Ricciardi
- />Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco, Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura L Hodson
- />National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4676 Columbia Parkway, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
| | - Mark D Hoover
- />National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, MS H2800, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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Gomez V, Irusta S, Balas F, Navascues N, Santamaria J. Unintended emission of nanoparticle aerosols during common laboratory handling operations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 279:75-84. [PMID: 25038576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Common laboratory operations such as pouring, mashing in an agate mortar, transferring with a spatula, have been assessed as potential sources for emission of engineered nanoparticles in simulated occupational environments. Also, the accidental spilling from an elevated location has been considered. For workplace operations, masses of 1500 or 500mg of three dry-state engineered nanoparticles (SiO2, TiO2 and Ce-TiO2) with all dimensions under 30nm, and one fibrous nanomaterial (MWCNT) with diameter under 10nm and length about 1.5μm were used. The measured number emission factors (NEF) for every operation and material in this work were in the range of 10(5) #s(-1). The traceability of emitted nanoparticles has been improved using Ce-doping on TiO2 nanoparticles. With this traceable material it was possible to show that generated aerosol nanoparticles are rapidly associated with background particles to form large-sized aerosol agglomerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Irusta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Francisco Balas
- Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Instituto de Carboquímica-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICB-CSIC), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nuria Navascues
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesus Santamaria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Networking Biomedical Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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12
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Albuquerque-Silva I, Vecellio L, Durand M, Avet J, Le Pennec D, de Monte M, Montharu J, Diot P, Cottier M, Dubois F, Pourchez J. Particle deposition in a child respiratory tract model: in vivo regional deposition of fine and ultrafine aerosols in baboons. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95456. [PMID: 24787744 PMCID: PMC4005734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To relate exposure to adverse health effects, it is necessary to know where particles in the submicron range deposit in the respiratory tract. The possibly higher vulnerability of children requires specific inhalation studies. However, radio-aerosol deposition experiments involving children are rare because of ethical restrictions related to radiation exposure. Thus, an in vivo study was conducted using three baboons as a child respiratory tract model to assess regional deposition patterns (thoracic region vs. extrathoracic region) of radioactive polydisperse aerosols ([d16-d84], equal to [0.15 µm-0.5 µm], [0.25 µm-1 µm], or [1 µm-9 µm]). Results clearly demonstrated that aerosol deposition within the thoracic region and the extrathoraic region varied substantially according to particle size. High deposition in the extrathoracic region was observed for the [1 µm-9 µm] aerosol (72% ± 17%). The [0.15 µm-0.5 µm] aerosol was associated almost exclusively with thoracic region deposition (84% ± 4%). Airborne particles in the range of [0.25 µm-1 µm] showed an intermediate deposition pattern, with 49% ± 8% in the extrathoracic region and 51% ± 8% in the thoracic region. Finally, comparison of baboon and human inhalation experiments for the [1 µm-9 µm] aerosol showed similar regional deposition, leading to the conclusion that regional deposition is species-independent for this airborne particle sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iolanda Albuquerque-Silva
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, LINA EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- EA6305, CEPR, Faculté de médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- DTF-Aerodrug, Faculté de médecine, Tours, France
| | - Marc Durand
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Centre Hospitalier Emile Roux, Le Puy en Velay, France
| | - John Avet
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université Jean Monnet, Faculté de Médecine, Saint-Etienne, France
- CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Michèle de Monte
- EA6305, CEPR, Faculté de médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Montharu
- EA6305, CEPR, Faculté de médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Patrice Diot
- EA6305, CEPR, Faculté de médecine, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
- Service de Pneumologie, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Michèle Cottier
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université Jean Monnet, Faculté de Médecine, Saint-Etienne, France
- CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Francis Dubois
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université Jean Monnet, Faculté de Médecine, Saint-Etienne, France
- CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- LINA, EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CIS-EMSE, LINA EA 4624, Saint-Etienne, France
- SFR IFRESIS, Saint-Etienne, France
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Lipoxygenase pathway mediates increases of airway resistance and lung inflation induced by exposure to nanotitanium dioxide in rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:485604. [PMID: 24693335 PMCID: PMC3945789 DOI: 10.1155/2014/485604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotitanium dioxide particle (nTiO2) inhalation has been reported to induce lung parenchymal injury. After inhalation of nTiO2, we monitored changes in 5-lipoxygenase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in rat lung tissue. Lung function parameters include specific airway resistance (SRaw), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF), functional residual capacity (FRC), and lung compliance (Cchord); blood white blood cell count (WBC), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide, and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH); and lung lavage leukotriene C4, interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrotic factor α (TNFα), hydroxyl radicals, and NO. Leukotriene receptor antagonist MK571 and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor MK886 were used for pharmacologic intervention. Compared to control, nTiO2 exposure induced near 5-fold increase in 5-lipoxygenase mRNA expression in lung tissue. iNOS mRNA increased while eNOS mRNA decreased. Lavage leukotriene C4; IL6; TNFα; NO; hydroxyl radicals; and blood WBC, NO, hydrogen peroxide, and LDH levels rose. Obstructive ventilatory insufficiency was observed. MK571 and MK886 both attenuated the systemic inflammation and lung function changes. We conclude that inhaled nTiO2 induces systemic inflammation, cytokine release, and oxidative and nitrosative stress in the lung. The lipoxygenase pathway products, mediated by oxygen radicals and WBC, play a critical role in the obstructive ventilatory insufficiency induced by nTiO2.
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Noël A, Charbonneau M, Cloutier Y, Tardif R, Truchon G. Rat pulmonary responses to inhaled nano-TiO₂: effect of primary particle size and agglomeration state. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:48. [PMID: 24090040 PMCID: PMC3938138 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The exact role of primary nanoparticle (NP) size and their degree of agglomeration in aerosols on the determination of pulmonary effects is still poorly understood. Smaller NP are thought to have greater biological reactivity, but their level of agglomeration in an aerosol may also have an impact on pulmonary response. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of primary NP size and the agglomeration state in aerosols, using well-characterized TiO2 NP, on their relative pulmonary toxicity, through inflammatory, cytotoxic and oxidative stress effects in Fisher 344 male rats. Methods Three different sizes of TiO2 NP, i.e., 5, 10–30 or 50 nm, were inhaled as small (SA) (< 100 nm) or large agglomerates (LA) (> 100 nm) at 20 mg/m3 for 6 hours. Results Compared to the controls, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) showed that LA aerosols induced an acute inflammatory response, characterized by a significant increase in the number of neutrophils, while SA aerosols produced significant oxidative stress damages and cytotoxicity. Data also demonstrate that for an agglomeration state smaller than 100 nm, the 5 nm particles caused a significant increase in cytotoxic effects compared to controls (assessed by an increase in LDH activity), while oxidative damage measured by 8-isoprostane concentration was less when compared to 10–30 and 50 nm particles. In both SA and LA aerosols, the 10–30 nm TiO2 NP size induced the most pronounced pro-inflammatory effects compared to controls. Conclusions Overall, this study showed that initial NP size and agglomeration state are key determinants of nano-TiO2 lung inflammatory reaction, cytotoxic and oxidative stress induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ginette Truchon
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul, De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada.
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15
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Hunt G, Lynch I, Cassee F, Handy RD, Fernandes TF, Berges M, Kuhlbusch TAJ, Dusinska M, Riediker M. Towards a Consensus View on Understanding Nanomaterials Hazards and Managing Exposure: Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 6:1090-1117. [PMID: 28809359 PMCID: PMC5512966 DOI: 10.3390/ma6031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present an overview of salient issues of exposure, characterisation and hazard assessment of nanomaterials as they emerged from the consensus-building of experts undertaken within the four year European Commission coordination project NanoImpactNet. The approach adopted is to consolidate and condense the findings and problem-identification in such a way as to identify knowledge-gaps and generate a set of interim recommendations of use to industry, regulators, research bodies and funders. The categories of recommendation arising from the consensual view address: significant gaps in vital factual knowledge of exposure, characterisation and hazards; the development, dissemination and standardisation of appropriate laboratory protocols; address a wide range of technical issues in establishing an adequate risk assessment platform; the more efficient and coordinated gathering of basic data; greater inter-organisational cooperation; regulatory harmonization; the wider use of the life-cycle approaches; and the wider involvement of all stakeholders in the discussion and solution-finding efforts for nanosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Hunt
- Centre for Bioethics & Emerging Technologies, St Mary's University College, London, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Iseult Lynch
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, UK.
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard D Handy
- Ecotoxicology Research and Innovation Centre, The University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Teresa F Fernandes
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Markus Berges
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung (DGUV), Alte Heerstr 111, Sankt Augustin 53757, Germany.
| | - Thomas A J Kuhlbusch
- Air Quality & Sustainable Nanotechnology, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), D-47229 Duisburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, D-47057 Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Environmental Chemistry Department, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller 2027, Norway.
| | - Michael Riediker
- Institute for Work and Health, Rte de la Corniche 2, Epalinges-Lausanne CH-1066, Switzerland.
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Neubauer N, Seipenbusch M, Kasper G. Functionality based detection of airborne engineered nanoparticles in quasi real time: a new type of detector and a new metric. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:842-52. [PMID: 23504803 PMCID: PMC3746458 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/met007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A new type of detector which we call the Catalytic Activity Aerosol Monitor (CAAM) was investigated towards its capability to detect traces of commonly used industrial catalysts in ambient air in quasi real time. Its metric is defined as the catalytic activity concentration (CAC) expressed per volume of sampled workplace air. We thus propose a new metric which expresses the presence of nanoparticles in terms of their functionality - in this case a functionality of potential relevance for damaging effects - rather than their number, surface, or mass concentration in workplace air. The CAAM samples a few micrograms of known or anticipated airborne catalyst material onto a filter first and then initiates a chemical reaction which is specific to that catalyst. The concentration of specific gases is recorded using an IR sensor, thereby giving the desired catalytic activity. Due to a miniaturization effort, the laboratory prototype is compact and portable. Sensitivity and linearity of the CAAM response were investigated with catalytically active palladium and nickel nano-aerosols of known mass concentration and precisely adjustable primary particle size in the range of 3–30nm. With the miniature IR sensor, the smallest detectable particle mass was found to be in the range of a few micrograms, giving estimated sampling times on the order of minutes for workplace aerosol concentrations typically reported in the literature. Tests were also performed in the presence of inert background aerosols of SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3. It was found that the active material is detectable via its catalytic activity even when the particles are attached to a non-active background aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Neubauer
- Institut für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.
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17
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Noël A, L'Espérance G, Cloutier Y, Plamondon P, Boucher J, Philippe S, Dion C, Truchon G, Zayed J. Assessment of the contribution of electron microscopy to nanoparticle characterization sampled with two cascade impactors. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:155-172. [PMID: 23356435 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.760391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the contribution of electron microscopy to the characterization of nanoparticles and compared the degree of variability in sizes observed within each stage when sampled by two cascade impactors: an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI). A TiO(2) nanoparticle (5 nm) suspension was aerosolized in an inhalation chamber. Nanoparticles sampled by the impactors were collected on aluminum substrates or TEM carbon-coated copper grids using templates, specifically designed in our laboratories, for scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) analysis, respectively. Nanoparticles were characterized using both SEM and TEM. Three different types of diameters (inner, outer, and circular) were measured by image analysis based on count and volume, for each impactor stage. Electron microscopy, especially TEM, is well suited for the characterization of nanoparticles. The MOUDI, probably because of the rotation of its collection stages, which can minimize the resuspension of particles, gave more stable results and smaller geometric standard deviations per stage. Our data suggest that the best approach to estimate particle size by electron microscopy would rely on geometric means of measured circular diameters. Overall, the most reliable data were provided by the MOUDI and the TEM sampling technique on carbon-coated copper grids for this specific experiment. This study indicates interesting findings related to the assessment of impactors combined with electron microscopy for nanoparticle characterization. For future research, since cascade impactors are extensively used to characterize nano-aerosol exposure scenarios, high-performance field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Département de Santé environnementale et Santé au travail, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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18
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Umh HN, Roh J, Lee BC, Park S, Yi J, Kim Y. Case Studies for Nanomaterials' Exposure to Environmental Media. KOREAN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.9713/kcer.2012.50.6.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Koivisto AJ, Lyyränen J, Auvinen A, Vanhala E, Hämeri K, Tuomi T, Jokiniemi J. Industrial worker exposure to airborne particles during the packing of pigment and nanoscale titanium dioxide. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:839-49. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.724474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Toxico-/biokinetics of nanomaterials. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1021-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Ku BK, Evans DE. Investigation of Aerosol Surface Area Estimation from Number and Mass Concentration Measurements: Particle Density Effect. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2012; 46:473-484. [PMID: 26526560 PMCID: PMC4624056 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2011.639316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For nanoparticles with nonspherical morphologies, e.g., open agglomerates or fibrous particles, it is expected that the actual density of agglomerates may be significantly different from the bulk material density. It is further expected that using the material density may upset the relationship between surface area and mass when a method for estimating aerosol surface area from number and mass concentrations (referred to as "Maynard's estimation method") is used. Therefore, it is necessary to quantitatively investigate how much the Maynard's estimation method depends on particle morphology and density. In this study, aerosol surface area estimated from number and mass concentration measurements was evaluated and compared with values from two reference methods: a method proposed by Lall and Friedlander for agglomerates and a mobility based method for compact nonspherical particles using well-defined polydisperse aerosols with known particle densities. Polydisperse silver aerosol particles were generated by an aerosol generation facility. Generated aerosols had a range of morphologies, count median diameters (CMD) between 25 and 50 nm, and geometric standard deviations (GSD) between 1.5 and 1.8. The surface area estimates from number and mass concentration measurements correlated well with the two reference values when gravimetric mass was used. The aerosol surface area estimates from the Maynard's estimation method were comparable to the reference method for all particle morphologies within the surface area ratios of 3.31 and 0.19 for assumed GSDs 1.5 and 1.8, respectively, when the bulk material density of silver was used. The difference between the Maynard's estimation method and surface area measured by the reference method for fractal-like agglomerates decreased from 79% to 23% when the measured effective particle density was used, while the difference for nearly spherical particles decreased from 30% to 24%. The results indicate that the use of particle density of agglomerates improves the accuracy of the Maynard's estimation method and that an effective density should be taken into account, when known, when estimating aerosol surface area of nonspherical aerosol such as open agglomerates and fibrous particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon Ki Ku
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Douglas E Evans
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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22
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Walser T, Hellweg S, Juraske R, Luechinger NA, Wang J, Fierz M. Exposure to engineered nanoparticles: Model and measurements for accident situations in laboratories. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 420:119-126. [PMID: 22326315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the life cycle of engineered nanoparticles (ENP), their manufacturing requires particular attention because of unwanted potential ENP emissions to workplaces. We simulated three scenarios of equipment failure during gas phase production of nanoparticles in a laboratory. The emission plume of nanoparticles was tracked with high spatial and temporal resolution by 10 measurement devices. While under normal production conditions, no elevated ENP concentrations were observed, worst case scenarios led to homogeneous indoor ENP concentrations of up to 10(6)cm(-3) in a 300m(3) production room after only 60s. The fast dispersal in the room was followed by an exponential decrease in number concentration after the emission event. Under conditions like those observed - rapid dispersal and good mixing - a single measurement device alone can provide valuable information for an ENP exposure assessment. A one-box model adequately reflected measured number concentrations (r(2)>0.99). The ENP emission rates to the workplace were estimated between 2.5·10(11) and 6·10(12)s(-1) for the three emission scenarios. The worst case emission rate at the production zone was also estimated at 2·10(13)s(-1) with a stoichiometric calculation based on the precursor input, density and particle size. ENP intake fractions were 3.8-5.1·10(-4) inhaled ENP per produced ENP in the investigated setting. These could only be substantially lowered by leaving the production room within a few minutes after the emission event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Walser
- Institute for Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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23
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Van Duuren-Stuurman B, Vink SR, Verbist KJM, Heussen HGA, Brouwer DH, Kroese DED, Van Niftrik MFJ, Tielemans E, Fransman W. Stoffenmanager Nano version 1.0: a web-based tool for risk prioritization of airborne manufactured nano objects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 56:525-41. [PMID: 22267129 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mer113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stoffenmanager Nano (version 1.0) is a risk-banding tool developed for employers and employees to prioritize health risks occurring as a result of exposure to manufactured nano objects (MNOs) for a broad range of worker scenarios and to assist implementation of control measures to reduce exposure levels. In order to prioritize the health risks, the Stoffenmanager Nano combines the available hazard information of a substance with a qualitative estimate of potential for inhalation exposure. The development of the Stoffenmanager Nano started with a review of the available literature on control banding. Input parameters for the hazard assessment of MNOs were selected based on the availability of these parameters in, for instance, Safety Data Sheets or product information sheets. The conceptual exposure model described by Schneider et al. (2011) was used as the starting point for exposure banding. During the development of the Stoffenmanager Nano tool, the precautionary principle was applied to deal with the uncertainty regarding hazard and exposure assessment of MNOs. Subsequently, the model was converted into an online tool (http://nano.stoffenmanager.nl), tested, and reviewed by a number of companies. In this paper, we describe the Stoffenmanager Nano. This tool offers a practical approach for risk prioritization in exposure situations where quantitative risk assessment is currently not possible. Updates of this first version are anticipated as more data become available in the future.
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Boyes WK, Chen R, Chen C, Yokel RA. The neurotoxic potential of engineered nanomaterials. Neurotoxicology 2011; 33:902-10. [PMID: 22198707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expanding development and production of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have diverse and far-reaching potential benefits in consumer products, food, drugs, medical devices and for enhancing environmental cleanup and remediation. The knowledge of potential implications of ENMs, including the potential for inadvertent exposures and adverse neurotoxic consequences, is lagging behind their development. A potential risk for neurotoxicity arises if exposure leads to systemic absorption and distribution to the nervous system. This paper is the summary of a symposium entitled Neurotoxicity Potential of Engineered Nanomaterials presented at the 2011 Xi'an International Neurotoxicology Conference held June 5-9 in Xi'an China. The following topics were featured in the symposium: the toxicokinetics of engineered nanomaterials; differential uptake of nanoceria in brain and peripheral organs; translocation into the brain and potential damage following nanoparticle exposure; and the retina as a potential site of nanomaterial phototoxicity. Each of these topics is discussed fully in sections of the manuscript. The promising benefits of ENM technology can be best realized if the potential risks are first understood and then minimized in product and system designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K Boyes
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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25
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Aschberger K, Micheletti C, Sokull-Klüttgen B, Christensen FM. Analysis of currently available data for characterising the risk of engineered nanomaterials to the environment and human health--lessons learned from four case studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2011; 37:1143-56. [PMID: 21397332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Production volumes and the use of engineered nanomaterials in many innovative products are continuously increasing, however little is known about their potential risk for the environment and human health. We have reviewed publicly available hazard and exposure data for both, the environment and human health and attempted to carry out a basic risk assessment appraisal for four types of nanomaterials: fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, metals, and metal oxides (ENRHES project 2009(1)). This paper presents a summary of the results of the basic environmental and human health risk assessments of these case studies, highlighting the cross cutting issues and conclusions about fate and behaviour, exposure, hazard and methodological considerations. The risk assessment methodology being the basis for our case studies was that of a regulatory risk assessment under REACH (ECHA, 2008(2)), with modifications to adapt to the limited available data. If possible, environmental no-effect concentrations and human no-effect levels were established from relevant studies by applying assessment factors in line with the REACH guidance and compared to available exposure data to discuss possible risks. When the data did not allow a quantitative assessment, the risk was assessed qualitatively, e.g. for the environment by evaluating the information in the literature to describe the potential to enter the environment and to reach the potential ecological targets. Results indicate that the main risk for the environment is expected from metals and metal oxides, especially for algae and Daphnia, due to exposure to both, particles and ions. The main risks for human health may arise from chronic occupational inhalation exposure, especially during the activities of high particle release and uncontrolled exposure. The information on consumer and environmental exposure of humans is too scarce to attempt a quantitative risk characterisation. It is recognised that the currently available database for both, hazard and exposure is limited and there are high uncertainties in any conclusion on a possible risk. The results should therefore not be used for any regulatory decision making. Likewise, it is recognised that the REACH guidance was developed without considering the specific behaviour and the mode of action of nanomaterials and further work in the generation of data but also in the development of methodologies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Aschberger
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, Ispra, Italy.
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Neubauer N, Weis F, Binder A, Seipenbusch M, Kasper G. A highly sensitive technique for detecting catalytically active nanoparticles against a background of general workplace aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yokel RA, MacPhail RC. Engineered nanomaterials: exposures, hazards, and risk prevention. J Occup Med Toxicol 2011; 6:7. [PMID: 21418643 PMCID: PMC3071337 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology presents the possibility of revolutionizing many aspects of our lives. People in many settings (academic, small and large industrial, and the general public in industrialized nations) are either developing or using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or ENM-containing products. However, our understanding of the occupational, health and safety aspects of ENMs is still in its formative stage. A survey of the literature indicates the available information is incomplete, many of the early findings have not been independently verified, and some may have been over-interpreted. This review describes ENMs briefly, their application, the ENM workforce, the major routes of human exposure, some examples of uptake and adverse effects, what little has been reported on occupational exposure assessment, and approaches to minimize exposure and health hazards. These latter approaches include engineering controls such as fume hoods and personal protective equipment. Results showing the effectiveness - or lack thereof - of some of these controls are also included. This review is presented in the context of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework, as a paradigm to systematically work through issues regarding human health hazards of ENMs. Examples are discussed of current knowledge of nanoscale materials for each component of the Risk Assessment/Risk Management framework. Given the notable lack of information, current recommendations to minimize exposure and hazards are largely based on common sense, knowledge by analogy to ultrafine material toxicity, and general health and safety recommendations. This review may serve as an overview for health and safety personnel, management, and ENM workers to establish and maintain a safe work environment. Small start-up companies and research institutions with limited personnel or expertise in nanotechnology health and safety issues may find this review particularly useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - Robert C MacPhail
- Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC, 27711, USA
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28
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Wagner S, Bloh J, Kasper C, Bahnemann D. Toxicological Issues of Nanoparticles Employed in Photocatalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1515/green.2011.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA huge amount of different nanomaterials is nowadays on the market used for various specific applications. Some nanomaterials such as TiOHence these materials are used for many applications, e.g., for self-cleaning and antibacterial coatings on different surfaces and for the purification of wastewater where the cleaning can be induced by simple exposure to sunlight. Because of the frequent use of these nanoparticles it is important to investigate the life cycles of these nanostructured materials as well as their environmental impact and their toxicity to animals and humans.This review first gives a short overview about nanotechnology and nanotechnological products as well as about photocatalysis and semiconductors used in this field. We then discuss the need for a new technology named nanotoxicology and the problems occurring when investigating the toxic potential of nanomaterials as well as the life cycle of nanomaterials. Furthermore, we focus on the environmental impact of TiO
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Invernizzi G, Ruprecht A, De Marco C, Mazza R, Nicolini G, Boffi R. Inhaled steroid/tobacco smoke particle interactions: a new light on steroid resistance. Respir Res 2009; 10:48. [PMID: 19519905 PMCID: PMC2703623 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled steroid resistance is an obstacle to asthma control in asthmatic smokers. The reasons of this phenomenon are not yet entirely understood. Interaction of drug particles with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) could change the aerodynamic profile of the drug through the particle coagulation phenomenon. Aim of the present study was to examine whether steroid particles interact with smoke when delivered in the presence of ETS. METHODS Beclomethasone-hydrofluoralkane (BDP-HFA) pMDI particle profile was studied after a single actuation delivered in ambient air or in the presence of ETS in an experimental chamber using a light scattering Optical Particle Counter capable of measuring the concentrations of particle sized 0.3-1.0, 1.1-2.0, 2.1-3.0, 3.1-4.0, 4.1-5.0, and > 5.1 microm in diameter with a sampling time of one second. The number of drug particles delivered after a single actuation was measured as the difference between total particle number after drug delivery and background particle number. Two groups of experiments were carried out at different ambient background particle concentrations. Two-tail Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS When delivered in ambient air, over 90% of BDP-HFA particles were found in the 0.3-1.0 microm size class, while particles sized 1.1-2.0 microm and 2.1-3.0 represented less than 6.6% and 2.8% of total particles, respectively. However, when delivered in the presence of ETS, drug particle profile was modified, with an impressive decrease of 0.3-1.0 microm particles, the most represented particles resulting those sized 1.1-2.0 microm (over 66.6% of total particles), and 2.1-3.0 microm particles accounting up to 31% of total particles. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that particle interaction between inhaled BDP-HFA pMDI and ETS takes place in the first few seconds after drug delivery, with a decrease in smaller particles and a concurrent increase of larger particles. The resulting changes in aerosol particle profile might modify regional drug deposition with potential detriment to drug efficacy, and represent a new element of steroid resistance in smokers. Although the present study does not provide any functional or clinical assessment, it might be useful to advise smokers and non smokers with obstructive lung disease such as asthma or COPD, to avoid to act inhaled drugs in the presence of ETS in order to obtain the best therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Invernizzi
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori/SIMG Italian College GPs, Milan, Italy
| | - Ario Ruprecht
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori/SIMG Italian College GPs, Milan, Italy
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori/SIMG Italian College GPs, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mazza
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori/SIMG Italian College GPs, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Boffi
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke Research Laboratory, Tobacco Control Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori/SIMG Italian College GPs, Milan, Italy
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