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Mohammed AN, Yadav N, Kaur P, Jandarov R, Yadav JS. Immunomodulation of susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia infection in mouse lungs exposed to carbon nanoparticles via dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116820. [PMID: 38218205 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are emerging pollutants of occupational and environmental health concern. While toxicological mechanisms of CNTs are emerging, there is paucity of information on their modulatory effects on susceptibility to infections. Here, we investigated cellular and molecular events underlying the effect of multi-walled CNT (MWCNT) exposure on susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in our 28-day sub-chronic exposure mouse model. Data indicated reduced phagocytic function in alveolar macrophages (AMs) from MWCNT-exposed lungs evidenced by lower pathogen uptake in 1-h infection assay. At 24-h post-infection, intracellular pathogen count in exposed AMs showed 2.5 times higher net increase (2-fold in vehicle- versus 5-fold in MWCNT-treated), indicating a greater rate of intracellular multiplication and/or survival due to MWCNT exposure. AMs from MWCNT-exposed lungs exhibited downregulation of pathogen-uptake receptors CD163, Phosphatidyl-serine receptor (Ptdsr), and Macrophage scavenger receptors class A type 1 (Msr1) and type 2 (MSr2). In whole lung, MWCNT exposure shifted the macrophage polarization state towards the immunosuppressive phenotype M2b and increased the CD11c+ dendritic cell population required to activate the adaptive immune response. Notably, the MWCNT pre-exposure dysregulated T-cell immunity, evidenced by diminished CD4 and Th17 response, and exacerbated Th1 and Treg responses (skewed Th17/Treg ratio), thereby favoring the pneumococcal infection. Overall, these findings indicated that MWCNT exposure compromises both innate and adaptive immunity leading to diminished host lung defense against pneumonia infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an immunomodulatory role of CNT pre-exposure on pneumococcal infection susceptibility due to dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immunity targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzaal Nadeem Mohammed
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Niket Yadav
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0738, USA
| | - Perminder Kaur
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Roman Jandarov
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jagjit Singh Yadav
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Liang Y, Zhou Y, Xie D, Yin F, Luo X. Hypermethylation and low expression of FANCC involved in multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced toxicity on ARPE-19 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117619. [PMID: 37952855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure was observed to cause damages on the viability of ocular cells, however, the underlying mechanisms remain not well understood. Epigenetic alterations that regulate gene expression have been identified as a major responsiveness to environmental challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to screen methylation-regulated genes involved in MWCNT exposure. The Illumina Human Methylation 850 K array was employed to determine the genome-wide DNA methylation profile of human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) exposed to 50% inhibition concentration of MWCNTs (100 μg/ml) for 24 h or without (n = 3 for each group). Then, the transcriptome data obtained by high-throughput RNA sequencing previously were integrated with DNA methylome to identify the overlapped genes. As a result, the integrative bioinformatics analysis identified that compared with controls, FA complementation group C (FANCC) was hypermethylated and downregulated in MWCNT-exposed ARPE-19 cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the mRNA expression level of FANCC was significantly decreased following MWCNT treatment and the addition of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (10 μM) reversed this decrease. Pyrosequencing analysis further validated the hypermethylation status at the 5'-untranslated promoter region of FANCC (cg14583550) in MWCNT-exposed ARPE-19 cells. Protein-protein interaction network and function analyses predicted that FANCC may contribute to MWCNT-induced cytotoxicity by interacting with heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 and then upregulating cytokine interleukin-6 and apoptosis biomarker caspase 3. In conclusion, the present study links the epigenetic modification of FANCC with the pathogenesis of MWCNT-induced retinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technology, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Dominguez J, Holmes SK, Bartone RD, Tisch LJ, Tighe RM, Bonner JC, Payne CK. House Dust Mite Extract Forms a Der p 2 Corona on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Implications for Allergic Airway Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2024; 11:324-335. [PMID: 38577066 PMCID: PMC10990074 DOI: 10.1039/d3en00666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbons nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used in materials for the construction, automotive, and aerospace industries. Workers and consumers are exposed to these materials via inhalation. Existing recommended exposure limits are based on MWCNT exposures that do not take into account more realistic co-exposures. Our goal was to understand how a common allergen, house dust mites, interacts with pristine MWCNTs and lung fluid proteins. We used gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and proteomics to characterize the composition of the allergen corona formed from house dust mite extract on the surface of MWCNTs. We found that the corona is dominated by der p 2, a protein associated with human allergic responses to house dust mites. Der p 2 remains adsorbed on the surface of the MWCNTs following subsequent exposures to lung fluid proteins. The high concentration of der p 2, localized on surface of MWCNTs, has important implications for house dust mite-induced allergies and asthma. This research provides a detailed characterization of the complex house dust mite-lung fluid protein coronas for future cellular and in vivo studies. These studies will help to address the molecular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the exacerbation of allergic lung disease by nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Dominguez
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
| | - Samantha K. Holmes
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
| | - Ryan D. Bartone
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Logan J. Tisch
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Robert M. Tighe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27710
| | - James C. Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA 27695
| | - Christine K. Payne
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA 27708
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Hojo M, Maeno A, Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, Taquahashi Y, Hirose A, Suzuki J, Inomata A, Nakae D. Time-Course of Transcriptomic Change in the Lungs of F344 Rats Repeatedly Exposed to a Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube in a 2-Year Test. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2105. [PMID: 37513116 PMCID: PMC10383707 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite intensive toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) over the last two decades, only a few studies have demonstrated their pulmonary carcinogenicities in chronic animal experiments, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. To obtain molecular insights into CNT-induced lung carcinogenicity, we performed a transcriptomic analysis using a set of lung tissues collected from rats in a 2-year study, in which lung tumors were induced by repeated intratracheal instillations of a multiwalled carbon nanotube, MWNT-7. The RNA-seq-based transcriptome identified a large number of significantly differentially expressed genes at Year 0.5, Year 1, and Year 2. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that macrophage-elicited signaling pathways such as phagocytosis, acute phase response, and Toll-like receptor signaling were activated throughout the experimental period. At Year 2, cancer-related pathways including ERBB signaling and some axonal guidance signaling pathways such as EphB4 signaling were perturbed. qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that several key molecules such as Osteopontin/Spp1, Hmox1, Mmp12, and ERBB2 were markedly altered and/or localized in the preneoplastic lesions, suggesting their participation in the induction of lung cancer. Our findings support a scenario of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis and contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of MWCNT carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoki Hojo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ai Maeno
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Yuhji Taquahashi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tono-machi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hirose
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, 1-4-25 Koraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-0004, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Akiko Inomata
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Dai Nakae
- Department of Medical Sports, Faculty of Health Care and Medical Sports, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-1 Uruido-Minami, Ichihara 290-0193, Chiba, Japan
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Calzetta L, Pietroiusti A, Page C, Bussolati O, Chetta A, Facciolo F, Rogliani P. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce airway hyperresponsiveness in human bronchi by stimulating sensory C-fibers and increasing the release of neuronal acetylcholine. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1473-1481. [PMID: 34498989 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1979395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in inducing airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was investigated in human airways. METHODS Human isolated bronchi were exposed to MWCNTs and the contractility to electrical field stimulation (EFS) was measured. Neuronal acetylcholine (ACh) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) were quantified. Some tissues were desensitized by consecutive administrations of capsaicin. RESULTS MWCNTs (100 ng/ml - 100 µg/ml) induced AHR (overall contractile tone vs. negative control: +83.43 ± 11.13%, P < 0.01). The potency was significantly (P < 0.05) greater when airways were stimulated at low frequency (EFS3Hz) then at medium-to-high frequencies (EFS10Hz and EFS25Hz) (delta potency: +2.13 ± 0.74 and +2.40 ± 0.65 logarithms, respectively). In capsaicin-desensitized airways, the AHR to MWCNTs 100 ng/ml was abolished. MWCNTs increased the release of ACh, an effect prevented by capsaicin-desensitization (-90.17 ± 18.59%, P < 0.05). MWCNTs did not alter the level of cAMP. CONCLUSION MWCNTs administered at low concentrations elicit AHR in human airways by activating sensory C-fibers and, in turn, increasing the release of neuronal ACh. Our results suggest that work is required to understand the impact of MWCNTs in patients at risk of AHR, such as those suffering from chronic obstructive respiratory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigino Calzetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Clive Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ovidio Bussolati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alfredo Chetta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Facciolo
- Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rogliani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Lucas JH, Wang Q, Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Cause Cellular Senescence in TGF-β Stimulated Lung Epithelial Cells. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9060144. [PMID: 34205339 PMCID: PMC8234672 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9060144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes are engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) that have a fiber-like structure which may be a concern for the development of cellular senescence. Premature senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF). However, the crosstalk between downstream pathways mediating fibrotic and senescent responses of MWCNTs is not well-defined. Here, we exposed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) to MWCNTs for up to 72 h and demonstrate that MWCNTs increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, MWCNT exposure resulted in the increase of p21 protein abundance and senescence associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) activity. We also determined that co-exposure with the cytokine, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) exacerbated cellular senescence indicated by increased protein levels of p21, p16, and γH2A.X. Furthermore, the production of fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) was significantly elevated with the co-exposure compared to MWCNT or TGF-β alone. Together, our study suggests that the cellular senescence potential of MWCNTs may be enhanced by pro-fibrotic mediators, such as TGF-β in the surrounding microenvironment.
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McCormick S, Niang M, Dahm MM. Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanomaterials: a Review of Workplace Exposure Assessment Methods. Curr Environ Health Rep 2021; 8:223-234. [PMID: 34101152 PMCID: PMC10079776 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-021-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to consolidate exposure assessment methods for occupational research on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) published within the past 5 years (2015-2020). RECENT FINDINGS The three ENMs that generated the highest volume of new research include titanium dioxide, graphene, and aluminum oxide. A multi-metric approach, using both online and offline instruments and analyses, has been found to be a useful method to characterize ENM workplace exposures and was commonly used in the recently published literature. Particle number concentration was the most common online exposure metric used, followed by the metrics of mass and surface area. There are currently no consensus methods for offline analyses of most ENMs. Researchers generally used gravimetric or elemental analyses for carbonaceous nanomaterials, titanium dioxide, and other nanometals, but there was little overlap between other ENM materials reviewed. Using biological markers of exposure, such as urinary oxidative stress biomarkers, as an indication of chronic exposure may also be useful for some ENMs and should be further researched. Generally, similar online instrumentation and offline electron microscopy methods were used for all ENMs. However, this consistency was not observed for offline mass analysis methods within specific ENMs. Consolidation of the most recent methods and results of exposure assessments within this broad material category can guide researchers toward future areas of study. Establishing consensus methods of exposure assessment for each individual ENM is crucial to characterizing workplace exposures, pooling data to fully understand their associated risks, and developing useful occupational exposure limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth McCormick
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA
| | - Mamadou Niang
- Professional Staffing Partners, 1008 Water Oak Dr SW, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA
| | - Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Field Studies and Engineering, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45226, USA.
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Murphy F, Dekkers S, Braakhuis H, Ma-Hock L, Johnston H, Janer G, di Cristo L, Sabella S, Jacobsen NR, Oomen AG, Haase A, Fernandes T, Stone V. An integrated approach to testing and assessment of high aspect ratio nanomaterials and its application for grouping based on a common mesothelioma hazard. NANOIMPACT 2021; 22:100314. [PMID: 35559971 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the development of an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA) to support the grouping of different types (nanoforms; NFs) of High Aspect Ratio Nanomaterials (HARNs), based on their potential to cause mesothelioma. Hazards posed by the inhalation of HARNs are of particular concern as they exhibit physical characteristics similar to pathogenic asbestos fibres. The approach for grouping HARNs presented here is part of a framework to provide guidance and tools to group similar NFs and aims to reduce the need to assess toxicity on a case-by-case basis. The approach to grouping is hypothesis-driven, in which the hypothesis is based on scientific evidence linking critical physicochemical descriptors for NFs to defined fate/toxicokinetic and hazard outcomes. The HARN IATA prompts users to address relevant questions (at decision nodes; DNs) regarding the morphology, biopersistence and inflammatory potential of the HARNs under investigation to provide the necessary evidence to accept or reject the grouping hypothesis. Each DN in the IATA is addressed in a tiered manner, using data from simple in vitro or in silico methods in the lowest tier or from in vivo approaches in the highest tier. For these proposed methods we provide justification for the critical descriptors and thresholds that allow grouping decisions to be made. Application of the IATA allows the user to selectively identify HARNs which may pose a mesothelioma hazard, as demonstrated through a literature-based case study. By promoting the use of alternative, non-rodent approaches such as in silico modelling, in vitro and cell-free tests in the initial tiers, the IATA testing strategy streamlines information gathering at all stages of innovation through to regulatory risk assessment while reducing the ethical, time and economic burden of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Susan Dekkers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics and Dept of Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Agnes G Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Group, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Fraser K, Kodali V, Yanamala N, Birch ME, Cena L, Casuccio G, Bunker K, Lersch TL, Evans DE, Stefaniak A, Hammer MA, Kashon ML, Boots T, Eye T, Hubczak J, Friend SA, Dahm M, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Siegrist K, Lowry D, Bauer AK, Sargent LM, Erdely A. Physicochemical characterization and genotoxicity of the broad class of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers used or produced in U.S. facilities. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:62. [PMID: 33287860 PMCID: PMC7720492 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) have known toxicity but simultaneous comparative studies of the broad material class, especially those with a larger diameter, with computational analyses linking toxicity to their fundamental material characteristics was lacking. It was unclear if all CNT/F confer similar toxicity, in particular, genotoxicity. Nine CNT/F (MW #1-7 and CNF #1-2), commonly found in exposure assessment studies of U.S. facilities, were evaluated with reported diameters ranging from 6 to 150 nm. All materials were extensively characterized to include distributions of physical dimensions and prevalence of bundled agglomerates. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to the nine CNT/F (0-24 μg/ml) to determine cell viability, inflammation, cellular oxidative stress, micronuclei formation, and DNA double-strand breakage. Computational modeling was used to understand various permutations of physicochemical characteristics and toxicity outcomes. RESULTS Analyses of the CNT/F physicochemical characteristics illustrate that using detailed distributions of physical dimensions provided a more consistent grouping of CNT/F compared to using particle dimension means alone. In fact, analysis of binning of nominal tube physical dimensions alone produced a similar grouping as all characterization parameters together. All materials induced epithelial cell toxicity and micronuclei formation within the dose range tested. Cellular oxidative stress, DNA double strand breaks, and micronuclei formation consistently clustered together and with larger physical CNT/F dimensions and agglomerate characteristics but were distinct from inflammatory protein changes. Larger nominal tube diameters, greater lengths, and bundled agglomerate characteristics were associated with greater severity of effect. The portion of tubes with greater nominal length and larger diameters within a sample was not the majority in number, meaning a smaller percentage of tubes with these characteristics was sufficient to increase toxicity. Many of the traditional physicochemical characteristics including surface area, density, impurities, and dustiness did not cluster with the toxicity outcomes. CONCLUSION Distributions of physical dimensions provided more consistent grouping of CNT/F with respect to toxicity outcomes compared to means only. All CNT/F induced some level of genotoxicity in human epithelial cells. The severity of toxicity was dependent on the sample containing a proportion of tubes with greater nominal lengths and diameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fraser
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - M. Eileen Birch
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas E. Evans
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Aleksandr Stefaniak
- Repiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Mary Ann Hammer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Theresa Boots
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Tracy Eye
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - John Hubczak
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Sherri A. Friend
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Matthew Dahm
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Mary K. Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Field Studies Evaluation, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH USA
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Katelyn Siegrist
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - David Lowry
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Alison K. Bauer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Linda M. Sargent
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, MS-2015, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888 USA
- West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
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Leibrock LB, Jungnickel H, Tentschert J, Katz A, Toman B, Petersen EJ, Bierkandt FS, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Parametric Optimization of an Air-Liquid Interface System for Flow-Through Inhalation Exposure to Nanoparticles: Assessing Dosimetry and Intracellular Uptake of CeO 2 Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2369. [PMID: 33260672 PMCID: PMC7760223 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been widely used in recent years to investigate the inhalation toxicity of many gaseous compounds, chemicals, and nanomaterials and represent an emerging and promising in vitro method to supplement in vivo studies. ALI exposure reflects the physiological conditions of the deep lung more closely to subacute in vivo inhalation scenarios compared to submerged exposure. The comparability of the toxicological results obtained from in vivo and in vitro inhalation data is still challenging. The robustness of ALI exposure scenarios is not yet well understood, but critical for the potential standardization of these methods. We report a cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis of a flow through ALI exposure system. The influence of five different instrumental and physiological parameters affecting cell viability and exposure parameters of a human lung cell line in vitro (exposure duration, relative humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration and flow rate) was investigated. After exposing lung epithelia cells to a CeO2 nanoparticle (NP) aerosol, intracellular CeO2 concentrations reached values similar to those found in a recent subacute rat inhalation study in vivo. This is the first study showing that the NP concentration reached in vitro using a flow through ALI system were the same as those in an in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Leibrock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Katz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Blaza Toman
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaitherburg, MD 20899-8311, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaitherburg, MD 20899-8311, USA;
| | - Frank S. Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
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11
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Taylor-Just AJ, Ihrie MD, Duke KS, Lee HY, You DJ, Hussain S, Kodali VK, Ziemann C, Creutzenberg O, Vulpoi A, Turcu F, Potara M, Todea M, van den Brule S, Lison D, Bonner JC. The pulmonary toxicity of carboxylated or aminated multi-walled carbon nanotubes in mice is determined by the prior purification method. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 33243293 PMCID: PMC7690083 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00390-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhalation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) poses a potential risk to human health. In order to safeguard workers and consumers, the toxic properties of MWCNTs need to be identified. Functionalization has been shown to either decrease or increase MWCNT-related pulmonary injury, depending on the type of modification. We, therefore, investigated both acute and chronic pulmonary toxicity of a library of MWCNTs derived from a common pristine parent compound (NC7000). Methods MWCNTs were thermally or chemically purified and subsequently surface functionalized by carboxylation or amination. To evaluate pulmonary toxicity, male C57BL6 mice were dosed via oropharyngeal aspiration with either 1.6 or 4 mg/kg of each MWCNT type. Mitsui-7 MWCNT was used as a positive control. Necropsy was performed at days 3 and 60 post-exposure to collect bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lungs. Results At day 3 all MWCNTs increased the number of neutrophils in BALF. Chemical purification had a greater effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1) in BALF, while thermal purification had a greater effect on pro-fibrotic cytokines (CCL2, OPN, TGF-β1). At day 60, thermally purified, carboxylated MWCNTs had the strongest effect on lymphocyte numbers in BALF. Thermally purified MWCNTs caused the greatest increase in LDH and total protein in BALF. Furthermore, the thermally purified and carboxyl- or amine-functionalized MWCNTs caused the greatest number of granulomatous lesions in the lungs. The physicochemical characteristics mainly associated with increased toxicity of the thermally purified derivatives were decreased surface defects and decreased amorphous content as indicated by Raman spectroscopy. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the purification method is an important determinant of lung toxicity induced by carboxyl- and amine-functionalized MWCNTs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-020-00390-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia J Taylor-Just
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Mark D Ihrie
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Katherine S Duke
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Ho Young Lee
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Dorothy J You
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Vamsi K Kodali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Flaviu Turcu
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Monica Potara
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Milica Todea
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sybille van den Brule
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - James C Bonner
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 850 Main Campus Drive, Suite 1104, Toxicology Building, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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12
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Wright MD, Buckley AJ, Smith R. Estimates of carbon nanotube deposition in the lung: improving quality and robustness. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:282-298. [PMID: 32689844 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1785594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) in vivo inhalation studies are increasingly providing estimates of the quantity of material deposited in the lung, generally estimated using standard formulae and pulmonary deposition models. These models have typically been developed and validated using data from studies using sphere-like particles. Given the importance of particle morphology to pulmonary deposition, the appropriateness of such an approach was explored to identify any potential limitations. Aerosolized CNT particles typically form 'fiber-like' and/or 'broadly spherical' agglomerates. A review of currently used deposition models indicates that none have been directly validated against results for CNT, however, models for spherical particles have been extensively validated against a wide range of particle sizes and materials and are thus expected to provide reasonable estimates for most 'broadly spherical' CNT particles, although experimental confirmation of this would be of benefit, especially given their low density. The validation of fiber deposition models is significantly less extensive and, in general, focused on larger particles, e.g. asbestos. This raises concerns about the accuracy of deposition estimates for 'fiber-like' CNT particles and recommendations are made for future research to address this. An appreciation of the uncertainties on CNT deposition estimates is important for their interpretation and thus it is recommended that model sensitivity and uncertainty assessments be undertaken. Issues surrounding the measurement and derivation of model input data are also addressed, including instrument responses and particle density assessment options. Recommendations are also made for aerosol characterization to 'future-proof' CNT inhalation studies regarding advances in deposition modeling and toxicological understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Wright
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Alison J Buckley
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
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13
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Ghosh M, Janssen L, Martens DS, Öner D, Vlaanderen J, Pronk A, Kuijpers E, Vermeulen R, Nawrot TS, Godderis L, Hoet PH. Increased telomere length and mtDNA copy number induced by multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure in the workplace. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122569. [PMID: 32240902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) except MWCNT-7 have been classified as Group 3 ["Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans"] by the IARC. Despite considerable mechanistic evidence in vitro/in vivo, the classification highlights a general lack of data, especially among humans. In our previous study, we reported epigenetic changes in the MWCNT exposed workers. Here, we evaluated whether MWCNT can also cause alterations in aging related features including relative telomere length (TL) and/or mitochondrial copy number (mtDNAcn). Relative TL and mtDNAcn were measured on extracted DNA from peripheral blood from MWCNT exposed workers (N = 24) and non-exposed controls (N = 43) using a qPCR method. A higher mtDNAcn and longer TL were observed in MWCNT exposed workers when compared to controls. Independent of age, sex, smoking behavior, alcohol consumption and BMI, MWCNT-exposure was associated with an 18.30 % increase in blood TL (95 % CI: 7.15-30.62 %; p = 0.001) and 35.21 % increase in mtDNAcn (95 % CI: 19.12-53.46 %). Our results suggest that exposure to MWCNT can induce an increase in the mtDNAcn and TL; however, the mechanistic basis or consequence of such change requires further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manosij Ghosh
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Janssen
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries S Martens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Deniz Öner
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Zeist, the Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Idewe, Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Peter Hm Hoet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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14
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Dahm MM, Bertke S, Schubauer-Berigan MK. Predicting Occupational Exposures to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers Based on Workplace Determinants Modeling. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:158-172. [PMID: 30715150 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent cross-sectional epidemiologic studies have examined the association between human health effects and carbon nanotube and nanofiber (CNT/F) workplace exposures. However, due to the latency of many health effects of interest, cohort studies with sufficient follow-up will likely be needed. The objective of this study was to identify workplace determinants that contribute to exposure and develop predictive models to estimate CNT/F exposures for future use in epidemiologic studies. METHODS Exposure measurements were compiled from 15 unique facilities for the metrics of elemental carbon (EC) mass at both the respirable and inhalable aerosol size fractions as well as a quantitative analysis performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These metrics served as the dependent variables in model development. Repeated personal samples were collected from most of the 127 CNT/F worker participants for 252 total observations. Determinants were categorized as company-level or worker-level and used to describe the exposure relationship within the dependent variables. The influence of determinants on variance components was explored using mixed linear models that utilized a backwards stepwise selection process with a lowering of the AIC for model determinant selection. Additional ridge regression models were created that examined predictive performance with and without all two-way interactions. Cross-validation was performed on each model to evaluate the generalizability of its predictive capabilities while predictive performance was evaluated according to the corresponding R2 value and root mean square error (RMSE). RESULTS Determinants at the company-level that increased exposure included an inadequate or semi-adequate engineering control rating, increasing average CNT/F diameter/length, daily quantities of material handled from 101 g to >1 kg and >1 kg, the use of CNF materials, the industry type of hybrid producer/user, and the expert assessment of a high exposure potential. Worker-level determinants associated with higher exposure included handling the dry-powdered form of CNT/F, handling daily quantities of material >1 kg, direct/indirect exposure, having the job title of engineer, using a respirator, using a ventilated or unventilated enclosure, and the job task of powder handling. The mixed linear models explained >60% of the total variance when using all company- and worker-level determinants to create the three exposure models. The cross-validated RMSE values for each of the three mixed models ranged from 2.50 to 4.23. Meanwhile, the ridge regression models, without all two-way interactions, estimated cross-validated RMSE values of 2.85, 2.23, and 2.76 for the predictive models of inhalable EC, respirable EC, and TEM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The ridge regression models demonstrated the best performance for predicting exposures to CNT/F for each exposure metric, although they only provided a modest predictive capability. Therefore, it was concluded that the models alone would not be adequate in predicting workplace exposures and would need to be integrated with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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State of knowledge on the occupational exposure to carbon nanotubes. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 225:113472. [PMID: 32035287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) trigger fascination as well as anxiety, given their unique physical and chemical properties, and continuing concerns around their possible health effects. CNT exposure assessment is an integral component of occupational and environmental epidemiology, risk assessment, and management. We conducted a systematic review to analyze the quality of CNT occupational exposure assessments in field studies and to assess the relevance of available quantitative data from occupational hygiene and epidemiological perspectives. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for the period 2000-2018. To grade the quality of each study, we used a standardized grid of seven criteria. The first criterion addressed 12 items deemed most relevant CNT physical-chemical properties with respect to their in vitro and in vivo toxicity. We included 27 studies from 11 countries in the review and graded them high (n = 2), moderate (n = 15) and low quality (n = 10). Half of the studies measured elemental carbon mass concentration (EC) using different methods and aerosol fractions. In 85% of studies, the observed values exceed the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Recommended Exposure Limit. The quantification of CNT agglomerates and/or CNT contained fibers becomes increasingly common although lacking methodological standardization. Work activities with the greatest mean CNT mass concentrations were non-enclosed and included sieving, harvesting, packaging, reactor cleaning, extrusion and pelletizing. Some of the large studies defined standardized job titles according to exposure estimates at corresponding workstations and classified them by decreasing CNT exposure level: technicians > engineers > chemists. The already initiated harmonization of CNT exposure assessment and result reporting need to continue to favor not only studies in the field, but also to identify companies and workers using CNTs to characterize their exposures as well as monitor their health. This will enable an objective and realistic evaluation of risks associated with CNT applications and an appropriate risk management.
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16
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Ihrie MD, Taylor-Just AJ, Walker NJ, Stout MD, Gupta A, Richey JS, Hayden BK, Baker GL, Sparrow BR, Duke KS, Bonner JC. Inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes alters the pulmonary allergic response of mice to house dust mite allergen. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 31:192-202. [PMID: 31345048 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2019.1643955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence from rodent studies indicates that inhaled multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have harmful effects on the lungs. In this study, we examined the effects of inhalation exposure to MWCNTs on allergen-induced airway inflammation and fibrosis. We hypothesized that inhalation pre-exposure to MWCNTs would render mice susceptible to developing allergic lung disease induced by house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Methods: Male B6C3F1/N mice were exposed by whole-body inhalation for 6 h a day, 5 d a week, for 30 d to air control or 0.06, 0.2, and 0.6 mg/m3 of MWCNTs. The exposure atmospheres were agglomerates (1.4-1.8 µm) composed of MWCNTs (average diameter 16 nm; average length 2.4 µm; 0.52% Ni). Mice then received 25 µg of HDM extract by intranasal instillation 6 times over 3 weeks. Necropsy was performed at 3 and 30 d after the final HDM dose to collect serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissue for histopathology. Results: MWCNT exposure at the highest dose inhibited HDM-induced serum IgE levels, IL-13 protein levels in BALF, and airway mucus production. However, perivascular and peribronchiolar inflammatory lesions were observed in the lungs of mice at 3 d with MWCNT and HDM, but not MWCNT or HDM alone. Moreover, combined HDM and MWCNT exposure increased airway fibrosis in the lungs of mice. Conclusions: Inhalation pre-exposure to MWCNTs inhibited HDM-induced TH2 immune responses, yet this combined exposure resulted in vascular inflammation and airway fibrosis, indicating that MWCNT pre-exposure alters the immune response to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ihrie
- a Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Alexia J Taylor-Just
- a Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - Nigel J Walker
- b National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Matthew D Stout
- b National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Durham , NC , USA
| | - Amit Gupta
- c Battelle Biomedical Research Centre , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jamie S Richey
- c Battelle Biomedical Research Centre , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Barry K Hayden
- c Battelle Biomedical Research Centre , Columbus , OH , USA
| | | | | | - Katherine S Duke
- a Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
| | - James C Bonner
- a Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC , USA
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17
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Azari MR, Mohammadian Y, Peirovi H, Omidi M, Khodagholi F, Pourahmad J, Mehrabi Y, Rafieepour A. Antagonistic effect of co-exposure to short-multiwalled carbon nanotubes and benzo[a]pyrene in human lung cells (A549). Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:445-456. [PMID: 31244407 DOI: 10.1177/0748233719854570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In theenvironment, co-exposure to short-multiwalled carbon nanotubes (S-MWCNTs) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) has been reported. In the co-exposure condition, the adsorption of PAHs onto MWCNTs may reduce PAHs toxic effect. The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of S-MWCNTs and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) individually, and in combination in human lung cell lines (A549). The adsorption of B[a]P onto MWCNTs was measured spectrometrically. In vitro toxicity was assessed through cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) generation experiments. The S-MWCNTs demonstrated cytotoxicity through the generation of ROS, apoptosis, and 8-OHdG in A549 cells. Co-exposure to S-MWCNTs and B[a]P demonstrated a significant reduction in ROS generation and apoptosis compared with the sum of their separate toxic effects at the same concentrations. Decreasing the bioavailability of B[a]P by MWCNT interaction is the probable reason for the antagonistic effects of the co-exposure condition. The findings of this study will contribute to a better understanding of the health effects of co-exposures to air pollutants and could be a starting point for modifying future health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- 1 School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- 2 Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- 3 Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- 4 Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- 5 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- 6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- 1 School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Athena Rafieepour
- 1 School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Airway Exposure to Modified Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Perturbs Cardiovascular Adenosinergic Signaling in Mice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019; 19:168-177. [PMID: 30382549 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-018-9487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The broad list of commercial applications for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) can be further expanded with the addition of various surface chemistry modifications. For example, standard commercial grade MWCNT (C-grade) can be carboxylated (COOH) or nitrogen-doped (N-doped) to suite specific utilities. We previously reported dose-dependent expansions of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, 24 h after intratracheal instillation of C-grade, COOH, or N-doped MWCNT in mice. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that airway exposure to MWCNT perturbs cardiovascular adenosinergic signaling, which could contribute to exacerbation of cardiac I/R injury. 100 µL of Vehicle or identical suspension volumes containing 100 µg of C-grade, COOH, or N-doped MWCNT were instilled into the trachea of CD-1 ICR mice. 1 day later, we measured cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in cardiac tissue and evaluated arterial adenosinergic smooth muscle signaling mechanisms related to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) in isolated aortic tissue. We also verified cardiac I/R injury expansion and examined both lung histology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cellularity in MWCNT exposed mice. Myocardial cAMP concentrations were reduced (p < 0.05) in the C-grade group by 17.4% and N-doped group by 13.7% compared to the Vehicle group. Curve fits to aortic ring 2-Cl-Adenosine concentration responses were significantly greater in the MWCNT groups vs. the Vehicle group. Aortic constrictor responses were more pronounced with NOS inhibition and were abolished with COX inhibition. These findings indicate that addition of functional chemical moieties on the surface of MWCNT may alter the biological responses to exposure by influencing cardiovascular adenosinergic signaling and promoting cardiac injury.
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Dahm MM, Evans DE, Bertke S, Grinshpun SA. Evaluation of total and inhalable samplers for the collection of carbon nanotube and carbon nanofiber aerosols. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2019; 53:958-970. [PMID: 35392279 PMCID: PMC8985588 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2019.1618437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A growing number of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F) exposure and epidemiologic studies have utilized 25-mm and 37-mm open-faced cassettes (OFC) to assess the inhalable aerosol fraction. It has been previously established that the 37-mm OFC under-samples particles greater than 20 μm in diameter, but the size-selective characteristics of the 25-mm OFC have not yet been fully evaluated. This article describes an experimental study conducted to determine if the 25- and 37-mm OFCs performed with relative equivalence to a reference inhalable aerosol sampler when challenged with CNT/F particles. Side-by-side paired samples were collected within a small Venturi chamber using a 25-mm styrene OFC, 37-mm styrene OFC, 25-mm aluminum OFC, and Button Inhalable Aerosol Sampler. Three types of CNT/F materials and an Arizona road dust were used as challenge aerosols for the various sampler configurations. Repeated experiments were conducted for each sampler configuration and material. The OFC samplers operated at flow rates of 2 and 5 liters per minute. Results showed that the 25-mm OFC performed comparably to the Button Sampler when challenged with CNT/F aerosols, which was demonstrated in five of the six experimental scenarios with an average error of 20%. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the sampling efficiency of the 25- and 37-mm OFCs adequately followed the ISO/ACGIH/CEN inhalable sampling convention when challenged with CNT/F aerosols. Past exposure and epidemiologic studies that used these OFC samplers can directly compare their results to studies that have used other validated inhalable aerosol samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Douglas E. Evans
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Sergey A. Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Rezazadeh Azari M, Mohammadian Y, Pourahmad J, Khodagholi F, Peirovi H, Mehrabi Y, Omidi M, Rafieepour A. Individual and combined toxicity of carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and benzo a pyrene in lung adenocarcinoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:12709-12719. [PMID: 30879234 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04795-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Co-exposure to carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo a pyrene (BaP) in ambient air have been reported. Adsorption of BaP to F-MWCNTs can influence combined toxicity. Studying individual toxicity of F-MWCNTs and BaP might give unrealistic data. Limited information is available on the combined toxicity of F-MWCNTs and BaP in human cells. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the toxicity of F-MWCNTs and BaP individually and combined in human lung adenocarcinoma (A549 cells). The in vitro toxicity is evaluated through cell viability, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, and the production of 8-OHdG assays. Adsorption of BaP to F-MWCNTs was confirmed using a spectrophotometer. The results indicated that the F-MWCNTs and BaP reduce cell viability individually and produce ROS, apoptosis, and 8-OHdG in exposed cells. Stress oxidative is found to be a mechanism of cytotoxicity for both F-MWCNTs and BaP. Combined exposure to F-MWCNTs and BaP decreases cytotoxicity compared to individual exposure, but the difference is not statistically significant in all toxicity assays; hence, the two-factorial analysis indicated an additive toxic interaction. Adsorption of BaP to F-MWCNTs could mitigate the bioavailability and toxicity of BaP in biological systems. Considering the mixture toxicity of MWCNTs and BaP is required for risk assessment of ambient air contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Scheepers PT, Cocker J. Human biomonitoring with or without limits? Progress in the analysis of biomarkers of xenobiotics and some opportunities for improved interpretation. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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22
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Tromp PC, Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Godderis L, Lan Q, Jedynska AD, Vermeulen R, Pronk A. A New Approach Combining Analytical Methods for Workplace Exposure Assessment of Inhalable Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 61:759-772. [PMID: 28810684 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To date there is no consensus about the most appropriate analytical method for measuring carbon nanotubes (CNTs), hampering the assessment and limiting the comparison of data. The goal of this study is to develop an approach for the assessment of the level and nature of inhalable multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs) in an actual workplace setting by optimizing and evaluating existing analytical methods. In a company commercially producing MWCNTs, personal breathing zone samples were collected for the inhalable size fraction with IOM samplers; which were analyzed with carbon analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Analytical methods were optimized for carbon analysis and SEM/EDX. More specifically, methods were applied and evaluated for background correction using carbon analyses and SEM/EDX, CNT structure count with SEM/EDX and subsequent mass conversion based on both carbon analyses and SEM/EDX. A moderate-to-high concordance correlation coefficient (RC) between carbon analyses and SEM/EDX was observed [RC = 0.81, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.59-0.92] with an absolute mean difference of 59 µg m-3. A low RC between carbon analyses and ICP-MS (RC = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.07-0.67) with an absolute mean difference of 570 µg m-3 was observed. The large absolute difference between EC and metals is due to the presence of non-embedded inhalable catalyst particles, as a result of which MWCNT concentrations were overestimated. Combining carbon analysis and SEM/EDX is the most suitable for quantitative exposure assessment of MWCNTs in an actual workplace situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Tromp
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy Bekker
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium.,IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roel Vermeulen
- IRAS - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Risk AssessmentUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Netherlands Organization for Applied Research, TNO, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mohammadian Y, Rezazadeh Azari M, Peirovi H, Khodagholi F, Pourahmad J, Omidi M, Mehrabi Y, Rafieepour A. Combined toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and benzo [a] pyrene in human epithelial lung cells. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1442348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Mohammadian
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Rezazadeh Azari
- Safety Promotion and Prevention of Injuries Research Center and School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habibollah Peirovi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Pourahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Omidi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Athena Rafieepour
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Kuijpers E, Pronk A, Kleemann R, Vlaanderen J, Lan Q, Rothman N, Silverman D, Hoet P, Godderis L, Vermeulen R. Cardiovascular effects among workers exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:351-358. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectivesThe increase in production of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has led to growing concerns about health risks. In this study, we assessed the association between occupational exposure to MWCNTs and cardiovascular biomarkers.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed among 22 workers of a company commercially producing MWCNTs (subdivided into lab personnel with low or high exposure and operators), and a gender and age-matched unexposed population (n=42). Exposure to MWCNTs and 12 cardiovascular markers were measured in participants’ blood (phase I). In a subpopulation of 13 exposed workers and six unexposed workers, these measures were repeated after 5 months (phase II). We analysed associations between MWCNT exposure and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, adjusted for age, body mass index, sex and smoking.ResultsWe observed an upward trend in the concentration of endothelial damage marker intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), with increasing exposure to MWCNTs in both phases. The operator category showed significantly elevated ICAM-1 geometric mean ratios (GMRs) compared with the controls (phase I: GMR=1.40, P=1.30E-3; phase II: GMR=1.37, P=0.03). The trends were significant both across worker categories (phase I: P=1.50E-3; phase II: P=0.01) and across measured GM MWCNT concentrations (phase I: P=3.00E-3; phase II: P=0.01). No consistent significant associations were found for the other cardiovascular markers.ConclusionThe associations between MWCNT exposure and ICAM-1 indicate endothelial activation and an increased inflammatory state in workers with MWCNT exposure.
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Dahm MM, Schubauer-Berigan MK, Evans DE, Birch ME, Bertke S, Beard JD, Erdely A, Fernback JE, Mercer RR, Grinshpun SA. Exposure assessments for a cross-sectional epidemiologic study of US carbon nanotube and nanofiber workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:429-440. [PMID: 29339022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent animal studies have suggested the potential for wide-ranging health effects resulting from exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers (CNT/F). To date, no studies in the US have directly examined the relationship between occupational exposure and potential human health effects. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to measure CNT/F exposures among US workers with representative job types, from non-exposed to highly exposed, for an epidemiologic study relating exposure to early biologic effects. METHODS 108 participants were enrolled from 12 facilities across the US. Personal, full-shift exposures were assessed based on the mass of elemental carbon (EC) at the respirable and inhalable aerosol particle size fractions, along with quantitatively characterizing CNT/F and estimating particle size via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sputum and dermal samples were collected and analyzed to determine internal exposures and exposures to the hands/wrists. RESULTS The mean exposure to EC was 1.00 μg/m3 at the respirable size fraction and 6.22 μg/m3 at the inhalable fraction. Analysis by TEM found a mean exposure of 0.1275 CNT/F structures/cm3, generally to agglomerated materials between 2 and 10 μm. Internal exposures to CNT/F via sputum analysis were confirmed in 18% of participants while ∼70% had positive dermal exposures. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the occurrence of a broad range of exposures to CNT/F within 12 facilities across the US. Analysis of collected sputum indicated internal exposures are currently occurring within the workplace. This is an important first step in determining if exposures in the workforce have any acute or lasting health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Dahm
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA; Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Mary K Schubauer-Berigan
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Douglas E Evans
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - M Eileen Birch
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Stephen Bertke
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - John D Beard
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Aaron Erdely
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Joseph E Fernback
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sergey A Grinshpun
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Chen H, Zheng X, Nicholas J, Humes ST, Loeb JC, Robinson SE, Bisesi JH, Das D, Saleh NB, Castleman WL, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood T. Single-walled carbon nanotubes modulate pulmonary immune responses and increase pandemic influenza a virus titers in mice. Virol J 2017; 14:242. [PMID: 29273069 PMCID: PMC5741862 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous toxicological studies have focused on injury caused by exposure to single types of nanoparticles, but few have investigated how such exposures impact a host’s immune response to pathogen challenge. Few studies have shown that nanoparticles can alter a host’s response to pathogens (chiefly bacteria) but there is even less knowledge of the impact of such particles on viral infections. In this study, we performed experiments to investigate if exposure of mice to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) alters immune mechanisms and viral titers following subsequent influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 20 μg of SWCNT or control vehicle by intratracheal instillation followed by intranasal exposure to 3.2 × 104 TCID50 IAV or PBS after 3 days. On day 7 mice were euthanized and near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging was used to track SWCNT in lung tissues. Viral titers, histopathology, and mRNA expression of antiviral and inflammatory genes were measured in lung tissue. Differential cell counts and cytokine levels were quantified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Results Viral titers showed a 63-fold increase in IAV in SWCNT + IAV exposed lungs compared to the IAV only exposure. Quantitation of immune cells in BALF indicated an increase of neutrophils in the IAV group and a mixed profile of lymphocytes and neutrophils in SWCNT + IAV treated mice. NIRF indicated SWCNT remained in the lung throughout the experiment and localized in the junctions of terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and surrounding alveoli. The dual exposure exacerbated pulmonary inflammation and tissue lesions compared to SWCNT or IAV single exposures. IAV exposure increased several cytokine and chemokine levels in BALF, but greater levels of IL-4, IL-12 (P70), IP-10, MIP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES were evident in the SWCNT + IAV group. The expression of tlr3, ifnβ1, rantes, ifit2, ifit3, and il8 was induced by IAV alone but several anti-viral targets showed a repressed trend (ifits) with pre-exposure to SWCNT. Conclusions These findings reveal a pronounced effect of SWCNT on IAV infection in vivo as evidenced by exacerbated lung injury, increased viral titers and several cytokines/chemokines levels, and reduction of anti-viral gene expression. These results imply that SWCNT can increase susceptibility to respiratory viral infections as a novel mechanism of toxicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-017-0909-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Xiao Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Justine Nicholas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, 1333 Center Drive, Box 100144, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sara T Humes
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Sarah E Robinson
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Dipesh Das
- Department of Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - William L Castleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, PO Box 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2187 Mowry Road, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Kouassi S, Catto C, Ostiguy C, L'Espérance G, Kroeger J, Debia M. Exposure Assessment in a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Primary Manufacturer. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:260-266. [PMID: 28395348 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxw017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study was aimed at documenting and characterizing occupational exposure to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) generated in a primary manufacturing plant. It also compared various strategies of exposure monitoring. Methods A 6-day measurement protocol was scheduled (D1-D6) including both (i) quasi-personal monitoring with an array of direct reading instruments (DRIs) and (ii) offline electron microscopy analyses of surface and breathing zone filter-based samples. The first step (D1 and D2) consisted of contamination screenings resulting from the various SWCNT production tasks using a multimetric approach. Surface sampling was also carried out to assess workplace cross-contamination. The second step (D3-D6) focused on the exposure monitoring during recovery/cleaning task, by comparing three personal elemental carbon (EC) measurements [respirable EC using a cyclone following the NIOSH 5040 method (REC-CYC), respirable and thoracic EC using parallel particle impactors [REC-PPI and TEC-PPI, respectively)] and gravimetric mass concentration measurements. Results DustTrak DRX and electrical low-pressure impactor measurements indicated that particles were released during weighing, transferring, and recovery/cleaning tasks of the manufacturing process. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of agglomerated SWCNTs only during the recovery/cleaning task. REC-CYC concentrations remained under the limits of quantification; REC-PPI showed levels up to 58 µg m-3; and TEC-PPI ranged from 40 to 70 µg m-3. Ratios calculated between gravimetric measurements and estimated DustTrak mass concentrations ranged from 2.8 to 4.9. Cross-contamination appeared to be limited since SWCNTs was only found on surface samples collected close to the reactor in the production room. Conclusions This case study showed that the DustTrak DRX should be the preferred device among DRIs to identify potential exposure to SWCNTs. However, there is a risk of false positive since it is a non-specific instrument; therefore, the actual release of SWCNTs must be confirmed with scanning electron microscopy/transmission electron microscopy analyses. Besides, using EC measurements as a proxy for SWCNT exposure assessments, as suggested by the NIOSH, is still challenging since interferences can occur with other EC sources such as carbon black, which is also present in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Kouassi
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Main Station, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Cyril Catto
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Main Station, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
| | - Claude Ostiguy
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505, Boul. de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Gilles L'Espérance
- École Polytechnique de Montréal, PO Box 6079, Main Station, Montréal, Québec H3C3A7, Canada
| | - Jens Kroeger
- Raymor Industries Inc., 3765 Rue la Vérendrye, Boisbriand, Québec QC J7H 1R8, Canada
| | - Maximilien Debia
- Institut de recherche en santé publique de l'Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Main Station, Montréal, Québec H3C3J7, Canada
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Ghosh M, Öner D, Poels K, Tabish AM, Vlaanderen J, Pronk A, Kuijpers E, Lan Q, Vermeulen R, Bekaert B, Hoet PH, Godderis L. Changes in DNA methylation induced by multi-walled carbon nanotube exposure in the workplace. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:1195-1210. [PMID: 29191063 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1406169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the epigenetic alterations in blood cells, induced by occupational exposure to multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The study population comprised of MWCNT-exposed workers (n=24) and unexposed controls (n=43) from the same workplace. We measured global DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation levels on the 5th cytosine residues using a validated liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Sequence-specific methylation of LINE1 retrotransposable element 1 (L1RE1) elements, and promoter regions of functionally important genes associated with epigenetic regulation [DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)], DNA damage/repair and cell cycle pathways [nuclear protein, coactivator of histone transcription/ATM serine/threonine kinase (NPAT/ATM)], and a potential transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) repressor [SKI proto-oncogene (SKI)] were studied using bisulfite pyrosequencing. Analysis of global DNA methylation levels and hydroxymethylation did not reveal significant difference between the MWCNT-exposed and control groups. No significant changes in Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine (CpG) site methylation were observed for the LINE1 (L1RE1) elements. Further analysis of gene-specific DNA methylation showed a significant change in methylation for DNMT1, ATM, SKI, and HDAC4 promoter CpGs in MWCNT-exposed workers. Since DNA methylation plays an important role in silencing/regulation of the genes, and many of these genes have been associated with occupational and smoking-induced diseases and cancer (risk), aberrant methylation of these genes might have a potential effect in MWCNT-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manosij Ghosh
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Deniz Öner
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Katrien Poels
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ali M Tabish
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- b Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- c TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research , Zeist , The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- c TNO, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research , Zeist , The Netherlands
| | - Qing Lan
- d Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics , National Cancer Institute , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- b Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Bram Bekaert
- e Department of Forensic Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Genetics and Molecular Archaeology , University Hospitals Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter Hm Hoet
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lode Godderis
- a Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre Environment & Health , KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium.,f External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work , Idewe , Heverlee , Belgium
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Chortarea S, Barosova H, Clift MJD, Wick P, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Human Asthmatic Bronchial Cells Are More Susceptible to Subchronic Repeated Exposures of Aerosolized Carbon Nanotubes At Occupationally Relevant Doses Than Healthy Cells. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7615-7625. [PMID: 28505409 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although acute pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been extensively investigated, the knowledge of potential health effects following chronic occupational exposure is currently limited and based only upon in vivo approaches. Our aim was to realistically mimic subchronic inhalation of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) in vitro, using the air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system for aerosol exposures on reconstituted human bronchial tissue from healthy and asthmatic donors. The reliability and sensitivity of the system were validated using crystalline quartz (DQ12), which elicited an increased (pro-)inflammatory response, as reported in vivo. At the administrated MWCNT doses relevant to human occupational lifetime exposure (10 μg/cm2 for 5 weeks of repeated exposures/5 days per week) elevated cilia beating frequency (in both epithelial cultures), and mucociliary clearance (in asthmatic cells only) occurred, whereas no cytotoxic reactions or morphological changes were observed. However, chronic MWCNT exposure did induce an evident (pro-)inflammatory and oxidative stress response in both healthy and asthmatic cells. The latter revealed stronger and more durable long-term effects compared to healthy cells, indicating that individuals with asthma may be more susceptible to adverse effects from chronic MWCNT exposure. Our results highlight the power of occupationally relevant subchronic exposures on human in vitro models in nanosafety hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Chortarea
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hana Barosova
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology , 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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30
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Kuijpers E, Bekker C, Brouwer D, le Feber M, Fransman W. Understanding workers' exposure: Systematic review and data-analysis of emission potential for NOAA. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2017; 14:349-359. [PMID: 27801630 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2016.1252843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure assessment for nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA), has evolved from explorative research toward more comprehensive exposure assessment, providing data to further develop currently used conservative control banding (CB) tools for risk assessment. This study aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on emission potential of NOAA across the occupational life cycle stages by a systematic review and subsequently use the results in a data analysis. Relevant parameters that influence emission were collected from peer-reviewed literature with a focus on the four source domains (SD) in the source-receptor conceptual framework for NOAA. To make the reviewed exposure data comparable, we applied an approach to normalize for workplace circumstances and measurement location, resulting in comparable "surrogate" emission levels. Finally, descriptive statistics were performed. During the synthesis of nanoparticles (SD1), mechanical reduction and gas phase synthesis resulted in the highest emission compared to wet chemistry and chemical vapor condensation. For the handling and transfer of bulk manufactured nanomaterial powders (SD2) the emission could be differentiated for five activity classes: (1) harvesting; (2) dumping; (3); mixing; (4) cleaning of a reactor; and (5) transferring. Additionally, SD2 was subdivided by the handled amount with cleaning further subdivided by energy level. Harvesting and dumping resulted in the highest emissions. Regarding processes with liquids (SD3b), it was possible to distinguish emissions for spraying (propellant gas, (high) pressure and pump), sonication and brushing/rolling. The highest emissions observed in SD3b were for propellant gas spraying and pressure spraying. The highest emissions for the handling of nano-articles (SD4) were found to nano-sized particles (including NOAA) for grinding. This study provides a valuable overview of emission assessments performed in the workplace during the occupational handling of NOAA. Analyses were made per source domain to derive emission levels which can be used for models to quantitatively predict the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Bekker
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- b Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Molecular Epidemiology and Risk Assessment Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - D Brouwer
- a TNO , Zeist , The Netherlands
- c School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, RSA , Johannesburg , South Africa
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31
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Vlaanderen J, Pronk A, Rothman N, Hildesheim A, Silverman D, Hosgood HD, Spaan S, Kuijpers E, Godderis L, Hoet P, Lan Q, Vermeulen R. A cross-sectional study of changes in markers of immunological effects and lung health due to exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:395-404. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1308031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Vlaanderen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anjoeka Pronk
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Allan Hildesheim
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debra Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - H. Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne Spaan
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Kuijpers
- Risk Analysis for Products in Development (RAPID), TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lode Godderis
- Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, IDEWE, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Centre for Environment and Health, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Debia M, Bakhiyi B, Ostiguy C, Verbeek JH, Brouwer DH, Murashov V. A Systematic Review of Reported Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2016; 60:916-35. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mew041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Park EJ, Hong YS, Lee BS, Yoon C, Jeong U, Kim Y. Single-walled carbon nanotubes disturbed the immune and metabolic regulation function 13-weeks after a single intratracheal instillation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 148:184-195. [PMID: 27078092 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique physicochemical properties, the potential health effects of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have attracted continuous attention together with their extensive application. In this study, we aimed to identify local and systemic health effects following pulmonary persistence of SWCNTs. As expected, SWCNTs remained in the lung for 13 weeks after a single intratracheal instillation (50, 100, and 200μg/kg). In the lung, the total number of cells and the percentages of lymphocytes and neutrophils significantly increased at 200μg/kg compared to the control, and the Th1-polarized immune response was induced accompanying enhanced expression of tissue damage-related genes and increased release of chemokines. Additionally, SWCNTs enhanced the expression of antigen presentation-related proteins on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, however, maturation of dendritic cells was inhibited by their persistence. As compared to the control, a significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils and a remarkable decrease of BUN and potassium level were observed in the blood of mice treated with the highest dose. This was accompanied by the down-regulation of the expression of antigen presentation-related proteins on splenocytes. Moreover, protein and glucose metabolism were disturbed with an up-regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation. Taken together, we conclude that SWCNTs may induce adverse health effects by disturbing immune and metabolic regulation functions in the body. Therefore, careful application of SWCNTs is necessary for the enforcement of safety in nano-industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Park
- Myunggok Eye Research Institute, Konyang University, Daejeon 302-718, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Shick Hong
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Ro, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Seok Lee
- Toxicologic Pathology Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolho Yoon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 126-16, Republic of Korea
| | - Uiseok Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 139-701, Republic of Korea
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A Review on the Respiratory System Toxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13030325. [PMID: 26999172 PMCID: PMC4808988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory system represents the main gateway for nanoparticles’ entry into the human body. Although there is a myriad of engineered nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles/nanotubes (CNPs/CNTs) have received much attention mainly due to their light weight, very high surface area, durability, and their diverse applications. Since their discovery and manufacture over two decades ago, much has been learned about nanoparticles’ interactions with diverse biological system models. In particular, the respiratory system has been of great interest because various natural and man-made fibrous particles are known to be responsible for chronic and debilitating lung diseases. In this review, we present up-to-date the literature regarding the effects of CNTs or carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the human respiratory system with respect to respiratory toxicity pathways and associated pathologies. This article is intended to emphasize the potentially dangerous effects to the human respiratory system if inadequate measures are used in the manufacture, handling, and preparation and applications of CNP or CNP-based products.
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