Taxane-induced nail changes: incidence, clinical presentation and outcome

Exposome Impact on Nail Health

Background

The nail unit is a complex system with various components, each serving distinct functions. The exposome, encompassing external and internal factors such as UV radiation, air pollution, dietary habits, and cosmetic product usage, substantially influences nail health and can lead to premature nail aging.

Summary

Internal and external exposomal factors can impact differently on nail health, inducing a variety of different clinical conditions. Effective therapeutic strategies exist, but a comprehensive understanding of how the exposome affects nails is lacking. This article aims to bridge this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between the exposome and nail health, emphasizing it as a central focus of our analysis.

Key Messages

(1) The exposome, comprising various external and internal factors, may significantly influence nail health negatively, leading to premature nail aging. (2) Different nail conditions may arise due to the exposomal influence on nails. (3) Understanding the exposome's impact on nail health is crucial for developing solutions to mitigate negative effects and improve overall nail well-being.

Surgery for benign nail tumor

The vast majority of tumors in the nail apparatus have a different clinical presentation and course from their equivalents on the skin. Some, such as onychomatricoma and onychopapilloma, are unique to the nail and others, such as superficial acral fibromyxoma, have a tropism for the nail apparatus. As a rule, benign lesions respect the general architecture of the nail apparatus, whereas malignant tumors are destructive. Treatment is always surgical and good knowledge of the anatomy and the procedures is mandatory in order not to induce postoperative nail dystrophy.

Mild cryotherapy for prevention of paclitaxel-induced nail toxicity in breast cancer patients: A phase II single-arm clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Nail changes are among the most common dermatological adverse events in paclitaxel-receiving patients. Although effective, low-temperature prophylactic cryotherapy is discomforting and a potential cause of side effects, resulting in low patients' adherence.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A phase II single-arm study evaluating mild cryotherapy for the reduction of 12-week, grade 2 nail toxicity was conducted on 67 taxane-naïve breast cancer patients (age 18-74 years) undergoing weekly adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel. Instant-ice packs were fixed over the fingers and toes for a total of 70 minutes during paclitaxel infusion at a temperature between -5 °C and +5 °C. Nail toxicity was evaluated weekly (CTCAE vs 4.03), including grade 2 (ie, onycholysis, subungual hematoma, onychomadesis) and grade 1 nail toxicities.

RESULTS

Twelve patients experienced grade 2 nail toxicities (17.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 9.6%-29.2%; median time to onset: 56 days): onycholysis was the most frequent grade 2 toxicity (13.4%), followed by subungual hematoma (9.0%) and onychomadesis (1.5%). Grade 1 toxicity occurred in 33 patients (63.5%, 95% CI 49.0%-76.4%) with nail discoloration representing by far the most frequent toxicity (59.6%). Seventeen patients (25.4%) reported no nail toxicity. 62.7% of patients reported no pain and 22.4% suffered moderate pain. No patient experienced severe pain or others adverse effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Instant-ice pack is a feasible prophylactic intervention for nail toxicity, well tolerated by patients and with limited impact on routine workload. It could be considered for patients refusing (or interrupting) cryotherapy, and it can be implemented when frozen gloves management is not feasible.

Psoriasis Flare-Up in a Patient Treated With Docetaxel for Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Dermatologic toxicities, such as urticaria and mucositis, with docetaxel, have been commonly reported; however, fixed-plaque erythrodysesthesia is a rare adverse phenomenon with a reported incidence of less than 5% of patients. Docetaxel-induced psoriasis is extremely rare, and to date, very few cases have been reported in the literature. We present a literature review of psoriasis cases secondary to docetaxel and report our own case of severe docetaxel-induced psoriasis in the setting of treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Our patient received topical steroids and narrow-band ultraviolet B (NBUVB) light therapy with resolution of their psoriasis and was able to complete their chemotherapy without discontinuation or interruption of their docetaxel.

Dermatological Aspects of Nursing Oncology: Meaningful Observations Ensuring Better Quality of Life

Modern cancer management has changed over the period of time and now shifted to multidisciplinary care approach to ensure a better quality of life (QOL) of the surfing patients. Every form of cancer treatment has side effects and affects the QOL. Many of the side effects have been discussed in detail because of the need for timely interventions to prevent the consequences of the side effects. Dermatological adverse events due to cancer treatment are important but most commonly ignored in our clinical practice. Nursing staffs have a critical role in the early identification of such events and by briefing and training of the nursing staff in the identification of adverse events which can aid in the prevention of complications. As dermatologists may not be available round the clock, nursing staff are looking after the patients round the clock can prove very vital in screening cutaneous AE and adequately setting up referrals to aid early recognition and treatment of not only mild but also potentially life-threatening complications. The nursing staff, which is a cadre of health caregivers that are intimately involved in cancer care, can be trained to identify timely, skin-related adverse events. A literature search of scientific publications was done using the electronic databases PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The search included terms 'Adverse events (AEs) post-chemotherapy,' 'AE post-radiotherapy,' 'AE post-immunotherapy,' 'AE post-hormonal therapy for cancer' and 'AE post-cancer surgery.' Data obtained from these studies and case reports were compiled and interpreted to prepare this review. This review focuses on various ways in which skin can be involved adversely as a part of cancer management and their classic and tell-tale signs to help the nurses in their better and quicker identification so that dermatologists are timely intimated and the treatment can be instituted to improve the patient's QOL.

Preventing taxane-related peripheral neuropathy, pain and nail toxicity: a prospective self-controlled trial comparing hilotherapy with frozen gloves in early breast cancer

PURPOSE

The prevention of taxane-related toxicities at the extremities is highly important for patients' treatment and quality-of-life. Several studies endorse hand/foot-cooling using frozen gloves as a prophylactic intervention. Unlike frozen gloves, hilotherapy produces cooling at a constant temperature. Comparative data with frozen gloves are unavailable.

METHODS

This prospective self-controlled study explores the efficacy of hilotherapy at the right hand and foot compared to frozen gloves at the left in patients with early breast cancer treated with weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m² or three-weekly docetaxel 75 mg/m². Patient-reported outcomes were collected at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks after the start of treatment. Primary and secondary endpoints were the incidence of any-grade and ≥ grade 2 side-effects (peripheral neuropathy, pain and nail toxicities), and perceived comfort of both interventions.

RESULTS

Sixty-two patients participated. The incidence of any-grade side-effects was similar on both sides, 85.5% with hilotherapy and 90.3% with frozen gloves (p = 1.000). The incidence of ≥ grade 2 side-effects at the extremities was significantly lower with hilotherapy: 43.6% compared to 61.3% with frozen gloves (p = 0.013). Perceived comfort was significantly better for hilotherapy than for frozen gloves (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to frozen gloves, continuous cooling of hands and feet using hilotherapy produces better prevention of ≥ grade 2 patient-reported side-effects at the extremities (peripheral neuropathy, pain and nail toxicities). Perceived comfort was significantly better for hilotherapy. From a clinical and patient perspective, hilotherapy is a better alternative for preventing clinically significant taxane-related side-effects.

Nail changes with chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies

Patients on Cancer chemotherapeutic agents often develop nail changes most of which are only cosmetic concern and disappear on drug withdrawal. But some nail changes can be painful and disabling thereby affecting quality of life substantially. Different components of the nail unit include the nail matrix, nail bed, nail plate, the hyponychium, lunula, the proximal and lateral nail folds. In this article we review the nail changes induced by chemotherapeutics and targeted anticancer drugs, preventive measures and treatment options available.

Hand-foot syndrome and nail disorders secondary to treatment with paclitaxel: Is there a relationship with the presence of fungi?

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of nail disorders and the presence of fungi on the nails of the hands and feet of patients with hand-foot syndrome secondary to treatment with paclitaxel.

METHODS

Prospective study, carried out from October 2018 to December 2019, which included 81 patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer using paclitaxel and had signs and or symptoms of hand-foot syndrome with or without nail disorders. The data were collected through interviews guided by a structured questionnaire, information from medical records and reports of mycological exams.

RESULTS

The average age of women was 54.7 ± 7.4 years. Nail disorders occurred in 69 patients (85.2%), and of these, 43 (62.3%) were positive for fungi. The fungi were yeasts (n = 38; 69%), dermatophytes (n = 15; 27.2%) and non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi (n = 8; 14.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

Nail disorders were the most frequent manifestations in patients with hand-foot syndrome treated with paclitaxel and occurred in 85.2% of them. It was evidenced that fungi are present on the nails of these patients and can occur in up to 65.28%. The most prevalent fungi were Candida and Trichophyton. The nail lesion was associated with the type of treatment protocol used by the patient. The results of the study point to the need to select safe management alternatives for patients, so they can prevent nail lesions and prevent the proliferation of fungi, consequently reducing negative life impact during treatment.

Pemigatinib-induced nail changes - A case report

INTRODUCTION

Pemigatinib is an FGFR inhibitor that is one of few second-line treatment options for cholangiocarcinoma. Nail toxicities were common in the phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of pemigatinib.

CASE REPORT

We describe a 54-year-old female with a history of stage IV cholangiocarcinoma presenting for a follow-up visit after completing Cycle 4 of pemigatinib. The patient had been having significant nail changes to her fingernails and toenails, which has led to her great toenails falling off.Management and outcome: The patient was prescribed betamethasone dipropionate 0.05% cream to help with her nail changes and instructed to continue vinegar and hot water soaks that she had already been doing. It was discussed that if this did not help with her nail changes, treatment may have to be held for 2 weeks to allow her nails to heal.

DISCUSSION

Nail changes are a common side effect with pemigatinib and should be monitored closely for the need for temporary disruption in therapy.

Cutaneous reactions to pediatric cancer treatment: Part I. Conventional chemotherapy

Chemotherapies often cause side effects of the skin, nails, and mucosal surfaces. These mucocutaneous toxicities contribute to morbidity and affect quality of life. Identification and management of these drug-induced eruptions is vital to allow for continuation of essential therapies. This review demonstrates the wide range of chemotherapy-induced cutaneous toxicities in children and includes clues for diagnosis as well as tips for counseling and management.

The Effect of Nail Lacquer on Taxane-Induced Nail Changes in Women With Breast Cancer

Objective

Taxane-induced nail changes are considered as an important cosmetic manifestation with an incidence that reaches up to 44% of patients treated with taxane-included therapeutic regimens. In this article, we represent a clinical observational study to evaluate the effect of cosmetic nail lacquer on taxane-induced nail changes in female patients diagnosed with breast cancer.

Methods

Prospectively, we identified those women who were diagnosed with breast cancer, scheduled to have AC-Taxol protocol. Any female with previous dermatological or systemic disorders that affect nails was excluded from the study. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the utilization of nail lacquer. The first group includes women who started to use the nail lacquer after development of nail changes. The second group comprises those women who did not use the nail lacquer at any occasion.

Results

A total of 59 female patients were included in the study; 46 (78%) of them developed nail changes and the main change was nail discoloration. The first group which has used nail lacquer (17, 28.8%) showed an improvement among 15 (78.9%) patients, whereas 2 (7.4%) of them continued to have worsening symptoms. On the contrary, most of the second group (25, 92.9%) did not show any improvement in nail changes. A statistical significance between the tested groups was observed (P = .000). There is no statistical association between the progression of nail changes and the age of patients.

Conclusions

Taxane-induced nail changes are considered as an important clinical, cosmetic, and psychological complication, especially for female patients with cancer. This article suggests that nail lacquer may have an effect in the improvement of nail changes, especially nail discoloration. Further investigations are recommended to prove the efficacy of nail lacquer.

Nail Changes Induced by Chemotherapeutic Agents

Introduction:

Nail toxicity is a relatively uncommon cutaneous adverse effect of chemotherapeutic agents. Rapidly dividing cells of the nail matrix are perturbed by the antimitotic activity of these agents. Although most of these changes are cosmetic and regress once the therapy is completed, a few of these adverse effects are challenging to manage and require temporary or permanent suspension of chemotherapeutic agents.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 205 patients with various malignancies and under chemotherapy in oncology ward of the hospital over a period of 3 months were screened for nail involvement postchemotherapy. Relevant details, protocol of chemotherapeutic agents were assessed. Nail examination was carried out in daylight and the changes were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 124 (60.4%) patients had nail changes due to chemotherapeutic agents. The most common change was diffuse hyperpigmentation in 101 (81.4%) patients commonly due to a combination of cyclophosphamide and adriamycin in 43 (42.5%) patients. Longitudinal melanonychia was seen in 36 (29%), Beau's lines in 31 (25%), onychomadesis in 17 (13.7%), Mees' lines in 15 (12%), paronychia in 12 (9.6%), subungual hyperkeratosis in 10 (8%), and Muehrcke's lines in 4 (3.2%) patients. All the patients who developed Muehrcke's lines were on a combination of cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin/5 FU. Exudative onycholysis was observed in 2 (1.6%) patients; both these patients were on paclitaxel therapy. A total 2 (1.6%) patients who developed exudative onycholysis were advised discontinuation and another substitute chemotherapy was advised. Therapy for 2 (1.6%) patients who developed acute paronychia due to gefitinib was temporarily suspended. Unfortunately, most of the patients were on multiple chemotherapeutic agents hence, we could not pinpoint one drug as a cause. Therefore, a combination of agents was implicated in most cases.

Conclusion:

Nail toxicities are common with chemotherapeutic agents, however less importance is given to nail involvement. Apart from being cosmetically significant, a few adverse effects may warrant modification of the chemotherapy.

Dermatologic adverse effects of breast cancer chemotherapy: a longitudinal prospective observational study with a review of literature

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer patients may experience an increased chance of survival with adjuvant chemotherapy. However dermatologic adverse effects can cause major discomfort due to physical or cosmetic problems. This study aims to describe dermatologic complications in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy.

METHODS

This longitudinal prospective observational study included data on women with non-metastatic breast cancer whom were treated with AC-T protocol (anthracycline, cyclophosphamide, and taxane) adjuvant chemotherapy and consecutively enrolled during two years. The study was performed in an educational and tertiary referral center. The patients' information including age, body mass index (BMI), past medical history, and different dermatologic complications were collected for all participants.

RESULTS

Of 190 enrolled women, all patients experienced alopecia, which occurred in 131 patients (68.9%) after the first cycle. Skin, mucosal, and nail involvement were respectively seen in 46 (24.2%), 51 (26.8%), and 86 (45.2%) cases. Cutaneous complications were observed mainly between the third and sixth chemotherapy cycles. Palmoplantar erythema and palmoplantar dysesthesia were the most common cutaneous complications. Dermatologic adverse effects were significantly more frequent in the patients with an underlying disease.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that dermatologic adverse effects of adjuvant chemotherapy are common and could be induced by all components of AC-T regimen. These complications should be skillfully managed to increase patients' comfort.

Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions to Targeted Chemotherapeutic Drugs: A Clinico-Epidemiological Study

Background:

Targeted chemotherapeutic drugs have led to a remarkable improvement in the survival of cancer patients but also have resulted in the increased incidence of uncommon but specific muco-cutaneous adverse effects.

Aims:

This study aimed to highlight the spectrum of such cutaneous adverse drug reactions and to derive a causal association.

Materials and Methods:

A hospital-based, descriptive study was carried out in the dermatology outpatient department between August 2016 and July 2018, on patients referred from the state cancer institute, who developed muco-cutaneous lesions after the initiation of targeted chemotherapeutic drugs.

Results:

A total of 80 patients, 59 (74%) males and 21 (26%) females of mean age 45.83 ± 16.37 years (range 4–70 years) developed one or more uncommon albeit specific muco-cutaneous adverse effects. Among them, papulopustular and acneiform eruptions were found in 21 patients (26.25%), and PRIDE complex was seen in 3 patients. Sixteen patients (20.00%) developed palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, 8 patients (10%) developed lichenoid drug eruption, and 5 patients (6.25%) developed flagellate dermatitis. Twenty-two (27.5%) patients showed nail changes, the most common, being melanonychia.

Conclusion:

There has been a paradigm shift in the management of both hematopoietic and solid cancers with the advent of targeted chemotherapeutic drugs leading to an increase in uncommon and specific drug reactions. Early recognition of these decreases morbidity, improves quality of life, and allows continuation of the life saving chemotherapy.

Onychalgia Causes and Mechanisms: The “GIFTED KID” and the “FOMITE”

This article gives an account of the commonest causes of nail pain. The acronyms GIFTED KID and FOMITE will help aid doctors in a busy clinical setting to remember the main causes of onychalgia, respectively, on the fingers and toes. It includes a brief overview of the clinical characteristics and focuses on the type of pain for each condition as well as the mechanisms that cause it.

Dermatologic conditions in women receiving systemic cancer therapy

As advances in cancer therapies have improved cancer-related survival, novel therapeutics have also introduced a variety of dermatologic toxicities, and an increased number of patients are living with these sequalae. Women with cancer in particular experience a spectrum of dermatologic conditions that affect their skin, hair, nail, and mucosal surfaces. Studies have shown that these toxic effects can significantly affect quality of life and alter a woman's self-image, cultural identity, femininity, sexuality, and mental health. In severe instances, dermatologic toxicities may even disrupt cancer therapy and can therefore affect overall survival and treatment response. In this article, we review the dermatologic adverse effects from traditional chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and endocrine therapy that disproportionately affect women. The timely diagnosis and management of these dermatologic conditions is crucial in the multidisciplinary care of women with cancer.

Extremity Cooling: A Synthesis of Cryotherapy Interventions to Reduce Peripheral Neuropathy and Nail Changes From Taxane-Based Chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

Taxane-based chemotherapies are frequently used to treat solid tumor cancers. Two significant side effects include nail changes and/or peripheral neuropathy. These side effects can cause pain, infections, dose reductions, and treatment delays, all of which negatively affect quality of life.

OBJECTIVES

This article synthesizes the literature on efficacy and tolerability of extremity cryotherapy during taxane administration to identify if it is an intervention that can be provided to patients to mitigate these symptoms.

METHODS

A literature review was performed using PubMed®, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Ovid, Web of Science, and CINAHL®. 46 articles were initially identified, and 10 articles were reviewed (5 related to nail changes and 5 related to neuropathy).

FINDINGS

Larger, powered studies are needed on these topics; however, existing data suggest this intervention as a promising low-risk option for mitigating the severity of nail changes and peripheral neuropathy related to taxane chemotherapy.

Management and Outcome of Taxane-Induced Nail Side Effects: Experience of 79 Patients from a Single Centre

Background

Nail changes are a common side effect of taxane chemotherapy, although their correct management is poorly standardized.

Objective

To evaluate incidence, clinical aspects, and response to treatment of taxane-induced nail side effects in patients treated with taxanes for malignancies.

Patients and Methods

We performed a retrospective clinical study of 79 patients with taxane-induced nail changes from January 2015 to July 2018.

Results

Paclitaxel was the most responsible drug and both hands and feet were often affected (46.8%). Grade 2 nail toxicity was seen in 63.3% of the patients, including painful subungual hematoma, hemorrhagic onycholysis, and paronychia. Grade 3 nail toxicity was seen only in 2.5% of the patients, including hemorrhagic onycholysis and pyogenic granuloma. Removal of the detached nail plate with application of topical antibiotics and steroids induced regression of symptoms within 2 weeks.

Conclusions

Nail toxicity develops mostly at the end of therapy, and total drug dosage is the only known factor that predisposes to these side effects. Trauma possibly plays a role as the most severe signs are located on the great toenails. Although it is impossible to prevent taxane-induced nail side effects, a careful patient monitoring permits to immediately recognize and manage the symptoms in order to induce their remission and improvement of the patient's quality of life.

Dose-Finding Study of Weekly Docetaxel plus Estramustine in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Objective

The aim of this phase I study was to find the maximum tolerated dose of weekly docetaxel in association with estramustine in hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Methods

Eleven patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were treated with escalating weekly doses of docetaxel (level I, 3 patients, 30 mg/m2; level II, 3 patients, 35 mg/m2, level III, 3 patients, 40 mg/m2; level IV, 2 patients, 45 mg/m2) associated with fixed dosage of estramuscine (840 mg/day).

Results

In level I, there was only one episode of grade 3 neutropenia; grade 1 nausea and vomiting were registered in 1 patient; in 1 patient mild edema of the lower limbs was noted. In level II, grade 2 stomatitis and grade 1 sensory symptoms occurred in 1 patient, and grade 1 edema in 1 case. In level III, grade 2 edema was noted in 2 patients, damage to nails in 1 patient, asthenia in 1 patient, grade 1 neuropathy in 2 patients, and grade 1 nausea in 1 patient. In level IV, grade 2 edema was present in 1 patient, grade 3 edema in 1 patient, changes with fall of nails and grade 2 erythema of face in 2 patients, asthenia in 2 patients, grade 1 neuropathy in both patients. Nine patients had a more than a 50% decrease in PSA after 2 cycles of therapy.

Conclusions

The results of the study suggest a good tolerability of weekly 35 mg/m2 docetaxel in hormone-refractory prostate cancer in association with estramustine.

A randomized phase 2 trial of the efficacy and safety of a novel topical povidone-iodine formulation for Cancer therapy-associated Paronychia

Purpose Cancer therapy-associated paronychia (CAP) is a frequent adverse event associated with cytotoxic and targeted therapies that may impact dosing of anticancer therapies and patient quality of life (QoL). There are currently no evidence-based management strategies or approved treatments for CAP. Materials and Methods This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled phase 2 study that evaluated the efficacy and safety of 6 to 8 weeks of 1% or 2% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) topical solution versus vehicle-control in adult patients with CAP. Patients were randomized to one of three treatment arms administered twice daily: 1% PVP-I (Cohort A), 2% PVP-I (Cohort B), or vehicle-control (Cohort C). The primary endpoint was a two-grade reduction (or reduction to grade 0 if involved nails were grade 1) on the six-point Paronychia Severity Grading (PSG) scale. Secondary endpoints included safety and the effect on QoL and microbiota. Results A total of 102 patients with cancer were randomized to the study. In Cohort A, 83 of 205 (40.5%, P = 0.6059) affected nails met the primary endpoint versus Cohort C. In Cohort B, 88 of 167 (52.7%, P = 0.0063) affected nails met the primary endpoint versus 64 of 169 (37.9%) in Cohort C. Nineteen of 29 patients (65.5%) in Cohort B reported moderately or very painful nails at baseline that decreased to 15 patients (51.7%) at visit 2 and five patients (17.2%) at visit 3. Conclusions Treatment with twice-daily topical 2% PVP-I was safe and resulted in improvement in CAP compared with control. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03207906. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03207906.

Prophylactic management for taxane-induced nail toxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of cryotherapy and nail solution (NS) use in preventing nail toxicity (NT) induced by taxane-based chemotherapy.

METHODS

PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov registry databases were searched for relevant studies published up to December 2018. The primary outcome was taxane-induced NT. Secondary outcomes were skin toxicity (ST), time to toxicity and patient comfort.

RESULTS

We reviewed three randomised control trials and six prospective studies with 708 patients. For meta-analysis, taxane-induced NT grading was compared. NT and ST were significantly lower in the cryotherapy patients than in the controls (grade 1 NT: risk ratio [RR] = 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30-0.89; grade 2-3 NT: RR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.11-1.12; total NT: RR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.30-0.79; ST: RR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.33-0.64). The NS-treated patients exhibited significantly lower NT than the controls.

CONCLUSIONS

Nail solution-treated or cryotherapy patients exhibited lower NT incidence and severity associated with taxane-based chemotherapy than the controls. For patients who can afford and comply with NS use or cryotherapy, these measures represent effective prophylactic management for taxane-induced NT and improve their quality of life and functional statuses. Further studies are needed to establish the routine usage protocols, long-term efficacy and safety for these interventions.

[Integrated podiatrist care for prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel: Feasibility and results]

BACKGROUND

Docetaxel is frequently used for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer patients. Nail toxicity is a commonly described side effect, but no precise recommendation exists concerning its management. We experimented the integration of a podiatrist in routine cancer care.

METHODS

Patients having received docetaxel for a metastatic prostate cancer since the arrival of the podiatrist were studied.

RESULTS

Fifty-six patients were included, half had docetaxel-induced nail toxicity and 18 were referred to the podiatrist. The integration of the podiatrist in routine care was feasible and allowed characterizing nail toxicity. The main lesions observed were non-coagulated nail hematomas, coagulated nail hematomas and onycholysis. This experience led to propose an integrated care for docetaxel-induced nail toxicity.

CONCLUSION

The integration of podiatrist care is feasible in routine cancer care and can help improving the management of docetaxel-induced nail toxicity in metastatic prostate cancer patients.

Persistent major alopecia following adjuvant docetaxel for breast cancer: incidence, characteristics, and prevention with scalp cooling

Background

Persistent alopecia (PA) after docetaxel has been recently described. The aim of our study is to establish the incidence and characteristics of PA following adjuvant docetaxel for breast cancer (BC) and to test the ability of scalp cooling in prevention.

Patients and methods

BC patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy followed or not by endocrine therapy (and a control group receiving only endocrine therapy) were interviewed in a single institution at 1.5 to 5 years following primary diagnosis searching for PA. A confirmatory prevalence study was later performed in other two institutions. Finally, a prevention study using prophylactic scalp cooling (PSC) with ELASTO-GEL hypothermia caps in patients receiving adjuvant docetaxel was performed.

Results

In the initial prevalence study (492 patients), minor forms of PA (grade 1) were recorded with all chemotherapy regimens and aromatase inhibitors. Patients receiving docetaxel regimens at cumulative dose (CD) ≥ 400 mmg/m² presented a significantly higher prevalence of grades 1 PA (33–52%) and 2 PA (5–12%). Prevalence of grade 2 PA with docetaxel CD ≥ 400 mmg/m² was confirmed in two other institutions. Overall, grade 2 PA was seen in 10.06% (95% CI 7.36–13.61) of 358 patients with docetaxel regimens reaching CD ≥ 400 mmg/m², but not in patients with lower docetaxel CD, other chemotherapy regimens, or endocrine therapy alone. In prevention trial, no grade 2 PA occurred among 116 patients receiving adjuvant docetaxel (≥ 400 mmg/m²) and PSC followed-up after a 96 months median time. PSC was well tolerated. No scalp relapses were seen among 30 patients (22% of all inclusions) having disease relapse.

Conclusion

Adjuvant treatment with docetaxel (CD ≥ 400 mmg/m²) is associated with a significant rate of grade 2 PA, leading to wearing a wig, in around 10% of patients. This toxicity was completely prevented with scalp cooling. Clinical Trial Reference: NCT00515762.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-018-4855-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prevalence of dermatological complaints in patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Internal malignancies such as breast cancer, as well as their treatment can often result in skin changes.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of dermatological complaints in patients who are undergoing oncological treatment for breast cancer in a hospital in Tubarão, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

METHODS

Observational, cross-sectional study, from October 2015 to February 2016 in which 152 patients with the diagnosis of breast cancer, undergoing treatment with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and/or surgery, were interviewed and completed a research protocol developed by the author.

RESULTS

The treatment of breast cancer was associated with dermatological complaints in 94.1% of the interviewed, being with hair loss the most frequent, present in 79.6% of the sample, followed by nail changes (56%). Patients with lighter skin phototypes (I, II and III) had a lower risk (p=0.045) of developing skin changes when compared to darker phototypes. Radiation therapy (p=0.011) and oncological surgery (pFisher=0.004) were statistically significant when related to skin changes.

STUDY LIMITATIONS

Inherent to the design of the study, as well as recall bias.

CONCLUSIONS

It was found that most patients diagnosed with breast cancer showed dermatologic manifestations during the proposed cancer treatment. Patients undergoing radiotherapy and surgery showed skin changes with greater statistical significance.

Unusual and Interesting Adverse Cutaneous Drug Reactions

Any drug can cause any rash! Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) are great mimickers and can be included in the differential diagnosis of any inflammatory dermatoses. Several drugs can cause rash of similar morphology and the same drug can cause rash of different morphology. While some common and specific drug reaction patterns are recognized easily by the clinicians, many a times unusual and interesting patterns can be induced by drug(s), thus leading to erroneous diagnosis and mistreatment. This review aims to familiarize clinicians with some rare, yet interesting patterns of CADR.

Febrile neutropenia with bacterial paronychia

The symptoms of infection can be minimal or absent in patients with febrile neutropenia at first. The focal site of infection, which may be the main cause of a fever or be a complication of neutropenia, can develop as neutrophils increase during the clinical course of febrile neutropenia.

The Impact of Skin Problems on the Quality of Life in Patients Treated with Anticancer Agents: A Cross-Sectional Study

PURPOSE

Patients treated with anticancer agents often experience a variety of treatment-related skin problems, which can impair their quality of life.

Materials and Methods

In this cross-sectional study, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and clinical information were evaluated in patients under active anticancer treatment using a questionnaire survey and their medical records review.

RESULTS

Of 375 evaluated subjects with anticancer therapy, 136 (36.27%) and 114 (30.40%) were treated for breast cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively. We found that women, breast cancer, targeted agent use, and longer duration of anticancer therapy were associated with higher dermatology-specific quality of life distraction. In addition, itching, dry skin, easy bruising, pigmentation, papulopustules on face, periungual inflammation, nail changes, and palmoplantar lesions were associated with significantly higher DLQI scores. Periungual inflammation and palmoplantar lesions scored the highest DLQI.

CONCLUSION

We believe our findings can be helpful to clinicians in counseling and managing the patients undergoing anticancer therapy.

Fingernail and toenail clippings as a non-invasive measure of chronic cortisol levels in adult cancer survivors

PURPOSE

Cancer survivors are at greater risk of comorbidities and functional decline due to physiological and psychological stress which can be measured by salivary cortisol. If saliva is used, multiple samples must be collected to accurately quantify long-term stress; however, fingernail (FN) and toenail (TN) clippings offer an opportunity to measure retrospective cortisol levels in a non-invasive manner.

METHODS

Three sets of FN and TN clippings were collected at 12-month intervals in conjunction with saliva samples from cancer survivors (n = 109) participating in two clinical trials. FN and TN samples were stored at room temperature (RT); a subset underwent additional processing and freezing before analysis. Cortisol levels were determined via enzyme immunoassay, and correlation coefficients were generated to determine overall correspondence of the individual measures.

RESULTS

Matched RT and frozen samples were highly correlated for TN (r = 0.950, p = 5.44 × 10^-37) and FN (r = 0.784, p = 1.05 × 10^-10). Correlations between RT FN and TN were statistically significant (r = 0.621, p = 3.61 × 10^- 17), as were frozen FN and TN (r = 0.310, p = 0.0283). RT, but not frozen TN and FN correlated with salivary cortisol (r = 0.580, p = 1.65 × 10^- 16 and r = 0.287, p = 0.00042 for TN and FN, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

FN and TN cortisol levels correlate with salivary cortisol in adult cancer survivors and may offer a less invasive and convenient means for measuring chronic cortisol levels.

Chemotherapy-associated paronychia treated with 2% povidone-iodine: a series of cases

Background

Nail changes are known to occur during the use of chemotherapy for a variety of malignancies, particularly those treated with taxanes and EGFR inhibitors. There are currently no actively recruiting prospective clinical trials investigating potential treatments. There are also no US Food and Drug Administration-approved medical treatments for chemotherapy-associated paronychia and no consensus on the best way to treat these common chemotherapy-induced events.

Methods

A retrospective review of all cases presenting to a single dermatology private practice from June 2016 to January 2017 identified nine patients with chemotherapy-associated paronychia seeking treatment. Each patient was prescribed a topical solution comprised of 2% povidone–iodine in a dimethylsulfoxide vehicle that was prepared by a licensed compounding pharmacy. Patients were seen at 3 week and 6 week follow-up visits.

Results

All 9/9 patients demonstrated complete or partial resolution. The number of nails involved for each patient ranged from 4–12. There were a total of 58 nails affected in the case series, and 44/58 (76%) resolved overall. The treatment was well tolerated.

Conclusion

The topical povidone–iodine/dimethylsufoxide solution described is very effective in alleviating the signs and symptoms of paronychia associated with chemotherapy. This novel combination warrants further investigation in randomized, controlled trials to further elucidate its clinical utility.

Dermatological adverse events with taxane chemotherapy

Taxanes (docetaxel and paclitaxel) are among the most commonly prescribed anticancer drugs approved for the treatment of metastatic or locally advanced breast, non-small cell lung, prostate, gastric, head and neck, and ovarian cancers, as well as in the adjuvant setting for operable node-positive breast cancers. Although the true incidence of dermatological adverse events (AEs) in patients receiving taxanes is not known, and has never been prospectively analysed, they clearly represent one of the major AEs associated with these agents. With an increase in the occurrence of cutaneous AEs during treatment with novel targeted and immunological therapies when used in combination with taxanes, a thorough understanding of reactions attributable to this class is imperative. Moreover, identification and management of dermatological AEs is critical for maintaining the quality of life in cancer patients and for minimizing dose modifications of their antineoplastic regimen. This analysis represents a systematic review of the dermatological conditions reported with the use of these drugs, complemented by experience at comprehensive cancer centres. The conditions reported herein include skin, hair, and nail toxicities. Lastly, we describe the dermatological data available for the new, recently FDA-and EMA- approved, solvent-free nab-paclitaxel.

A novel predictive factor for the onset time of docetaxel-induced onychopathy: a multicenter retrospective study

Background

Taxanes are known to cause onychopathy. Previous studies have reported the relationship between onychopathy and paclitaxel dosing intervals and cumulative doses. However, there are no studies of the predictive factors for docetaxel-induced nail changes. The present study used the drug accumulation rate (mg/m²/day) as a novel indicator and evaluated its usefulness for the prediction of onychopathy.

Methods

From January 2008 to December 2009, we examined patients who received docetaxel at the Toyama University Hospital and Tonami General Hospital to determine the time to onset of onychopathy, the accumulation rate, and the cumulative dose. We then divided the study subjects into two groups, and used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to calculate a cut-off value. We evaluated both indicators as predictive factors for onychopathy using the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Ninety-five patients were included in the present study. The results of the log-rank test sub-analysis revealed that the median number of days until onychopathy onset was significantly shorter in patients with an accumulation rate greater than the cut-off (P = 0.009), and in those with a cumulative dose below the cut-off (P < 0.001). The hazard ratios for the accumulation rate and cumulative dose, evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, were 1.44 (P = 0.036) and 0.99 (P < 0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

The results of the present study indicated that the drug accumulation rate influenced the time to onset of docetaxel-induced onychopathy.

Trial registration

This study is not applicable for trial registration due to retrospective chart review without intervention.

Chemotherapy-associated paronychia treated with a dilute povidone-iodine/dimethylsulfoxide preparation

Background

Nail changes associated with chemotherapy in general, and particularly with taxane and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor-based regimens, are common presentations in our clinical population. Currently, there are no consensuses about therapies supported by clinical trials nor are there any US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for this indication.

Findings

A 42-year-old woman with stage 2A breast cancer presented to our clinic with chemotherapy-induced paronychia. Symptoms were severe enough that cessation of chemotherapy was being considered. The patient’s chemotherapy regimen included doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and docetaxel.

Conclusion

The topical povidone-iodine/dimethylsulfoxide system is very effective in alleviating the signs and symptoms of severe paronychia associated with chemotherapy. This novel combination warrants further investigation in randomized, controlled trials to further elucidate its clinical utility.