1
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Tan Q, Liu Z, Gao X, Wang Y, Qiu X, Chen J, Liang L, Guo H, Huang S, Wu D, Zhou B, Hu R, Li Z. Celastrol recruits UBE3A to recognize and degrade the DNA binding domain of steroid receptors. Oncogene. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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2
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Mirzaei S, Paskeh MDA, Saghari Y, Zarrabi A, Hamblin MR, Entezari M, Hashemi M, Aref AR, Hushmandi K, Kumar AP, Rabiee N, Ashrafizadeh M, Samarghandian S. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in prostate cancer: A dual function mediator? Int J Biol Macromol 2022:S0141-8130(22)00340-3. [PMID: 35202639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a member of a family of secreted cytokines with vital biological functions in cells. The abnormal expression of TGF-β signaling is a common finding in pathological conditions, particularly cancer. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the leading causes of death among men. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations can result in PCa development, and govern its progression. The present review attempts to shed some light on the role of TGF-β signaling in PCa. TGF-β signaling can either stimulate or inhibit proliferation and viability of PCa cells, depending on the context. The metastasis of PCa cells is increased by TGF-β signaling via induction of EMT and MMPs. Furthermore, TGF-β signaling can induce drug resistance of PCa cells, and can lead to immune evasion via reducing the anti-tumor activity of cytotoxic T cells and stimulating regulatory T cells. Upstream mediators such as microRNAs and lncRNAs, can regulate TGF-β signaling in PCa. Furthermore, some pharmacological compounds such as thymoquinone and valproic acid can suppress TGF-β signaling for PCa therapy. TGF-β over-expression is associated with poor prognosis in PCa patients. Furthermore, TGF-β up-regulation before prostatectomy is associated with recurrence of PCa. Overall, current review discusses role of TGF-β signaling in proliferation, metastasis and therapy response of PCa cells and in order to improve knowledge towards its regulation, upstream mediators of TGF-β such as non-coding RNAs are described. Finally, TGF-β regulation and its clinical application are discussed.
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Dicitore A, Bacalini MG, Saronni D, Gaudenzi G, Cantone MC, Gelmini G, Grassi ES, Gentilini D, Borghi MO, Di Blasio AM, Persani L, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Vitale G. Role of Epigenetic Therapy in the Modulation of Tumor Growth and Migration in Human Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells with Neuroendocrine Differentiation. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:580-594. [PMID: 34348348 DOI: 10.1159/000518801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NED) of prostate cancer (PC) cells is associated with the development of resistance to antiandrogen therapy and poor prognosis in patients with castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Many of the molecular events, involved in NED, appear to be mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor activity and epigenetic modulation of 2 epigenetic drugs, such as the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA) and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), in 2 human CRPC cell lines with NED (DU-145 and PC-3). METHODS The effects of AZA and SAM on cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration, and genome-wide DNA methylation profiling have been evaluated. RESULTS Both drugs showed a prominent antitumor activity in DU-145 and PC-3 cells, through perturbation of cell cycle progression, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell migration. AZA and SAM reversed NED in DU-145 and PC-3, respectively. Moreover, AZA treatment modified DNA methylation pattern in DU-145 cells, sustaining a pervasive hypomethylation of the genome, with a relevant effect on several pathways involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration, in particular Wnt/β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS A relevant antitumor activity of these epigenetic drugs on CRPC cell lines with NED opens a new scenario in the therapy of this lethal variant of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Saronni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Celeste Cantone
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Gelmini
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Stellaria Grassi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Orietta Borghi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory of Immuno-rheumatology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod-National Research University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Pauletto E, Eickhoff N, Padrão NA, Blattner C, Zwart W. TRIMming Down Hormone-Driven Cancers: The Biological Impact of TRIM Proteins on Tumor Development, Progression and Prognostication. Cells 2021; 10:1517. [PMID: 34208621 PMCID: PMC8234875 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family is attracting increasing interest in oncology. As a protein family based on structure rather than function, a plethora of biological activities are described for TRIM proteins, which are implicated in multiple diseases including cancer. With hormone-driven cancers being among the leading causes of cancer-related death, TRIM proteins have been described to portrait tumor suppressive or oncogenic activities in these tumor types. This review describes the biological impact of TRIM proteins in relation to hormone receptor biology, as well as hormone-independent mechanisms that contribute to tumor cell biology in prostate, breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer. Furthermore, we point out common functions of TRIM proteins throughout the group of hormone-driven cancers. An improved understanding of the biological impact of TRIM proteins in cancer may pave the way for improved prognostication and novel therapeutics, ultimately improving cancer care for patients with hormone-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Pauletto
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO-Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Nils Eickhoff
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Nuno A. Padrão
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO-Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany;
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Oncogenomics, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (N.E.); (N.A.P.)
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5
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Lin CQ, Chen LK. Effect of differential hypoxia-related gene expression on glioblastoma. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211013774. [PMID: 34024193 PMCID: PMC8150423 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211013774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma (GB) is a refractory malignancy with a high rate of recurrence and treatment resistance. Hypoxia-related genes are promising prognostic indicators for GB, so we herein developed a reliable hypoxia-related gene risk scoring model to predict the prognosis of patients with GB. Method Gene expression profiles and corresponding clinicopathological features of patients with GB were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; n = 160) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) GSE7696 (n = 80) databases. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of differentially expressed hypoxia-related genes were performed using R 3.5.1 software. Result Fourteen prognosis-related genes were identified and used to construct a risk signature. Patients with high-risk scores had significantly lower overall survival (OS) than those with low-risk scores. The median risk score was used as a critical value and for OS prediction in an independent external verification GSE7696 cohort. Risk score was not significantly affected by clinical-related factors. We also developed a prediction nomogram based on the TCGA training set to predict survival rates, and included six independent prognostic parameters in the TCGA prediction model. Conclusion We determined a reliable hypoxia-related gene risk scoring model for predicting the prognosis of patients with GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qun Lin
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu-Kui Chen
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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6
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Kim JY, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Kim SJ, Park SJ, Ahn SG, Lee GH, Yang JW, Lim SC, Kang KW, Ki SH. Induction of E6AP by microRNA-302c dysregulation inhibits TGF-β-dependent fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2020. [PMID: 31949242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57322-w.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are essential for liver fibrosis. E6 associated protein (E6AP) is one of the E3-ubiquitin-protein ligase and has been studied in proliferation and cellular stress. Currently, no information is available on the role of E6AP on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and hepatic fibrogenesis. This study examined whether E6AP is overexpressed in activated HSCs, and if so, its effect on hepatic fibrogenesis and the molecular mechanism. E6AP was expressed higher in HSCs than hepatocytes, and was up-regulated in activated HSCs, HSCs from the livers of carbon tetrachloride-injected mice, or TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells. The TGF-β-mediated E6AP up-regulation was not due to altered mRNA level nor protein stability. Thus, we performed microRNA (miRNA, miR) analysis and found that miR-302c was dysregulated in TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells or activated primary HSCs. We revealed that miR-302c was a modulator of E6AP. E6AP overexpression inhibited TGF-β-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in LX-2 cells, albeit it was independent of Smad pathway. Additionally, E6AP inhibited TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. To conclude, E6AP overexpression due to decreased miR-302c in HSCs attenuated hepatic fibrogenesis through inhibition of the TGF-β-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, implying that E6AP and other molecules may contribute to protection against liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Min Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.,College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam Seok Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gun Ahn
- Department of Pathology, College of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Ki
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kim JY, Kim KM, Yang JH, Cho SS, Kim SJ, Park SJ, Ahn SG, Lee GH, Yang JW, Lim SC, Kang KW, Ki SH. Induction of E6AP by microRNA-302c dysregulation inhibits TGF-β-dependent fibrogenesis in hepatic stellate cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:444. [PMID: 31949242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are essential for liver fibrosis. E6 associated protein (E6AP) is one of the E3-ubiquitin-protein ligase and has been studied in proliferation and cellular stress. Currently, no information is available on the role of E6AP on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and hepatic fibrogenesis. This study examined whether E6AP is overexpressed in activated HSCs, and if so, its effect on hepatic fibrogenesis and the molecular mechanism. E6AP was expressed higher in HSCs than hepatocytes, and was up-regulated in activated HSCs, HSCs from the livers of carbon tetrachloride-injected mice, or TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells. The TGF-β-mediated E6AP up-regulation was not due to altered mRNA level nor protein stability. Thus, we performed microRNA (miRNA, miR) analysis and found that miR-302c was dysregulated in TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells or activated primary HSCs. We revealed that miR-302c was a modulator of E6AP. E6AP overexpression inhibited TGF-β-induced expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in LX-2 cells, albeit it was independent of Smad pathway. Additionally, E6AP inhibited TGF-β-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. To conclude, E6AP overexpression due to decreased miR-302c in HSCs attenuated hepatic fibrogenesis through inhibition of the TGF-β-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, implying that E6AP and other molecules may contribute to protection against liver fibrosis.
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8
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Bernassola F, Chillemi G, Melino G. HECT-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:1057-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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9
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Gamell C, Bandilovska I, Gulati T, Kogan A, Lim SC, Kovacevic Z, Takano EA, Timpone C, Agupitan AD, Litchfield C, Blandino G, Horvath LG, Fox SB, Williams SG, Russo A, Gallo E, Paul PJ, Mitchell C, Sandhu S, Keam SP, Haupt S, Richardson DR, Haupt Y. E6AP Promotes a Metastatic Phenotype in Prostate Cancer. iScience 2019; 22:1-15. [PMID: 31739170 PMCID: PMC6864340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although primary prostate cancer is largely curable, progression to metastatic disease is associated with very poor prognosis. E6AP is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a transcriptional co-factor involved in normal prostate development. E6AP drives prostate cancer when overexpressed. Our study exposed a role for E6AP in the promotion of metastatic phenotype in prostate cells. We revealed that elevated levels of E6AP in primary prostate cancer correlate with regional metastasis and demonstrated that E6AP promotes acquisition of mesenchymal features, migration potential, and ability for anchorage-independent growth. We identified the metastasis suppressor NDRG1 as a target of E6AP and showed it is key in E6AP induction of mesenchymal phenotype. We showed that treatment of prostate cancer cells with pharmacological agents upregulated NDRG1 expression suppressed E6AP-induced cell migration. We propose that the E6AP-NDRG1 axis is an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of E6AP-driven metastatic prostate cancer. Elevated E6AP levels in primary PC in men correlate with regional metastasis Elevated E6AP levels promote mesenchymal features and migration potential E6AP promotes a metastatic phenotype by reducing NDRG1 expression levels Pharmacological upregulation of NDRG1 suppresses E6AP-induced cell migration
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Arielle Kogan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Syer Choon Lim
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elena A Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Clelia Timpone
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Arjelle D Agupitan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Cassandra Litchfield
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | | | - Lisa G Horvath
- The Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Scott G Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrea Russo
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Gallo
- IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Piotr J Paul
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia.
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10
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Bandilovska I, Keam SP, Gamell C, Machicado C, Haupt S, Haupt Y. E6AP goes viral: the role of E6AP in viral- and non-viral-related cancers. Carcinogenesis 2019; 40:707-714. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Since its discovery, the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) has been studied extensively in two pathological contexts: infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and the neurodevelopmental disorder, Angelman syndrome. Vital biological links between E6AP and other viruses, namely hepatitis C virus and encephalomyocarditis virus, have been recently uncovered. Critically, oncogenic E6AP activities have been demonstrated to contribute to cancers of both viral and non-viral origins. HPV-associated cancers serve as the primary example of E6AP involvement in cancers driven by viruses. Studies over the past few years have exposed a role for E6AP in non-viral-related cancers. This has been demonstrated in B-cell lymphoma and prostate cancers, where oncogenic E6AP functions drive these cancers by acting on key tumour suppressors. In this review we discuss the role of E6AP in viral infection, viral propagation and viral-related cancer. We discuss processes affected by oncogenic E6AP, which promote cancers of viral and non-viral aetiology. Overall, recent findings support the role of oncogenic E6AP in disrupting key cellular processes, including tumour suppression and the immune response. E6AP is consequently emerging as an attractive therapeutic target for a number of specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Bandilovska
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Machicado
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Zhang AY, Chiam K, Haupt Y, Fox S, Birch S, Tilley W, Butler LM, Knudsen K, Comstock C, Rasiah K, Grogan J, Mahon KL, Bianco-Miotto T, Ricciardelli C, Böhm M, Henshall S, Delprado W, Stricker P, Horvath LG, Kench JG. An analysis of a multiple biomarker panel to better predict prostate cancer metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1151-1159. [PMID: 30288742 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of individual candidate biomarkers for predicting biochemical relapse in localized prostate cancer (PCa) have been proposed. Combined biomarkers may improve prognostication, and ensuring validation against more clinically relevant endpoints are required. The Australian PCa Research Centre NSW has contributed to numerous studies of molecular biomarkers associated with biochemical relapse. In the current study, these biomarkers were re-analyzed for biochemical relapse, metastatic relapse and PCa death with extended follow-up. Biomarkers of significance were then used to develop a combined prognostic model for clinical outcomes and validated in a large independent cohort. The discovery cohort (n = 324) was based on 12 biomarkers with a median follow-up of 16 years. Seven biomarkers were significantly associated with biochemical relapse. Three biomarkers were associated with metastases: AZGP1, Ki67 and PML. Only AZGP1 was associated with PCa death. In their individual and combinational forms, AZGP1 and Ki67 as a dual BM signature was the most robust predictor of metastatic relapse (AUC 0.762). The AZPG1 and Ki67 signature was validated in an independent cohort of 347 PCa patients. The dual BM signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 predicted metastasis in the univariable (HR 7.2, 95% CI, 1.6-32; p = 0.01) and multivariable analysis (HR 5.4, 95% CI, 1.2-25; p = 0.03). The dual biomarker signature marginally improved risk prediction compared to AZGP1 alone (AUC 0.758 versus 0.738, p < 0.001). Our findings indicate that biochemical relapse is not an adequate surrogate for metastasis or PCa death. The dual biomarker signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 offers a small benefit in predicting metastasis over AZGP1 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Y Zhang
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Birch
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karen Knudsen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | - Clay Comstock
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | | | - Judith Grogan
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maret Böhm
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Henshall
- Union for International Cancer Control, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Warick Delprado
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Stricker
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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12
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Zhou X, Chen Q, Wang H, Zhang C, Fu B, Wang G. Specific expression of lncRNA RP13-650J16.1 and TCONS_00023979 in prostate cancer. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171571. [PMID: 30279207 PMCID: PMC6209587 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the expression profile and the potential regulatory mechanism of two long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (RP13-650J16.1 and TCONS_00023979) in prostate cancer (PCa). Expression profile of lncRNAs in PCa and paracancerous tissues were investgated by the high-throughput gene chip technology. Specific siRNA of RP13-650J16.1 or TCONS_00023979 was transfected into DU145 cells. Then, the relative expression of RP13-650J16.1, receptor-associated coactivator 3 (RAC3), promyelocytic leukemia (PML), and TCONS_00023979 was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of DU145 cells. The migration ability of DU145 cells was measured by Transwell chambers. Single cell proliferation and clonogenic ability were detected by plate clone formation assay. RP13-650J16.1 and RAC3 expression was up-regulated, and TCONS_00023979 and PML expression was down-regulated in PCa tissues. Silencing RP13-650J16.1 could decrease RAC3 expression, and knockout of TCONS_00023979 also reduced PML expression. Moreover, the ability of proliferation, migration, and colony formation of DU145 cells was decreased after transfected with si-RP13-650J16.1, while these abilities were increased after transfected with si-TCONS_00023979. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that RP13-650J16.1 might be an oncogene and TCONS_00023979 might be an antioncogene in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Urology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Haolin Wang
- Department of Urology, Yichun People's Hospital, Yichun 336000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Fu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Gongxian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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13
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Raghu D, Paul PJ, Gulati T, Deb S, Khoo C, Russo A, Gallo E, Blandino G, Chan AL, Takano E, Sandhu SK, Fox SB, Williams S, Haupt S, Gamell C, Haupt Y. E6AP promotes prostate cancer by reducing p27 expression. Oncotarget 2018; 8:42939-42948. [PMID: 28477016 PMCID: PMC5522117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men. Elevated levels of E3 ligase, E6-Associated Protein (E6AP) were previously linked to PC, consistent with increased protein expression in a subset of PC patients. In cancers, irregular E3 ligase activity drives proteasomal degradation of tumor suppressor proteins. Accordingly, E3 ligase inhibitors define a rational therapy to restore tumor suppression. The relevant tumor suppressors targeted by E6AP in PC are yet to be fully identified. In this study we show that p27, a key cell cycle regulator, is a target of E6AP in PC. Down regulation of E6AP increases p27 expression and enhances its nuclear accumulation in PC. We demonstrate that E6AP regulates p27 expression by inhibiting its transcription in an E2F1-dependent manner. Concomitant knockdown of E6AP and p27 partially restores PC cell growth, supporting the contribution of p27 to the overall effect of E6AP on prostate tumorigenesis. Overall, we unravelled the E6AP-p27 axis as a new promoter of PC, exposing an attractive target for therapy through the restoration of tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Raghu
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piotr Jan Paul
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Anatpath Services Pty Ltd, Gardenvale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Russo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Gallo
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ai-Leen Chan
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Current address: Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shahneen K Sandhu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Gulati T, Huang C, Caramia F, Raghu D, Paul PJ, Goode RJA, Keam SP, Williams SG, Haupt S, Kleifeld O, Schittenhelm RB, Gamell C, Haupt Y. Proteotranscriptomic Measurements of E6-Associated Protein (E6AP) Targets in DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1170-1183. [PMID: 29463595 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common cause of cancer-related death in men. E6AP (E6-Associated Protein), an E3 ubiquitin ligase and a transcription cofactor, is elevated in a subset of prostate cancer patients. Genetic manipulations of E6AP in prostate cancer cells expose a role of E6AP in promoting growth and survival of prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo However, the effect of E6AP on prostate cancer cells is broad and it cannot be explained fully by previously identified tumor suppressor targets of E6AP, promyelocytic leukemia protein and p27. To explore additional players that are regulated downstream of E6AP, we combined a transcriptomic and proteomic approach. We identified and quantified 16,130 transcripts and 7,209 proteins in castration resistant prostate cancer cell line, DU145. A total of 2,763 transcripts and 308 proteins were significantly altered on knockdown of E6AP. Pathway analyses supported the known phenotypic effects of E6AP knockdown in prostate cancer cells and in parallel exposed novel potential links of E6AP with cancer metabolism, DNA damage repair and immune response. Changes in expression of the top candidates were confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Of these, clusterin, a stress-induced chaperone protein, commonly deregulated in prostate cancer, was pursued further. Knockdown of E6AP resulted in increased clusterin transcript and protein levels in vitro and in vivo Concomitant knockdown of E6AP and clusterin supported the contribution of clusterin to the phenotype induced by E6AP. Overall, results from this study provide insight into the potential biological pathways controlled by E6AP in prostate cancer cells and identifies clusterin as a novel target of E6AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twishi Gulati
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Franco Caramia
- §Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dinesh Raghu
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piotr J Paul
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J A Goode
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon P Keam
- §Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott G Williams
- ‖Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oded Kleifeld
- **Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- ¶Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cristina Gamell
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- From the ‡The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; .,§Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,‡‡Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,§§Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,¶¶Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Gamell C, Gulati T, Levav-Cohen Y, Young RJ, Do H, Pilling P, Takano E, Watkins N, Fox SB, Russell P, Ginsberg D, Monahan BJ, Wright G, Dobrovic A, Haupt S, Solomon B, Haupt Y. Reduced abundance of the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP contributes to decreased expression of the INK4/ARF locus in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/461/eaaf8223. [PMID: 28074012 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf8223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p16INK4a, one protein encoded by the INK4/ARF locus, is frequently absent in multiple cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whereas increased methylation of the encoding gene (CDKN2A) accounts for its loss in a third of patients, no molecular explanation exists for the remainder. We unraveled an alternative mechanism for the silencing of the INK4/ARF locus involving the E3 ubiquitin ligase and transcriptional cofactor E6AP (also known as UBE3A). We found that the expression of three tumor suppressor genes encoded in the INK4/ARF locus (p15INK4b, p16INK4a, and p19ARF) was decreased in E6AP-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts. E6AP induced the expression of the INK4/ARF locus at the transcriptional level by inhibiting CDC6 transcription, a gene encoding a key repressor of the locus. Luciferase assays revealed that E6AP inhibited CDC6 expression by reducing its E2F1-dependent transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis indicated that E6AP reduced the amount of E2F1 at the CDC6 promoter. In a subset of NSCLC samples, an E6AP-low/CDC6-high/p16INK4a-low protein abundance profile correlated with low methylation of the gene encoding p16INK4a (CDKN2A) and poor patient prognosis. These findings define a previously unrecognized tumor-suppressive role for E6AP in NSCLC, reveal an alternative silencing mechanism of the INK4/ARF locus, and reveal E6AP as a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gamell
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Twishi Gulati
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Yaara Levav-Cohen
- The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Richard J Young
- Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Pat Pilling
- Biomedical Manufacturing Program, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Elena Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Neil Watkins
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Prudence Russell
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Doron Ginsberg
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria 2555, Australia
| | - Gavin Wright
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Alex Dobrovic
- Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ben Solomon
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics and Biomarkers Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Paul PJ, Raghu D, Chan AL, Gulati T, Lambeth L, Takano E, Herold MJ, Hagekyriakou J, Vessella RL, Fedele C, Shackleton M, Williams ED, Fox S, Williams S, Haupt S, Gamell C, Haupt Y. Restoration of tumor suppression in prostate cancer by targeting the E3 ligase E6AP. Oncogene 2016; 35:6235-6245. [PMID: 27641331 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Restoration of tumor suppression is an attractive onco-therapeutic approach. It is particularly relevant when a tumor suppressor is excessively degraded by an overactive oncogenic E3 ligase. We previously discovered that the E6-associated protein (E6AP; as classified in the human papilloma virus context) is an E3 ligase that has an important role in the cellular stress response, and it directly targets the tumor-suppressor promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) for proteasomal degradation. In this study, we have examined the role of the E6AP-PML axis in prostate cancer (PC). We show that knockdown (KD) of E6AP expression attenuates growth of PC cell lines in vitro. We validated this finding in vivo using cell line xenografts, patient-derived xenografts and mouse genetics. We found that KD of E6AP attenuates cancer cell growth by promoting cellular senescence in vivo, which correlates with restoration of tumor suppression by PML. In addition, we show that KD of E6AP sensitizes cells to radiation-induced death. Overall, our findings demonstrate a role for E6AP in the promotion of PC and support E6AP targeting as a novel approach for PC treatment, either alone or in combination with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Paul
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Raghu
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A-L Chan
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - T Gulati
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Lambeth
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Herold
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Hagekyriakou
- Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R L Vessella
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Fedele
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Shackleton
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Development and Treatment Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C Gamell
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Y Haupt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Gao S, Fang L, Phan LM, Qdaisat A, Yeung SCJ, Lee MH. COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) regulates E6AP/UBE3A in cervical cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28026-41. [PMID: 26318036 PMCID: PMC4695042 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the major cause in almost 99.7% of cervical cancer. E6 oncoprotein of HPV and E6-associated protein (E6AP) are critical in causing p53 degradation and malignancy. Understanding the E6AP regulation is critical to develop treating strategy for cervical cancer patients. The COP9 signalosome subunit 6 (CSN6) is involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. We found that both CSN6 and E6AP are overexpressed in cervical cancer. We characterized that CSN6 associated with E6AP and stabilized E6AP expression by reducing E6AP poly-ubiquitination, thereby regulating p53 activity in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that CSN6-E6AP axis can be regulated by EGF/Akt signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of CSN6-E6AP axis hinders cervical cancer growth in mice. Taken together, our results indicate that CSN6 is a positive regulator of E6AP and is important for cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Gao
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Lekun Fang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Liem Minh Phan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aiham Qdaisat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sai-Ching J Yeung
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China.,Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Program in Genes and Development, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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18
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Obeid JP, Zafar N, El Hokayem J. Steroid Hormone Receptor Coregulators in Endocrine Cancers. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:504-15. [PMID: 27240871 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Coregulators span a broad and extensive domain in modulating cellular transcriptional activity. Studies have established a dynamic role for such coregulators in various endocrine cancers. Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) play a pivotal role in such endocrine cancers, and interact abundantly with transcriptional coregulators in altering gene expression. Several families of coregulators have implications in propagating the development, progression and invasion of breast, prostate, and other hormone-responsive cancers. This mini-review aims to discuss different classes of coregulators involved in endocrine cancers and highlight unique information regarding each family with relevance to mechanism, intervention, and novel directions being investigated. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):504-515, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Obeid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nawal Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jimmy El Hokayem
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, FL, USA
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19
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Mansour M, Haupt S, Chan AL, Godde N, Rizzitelli A, Loi S, Caramia F, Deb S, Takano EA, Bishton M, Johnstone C, Monahan B, Levav-Cohen Y, Jiang YH, Yap AS, Fox S, Bernard O, Anderson R, Haupt Y. The E3-ligase E6AP Represses Breast Cancer Metastasis via Regulation of ECT2-Rho Signaling. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4236-48. [PMID: 27231202 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the major cause of breast cancer-related death and despite many advances, current therapies are rarely curative. Tumor cell migration and invasion require actin cytoskeletal reorganization to endow cells with capacity to disseminate and initiate the formation of secondary tumors. However, it is still unclear how these migratory cells colonize distant tissues to form macrometastases. The E6-associated protein, E6AP, acts both as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and as a coactivator of steroid hormone receptors. We report that E6AP suppresses breast cancer invasiveness, colonization, and metastasis in mice, and in breast cancer patients, loss of E6AP associates with poor prognosis, particularly for basal breast cancer. E6AP regulates actin cytoskeletal remodeling via regulation of Rho GTPases, acting as a negative regulator of ECT2, a GEF required for activation of Rho GTPases. E6AP promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ECT2 for which high expression predicts poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. We conclude that E6AP suppresses breast cancer metastasis by regulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling through the control of ECT2 and Rho GTPase activity. These findings establish E6AP as a novel suppressor of metastasis and provide a compelling rationale for inhibition of ECT2 as a therapeutic approach for patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res; 76(14); 4236-48. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Mansour
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sue Haupt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ai-Leen Chan
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nathan Godde
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Sherene Loi
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franco Caramia
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Deb
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elena A Takano
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark Bishton
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron Johnstone
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendon Monahan
- Division of Systems Biology and Personalised Medicine, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Yong-Hui Jiang
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ora Bernard
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin Anderson
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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