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Su X, Lu X, Bazai SK, Dainese L, Verschuur A, Dumont B, Mouawad R, Xu L, Cheng W, Yan F, Irtan S, Lindner V, Paillard C, Le Bouc Y, Coulomb A, Malouf GG. Delineating the interplay between oncogenic pathways and immunity in anaplastic Wilms tumors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7884. [PMID: 38036539 PMCID: PMC10689851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43290-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumors are highly curable in up to 90% of cases with a combination of surgery and radio-chemotherapy, but treatment-resistant types such as diffuse anaplastic Wilms tumors pose significant therapeutic challenges. Our multi-omics profiling unveils a distinct desert-like diffuse anaplastic Wilms tumor subtype marked by immune/stromal cell depletion, TP53 alterations, and cGAS-STING pathway downregulation, accounting for one-third of all diffuse anaplastic cases. This subtype, also characterized by reduced CD8 and CD3 infiltration and active oncogenic pathways involving histone deacetylase and DNA repair, correlates with poor clinical outcomes. These oncogenic pathways are found to be conserved in anaplastic Wilms tumor cell models. We identify histone deacetylase and/or WEE1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic vulnerabilities in these tumors, which might also restore tumor immunogenicity and potentially enhance the effects of immunotherapy. These insights offer a foundation for predicting outcomes and personalizing treatment strategies for aggressive pediatric Wilms tumors, tailored to individual immunological landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Su
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Department of Cancer and Functional Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, Illkirch, France
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sehrish Khan Bazai
- Department of Cancer and Functional Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, Illkirch, France
| | - Linda Dainese
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- UF Tumorothèque HUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, UMR_S .938, Paris, France
| | - Arnauld Verschuur
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hôpital d'Enfants de La Timone, F-13005, Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Dumont
- Centre Léon Bérard, Institut d'Hématologie et d'Oncologie Pédiatrique (IHOPe), Lyon, France
| | - Roger Mouawad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Li Xu
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxuan Cheng
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangrong Yan
- Research Center of Biostatistics and Computational Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sabine Irtan
- Department of Pediaric Surgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Paillard
- Department of Pediatric Onco-hematology, CHRU Strasbourg, Strasbourg Université, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yves Le Bouc
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, UMR_S .938, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Coulomb
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- UF Tumorothèque HUEP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, UMR_S .938, Paris, France.
| | - Gabriel G Malouf
- Department of Cancer and Functional Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, Illkirch, France.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France.
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3
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Ngoi NYL, Pham MM, Tan DSP, Yap TA. Targeting the replication stress response through synthetic lethal strategies in cancer medicine. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:930-957. [PMID: 34215565 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The replication stress response (RSR) involves a downstream kinase cascade comprising ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATM and rad3-related (ATR), checkpoint kinases 1 and 2 (CHK1/2), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which cooperate to arrest the cell cycle, protect stalled forks, and allow time for replication fork repair. In the presence of elevated replicative stress, cancers are increasingly dependent on RSR to maintain genomic integrity. An increasing number of drug candidates targeting key RSR nodes, as monotherapy through synthetic lethality, or through rational combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies, are demonstrating promising efficacy in early phase trials. RSR targeting is also showing potential in reversing PARP inhibitor resistance, an important area of unmet clinical need. In this review, we introduce the concept of targeting the RSR, detail the current landscape of monotherapy and combination strategies, and discuss emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeting Polθ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y L Ngoi
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Melissa M Pham
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David S P Tan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Timothy A Yap
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Khalifa Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The Institute for Applied Cancer Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Dreyer SB, Upstill-Goddard R, Paulus-Hock V, Paris C, Lampraki EM, Dray E, Serrels B, Caligiuri G, Rebus S, Plenker D, Galluzzo Z, Brunton H, Cunningham R, Tesson M, Nourse C, Bailey UM, Jones M, Moran-Jones K, Wright DW, Duthie F, Oien K, Evers L, McKay CJ, McGregor GA, Gulati A, Brough R, Bajrami I, Pettitt S, Dziubinski ML, Candido J, Balkwill F, Barry ST, Grützmann R, Rahib L, Johns A, Pajic M, Froeling FE, Beer P, Musgrove EA, Petersen GM, Ashworth A, Frame MC, Crawford HC, Simeone DM, Lord C, Mukhopadhyay D, Pilarsky C, Tuveson DA, Cooke SL, Jamieson NB, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Bailey PJ, Biankin AV, Chang DK. Targeting DNA Damage Response and Replication Stress in Pancreatic Cancer. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:362-377.e13. [PMID: 33039466 PMCID: PMC8167930 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Continuing recalcitrance to therapy cements pancreatic cancer (PC) as the most lethal malignancy, which is set to become the second leading cause of cancer death in our society. The study aim was to investigate the association between DNA damage response (DDR), replication stress, and novel therapeutic response in PC to develop a biomarker-driven therapeutic strategy targeting DDR and replication stress in PC. METHODS We interrogated the transcriptome, genome, proteome, and functional characteristics of 61 novel PC patient-derived cell lines to define novel therapeutic strategies targeting DDR and replication stress. Validation was done in patient-derived xenografts and human PC organoids. RESULTS Patient-derived cell lines faithfully recapitulate the epithelial component of pancreatic tumors, including previously described molecular subtypes. Biomarkers of DDR deficiency, including a novel signature of homologous recombination deficiency, cosegregates with response to platinum (P < .001) and PARP inhibitor therapy (P < .001) in vitro and in vivo. We generated a novel signature of replication stress that predicts response to ATR (P < .018) and WEE1 inhibitor (P < .029) treatment in both cell lines and human PC organoids. Replication stress was enriched in the squamous subtype of PC (P < .001) but was not associated with DDR deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Replication stress and DDR deficiency are independent of each other, creating opportunities for therapy in DDR-proficient PC and after platinum therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan B. Dreyer
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Upstill-Goddard
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Clara Paris
- Department of Pharmacological Faculty, Université Grenoble Alpes, Saint-Martin-d’Heres, France
| | - Eirini-Maria Lampraki
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eloise Dray
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Selma Rebus
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis Plenker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Zachary Galluzzo
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Holly Brunton
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Cunningham
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Tesson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Nourse
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ulla-Maja Bailey
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Jones
- Stratified Medicine Scotland, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Moran-Jones
- College of Medicine, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W. Wright
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Duthie
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Karin Oien
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom,Greater Glasgow and Clyde Bio-repository, Pathology Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Evers
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. McKay
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aditi Gulati
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Brough
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilirjana Bajrami
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Pettitt
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele L. Dziubinski
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Juliana Candido
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon T. Barry
- Bioscience, Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lola Rahib
- Pancreatic Cancer Action Network, Manhattan Beach, California
| | - Glasgow Precision Oncology Laboratory,AllisonSarah1BaileyPeter J.1BaileyUlla-Maja1BiankinAndrew V.1BeraldiDario1BruntonHolly1CaligiuriGiuseppina1CameronEuan1ChangDavid K.12CookeSusanna L.1CunninghamRichard1DreyerStephan12GrimwoodPaul1KellyShane1LamprakiEirini-Maria1MarshallJohn1MartinSancha1McDadeBrian1McElroyDaniel1MusgroveElizabeth A.1NourseCraig1Paulus-HockViola1RamsayDonna1Upstill-GoddardRosie1WrightDerek1JonesMarc D.1EversLisa1RebusSelma1RahibLola1SerrelsBryan1HairJane1JamiesonNigel B.12McKayColin J.12WestwoodPaul14WilliamsNicola14DuthieFraser13Glasgow Precision Oncology Laboratory, University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Glasgow, United KingdomWest of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United KingdomDepartment of Pathology, Southern General Hospital, Greater Glasgow and Clyde National Health Service, Glasgow, United KingdomWest of Scotland Genetic Services, National Health Service, Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Campus, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Glasgow Precision Oncology Laboratory, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome InitiativeBiankinAndrew V.12JohnsAmber L.1MawsonAmanda1ChangDavid K.12ScarlettChristopher J.1BrancatoMary-Anne L.1RoweSarah J.1SimpsonSkye H.1Martyn-SmithMona1ThomasMichelle T.1ChantrillLorraine A.1ChinVenessa T.1ChouAngela1CowleyMark J.1HumphrisJeremy L.1JonesMarc D.12MeadR. Scott1NagrialAdnan M.1PajicMarina1PettitJessica1PineseMark1RoomanIlse1WuJianmin1TaoJiang1DiPietroRenee1WatsonClare1SteinmannAngela1LeeHong Ching1WongRachel1PinhoAndreia V.1Giry-LaterriereMarc1DalyRoger J.1MusgroveElizabeth A.12SutherlandRobert L.1GrimmondSean M.3WaddellNicola3KassahnKarin S.3MillerDavid K.3WilsonPeter J.3PatchAnn-Marie3SongSarah3HarliwongIvon3IdrisogluSenel3NourseCraig3NourbakhshEhsan3ManningSuzanne3WaniShivangi3GongoraMilena3AndersonMatthew3HolmesOliver3LeonardConrad3TaylorDarrin3WoodScott3XuChristina3NonesKatia3FinkJ. Lynn3ChristAngelika3BruxnerTim3CloonanNicole3NewellFelicity3PearsonJohn V.3BaileyPeter3QuinnMichael3NagarajShivashankar3KazakoffStephen3WaddellNick3KrisnanKeerthana3QuekKelly3WoodDavid3SamraJaswinder S.4GillAnthony J.4PavlakisNick4GuminskiAlex4ToonChristopher4AsghariRay5MerrettNeil D.5PaveyDarren5DasAmitabha5CosmanPeter H.6IsmailKasim6O’ConnnorChelsie6LamVincent W.7McLeodDuncan7PleassHenry C.7RichardsonArthur7JamesVirginia7KenchJames G.8CooperCaroline L.8JosephDavid8SandroussiCharbel8CrawfordMichael8GallagherJames8TexlerMichael9ForestCindy9LaycockAndrew9EpariKrishna P.9BallalMo9FletcherDavid R.9MukhedkarSanjay9SpryNigel A.10DeBoerBastiaanChaiMingZepsNikolajs11BeilinMaria11FeeneyKynan11NguyenNan Q.12RuszkiewiczAndrew R.12WorthleyChris12TanChuan P.12DebrenciniTamara12ChenJohn13Brooke-SmithMark E.13PapangelisVirginia13TangHenry14BarbourAndrew P.14CloustonAndrew D.15MartinPatrick15O’RourkeThomas J.16ChiangAmy16FawcettJonathan W.16SlaterKellee16YeungShinn16HatzifotisMichael16HodgkinsonPeter16ChristophiChristopher17NikfarjamMehrdad17MountainAngela17BiobankVictorian Cancer18EshlemanJames R.19HrubanRalph H.19MaitraAnirban19Iacobuzio-DonahueChristine A.19SchulickRichard D.19WolfgangChristopher L.19MorganRichard A.19HodginMary19ScarpaAldo20LawlorRita T.20BeghelliStefania20CorboVincenzo20ScardoniMaria20BassiClaudio20TemperoMargaret A.21BiankinAndrew V.1222GrimmondSean M.23ChangDavid K.1222MusgroveElizabeth A.2JonesMarc D.12NourseCraig23JamiesonNigel B.222GrahamJanet S.222BiankinAndrew V.1222ChangDavid K.1222JamiesonNigel B.222GrahamJanet S.222The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 370 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaWolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United KingdomQueensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, AustraliaRoyal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, AustraliaBankstown Hospital, Bankstown, New South Wales, AustraliaLiverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, AustraliaWestmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, AustraliaRoyal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, AustraliaFremantle Hospital, Fremantle, Western Australia, AustraliaSir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, AustraliaSt John of God Healthcare, Subiaco, Western Australia, AustraliaRoyal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, AustraliaFlinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, AustraliaGreenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, AustraliaEnvoi Pathology, Herston, Queensland, AustraliaPrincess Alexandria Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, AustraliaAustin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaVictorian Cancer Biobank, Carlton, Victoria, AustraliaJohns Hopkins Medical Institute, Baltimore, MarylandARC-NET Center for Applied Research on Cancer, University of Verona, Verona, ItalyUniversity of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaGreater Glasgow and Clyde National Health Service, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Australian Pancreas Genome, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Amber Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fieke E.M. Froeling
- Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York,Epigenetics Unit, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Beer
- Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Musgrove
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan Ashworth
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom,University of California–San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Margaret C. Frame
- Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Howard C. Crawford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Diane M. Simeone
- Pancreatic Cancer Center, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Chris Lord
- Cancer Research UK Gene Function Laboratory and Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, Florida
| | | | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York
| | - Susanna L. Cooke
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel B. Jamieson
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer P. Morton
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Peter J. Bailey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom,South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia,Andrew V. Biankin, MD, PhD, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1BD, United Kingdom fax: +44 141 330 5834.
| | - David K. Chang
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom,West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, United Kingdom,South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: David K. Chang, MD, PhD, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland G61 1BD, United Kingdom fax: +44 141 330 5834.
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