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Zhang S, Wu S, Gao J. Floral mechanisms promote pollination success and reduce the incidence of self-pollination in a fly-pollinated self-incompatible orchid. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11295. [PMID: 38660471 PMCID: PMC11040234 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Among flowering plants, self-incompatibility is considered the most efficient system for avoiding self-fertilization. However, many self-incompatible plants have also evolved floral mechanisms to reduce sexual conflict. In China, some studies of Bulbophyllum have been reported to be self-incompatible and no fruit sets. However, we have observed relatively high fruit sets in Bulbophyllum funingense. Therefore, we speculated that if B. funingense is also self-incompatible, and it might present a floral mechanism to avoid sexual conflict. Natural fruit sets, pollinia removal and deposition rates were determined and breeding system was tested in a hand-pollination experiment. The pollination process and visiting frequency of pollinators and their behavior after escape from access were observed and recorded. Floral traits associated with pollination and pollinator size were measured. B. funingense was completely self-incompatible, the fruit sets of cross-pollination in 2 years were all more than 70%, and the natural fruit sets for 2 years were 1.70 ± 4.31% and 6.63 ± 5.29%, respectively. B. funingense did not produce strong odor or nectar, but produced a kind of secretions from its labellum that attracted flies. Calliphora vicina (Calliphoridae) was its only effective pollinator. When C. vicina licked the secretions, they were stuck in the access for a long time. Thus, when they escaped from access, they almost always flew quickly away from the inflorescence removing pollinia most of the times. In B. funingense, a floral mechanism improves pollinia transfer efficiency, reduces pollinia waste, promotes pollination success, reduces the incidence of self-pollination, and avoids sexual conflict to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Shi‐Mao Wu
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jiang‐Yun Gao
- Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
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Zhou Z, Shi R, Zhang Y, Xing X, Jin X. Orchid conservation in China from 2000 to 2020: Achievements and perspectives. PLANT DIVERSITY 2021; 43:343-349. [PMID: 34816060 PMCID: PMC8591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We review achievements in the conservation of orchid diversity in China over the last 21 years. We provide updated information on orchid biodiversity and suggestions for orchid conservation in China. We outline national policies of biodiversity conservation, especially of orchid conservation, which provide general guidelines for orchid conservation in China. There are now approximately 1708 known species of Orchidaceae in 181 genera in China, including five new genera and 365 new species described over the last 21 years. The assessment of risk of extinction of all 1502 known native orchid species in China in 2013 indicated that 653 species were identified as threatened, 132 species were treated as data-deficient, and four species endemic to China were classified as extinct. Approximately 1100 species (ca. 65%) are protected in national nature reserves, and another ~66 species in provincial nature reserves. About 800 native orchid species have living collections in major botanical gardens. The pollination biology of 74 native orchid species and the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of 29 orchid species have been investigated at a local scale and/or across species distributions. The mycorrhizal fungal community composition has been investigated in many genera, such as Bletilla, Coelogyne, Cymbidium, Cypripedium, and Dendrobium. Approximately 292 species will be included in the list of national key protected wild plants this year. Two major tasks for near future include in situ conservation and monitoring population dynamics of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Ronghong Shi
- Department of Wildlife Conservation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, No. 18, Hepingli Dongjie, Beijing, 100714, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing Botanical Garden, Wofosi Rd, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Xiaoke Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaohua Jin
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IBCAS), Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, PR China
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Brock RE, Cini A, Sumner S. Ecosystem services provided by aculeate wasps. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1645-1675. [PMID: 33913243 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aculeate wasps are one of the most diverse and speciose insect taxa; they are omnipresent across ecosystems and exhibit diverse co-evolutionary and exploitative associations with other organisms. There is widespread conjecture that aculeate wasps are likely to perform essential ecological and economic services of importance to the health, well-being and nutritional needs of our planet. However, the scope and nature of the ecosystem services they provide are not well understood relative to other insect groups (e.g. bees, butterflies, beetles); an appreciation of their value is further tarnished by their public reputation as pointless pests. Here, we conduct the first comprehensive review of how aculeate wasps contribute to the four main areas of ecosystem services: regulatory, provisioning, supporting and cultural services. Uniting data from a large but previously disconnected literature on solitary and social aculeate wasps, we provide a synthesis on how these insects perform important ecosystem services as parasites, predators, biological indicators, pollinators, decomposers and seed dispersers; and their additional services as a sustainable alternative to meat for human consumption, and medicinal potential as sources of research leads for anti-microbials and cancer treatments. We highlight how aculeate wasps offer substantial, but largely overlooked, economic benefits through their roles in natural pest management and biological control programs. Accordingly, we provide data-driven arguments for reasons to consider the ecosystem service value of aculeate wasps on a par with other 'useful' insects (e.g. bees). Finally, we provide a research roadmap identifying the key areas of research required to capitalise better on the services provided by these important insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Brock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K
| | - Alessandro Cini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, Medawar Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Seirian Sumner
- Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, Medawar Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
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Jiang K, Miao LY, Wang ZW, Ni ZY, Hu C, Zeng XH, Huang WC. Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Two Medicinal Coelogyne spp. (Orchidaceae) Shed Light on the Genetic Information, Comparative Genomics, and Species Identification. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1332. [PMID: 33050285 PMCID: PMC7601144 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Although the medicinal properties of Coelogyne spp. have been previously studied, there is little genomic information providing a valuable tool for the plant taxonomy, conservation, and utilization of this genus. This study used the next-generation MiSeq sequencing platform to characterize the chloroplast (cp) genomes of Coelogyne fimbriata and Coelogyne ovalis. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) methods were employed to confirm the phylogenetic position of two Coelogyne species based on the whole chloroplast genome sequences. Additionally, we developed eight new primers based on the two cp genomes' medium variable regions and evaluated the transferability to another 16 Coelogyne species. We constructed phylogenetic trees including 18 Coelogyne species and four outgroup species using the chloroplast fragments with the ML method. Our results showed that the cp genomes of C. fimbriata and C. ovalis contained a small single-copy region (18,839 and 18,851 bp, respectively) and a large single-copy region (87,606 and 87,759 bp, respectively), separated by two same-length inverted-repeat regions (26,675 bp in C. fimbriata and 26,715 bp C. ovalis, respectively). They all contained 86 protein-coding genes, 38 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes, revealing strong structure and gene content similarities. The phylogenetic analysis indicated a close relationship between the genera Coelogyne and Pleione. The newly developed primers revealed good transferability among the Coelogyne taxa and provided enough variable sites to distinguish C. fimbriata and C. ovalis. The two complete cp genomes and the eight new primers of Coelogyne provide new genomic data for further studies on phylogenomics, population genetics, and evolutionary history of Coelogyne taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Lab of Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li-Yuan Miao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
- College of Life, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Wang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
| | - Zi-Yi Ni
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
| | - Chao Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zeng
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China; (K.J.); (L.-Y.M.); (Z.-W.W.); (Z.-Y.N.); (C.H.); (X.-H.Z.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
- College of Life, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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High-Quality Assemblies for Three Invasive Social Wasps from the Vespula Genus. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3479-3488. [PMID: 32859687 PMCID: PMC7534447 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Social wasps of the genus Vespula have spread to nearly all landmasses worldwide and have become significant pests in their introduced ranges, affecting economies and biodiversity. Comprehensive genome assemblies and annotations for these species are required to develop the next generation of control strategies and monitor existing chemical control. We sequenced and annotated the genomes of the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris), German wasp (Vespula germanica), and the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica). Our chromosome-level Vespula assemblies each contain 176–179 Mb of total sequence assembled into 25 scaffolds, with 10–200 unanchored scaffolds, and 16,566–18,948 genes. We annotated gene sets relevant to the applied management of invasive wasp populations, including genes associated with spermatogenesis and development, pesticide resistance, olfactory receptors, immunity and venom. These genomes provide evidence for active DNA methylation in Vespidae and tandem duplications of venom genes. Our genomic resources will contribute to the development of next-generation control strategies, and monitoring potential resistance to chemical control.
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Huang WC, Jiang K, Hu C, Xiao YE, Seyler BC, Li YY. A new set of microsatellite primers for Coelogyne fimbriata (Orchidaceae) and cross-amplification in C. ovalis. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1700025. [PMID: 28529835 PMCID: PMC5435408 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1700025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Declining orchid populations have made it necessary to prioritize the study of population structure and genetic diversity for species including Coelogyne fimbriata (Orchidaceae). METHODS AND RESULTS A biotin-streptavidin capture method was used to construct a microsatellite library for C. fimbriata. A total of 15 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized using 47 C. fimbriata individuals from two natural populations in China. The number of alleles per locus for the two populations ranged from two to 17. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.867, respectively. Among these polymorphic primers, 11 loci were also successfully amplified in C. ovalis, and 10 loci showed moderate to high-level polymorphism. Cross-amplification of the 15 polymorphic loci was tested in five related species: C. cumingii, C. eberhardtii, C. mayeriana, C. peltastes, and C. velutina. CONCLUSIONS Fifteen microsatellites in C. fimbriata and 10 in C. ovalis have moderate to high-level genetic variation, indicating their utility in population genetic studies, thus contributing to orchid conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang Huang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Hu
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue-E Xiao
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, People’s Republic of China
| | - Barnabas C. Seyler
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, USA
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People’s Republic of China
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Millner HJ, McCrea AR, Baldwin TC. An investigation of self-incompatibility within the genus Restrepia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:487-494. [PMID: 25784481 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY The genus Restrepia (Orchidaceae) is indigenous to montane rain forests of Central and South America. Recently, as habitat has fragmented and wild populations dwindled, the chances for successful cross-pollination within the genus have been reduced. Since cultivated species of Restrepia have been vegetatively propagated, they remain genetically close to those in the wild, making ex situ collections of the genus useful model populations for investigating breeding systems. Restrepia are found in clade B of the Pleurothallidinae, the only clade in which self-incompatibility (SI) has not yet been confirmed. In the current study, private collections of Restrepia were used to study the operation of SI within the genus to assist future ex situ conservation of this and related genera.• METHODS A variety of self-pollination, intraspecific, and interspecific crosses were performed across the genus, and pollen tube growth was studied.• KEY RESULTS Individual species exhibited varying degrees of SI. Self-pollinations performed across 26 species in the genus produced few viable seeds, with the exception of R. aberrans. Viable "filled" seeds with embryos were shown to require an intraspecific cross. Primary hybrids between species produced >90% seeds with embryos that germinated well.• CONCLUSIONS The type of SI operating within the genus was considered to be best explained by gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) with interspecific variation in its phenotypic expression. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to SI in the Pleurothallidinae and conservation strategies for Restrepia and related genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Millner
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Alison R McCrea
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
| | - Timothy C Baldwin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY, UK
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Liu ZJ, Chen LJ, Liu KW, Li LQ, Rao WH, Zhang YT, Tang GD, Huang LQ. Adding perches for cross-pollination ensures the reproduction of a self-incompatible orchid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53695. [PMID: 23308277 PMCID: PMC3538729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outcrossing is known to carry genetic advantages in comparison with inbreeding. In many cases, flowering plants develop a self-incompatibility mechanism, along with a floral component adaptation mechanism, to avoid self-pollination and to promote outbreeding. Orchids commonly have a lip in their flower that functions as the a visiting plate for insect pollinators. Aside from the lip, however, many species (including Coelogyne rigida) have sheaths around the axis of inflorescence. The function of these sheaths remains unknown, and has long been a puzzle to researchers. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated the function of these sheaths in relation to the lip and the pollinators, as well as their role in the modes of pollination and reproduction of Coelogyne rigida in 30 flowering populations of orchids in the limestone area of Southeast Yunnan, China. We found that self-incompatible C. rigida developed specialized bird perches around the basal axis of inflorescence to attract sunbirds and to complement their behavioral tendency to change foraging locations frequently. This self-incompatibility mechanism operates separately from the floral component adaptation mechanism. This mechanism thus prevents bees from repeatedly visiting the floral lip of the same plant which, in turn, results in autogamy. In this way, instead of preventing autogamy, C. rigida responds to these negative effects through a highly efficient cross-pollination method that successfully transfers pollen to different plants. Conclusions The proposed method ensures reproductive success, while offsetting the infertile self-pollination by insects, thereby reducing mating costs and addressing the lack of cross-pollination. The adaptation provides a novel and striking example of structural adaptation that promotes cross-pollination in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZJL); (LQH)
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li-Qiang Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Hui Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Ting Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guang-Da Tang
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Qiang Huang
- The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZJL); (LQH)
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Inda LA, Pimentel M, Chase MW. Phylogenetics of tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae) based on combined DNA matrices: inferences regarding timing of diversification and evolution of pollination syndromes. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:71-90. [PMID: 22539542 PMCID: PMC3380586 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tribe Orchideae (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae) comprises around 62 mostly terrestrial genera, which are well represented in the Northern Temperate Zone and less frequently in tropical areas of both the Old and New Worlds. Phylogenetic relationships within this tribe have been studied previously using only nuclear ribosomal DNA (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, nrITS). However, different parts of the phylogenetic tree in these analyses were weakly supported, and integrating information from different plant genomes is clearly necessary in orchids, where reticulate evolution events are putatively common. The aims of this study were to: (1) obtain a well-supported and dated phylogenetic hypothesis for tribe Orchideae, (ii) assess appropriateness of recent nomenclatural changes in this tribe in the last decade, (3) detect possible examples of reticulate evolution and (4) analyse in a temporal context evolutionary trends for subtribe Orchidinae with special emphasis on pollination systems. METHODS The analyses included 118 samples, belonging to 103 species and 25 genera, for three DNA regions (nrITS, mitochondrial cox1 intron and plastid rpl16 intron). Bayesian and maximum-parsimony methods were used to construct a well-supported and dated tree. Evolutionary trends in the subtribe were analysed using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods of character evolution. KEY RESULTS The dated phylogenetic tree strongly supported the recently recircumscribed generic concepts of Bateman and collaborators. Moreover, it was found that Orchidinae have diversified in the Mediterranean basin during the last 15 million years, and one potential example of reticulate evolution in the subtribe was identified. In Orchidinae, pollination systems have shifted on numerous occasions during the last 23 million years. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that ancestral Orchidinae were hymenopteran-pollinated, food-deceptive plants and that these traits have been dominant throughout the evolutionary history of the subtribe in the Mediterranean. Evidence was also obtained that the onset of sexual deception might be linked to an increase in labellum size, and the possibility is discussed that diversification in Orchidinae developed in parallel with diversification of bees and wasps from the Miocene onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Inda
- Escuela Politécnica Superior de Huesca, Universidad de Zaragoza, carretera de Cuarte s/n., Huesca, Spain.
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Brodmann J, Emer D, Ayasse M. Pollinator attraction of the wasp-flower Scrophularia umbrosa (Scrophulariaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:500-505. [PMID: 22188305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Certain species of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae), such as S. nodosa and S. umbrosa, are mainly pollinated by social wasps and are consequently described as wasp-flowers. Because plants attract their pollinators with the help of various floral cues, such as floral odour and/or optical cues, we have investigated the role of olfactory and visual floral signals responsible for wasp attraction in S. umbrosa. Using a combination of chemical (GC, GC-MS) and electrophysiological analyses (GC-EAD), we identified ten compounds in the complex floral odour bouquet that are detectable by the wasps' antennae. As in the wasp-flower Epipactis helleborine, we found so-called 'green leaf volatiles' (GLVs) in the floral odour; these GLVs are highly attractive to the wasps. GLVs, mostly six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols and acetates, and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are emitted by many plants infested with herbivores, e.g. caterpillars. In contrast to other investigated wasp-flowers, behavioural experiments have demonstrated that, in addition to the floral odour of S. umbrosa, visual cues are involved in pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brodmann
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Huda MK, Wilcock CC. Rapid floral senescence following male function and breeding systems of some tropical orchids. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2012; 14:278-284. [PMID: 21972891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
No comparative study of floral senescence following male function among a range of tropical orchid genera has previously been undertaken. The timing and pattern of floral senescence and occurrence of fruit formation were studied following self-, geitonogamous and cross-pollination in 14 epiphytic and two terrestrial orchid species to determine their breeding system and assess the occurrence of floral abscission following pollinaria removal. Both pollination and pollinaria removal caused rapid floral senescence, and the pattern and timing of the floral changes were the same in all treatments. Six Dendrobium species and Pelatantheria insectifera were self-incompatible (SI) and eight other species, including one terrestrial species, were self-compatible (SC). Capsules produced from outcrossing in four SC species, Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi, Eria pubescens, Cleisostoma appendiculatum and Arundina graminifolia, were larger and heavier than those produced after selfing. Reductions in flower life span following pollinaria removal were positively correlated with flower size and longevity of unpollinated flowers but not with position in the inflorescence or nature of the breeding system. Rapid flower senescence following pollinaria removal reported here suggests that it may be widespread in tropical species. The significant association of the response with size of flowers and inflorescences among the species studied suggests that the cost of flower maintenance outweighs the benefit of remaining open for female function after pollinaria have been removed. Both SC and SI species were found among tropical orchids, but variation in capsule size following self- and cross-pollination indicates that there may be a reduction in seed production following selfing, even in SC species, and that fruit formation alone should not be taken as reliable evidence of full self-compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Huda
- Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
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Subedi A, Chaudhary RP, van Achterberg C, Heijerman T, Lens F, Van Dooren TJM, Gravendeel B. Pollination and protection against herbivory of Nepalese Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1095-1103. [PMID: 21700799 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Although many species in the orchid genus Coelogyne are horticulturally popular, hardly anything is known about their pollination. Pollinators of three species were observed in the field in Nepal. This information is urgently needed because many orchid species in Nepal are endangered. Whether the exudates produced by extrafloral nectaries played a role in protection against herbivory was also investigated. METHODS Pollinators of C. flaccida, C. nitida, and Otochilus albus were filmed, captured, and identified. Ant surveys and exclusion experiments were carried out. To investigate whether pollinators are needed for fruit set, plants were wrapped in mesh wire bags. Inflorescence stems were examined with microscopy. Fehling's reagent was used to detect sugars in extrafloral exudates. KEY RESULTS Coelogyne flaccida and C. nitida need pollinators to set fruit and are pollinated by wild bees identified as Apis cerana. Otochilus albus was found to be pollinated by Bombus kashmirensis. Extrafloral nectar was found to be exuded by nectary-modified stomata and contained high amounts of sugars. Different species of ants were observed collecting these exudates. A significant difference was found in damage inflicted by flower and leaf-eating beetles between C. nitida plants living in trees with ant nests and those in ant-free trees. CONCLUSIONS Floral syndromes include scented and colored trap flowers without reward to their pollinators. All orchids investigated exude extrafloral nectar by nectary-modified stomata. This nectar was found to flow from the phloem to the stomata through intercellular spaces in the outer parenchymatous layer of the inflorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abishkar Subedi
- Local Initiative for Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD), Nepal
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Brodmann J, Twele R, Francke W, Yi-bo L, Xi-qiang S, Ayasse M. Orchid mimics honey bee alarm pheromone in order to attract hornets for pollination. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1368-72. [PMID: 19664924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of the world's estimated 30,000 orchid species are deceptive and do not reward their pollinators with nectar or pollen. Most of these deceptive orchids imitate the scent of rewarding flowers or potential mates. In this study, we investigated the floral scent involved in pollinator attraction to the rewardless orchid Dendrobium sinense, a species endemic to the Chinese island Hainan that is pollinated by the hornet Vespa bicolor. Via chemical analyses and electrophysiological methods, we demonstrate that the flowers of D. sinense produce (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol and that the pollinator can smell this compound. This is a major compound in the alarm pheromones of both Asian (Apis cerana) and European (Apis mellifera) honey bees and is also exploited by the European beewolf (Philanthus triangulum) to locate its prey. This is the first time that (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol has been identified as a floral volatile. In behavioral experiments, we demonstrate that the floral scent of D. sinense and synthetic (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol are both attractive to hornets. Because hornets frequently capture honey bees to feed to their larvae, we suggest that the flowers of D. sinense mimic the alarm pheromone of honey bees in order to attract prey-hunting hornets for pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brodmann
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Fay MF, Chase MW. Orchid biology: from Linnaeus via Darwin to the 21st century. Preface. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2009; 104:359-64. [PMID: 19654223 PMCID: PMC2720656 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcp190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae are the largest family of flowering plants, with at least 24,000 species, and perhaps better than any other family of flowering plants, orchids represent the extreme specializations that are possible. As a result, they have long fascinated luminaries of the botanical world including Linnaeus and Darwin, but the size of the family has historically been an impediment to their study. Specifically, the lack of detailed information about relationships within the family made it difficult to formulate explicit evolutionary hypotheses for such a large group, but the advent of molecular systematics has revolutionized our understanding of the orchids. Their complex life histories make orchids particularly vulnerable to environmental change, and as result many are now threatened with extinction. In this Special Issue we present a series of 20 papers on orchid biology ranging from phylogenetics, floral evolutionary development, taxonomy, mycorrhizal associations, pollination biology, population genetics and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Fay
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
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