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Li DF, Chen YD, Liu Z, Liang AT, Tang J, Yan XC. Staminal hairs increase pollinator attraction and pollination accuracy in Tradescantia fluminensis (Commelinaceae). AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad067. [PMID: 37899981 PMCID: PMC10601385 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Staminal hairs are the particular appendages of stamens, which may affect pollinator foraging behaviour and pollen transfer. However, experimental evidence of the functions of staminal hairs in pollination remains scarce. Here, we conducted staminal hair manipulation experiments in Tradescantia fluminensis (Commelinaceae) to investigate their effects on visitation and pollen transfer by bees. Our observations revealed that both visitation rates and visit duration of honeybees (Apis cerana) to control flowers were significantly higher than that of hairless flowers. Moreover, removing the staminal hairs significantly decreased pollen deposition by honeybees (A. cerana), but did not affect pollen removal. The staminal hair was similar in length to the stamen and the pistil of T. fluminensis. The staminal hairs provide more footholds for honeybees, and they lay prone on the staminal hairs to collect pollen, which increased the accuracy of pollination through the consistent pollen placement and pick-up on the ventral surface of honeybees. These results showed that the staminal hairs in T. fluminensis may represent an adaptation to attract pollinators and enhance pollination accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Yi-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ai-Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Ju Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xian-Chun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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2
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Moein F, Jamzad Z, Rahiminejad M, Landis JB, Mirtadzadini M, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. Towards a global perspective for Salvia L.: Phylogeny, diversification and floral evolution. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:589-604. [PMID: 36759951 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Salvia is the most species-rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modelled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever-mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny. We reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and 50 species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our comprehensive sampling of Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody versus herbaceous habit, and presence versus absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever-mechanism pollination system in Salvia. A medium corolla length (15-18 mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification. Therefore, we suggest caution in considering the lever-mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moein
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ziba Jamzad
- Department of Botany, Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Rahiminejad
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jacob B Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,The Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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3
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Li DF, Yu Y, Yang HJ, Yan XC. Persistent calyces increase floral longevity and female fitness in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Lamiaceae). AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac004. [PMID: 35273787 PMCID: PMC8903887 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of persistent calyces may be an adaptation to ensure reproductive success of certain flowering plants. However, experimental evidence of the functions of persistent calyces during flowering and seed development remains scarce. We explored the possible functions of persistent calyces in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a perennial herb with campanulate calyx. We conducted calyx manipulation experiments to examine whether persistent calyces affect visitation rates of nectar robbers and pollinators, individual flower longevity, fruit set, seed set and seed mass. Our findings suggested that shortening of the calyx significantly decreased individual flower longevity, fruit set and seed mass, but did not affect visitation of pollinators and nectar robbers. In addition, the seed set of control flowers and the flowers with calyx shortened at the beginning of fruiting stage (CSF flowers) did not significantly differ, but both were higher than that of the flowers with calyx shortened at the beginning of blooming stage (CSB flowers). The seed set and fruit set of CSB flowers were limited by pollination due to the reduction in floral longevity. We conclude that persistent calyces of S. miltiorrhiza may represent adaptive strategies to maintain floral longevity and increase plant fitness. Persistent calyces may provide protection for the growth of flowers and contribute resources to the development of fruits and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Hao-Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Xian-Chun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
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Rose JP, Kriebel R, Kahan L, DiNicola A, González-Gallegos JG, Celep F, Lemmon EM, Lemmon AR, Sytsma KJ, Drew BT. Sage Insights Into the Phylogeny of Salvia: Dealing With Sources of Discordance Within and Across Genomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:767478. [PMID: 34899789 PMCID: PMC8652245 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.767478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated new phylogenomic approaches to help clarify previously intractable relationships while simultaneously highlighting the pervasive nature of incongruence within and among genomes that can complicate definitive taxonomic conclusions. Salvia L., with ∼1,000 species, makes up nearly 15% of the species diversity in the mint family and has attracted great interest from biologists across subdisciplines. Despite the great progress that has been achieved in discerning the placement of Salvia within Lamiaceae and in clarifying its infrageneric relationships through plastid, nuclear ribosomal, and nuclear single-copy genes, the incomplete resolution has left open major questions regarding the phylogenetic relationships among and within the subgenera, as well as to what extent the infrageneric relationships differ across genomes. We expanded a previously published anchored hybrid enrichment dataset of 35 exemplars of Salvia to 179 terminals. We also reconstructed nearly complete plastomes for these samples from off-target reads. We used these data to examine the concordance and discordance among the nuclear loci and between the nuclear and plastid genomes in detail, elucidating both broad-scale and species-level relationships within Salvia. We found that despite the widespread gene tree discordance, nuclear phylogenies reconstructed using concatenated, coalescent, and network-based approaches recover a common backbone topology. Moreover, all subgenera, except for Audibertia, are strongly supported as monophyletic in all analyses. The plastome genealogy is largely resolved and is congruent with the nuclear backbone. However, multiple analyses suggest that incomplete lineage sorting does not fully explain the gene tree discordance. Instead, horizontal gene flow has been important in both the deep and more recent history of Salvia. Our results provide a robust species tree of Salvia across phylogenetic scales and genomes. Future comparative analyses in the genus will need to account for the impacts of hybridization/introgression and incomplete lineage sorting in topology and divergence time estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P. Rose
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Larissa Kahan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Alexa DiNicola
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Yahşihan, Turkey
| | - Emily M. Lemmon
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Alan R. Lemmon
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bryan T. Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
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5
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Paudel BR, Li QJ. Functional implications of the specialized staminal appendages in alpine ginger (Roscoea spp.: Zingiberaceae). J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1265-1275. [PMID: 32627242 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Floral organs are widely believed to enhance the pollination and reproductive success of angiosperms. However, the functional implication of some floral structures is still unknown. In this study, we explored the functional role of staminal appendages on male and female reproductive success of Himalayan Roscoea spp. and tested if their function differed between species with biotic pollination and autonomous selfing. Phenotypic manipulation is a powerful approach to test the functional effect of a particular trait on plant fitness. We compared various proxies of pollination success between intact flowers and flowers with manually excised staminal appendages. We found that the rate of visitation did not differ between intact and manipulated flowers. Our results revealed that in outcrossing Roscoea spp., the staminal appendages act as triggering devices to facilitate pollen release and deposition and also to manipulate the foraging position of pollinators to ensure both male and female reproductive success. In contrast, in autonomously selfing Roscoea spp., the removal of staminal appendages did not affect any aspect of pollination processes. Our results suggest that the staminal appendages are an integral component of outcrossing in Roscoea spp. and are maintained by selection pressure through both male and female reproductive success. This study provides important insights on how variation in breeding systems can provoke changes in the structure and function of floral organs among congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China.,Department of Botany, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaption and Evolutionary Ecology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China
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6
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Kriebel R, Drew B, González-Gallegos JG, Celep F, Heeg L, Mahdjoub MM, Sytsma KJ. Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): Evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. Evolution 2020; 74:1335-1355. [PMID: 32484910 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kriebel
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Bryan Drew
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, 68849
| | | | - Ferhat Celep
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Yahşiyan, 71450, Turkey
| | - Luciann Heeg
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
| | - Mohamed M Mahdjoub
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Bouira, Bouira, 10000, Algeria
| | - Kenneth J Sytsma
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706
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7
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Zhang B, Claßen-Bockhoff R. Sex-differential reproduction success and selection on floral traits in gynodioecious Salvia pratensis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:375. [PMID: 31455268 PMCID: PMC6712674 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynodioecy, a sexual system with hermaphrodite and female individuals in a population, raises the question how the two sexual morphs are maintained. Salvia pratensis is a gynodioecious species featured by its modified stamens that act as a lever mechanism in pollination. Given sexual dimorphism in floral traits of the species, it is predictable that two sexual morphs differ in their interplay with pollinators and thus in their fitness. In this study, we investigated sex-specific reproduction success and floral adaptation in a population of S. pratensis. RESULTS We found that two sexual morphs in S. pratensis distinctly differed in their floral proportions. Female flowers fitted better to the pollinators than hermaphrodites in terms of touching the stigmas when being probed, and hence were more efficient in pollen deposition. Floral traits overall underwent stronger selection in the population, with stigma position and corolla length subject to disruptive selection mediated by different body-sized bumble bees; some selections on floral traits were significantly different in the strength, even opposite in the direction between two morphs. Flower production tended to be under correlational selection with floral structural traits, implying that a large plant with many flowers did not show an advantage in fitness unless its flower construction mechanically matched the pollinators well. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the pollinator-mediated selection likely played an important role in the evolution and maintenance of sexual dimorphism in the gynodioecious S. pratensis; and sex-divergent mechanical interaction with pollinators served as a critical mechanism by which female individuals were maintained in the population with a female advantage in pollen deposition efficiency (i.e. receiving pollen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem of Ministry of Education, and Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazingland Ecosystem Sustainability, College of Grassland Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Regine Claßen-Bockhoff
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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Reith M, Zona S. Nocturnal flowering and pollination of a rare Caribbean sage, Salvia arborescens (Lamiaceae). NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2016.1230461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reith
- Accion salva una especie, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Scott Zona
- Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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9
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Fan YL, Li QJ. Tail-like anther crest aids pollination by manipulating pollinator's behaviour in a wild ginger. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22340. [PMID: 26928902 PMCID: PMC4772108 DOI: 10.1038/srep22340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovative floral organs are widely distributed taxonomically in angiosperms, and some of them are conspicuous and curious in morphology. Floral organs have long been supposed to play a crucial role in fertilization by pollinators. However, why innovative organs occur, how they are adapted for pollinators and what sexual roles they play are still puzzling. Here we focused on a wild ginger (Zingiber densissimum, Zingiberaceae) and tested the function of the curious anther crest, an innovative floral structure widely distributed in Zingiberaceae. The anther crest is a specialized anther appendage that extends up from the top of the anther to form a tail-like structure, about 150% as long as the anther. We found this structure promoted both the male and the female functions of plants by manipulating its pollinators and causing pollinators to adopt a position ideal for pollen removal and receipt. This study provides a novel example of structure adaptation in which both the male and the female functions are enhanced by resource allocation on a male organ, expanding the knowledge of the sexual roles of the anther appendage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Li Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88# Xuefu Road, Yunnan 650223, China
- China Forest Exploration and Design Institute of Kunming, Kunming 650216, China
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 88# Xuefu Road, Yunnan 650223, China
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10
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Zhang X, Sawhney VK, Davis AR. Annular floral nectary with oil-producing trichomes in Salvia farinacea (Lamiaceae): Anatomy, histochemistry, ultrastructure, and significance. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1849-1867. [PMID: 25366851 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Many angiosperms produce nectar that entices pollinator visits. Each floral nectary tends to embody a singular form, such as the receptacular ring arising beneath the ovary in mint flowers (Lamiaceae). Exceptionally, the annular floral nectary in Salvia farinacea possesses modified stomata plus secretory trichomes. This first study of nectary ultrastructure within the largest genus of Lamiaceae examined this unusual condition. METHODS Nectary anatomy, histochemistry, and ultrastructure were investigated from fresh and fixed material using light microscopy and scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS The annular nectary encircled the ovary plus extended ventrally as a projection. Modified stomata occurred only in the projection's abaxial epidermis. Conversely, peltate trichomes with a basal cell, a stalk cell, and 4-7 head cells were interspersed among the ovary lobes and covered the projection's adaxial surface. Phloem and xylem supplied the nectary interior, where parenchyma cells had numerous mitochondria and plastids with little starch, but few dictyosomes and little endoplasmic reticulum. Nectar accumulated as a drop opposite the projection's abaxial surface, escaping through stomatal pores and probably the cuticle. However, the annular nectary's glistening trichomes secreted a Sudan-positive product largely retained below the distended cuticle, but not nectar. CONCLUSIONS This first ultrastructural study of co-occurring secretory trichomes and modified stomata on a mint nectary suggests multiple interactive functions for this atypical structure. These trichomes-possibly generating a substance informative to pollinators or as an ovarian defense against phytophagy-produced oil in an aqueous milieu, rather than contributing fluid to nectar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Vipen K Sawhney
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Arthur R Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
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11
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Zhang B, Li QJ. Phenotypic selection on the staminal lever mechanism in Salvia digitaloides (Labiaceae). Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9679-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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