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Barta CÉ, Jenkins BC, Lindstrom DS, Zahnd AK, Székely G. The First Evidence of Gibberellic Acid's Ability to Modulate Target Species' Sensitivity to Honeysuckle ( Lonicera maackii) Allelochemicals. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1014. [PMID: 36903875 PMCID: PMC10005159 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Invasive species employ competitive strategies such as releasing allelopathic chemicals into the environment that negatively impact native species. Decomposing Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) leaves leach various allelopathic phenolics into the soil, decreasing the vigor of several native species. Notable differences in the net negative impacts of L. maackii metabolites on target species were argued to depend on soil properties, the microbiome, the proximity to the allelochemical source, the allelochemical concentration, or environmental conditions. This study is the first to address the role of target species' metabolic properties in determining their net sensitivity to allelopathic inhibition by L. maackii. Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a critical regulator of seed germination and early development. We hypothesized that GA3 levels might affect the target sensitivity to allelopathic inhibitors and evaluated differences in the response of a standard (control, Rbr), a GA3-overproducing (ein), and a GA3-deficient (ros) Brassica rapa variety to L. maackii allelochemicals. Our results demonstrate that high GA3 concentrations substantially alleviate the inhibitory effects of L. maackii allelochemicals. A better understanding of the importance of target species' metabolic properties in their responses to allelochemicals will contribute to developing novel invasive species control and biodiversity conservation protocols and may contribute to applications in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csengele Éva Barta
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA
| | - Brian Colby Jenkins
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA
| | - Devon Shay Lindstrom
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA
| | - Alyka Kay Zahnd
- Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Agenstein-Remington Halls, St. Joseph, MO 64507, USA
| | - Gyöngyi Székely
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele St., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources (3B), Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Variation in defensive traits against herbivores of native and invasive populations of Carpobrotus edulis. Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sobuj N, Nissinen K, Virjamo V, Salonen A, Sivadasan U, Randriamanana T, Ikonen VP, Kilpeläinen A, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Nybakken L, Mehtätalo L, Peltola H. Accumulation of phenolics and growth of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) seedlings over three growing seasons under elevated temperature and UVB radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 165:114-122. [PMID: 34034157 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of secondary metabolites may exhibit developmentally regulated variation in different plant organs. Moreover, prevailing environmental conditions may interact with development-related variations in plant traits. In this study, we examined developmentally regulated variation in phenolic accumulation in the twigs of dioecious Populus tremula (L.) and how the effects of elevated temperature and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on growth and phenolics accumulation varied as the plants get older. In an open-field experiment, six female and six male genotypes were exposed to single and combined elevated temperature and UVB radiation treatments for three consecutive growing seasons. The concentrations of low molecular weight phenolics and condensed tannins did not show age-dependent variation in the twigs. In temperature-treated plants, diameter growth rate decreased, and concentration of condensed tannins increased as plants aged; there were no cumulative effects of elevated UVB radiation on growth and phenolic accumulation. Females maintained a higher concentration of low molecular weight phenolics throughout the experimental period; however, growth and phenolic concentration did not vary over time in females and males. Our results suggest that phenolic accumulation in perennial plants may not necessarily always exhibit age-dependent variation and the effects of elevated temperature on growth and phenolic may diminish as plants get older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norul Sobuj
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Katri Nissinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Virpi Virjamo
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland; School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anneli Salonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivadasan
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Tendry Randriamanana
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Veli-Pekka Ikonen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Antti Kilpeläinen
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lauri Mehtätalo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Heli Peltola
- School of Forest Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
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Allelopathy confers an invasive Wedelia higher resistance to generalist herbivore and pathogen enemies over its native congener. Oecologia 2019; 192:415-423. [PMID: 31865483 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Novel Defense Hypothesis predicts that introduced plants may possess novel allelochemicals which act as a defense against native generalist enemies. Here, we aim to test if the chemicals involved in allelopathy in the invasive plant Wedelia trilobata can contribute to higher resistance against generalist herbivore and pathogen enemies by comparing with its native congener W. chinensis in controlled laboratory conditions. The allelopathic effects of the leaf extract from W. trilobata on the generalist enemies were also assessed. We showed that the larvae of two moth species preferred W. chinensis over W. trilobata. The growth rate of larvae feeding on W. trilobata leaves was significantly lower than those feeding on W. chinensis leaves. When detached leaves were inoculated with phytopathogens, the infected leaf area of W. trilobata was significantly smaller than that of W. chinensis. In addition, the leaf extract of W. trilobata also effectively inhibited the growth of the larvae and the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. Our results indicate that the defenses of invasive W. trilobata against generalist herbivore and pathogen enemies are stronger than that of its native congener, which may be attributed to the allelopathic effects. This study provides novel insights that can comprehensively link the Novel Defense, Behavioral Constraint and Enemy Release hypotheses. These combined hypotheses would explain how invasive plants escape from their natural specialist enemies, where their allelopathic chemicals may deter herbivorous insects and inhibit pathogen infection.
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Fan Z, Chen B, Liao H, Zhou G, Peng S. The effect of allometric partitioning on herbivory tolerance in four species in South China. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11647-11656. [PMID: 31695875 PMCID: PMC6822029 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory tolerance can offset the negative effects of herbivory on plants and plays an important role in both immigration and population establishment. Biomass reallocation is an important potential mechanism of herbivory tolerance. To understand how biomass allocation affects plant herbivory tolerance, it is necessary to distinguish the biomass allocations resulting from environmental gradients or plant growth. There is generally a tight balance between the amounts of biomass invested in different organs, which must be analyzed by means of an allometric model. The allometric exponent is not affected by individual growth and can reflect the changes in biomass allocation patterns of different parts. Therefore, the allometric exponent was chosen to study the relationship between biomass allocation pattern and herbivory tolerance. We selected four species (Wedelia chinensis, Wedelia trilobata, Merremia hederacea, and Mikania micrantha), two of which are invasive species and two of which are accompanying native species, and established three herbivory levels (0%, 25% and 50%) to compare differences in allometry. The biomass allocation in stems was negatively correlated with herbivory tolerance, while that in leaves was positively correlated with herbivory tolerance. Furthermore, the stability of the allometric exponent was related to tolerance, indicating that plants with the ability to maintain their biomass allocation patterns are more tolerant than those without this ability, and the tendency to allocate biomass to leaves rather than to stems or roots helps increase this tolerance. The allometric exponent was used to remove the effects of individual development on allocation pattern, allowing the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance to be more accurately explored. This research used an allometric model to fit the nonlinear process of biomass partitioning during the growth and development of plants and provides a new understanding of the relationship between biomass allocation and herbivory tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe‐Xuan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bao‐Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Hui‐Xuan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guo‐Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Shao‐Lin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant ResourcesSchool of Life SciencesSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Life SciencesGuizhou Normal UniversityGuiyangGuizhou ProvinceChina
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Native and Invasive Woody Species Differentially Respond to Forest Edges and Forest Successional Age. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9070381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang RF, Feng YL. Tolerance and resistance of invasive and native Eupatorium species to generalist herbivore insects. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lama AD, Kim J, Martiskainen O, Klemola T, Salminen JP, Tyystjärvi E, Niemelä P, Vuorisalo T. Impacts of simulated drought stress and artificial damage on concentrations of flavonoids in Jatropha curcas (L.), a biofuel shrub. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:1141-1150. [PMID: 27417098 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the possible roles of flavonoids in the antioxidant and antiherbivore chemistry in Jatropha curcas (L.), a Latin American shrub that holds great potential as a source of biofuel. Changes in flavonoid concentrations in the leaves of J. curcas seedlings exposed to artificial damage and to different rainfall patterns were assessed by applying a 32-factorial experiment in a greenhouse. The concentrations of different flavonoids in the leaves of seedlings were significantly affected by interaction effects of artificial damage, drought stress and age of the seedling. The highest flavonoid concentrations were obtained in seedlings imposed to the highest percentage of artificial damage (50 %) and grown under extreme drought stress (200 mm year-1). In this treatment combination, flavonoid concentrations were three-fold as compared to seedlings exposed to the same level of artificial damage but grown in 1900 mm year-1 rainfall application. Without artificial damage, the concentration of flavonoids in the seedlings grown in 200 mm year-1 rainfall application was still two-fold compared to seedlings grown in higher (>800 mm year-1) rainfall applications. Thus, the observed flavonoid concentration patterns in the leaves of J. curcas seedlings were primarily triggered by drought stress and light rather than by artificial damage, suggesting that drought causes oxidative stress in J. curcas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Dawa Lama
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| | - Jorma Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Martiskainen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Klemola
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry/Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Niemelä
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Vuorisalo
- Section of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
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Carrillo J, Siemann E. A native plant competitor mediates the impact of above- and belowground damage on an invasive tree. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:2060-2071. [PMID: 27755734 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant competition may mediate the impacts of herbivory on invasive plant species through effects on plant growth and defense. This may predictably depend on whether herbivory occurs above or below ground and on relative plant competitive ability. We simulated the potential impact of above- or belowground damage by biocontrol agents on the growth of a woody invader (Chinese tallow tree, Triadica sebifera) through artificial herbivory, with or without competition with a native grass, little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium). We measured two defense responses of Triadica through quantifying constitutive and induced extrafloral nectar production and tolerance of above- and belowground damage (root and shoot biomass regrowth). We examined genetic variation in plant growth and defense across native (China) and invasive (United States) Triadica populations. Without competition, aboveground damage had a greater impact than belowground damage on Triadica performance, whereas with competition and above- and belowground damage impacted Triadica similarly. Whole plant tolerance to damage below ground was negatively associated with tolerance to grass competitors indicating tradeoffs in the ability to tolerate herbivory vs. compete. Competition reduced investment in defensive extrafloral nectar (EFN) production. Aboveground damage inhibited rather than induced EFN production while belowground plant damage did not impact aboveground nectar production. We found some support for the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis for invasive plants as United States plants were larger than native China plants and were more plastic in their response to biotic stressors than China plants (they altered their root to shoot ratios dependent on herbivory and competition treatments). Our results indicate that habitat type and the presence of competitors may be a larger determinant of herbivory impact than feeding mode and suggest that integrated pest management strategies including competitive dynamics of recipient communities should be incorporated into biological control agent evaluation at earlier stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
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Mason CM, Bowsher AW, Crowell BL, Celoy RM, Tsai CJ, Donovan LA. Macroevolution of leaf defenses and secondary metabolites across the genus Helianthus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1720-33. [PMID: 26583880 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaf defenses are widely recognized as key adaptations and drivers of plant evolution. Across environmentally diverse habitats, the macroevolution of leaf defenses can be predicted by the univariate trade-off model, which predicts that defenses are functionally redundant and thus trade off, and the resource availability hypothesis, which predicts that defense investment is determined by inherent growth rate and that higher defense will evolve in lower resource environments. Here, we examined the evolution of leaf physical and chemical defenses and secondary metabolites in relation to environmental characteristics and leaf economic strategy across 28 species of Helianthus (the sunflowers). Using a phylogenetic comparative approach, we found few evolutionary trade-offs among defenses and no evidence for defense syndromes. We also found that leaf defenses are strongly related to leaf economic strategy, with higher defense in more resource-conservative species, although there is little support for the evolution of higher defense in low-resource habitats. A wide variety of physical and chemical defenses predict resistance to different insect herbivores, fungal pathogens, and a parasitic plant, suggesting that most sunflower defenses are not redundant in function and that wild Helianthus represents a rich source of variation for the improvement of crop sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase M Mason
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alan W Bowsher
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Breanna L Crowell
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rhodesia M Celoy
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, and Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Chung-Jui Tsai
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, and Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Does investment in leaf defenses drive changes in leaf economic strategy? A focus on whole-plant ontogeny. Oecologia 2014; 177:1053-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Barton KE, Hanley ME. Seedling-herbivore interactions: insights into plant defence and regeneration patterns. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:643-50. [PMID: 23925939 PMCID: PMC3736773 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivores have the power to shape plant evolutionary trajectories, influence the structure and function of vegetation, devastate entire crops, or halt the spread of invasive weeds, and as a consequence, research into plant-herbivore interactions is pivotal to our understanding of plant ecology and evolution. However, the causes and consequences of seedling herbivory have received remarkably little attention, despite the fact that plants tend to be most susceptible to herbivory during establishment, and this damage can alter community composition and structure. SCOPE In this Viewpoint article we review why herbivory during early plant ontogeny is important and in so doing introduce an Annals of Botany Special Issue that draws together the latest work on the topic. In a synthesis of the existing literature and a collection of new studies, we examine several linked issues. These include the development and expression of seedling defences and patterns of selection by herbivores, and how seedling selection affects plant establishment and community structure. We then examine how disruption of the seedling-herbivore interaction might affect normal patterns of plant community establishment and discuss how an understanding of patterns of seedling herbivory can aid our attempts to restore semi-natural vegetation. We finish by outlining a number of areas where more research is required. These include a need for a deeper consideration of how endogenous and exogenous factors determine investment in seedling defence, particularly for the very youngest plants, and a better understanding of the phylogenetic and biogeographical patterns of seedling defence. There is also much still be to be done on the mechanisms of seedling selection by herbivores, particularly with respect to the possible involvement of volatile cues. These inter-related issues together inform our understanding of how seedling herbivory affects plant regeneration at a time when anthropogenic change is likely to disrupt this long-established, but all-too-often ignored interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey E Barton
- Department of Botany, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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