1
|
Bastin S, Burckhardt D, Reyes-Betancort JA, Hernández-Suárez E, Ouvrard D. A review of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) of the Canary Islands, with descriptions of two new genera and sixteen new species. Zootaxa 2023; 5313:1-98. [PMID: 37518624 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5313.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The psyllid fauna of the Canary Islands is reviewed on the basis of recent field work on Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, as well as the examination of material deposited in several collections. Two new genera and 16 new species are described: Drepanoza Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard gen. nov., Percyella Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard gen. nov., Agonoscena atlantica Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., A. sinuata Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Arytaina meridionalis Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Cacopsylla crenulatae Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., C. falcicauda Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Diaphorina gonzalezi Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Drepanoza canariensis Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., D. fruticulosi Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., D. molinai Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Euphyllura confusa Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Percyella benahorita Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., P. canari Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., P. gomerita Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., P. guanche Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov., Strophingia canariensis Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov. and S. paligera Bastin, Burckhardt & Ouvrard sp. nov. Arytaina insularis Loginova, 1976, stat. nov. is elevated from a subspecies of A. devia Loginova, 1976 to species rank. Five new combinations are proposed: Drepanoza fernandesi (Aguiar, 2001) comb. nov., D. lienhardi (Burckhardt, 1981) comb. nov., D. montanetana (Aguiar, 2001) comb. nov., D. pittospori (Aguiar, 2001) comb. nov. and Lauritrioza laurisilvae (Hodkinson, 1990) comb. nov., all transferred from Trioza. The hitherto unknown last-instar immatures are described for Megadicrania tecticeps Loginova, 1976, Cacopsylla atlantica (Loginova, 1976) and Lauritrioza laurisilvae (Hodkinson, 1990). We also report Agonoscena targionii (Lichtenstein, 1874) for the first time from the Canary Islands. Our review increases the number of known psyllid taxa from the Canary Islands to 24 genera and 62 species (one of which remains undescribed). Endemism, host plant relationships and biogeographic patterns are discussed. Keys for the identification of adults and immatures are provided, as well as information on host plants, distribution and predators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Bastin
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias; Unidad de Protección Vegetal; C/ El Boquerón s/n; 38200; La Laguna; Tenerife; Spain; Universidad de La Laguna; Escuela de Doctorado; Av. Astrofisico Francisco Sánchez; s/n; La Laguna; Spain.
| | - Daniel Burckhardt
- Naturhistorisches Museum; Augustinergasse 2; 4001 Basel; Switzerland.
| | - J Alfredo Reyes-Betancort
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias; Jardín de Aclimatación de La Oratava; C/ Retama 2; 38400 Puerto de la Cruz; Tenerife; Spain.
| | - Estrella Hernández-Suárez
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias; Unidad de Protección Vegetal; C/ El Boquerón s/n; 38200; La Laguna; Tenerife; Spain.
| | - David Ouvrard
- ANSES; Plant Health Laboratory; Entomology and Invasive Plants Unit; 755 avenue du campus Agropolis - CS 30016 - 34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vitales D, Guerrero C, Garnatje T, Romeiras MM, Santos A, Fernandes F, Vallès J. Parallel anagenetic patterns in endemic Artemisia species from three Macaronesian archipelagos. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad057. [PMID: 37649982 PMCID: PMC10465267 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Anagenetic speciation is an important mode of evolution in oceanic islands, yet relatively understudied compared to adaptive radiation. In the Macaronesian region, three closely related species of Artemisia (i.e. A. argentea, A. thuscula and A. gorgonum) are each endemic from a single archipelago (i.e. Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde, respectively), representing a perfect opportunity to study three similar but independent anagenetic speciation processes. By analysing plastid and nuclear DNA sequences, as well as nuclear DNA amount data, generated from a comprehensive sampling in all the islands and archipelagos where these species are currently distributed, we intend to find common evolutionary patterns that help us explain the limited taxonomic diversification experienced by endemic Macaronesian Artemisia. Our time-calibrated phylogenetic reconstruction suggested that divergence among the three lineages occurred in a coincidental short period of time during the Pleistocene. Haplotype and genetic differentiation analyses showed similar diversity values among A. argentea, A. thuscula and A. gorgonum. Clear phylogeographic patterns-showing comparable genetic structuring among groups of islands-were also found within the three archipelagos. Even from the cytogenetic point of view, the three species presented similarly lower genome size values compared to the mainland closely related species A. arborescens. We hypothesize that the limited speciation experienced by the endemic Artemisia in Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde archipelagos could be related to their recent parallel evolutionary histories as independent lineages, combined with certain shared characteristics of seed dispersal, pollen transport and type of habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vitales
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació-Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerrero
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB), CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona, Passeig del Migdia s/n, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maria M Romeiras
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center & Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, 1340-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arnoldo Santos
- Calle Guaidil 16, 38280 Tegueste, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernandes
- Jardim Botânico da Madeira Eng. Rui Vieira, Caminho do Meio Bom Sucesso, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB), Unitat Associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació-Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mairal M, García-Verdugo C, Le Roux JJ, Chau JH, van Vuuren BJ, Hui C, Münzbergová Z, Chown SL, Shaw JD. Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:756-771. [PMID: 36478264 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological invasions in remote areas that experience low human activity provide unique opportunities to elucidate processes responsible for invasion success. Here we study the most widespread invasive plant species across the isolated islands of the Southern Ocean, the annual bluegrass, Poa annua. To analyse geographical variation in genome size, genetic diversity and reproductive strategies, we sampled all major sub-Antarctic archipelagos in this region and generated microsatellite data for 470 individual plants representing 31 populations. We also estimated genome sizes for a subset of individuals using flow cytometry. Occasional events of island colonization are expected to result in high genetic structure among islands, overall low genetic diversity and increased self-fertilization, but we show that this is not the case for P. annua. Microsatellite data indicated low population genetic structure and lack of isolation by distance among the sub-Antarctic archipelagos we sampled, but high population structure within each archipelago. We identified high levels of genetic diversity, low clonality and low selfing rates in sub-Antarctic P. annua populations (contrary to rates typical of continental populations). In turn, estimates of selfing declined in populations as genetic diversity increased. Additionally, we found that most P. annua individuals are probably tetraploid and that only slight variation exists in genome size across the Southern Ocean. Our findings suggest multiple independent introductions of P. annua into the sub-Antarctic, which promoted the establishment of genetically diverse populations. Despite multiple introductions, the adoption of convergent reproductive strategies (outcrossing) happened independently in each major archipelago. The combination of polyploidy and a mixed reproductive strategy probably benefited P. annua in the Southern Ocean by increasing genetic diversity and its ability to cope with the novel environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mairal
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carlos García-Verdugo
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Departamento de Biología, Universitat de les Illes Balears - Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), Mallorca, Spain
| | - Johannes J Le Roux
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John H Chau
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Bettine Jansen van Vuuren
- Department of Zoology, Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Cang Hui
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Biodiversity Informatics Unit, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Steven L Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justine D Shaw
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Antarctic Division, Tasmania, Kingston, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chien WM, Chang CT, Chiang YC, Hwang SY. Ecological Factors Generally Not Altitude Related Played Main Roles in Driving Potential Adaptive Evolution at Elevational Range Margin Populations of Taiwan Incense Cedar ( Calocedrus formosana). Front Genet 2020; 11:580630. [PMID: 33262787 PMCID: PMC7686793 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.580630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Population diversification can be shaped by a combination of environmental factors as well as geographic isolation interacting with gene flow. We surveyed genetic variation of 243 samples from 12 populations of Calocedrus formosana using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and scored a total of 437 AFLP fragments using 11 selective amplification primer pairs. The AFLP variation was used to assess the role of gene flow on the pattern of genetic diversity and to test environments in driving population adaptive evolution. This study found the relatively lower level of genetic diversity and the higher level of population differentiation in C. formosana compared with those estimated in previous studies of conifers including Cunninghamia konishii, Keteleeria davidiana var. formosana, and Taiwania cryptomerioides occurring in Taiwan. BAYESCAN detected 26 FST outlier loci that were found to be associated strongly with various environmental variables using multiple univariate logistic regression, latent factor mixed model, and Bayesian logistic regression. We found several environmentally dependent adaptive loci with high frequencies in low- or high-elevation populations, suggesting their involvement in local adaptation. Ecological factors, including relative humidity and sunshine hours, that are generally not altitude related could have been the most important selective drivers for population divergent evolution in C. formosana. The present study provides fundamental information in relation to adaptive evolution and can be useful for assisted migration program of C. formosana in the future conservation of this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chien
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chung Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ying Hwang
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gibson MJS, Crawford DJ, Holder MT, Mort ME, Kerbs B, de Sequeira MM, Kelly JK. Genome-wide genotyping estimates mating system parameters and paternity in the island species Tolpis succulenta. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:1189-1197. [PMID: 32864742 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The mating system has profound consequences, not only for ecology and evolution, but also for the conservation of threatened or endangered species. Unfortunately, small populations are difficult to study owing to limits on sample size and genetic marker diversity. Here, we estimated mating system parameters in three small populations of an island plant using genomic genotyping. Although self-incompatible (SI) species are known to often set some self-seed, little is known about how "leaky SI" affects selfing rates in nature or the role that multiple paternity plays in small populations. METHODS We generalized the BORICE mating system program to determine the siring pattern within maternal families. We applied this algorithm to maternal families from three populations of Tolpis succulenta from Madeira Island and genotyped the progeny using RADseq. We applied BORICE to estimate each individual offspring as outcrossed or selfed, the paternity of each outcrossed offspring, and the level of inbreeding of each maternal plant. RESULTS Despite a functional self-incompatibility system, these data establish T. succulenta as a pseudo-self-compatible (PSC) species. Two of 75 offspring were strongly indicated as products of self-fertilization. Despite selfing, all adult maternal plants were fully outbred. There was high differentiation among and low variation within populations, consistent with a history of genetic isolation of these small populations. There were generally multiple sires per maternal family. Twenty-two percent of sib contrasts (between outcrossed offspring within maternal families) shared the same sire. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide genotyping, combined with appropriate analytical methods, enables estimation of mating system and multiple paternity in small populations. These data address questions about the evolution of reproductive traits and the conservation of threatened populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J S Gibson
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Daniel J Crawford
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Mark T Holder
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Mark E Mort
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Benjamin Kerbs
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| | - Miguel Menezes de Sequeira
- Madeira Botanical Group, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, 9501-81, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | - John K Kelly
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7534, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mairal M, Caujapé-Castells J, Pellissier L, Jaén-Molina R, Álvarez N, Heuertz M, Sanmartín I. A tale of two forests: ongoing aridification drives population decline and genetic diversity loss at continental scale in Afro-Macaronesian evergreen-forest archipelago endemics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1005-1017. [PMID: 29905771 PMCID: PMC6266103 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Various studies and conservationist reports have warned about the contraction of the last subtropical Afro-Macaronesian forests. These relict vegetation zones have been restricted to a few oceanic and continental islands around the edges of Africa, due to aridification. Previous studies on relict species have generally focused on glacial effects on narrow endemics; however, little is known about the effects of aridification on the fates of previously widespread subtropical lineages. METHODS Nuclear microsatellites and ecological niche modelling were used to understand observed patterns of genetic diversity in two emblematic species, widely distributed in these ecosystems: Canarina eminii (a palaeoendemic of the eastern Afromontane forests) and Canarina canariensis (a palaeoendemic of the Canarian laurel forests). The software DIYABC was used to test alternative demographic scenarios and an ensemble method was employed to model potential distributions of the selected plants from the end of the deglaciation to the present. KEY RESULTS All the populations assessed experienced a strong and recent population decline, revealing that locally widespread endemisms may also be alarmingly threatened. CONCLUSIONS The detected extinction debt, as well as the extinction spiral to which these populations are subjected, demands urgent conservation measures for the unique, biodiversity-rich ecosystems that they inhabit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mairal
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN, Jardín Botánico ‘Viera y Clavijo’ – Unidad Asociada CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juli Caujapé-Castells
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN, Jardín Botánico ‘Viera y Clavijo’ – Unidad Asociada CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Jaén-Molina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad Molecular y Banco de ADN, Jardín Botánico ‘Viera y Clavijo’ – Unidad Asociada CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Nadir Álvarez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Dorigny, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB), CSIC, Plaza de Murillo, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Fernández de Castro AG, Sosa PA. The restoration of the endangered Sambucus palmensis after 30 years of conservation actions in the Garajonay National Park: genetic assessment and niche modeling. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4985. [PMID: 29910987 PMCID: PMC6003393 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocation of individuals or the reinforcement of populations are measures in the genetic rescue of endangered species. Although it can be controversial to decide which and how many individuals must be reintroduced, populations can benefit from reinforcements. Sambucus palmensis is a critically endangered endemic to the Canary Islands. During the past 30 years, the Garajonay National Park (La Gomera) has carried out an intensive program of translocations using cuttings, due to the low germination rates of seeds. To assess the effect of the restorations on the population genetics of S. palmensis in La Gomera, we collected 402 samples from all the restored sites and all known natural individuals, which were genotyped with seven microsatellite markers. In addition, we conducted a species distribution modeling approach to assess how restorations fit the ecological niche of the species. Results show that there is a high proportion of clone specimens due to the propagation method, and the natural clonal reproduction of the species. Nonetheless, the observed heterozygosity has increased with the restorations and there still are private alleles and unique genotypes in the natural populations that have not been considered in the restorations. The population of Liria constitutes a very important genetic reservoir for the species. To optimize future reintroductions, we have proposed a list of specimens that are suitable for the extraction of seeds or cuttings in a greenhouse, as well as new suitable areas obtained by the species distribution models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Pedro A Sosa
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Pérez de Paz PL, Sosa PA. Species delimitation and conservation genetics of the Canarian endemic Bethencourtia (Asteraceae). Genetica 2018; 146:199-210. [PMID: 29435702 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-018-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bethencourtia Choisy ex Link is an endemic genus of the Canary Islands and comprises three species. Bethencourtia hermosae and Bethencourtia rupicola are restricted to La Gomera, while Bethencourtia palmensis is present in Tenerife and La Palma. Despite the morphological differences previously found between the species, there are still taxonomic incongruities in the group, with evident consequences for its monitoring and conservation. The objectives of this study were to define the species differentiation, perform population genetic analysis and propose conservation strategies for Bethencourtia. To achieve these objectives, we characterized 10 polymorphic SSR markers. Eleven natural populations (276 individuals) were analyzed (three for B. hermosae, five for B. rupicola and three for B. palmensis). The results obtained by AMOVA, PCoA and Bayesian analysis on STRUCTURE confirmed the evidence of well-structured groups corresponding to the three species. At the intra-specific level, B. hermosae and B. rupicola did not show a clear population structure, while B. palmensis was aggregated according to island of origin. This is consistent with self-incompatibility in the group and high gene flow within species. Overall, the genetic diversity of the three species was low, with expected heterozygosity values of 0.302 (B. hermosae), 0.382 (B. rupicola) and 0.454 (B. palmensis). Recent bottleneck events and a low number of individuals per population are probably the causes of the low genetic diversity. We consider that they are naturally rare species associated with specific habitats. The results given in this article will provide useful information to assist in conservation genetics programs for this endemic genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Pedro Luis Pérez de Paz
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Pedro A Sosa
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (IUNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Curto M, Puppo P, Kratschmer S, Meimberg H. Genetic diversity and differentiation patterns in Micromeria from the Canary Islands are congruent with multiple colonization dynamics and the establishment of species syngameons. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:198. [PMID: 28830342 PMCID: PMC5568322 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-1031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Especially on islands closer to the mainland, such as the Canary Islands, different lineages that originated by multiple colonization events could have merged by hybridization, which then could have promoted radiation events (Herben et al., J Ecol 93: 572–575, 2005; Saunders and Gibson, J Ecol 93: 649–652, 2005; Caujapé-Castells, Jesters, red queens, boomerangs and surfers: a molecular outlook on the diversity of the Canarian endemic flora, 2011). This is an alternative to the scenario where evolution is mostly driven by drift (Silvertown, J Ecol 92: 168–173, 2004; Silvertown et al., J Ecol 93: 653–657, 2005). In the former case hybridization should be reflected in the genetic structure and diversity patterns of island species. In the present work we investigate Micromeria from the Canary Islands by extensively studying their phylogeographic pattern based on 15 microsatellite loci and 945 samples. These results are interpreted according to the hypotheses outlined above. Results Genetic structure assessment allowed us to genetically differentiate most Micromeria species and supported their current classification. We found that populations on younger islands were significantly more genetically diverse and less differentiated than those on older islands. Moreover, we found that genetic distance on younger islands was in accordance with an isolation-by-distance pattern, while on the older islands this was not the case. We also found evidence of introgression among species and islands. Conclusions These results are congruent with a scenario of multiple colonizations during the expansion onto new islands. Hybridization contributes to the grouping of multiple lineages into highly diverse populations. Thus, in our case, islands receive several colonization events from different sources, which are combined into sink populations. This mechanism is in accordance with the surfing syngameon hypothesis. Contrary to the surfing syngameon current form, our results may reflect a slightly different effect: hybridization might always be related to colonization within the archipelago as well, making initial genetic diversity to be high to begin with. Thus the emergence of new islands promotes multiple colonization events, contributing to the establishment of hybrid swarms that may enhance adaptive ability and radiation events. With time, population sizes grow and niches start to fill. Consequently, gene-flow is not as effective at maintaining the species syngameon, which allows genetic differentiation and reproductive isolation to be established between species. This process contributes to an even further decrease in gene-flow between species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1031-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Curto
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180, Vienna, Austria. .,CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources / InBio Associated Laboratory, University of Porto, Campus Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - P Puppo
- CIBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources / InBio Associated Laboratory, University of Porto, Campus Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
| | - S Kratschmer
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiménez A, Weigelt B, Santos-Guerra A, Caujapé-Castells J, Fernández-Palacios JM, Conti E. Surviving in isolation: genetic variation, bottlenecks and reproductive strategies in the Canarian endemic Limonium macrophyllum (Plumbaginaceae). Genetica 2017; 145:91-104. [PMID: 28108874 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oceanic archipelagos are typically rich in endemic taxa, because they offer ideal conditions for diversification and speciation in isolation. One of the most remarkable evolutionary radiations on the Canary Islands comprises the 16 species included in Limonium subsection Nobiles, all of which are subject to diverse threats, and legally protected. Since many of them are single-island endemics limited to one or a few populations, there exists a risk that a loss of genetic variation might limit their long-term survival. In this study, we used eight newly developed microsatellite markers to characterize the levels of genetic variation and inbreeding in L. macrophyllum, a species endemic to the North-east of Tenerife that belongs to Limonium subsection Nobiles. We detected generally low levels of genetic variation over all populations (H T = 0.363), and substantial differentiation among populations (F ST = 0.188; R ST = 0.186) coupled with a negligible degree of inbreeding (F = 0.042). Obligate outcrossing may have maintained L. macrophyllum relatively unaffected by inbreeding despite the species' limited dispersal ability and the genetic bottlenecks likely caused by a prolonged history of grazing. Although several factors still constitute a risk for the conservation of L. macrophyllum, the lack of inbreeding and the recent positive demographic trends observed in the populations of this species are factors that favour its future persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ares Jiménez
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanical Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Barbara Weigelt
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanical Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnoldo Santos-Guerra
- Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias, Calle Guaidil 16, 38280, Tegueste, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juli Caujapé-Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario "Viera y Clavijo" - Unidad Asociada CSIC, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Camino al palmeral 15, 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José María Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38109, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elena Conti
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany and Botanical Garden, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jones KE, Pérez-Espona S, Reyes-Betancort JA, Pattinson D, Caujapé-Castells J, Hiscock SJ, Carine MA. Why do different oceanic archipelagos harbour contrasting levels of species diversity? The macaronesian endemic genus Pericallis (Asteraceae) provides insight into explaining the 'Azores diversity Enigma'. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:202. [PMID: 27717307 PMCID: PMC5055660 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oceanic archipelagos typically harbour extensive radiations of flowering plants and a high proportion of endemics, many of which are restricted to a single island (Single Island Endemics; SIEs). The Azores represents an anomaly as overall levels of endemism are low; there are few SIEs and few documented cases of intra-archipelago radiations. The distinctiveness of the flora was first recognized by Darwin and has been referred to as the ‘Azores Diversity Enigma’ (ADE). Diversity patterns in the Macaronesian endemic genus Pericallis (Asteraceae) exemplify the ADE. In this study we used morphometric, Amplified Length Polymorphisms, and bioclimatic data for herbaceous Pericallis lineages endemic to the Azores and the Canaries, to test two key hypotheses proposed to explain the ADE: i) that it is a taxonomic artefact or Linnean shortfall, ie. the under description of taxa in the Azores or the over-splitting of taxa in the Canaries and (ii) that it reflects the greater ecological homogeneity of the Azores, which results in limited opportunity for ecological diversification compared to the Canaries. Results In both the Azores and the Canaries, morphological patterns were generally consistent with current taxonomic classifications. However, the AFLP data showed no genetic differentiation between the two currently recognized Azorean subspecies that are ecologically differentiated. Instead, genetic diversity in the Azores was structured geographically across the archipelago. In contrast, in the Canaries genetic differentiation was mostly consistent with morphology and current taxonomic treatments. Both Azorean and Canarian lineages exhibited ecological differentiation between currently recognized taxa. Conclusions Neither a Linnean shortfall nor the perceived ecological homogeneity of the Azores fully explained the ADE-like pattern observed in Pericallis. Whilst variation in genetic data and morphological data in the Canaries were largely congruent, this was not the case in the Azores, where genetic patterns reflected inter-island geographical isolation, and morphology reflected intra-island bioclimatic variation. The combined effects of differences in (i) the extent of geographical isolation, (ii) population sizes and (iii) geographical occupancy of bioclimatic niche space, coupled with the morphological plasticity of Pericallis, may all have contributed to generating the contrasting patterns observed in the archipelagos. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0766-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Jones
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 6-8, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
| | - S Pérez-Espona
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, C./ Américo Vespucio s/n, Sevilla, E-41092, Spain
| | - J A Reyes-Betancort
- Jardín de Aclimatación de La Oratava (ICIA), C/Retama 2, Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife, 38400, Spain
| | - D Pattinson
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SE7 5ED, UK.,Present address: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - J Caujapé-Castells
- Jardín Botánico Canario "Viera y Clavijo"-Unidad Asociada al CSIC (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Camino del palmeral 15 (Tafira Alta), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017, Spain
| | - S J Hiscock
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - M A Carine
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SE7 5ED, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Betzin A, Thiv M, Koch MA. Diversity hotspots of the laurel forest on Tenerife, Canary Islands: a phylogeographic study of Laurus and Ixanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:495-510. [PMID: 27390352 PMCID: PMC4998983 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Macaronesian laurel forest is among the worldwide hotspots of threatened biodiversity. With increasing evidence that woodland composition on the Canary Islands changed dramatically during the last few thousand years, the aim of this study was to find evidence for substantial recent population dynamics of two representative species from laurel forest. METHODS Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used to evaluate fine-scaled genetic variation of the paradigmatic tree Laurus novocanariensis (Lauraceae) and a long-lived herbaceous gentian from core laurel forest, Ixanthus viscosus (Gentianaceae), on Tenerife. Bioclimatic variables were analysed to study the respective climate niches. A chloroplast DNA screening was performed to evaluate additional genetic variation. KEY RESULTS Genetic diversity of the laurel tree showed severe geographic partitioning. On Tenerife, fine-scaled Bayesian clustering of genetic variation revealed a western and an eastern gene pool, separated by a zone of high admixture and with a third major gene pool. Compared with genetic clusters found on the other Canary Islands, the East-West differentiation on Tenerife seems to be more recent than differentiation between islands. This is substantiated by the finding of extremly low levels of chloroplast DNA-based polymorphisms. Ixanthus showed no geographic structuring of genetic variation. CONCLUSIONS Genetic data from Tenerife indicate contemporary gene flow and dispersal on a micro/local scale rather than reflecting an old and relic woodland history. In particular for Laurus, it is shown that this species occupies a broad bioclimatic niche. This is not correlated with its respective distribution of genetic variation, therefore indicating its large potential for contemporary rapid and effective colonization. Ixanthus is more specialized to humid conditions and is mostly found in the natural Monteverde húmedo vegetation types, but even for this species indications for long-term persistence in the respective bioclimatically differentiated regions was not find.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Betzin
- Department of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Thiv
- Department of Botany/Herbarium STU, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, D-70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus A Koch
- Department of Plant Systematics and Biodiversity, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg Centre for the Environment (HCE), Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puppo P, Curto M, Meimberg H. Genetic structure of Micromeria (Lamiaceae) in Tenerife, the imprint of geological history and hybridization on within-island diversification. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3443-3460. [PMID: 28725348 PMCID: PMC5513284 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geological history of oceanic islands can have a profound effect on the evolutionary history of insular flora, especially in complex islands such as Tenerife in the Canary Islands. Tenerife results from the secondary connection of three paleo‐islands by a central volcano, and other geological events that further shaped it. This geological history has been shown to influence the phylogenetic history of several taxa, including genus Micromeria (Lamiaceae). Screening 15 microsatellite markers in 289 individuals representing the eight species of Micromeria present in Tenerife, this study aims to assess the genetic diversity and structure of these species and its relation with the geological events on the island. In addition, we evaluate the extent of hybridization among species and discuss its influence on the speciation process. We found that the species restricted to the paleo‐islands present lower levels of genetic diversity but the highest levels of genetic differentiation suggesting that their ranges might have contracted over time. The two most widespread species in the island, M. hyssopifolia and M. varia, present the highest genetic diversity levels and a genetic structure that seems correlated with the geological composition of the island. Samples from M. hyssopifolia from the oldest paleo‐island, Adeje, appear as distinct while samples from M. varia segregate into two main clusters corresponding to the paleo‐islands of Anaga and Teno. Evidence of hybridization and intraspecific migration between species was found. We argue that species boundaries would be retained despite hybridization in response to the habitat's specific conditions causing postzygotic isolation and preserving morphological differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Puppo
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources/InBio Associated Laboratory University of Porto Campus Vairão Vairão 4485-661 Portugal.,Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Manuel Curto
- CIBIO Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources/InBio Associated Laboratory University of Porto Campus Vairão Vairão 4485-661 Portugal.,Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
| | - Harald Meimberg
- Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences A-1180 Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Borregaard MK, Amorim IR, Borges PAV, Cabral JS, Fernández-Palacios JM, Field R, Heaney LR, Kreft H, Matthews TJ, Olesen JM, Price J, Rigal F, Steinbauer MJ, Triantis KA, Valente L, Weigelt P, Whittaker RJ. Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:830-853. [PMID: 26923215 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) has added a new dimension to theoretical island biogeography in recognizing that geological processes are key drivers of the evolutionary processes of diversification and extinction within remote islands. It provides a dynamic and essentially non-equilibrium framework generating novel predictions for emergent diversity properties of oceanic islands and archipelagos. Its publication in 2008 coincided with, and spurred on, renewed attention to the dynamics of remote islands. We review progress, both in testing the GDM's predictions and in developing and enhancing ecological-evolutionary understanding of oceanic island systems through the lens of the GDM. In particular, we focus on four main themes: (i) macroecological tests using a space-for-time rationale; (ii) extensions of theory to islands following different patterns of ontogeny; (iii) the implications of GDM dynamics for lineage diversification and trait evolution; and (iv) the potential for downscaling GDM dynamics to local-scale ecological patterns and processes within islands. We also consider the implications of the GDM for understanding patterns of non-native species diversity. We demonstrate the vitality of the field of island biogeography by identifying a range of potentially productive lines for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Borregaard
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isabel R Amorim
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Paulo A V Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Juliano S Cabral
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - José M Fernández-Palacios
- Island Ecology and Biogeography Research Group, Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias (IUETSPC), Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain
| | - Richard Field
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Lawrence R Heaney
- Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, U.S.A
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal
| | - Jens M Olesen
- Department of Bioscience - Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114.2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Price
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 200 West Kawili Street, Hilo, HI, 96720, U.S.A
| | - Francois Rigal
- Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Environment and Microbiology Team, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Manuel J Steinbauer
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Konstantinos A Triantis
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, cE3c - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, São Pedro, 9700-042, Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira, Azores, Portugal.,Department of Ecology and Taxonomy, Faculty of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University, GR-15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Luis Valente
- Unit of Evolutionary Biology/Systematic Zoology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 26, D-14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Patrick Weigelt
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Conservation Biogeography, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert J Whittaker
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QY, Oxford, U.K.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, National Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Turchetto C, Segatto ALA, Mäder G, Rodrigues DM, Bonatto SL, Freitas LB. High levels of genetic diversity and population structure in an endemic and rare species: implications for conservation. AOB PLANTS 2016; 8:plw002. [PMID: 26768602 PMCID: PMC4768524 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plw002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of genetic structure and variability of isolated species is of critical importance in evaluating whether stochastic or human-caused factors are affecting rare species. Low genetic diversity compromises the ability of populations to evolve and reduces their chances of survival under environmental changes. Petunia secreta, a rare and endemic species, is an annual and heliophilous herb that is bee-pollinated and easily recognizable by its purple and salverform corolla. It was described as a new species of the Petunia genus in 2005. Few individuals of P. secreta have been observed in nature and little is known about this species. All the natural populations of P. secreta that were found were studied using 15 microsatellite loci, two intergenic plastid sequences and morphological traits. Statistical analysis was performed to describe the genetic diversity of this rare species and the results compared with those of more widespread and frequent Petunia species from the same geographic area to understand whether factors associated with population size could affect rare species of this genus. The results showed that despite its rarity, P. secreta presented high genetic diversity that was equivalent to or even higher than that of widespread Petunia species. It was shown that this species is divided into two evolutionary lineages, and the genetic differentiation indices between them and other congeneric species presented different patterns. The major risk to P. secreta maintenance is its rarity, suggesting the necessity of a preservation programme and more biological and evolutionary studies that handle the two evolutionary lineages independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turchetto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia A Segatto
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Mäder
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniele M Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sandro L Bonatto
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, 90619-900 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Loreta B Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, PO Box 15053, Porto Alegre, 91501-970 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Harter DEV, Thiv M, Weig A, Jentsch A, Beierkuhnlein C. Spatial and ecological population genetic structures within two island-endemic Aeonium species of different niche width. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4327-44. [PMID: 26664682 PMCID: PMC4667834 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crassulacean genus Aeonium is a well-known example for plant species radiation on oceanic archipelagos. However, while allopatric speciation among islands is documented for this genus, the role of intra-island speciation due to population divergence by topographical isolation or ecological heterogeneity has not yet been addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate intraspecific genetic structures and to identify spatial and ecological drivers of genetic population differentiation on the island scale. We analyzed inter simple sequence repeat variation within two island-endemic Aeonium species of La Palma: one widespread generalist that covers a large variety of different habitat types (Ae. davidbramwellii) and one narrow ecological specialist (Ae. nobile), in order to assess evolutionary potentials on this island. Gene pool differentiation and genetic diversity patterns were associated with major landscape structures in both species, with phylogeographic implications. However, overall levels of genetic differentiation were low. For the generalist species, outlier loci detection and loci-environment correlation approaches indicated moderate signatures of divergent selection pressures linked to temperature and precipitation variables, while the specialist species missed such patterns. Our data point to incipient differentiation among populations, emphasizing that ecological heterogeneity and topographical structuring within the small scales of an island can foster evolutionary processes. Very likely, such processes have contributed to the radiation of Aeonium on the Canary Islands. There is also support for different evolutionary mechanisms between generalist and specialist species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Thiv
- State Museum of Natural History StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Alfons Weig
- DNA Analytics and EcoinformaticsBayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Anke Jentsch
- Disturbance EcologyBayCEERUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mairal M, Sanmartín I, Aldasoro JJ, Culshaw V, Manolopoulou I, Alarcón M. Palaeo-islands as refugia and sources of genetic diversity within volcanic archipelagos: the case of the widespread endemicCanarina canariensis(Campanulaceae). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:3944-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mairal
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - I. Sanmartín
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - J. J. Aldasoro
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB); 08038 Barcelona Spain
| | - V. Culshaw
- Real Jardín Botánico (RJB-CSIC); 28014 Madrid Spain
| | | | - M. Alarcón
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB-CSIC-ICUB); 08038 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
High genetic diversity and population structure in the endangered Canarian endemic Ruta oreojasme (Rutaceae). Genetica 2015; 143:571-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
19
|
Romeiras MM, Monteiro F, Duarte MC, Schaefer H, Carine M. Patterns of genetic diversity in three plant lineages endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv051. [PMID: 25979965 PMCID: PMC4501515 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conservation of plant diversity on islands relies on a good knowledge of the taxonomy, distribution and genetic diversity of species. In recent decades, a combination of morphology- and DNA-based approaches has become the standard for investigating island plant lineages and this has led, in some cases, to the discovery of previously overlooked diversity, including 'cryptic species'. The flora of the Cape Verde archipelago in the North Atlantic is currently thought to comprise ∼740 vascular plant species, 92 of them endemics. Despite the fact that it is considered relatively well known, there has been a 12 % increase in the number of endemics in the last two decades. Relatively few of the Cape Verde plant lineages have been included in genetic studies so far and little is known about the patterns of diversification in the archipelago. Here we present an updated list for the endemic Cape Verde flora and analyse diversity patterns for three endemic plant lineages (Cynanchum, Globularia and Umbilicus) based on one nuclear (ITS) and four plastid DNA regions. In all three lineages, we find genetic variation. In Cynanchum, we find two distinct haplotypes with no clear geographical pattern, possibly reflecting different ploidy levels. In Globularia and Umbilicus, differentiation is evident between populations from northern and southern islands. Isolation and drift resulting from the small and fragmented distributions, coupled with the significant distances separating the northern and southern islands, could explain this pattern. Overall, our study suggests that the diversity in the endemic vascular flora of Cape Verde is higher than previously thought and further work is necessary to characterize the flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Romeiras
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal Tropical Research Institute (IICT/JBT), Trav. Conde da Ribeira 9, 1300-142 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Monteiro
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Cristina Duarte
- Tropical Research Institute (IICT/JBT), Trav. Conde da Ribeira 9, 1300-142 Lisbon, Portugal Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO/InBIO), University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Hanno Schaefer
- Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Biodiversitaet der Pflanzen, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Carine
- Plants Division, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Binks RM, Millar MA, Byrne M. Not all rare species are the same: contrasting patterns of genetic diversity and population structure in two narrow-range endemic sedges. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Binks
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Melissa A. Millar
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| | - Margaret Byrne
- Science and Conservation Division; Department of Parks and Wildlife; Locked Bag 104; Bentley Delivery Centre; Bentley WA 6983 Australia
| |
Collapse
|