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Franzoni J, Astuti G, Peruzzi L. Weak Genetic Isolation and Putative Phenotypic Selection in the Wild Carnation Dianthus virgineus (Caryophyllaceae). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1355. [PMID: 37887065 PMCID: PMC10604185 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
By relating genetic divergence at neutral loci, phenotypic variation, and geographic and environmental distances, it is possible to dissect micro-evolutionary scenarios involving natural selection and neutral evolution. In this work, we tested the patterns of intraspecific genetic and phenotypic variation along an elevational gradient, using Dianthus virgineus as study system. We genotyped genome-wide SNPs through ddRAD sequencing and quantified phenotypic variation through multivariate morphological variation. We assessed patterns of variation by testing the statistical association between genetic, phenotypic, geographic, and elevational distances and explored the role of genetic drift and selection by comparing the Fst and Pst of morphometric traits. We revealed a weak genetic structure related to geographic distance among populations, but we excluded the predominant role of genetic drift acting on phenotypic traits. A high degree of phenotypic differentiation with respect to genetic divergence at neutral loci allowed us to hypothesize the effect of selection, putatively fuelled by changing conditions at different sites, on morphological traits. Thus, natural selection acting despite low genetic divergence at neutral loci can be hypothesized as a putative driver explaining the observed patterns of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Franzoni
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Astuti
- Botanic Garden and Museum, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Peruzzi
- PLANTSEED Lab, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
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2
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Johnson IM, Edwards TJ, Johnson SD. Geographical Variation in Flower Color in the Grassland Daisy Gerbera aurantiaca: Testing for Associations With Pollinators and Abiotic Factors. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.676520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical variation in flower color of a plant species may reflect the outcome of selection by pollinators or may reflect abiotic factors such as soil chemistry or neutral processes such as genetic drift. Here we document striking geographical structure in the color of capitula of the endemic South African grassland daisy Gerbera aurantiaca and ask which of these competing explanations best explains this pattern. The color of capitula ranges from predominantly red in the southwest to yellow in the center, with some northern populations showing within-population polymorphism. Hopliine scarab beetles were the most abundant flower visitors in all populations, apart from a yellow-flowered one where honeybees were frequent. In a mixed color population, yellow, orange and red morphs were equally attractive to hopliine beetles and did not differ significantly in terms of fruit set. Beetles were attracted to both red and yellow pan traps, but preferred the latter even at sites dominated by the red morph. We found no strong associations between morph color and abiotic factors, including soil chemistry. Plants in a common garden retained the capitulum color of the source population, even when grown from seed, suggesting that flower color variation is not a result of phenotypic plasticity. These results show that flower color in G. aurantiaca is geographically structured, but the ultimate evolutionary basis of this color variation remains elusive.
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3
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Rahim SA, Kodandaramaiah U, Kulkarni A, Barua D. Striking between-population floral divergences in a habitat specialized plant. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253038. [PMID: 34181672 PMCID: PMC8238184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
When the habitat occupied by a specialist species is patchily distributed, limited gene flow between the fragmented populations may allow population differentiation and eventual speciation. 'Sky islands'-montane habitats that form terrestrial islands-have been shown to promote diversification in many taxa through this mechanism. We investigate floral variation in Impatiens lawii, a plant specialized on laterite rich rocky plateaus that form sky islands in the northern Western Ghats mountains of India. We focus on three plateaus separated from each other by ca. 7 to 17 km, and show that floral traits have diverged strongly between these populations. In contrast, floral traits have not diverged in the congeneric I. oppositifolia, which co-occurs with I. lawii in the plateaus, but is a habitat generalist that is also found in the intervening valleys. We conducted common garden experiments to test whether the differences in I. lawii are due to genetic differentiation or phenotypic plasticity. There were strong differences in floral morphology between experimental plants sourced from the three populations, and the relative divergences between population pairs mirrored that seen in the wild, indicating that the populations are genetically differentiated. Common garden experiments confirmed that there was no differentiation in I. oppositifolia. Field floral visitation surveys indicated that the observed differences in floral traits have consequences for I. lawii populations, by reducing the number of visitors and changing the relative abundance of different floral visitor groups. Our results highlight the role of habitat specialization in diversification, and corroborates the importance of sky islands as centres of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumayya Abdul Rahim
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ullasa Kodandaramaiah
- IISER-TVM Centre for Research and Education in Ecology and Evolution (ICREEE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aboli Kulkarni
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Barua
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Sapir Y, Gallagher MK, Senden E. What Maintains Flower Colour Variation within Populations? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:507-519. [PMID: 33663870 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection acts on phenotypic trait variation. Understanding the mechanisms that create and maintain trait variation is fundamental to understanding the breadth of diversity seen on Earth. Flower colour is among the most conspicuous and highly diverse traits in nature. Most flowering plant populations have uniform floral colours, but a minority exhibit within-population colour variation, either discrete (polymorphic) or continuous. Colour variation is commonly maintained by balancing selection through multiple pollinators, opposing selection regimes, or fluctuating selection. Variation can also be maintained by heterozygote advantage or frequency-dependent selection. Neutral processes, or a lack of selection, may maintain variation, although this remains largely untested. We suggest several prospective research directions that may provide insight into the evolutionary drivers of trait variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - M Kate Gallagher
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Esther Senden
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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5
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Ellis AG, Anderson B, Kemp JE. Geographic Mosaics of Fly Pollinators With Divergent Color Preferences Drive Landscape-Scale Structuring of Flower Color in Daisy Communities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617761. [PMID: 33597961 PMCID: PMC7882612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The striking variation in flower color across and within Angiosperm species is often attributed to divergent selection resulting from geographic mosaics of pollinators with different color preferences. Despite the importance of pollinator mosaics in driving floral divergence, the distributions of pollinators and their color preferences are seldom quantified. The extensive mass-flowering displays of annual daisy species in Namaqualand, South Africa, are characterized by striking color convergence within communities, but also color turnover within species and genera across large geographic scales. We aimed to determine whether shifts between orange and white-flowered daisy communities are driven by the innate color preferences of different pollinators or by soil color, which can potentially affect the detectability of different colored flowers. Different bee-fly pollinators dominated in both community types so that largely non-overlapping pollinator distributions were strongly associated with different flower colors. Visual modeling demonstrated that orange and white-flowered species are distinguishable in fly vision, and choice experiments demonstrated strongly divergent color preferences. We found that the dominant pollinator in orange communities has a strong spontaneous preference for orange flowers, which was not altered by conditioning. Similarly, the dominant pollinator in white communities exhibited an innate preference for white flowers. Although detectability of white flowers varied across soil types, background contrast did not alter color preferences. These findings demonstrate that landscape-level flower color turnover across Namaqua daisy communities is likely shaped by a strong qualitative geographic mosaic of bee-fly pollinators with divergent color preferences. This is an unexpected result given the classically generalist pollination phenotype of daisies. However, because of the dominance of single fly pollinator species within communities, and the virtual absence of bees as pollinators, we suggest that Namaqua daisies function as pollination specialists despite their generalist phenotypes, thus facilitating differentiation of flower color by pollinator shifts across the fly pollinator mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan G. Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
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Samad NA, Hidalgo O, Saliba E, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Strange K, Leitch IJ, Dagher-Kharrat MB. Genome Size Evolution and Dynamics in Iris, with Special Focus on the Section Oncocyclus. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121687. [PMID: 33271865 PMCID: PMC7760388 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insights into genome size dynamics and its evolutionary impact remain limited by the lack of data for many plant groups. One of these is the genus Iris, of which only 53 out of c. 260 species have available genome sizes. In this study, we estimated the C-values for 41 species and subspecies of Iris mainly from the Eastern Mediterranean region. We constructed a phylogenetic framework to shed light on the distribution of genome sizes across subgenera and sections of Iris. Finally, we tested evolutionary models to explore the mode and tempo of genome size evolution during the radiation of section Oncocyclus. Iris as a whole displayed a great variety of C-values; however, they were unequally distributed across the subgenera and sections, suggesting that lineage-specific patterns of genome size diversification have taken place within the genus. The evolutionary model that best fitted our data was the speciational model, as changes in genome size appeared to be mainly associated with speciation events. These results suggest that genome size dynamics may have contributed to the radiation of Oncocyclus irises. In addition, our phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that supports the segregation of the Lebanese population currently attributed to Iris persica as a distinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdel Samad
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, BP: 1514 Riad el Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon; (N.A.S.); (E.S.)
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | - Oriane Hidalgo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; (K.S.); (I.J.L.)
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., 08038 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (O.H.); (M.B.D.-K.)
| | - Elie Saliba
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, BP: 1514 Riad el Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon; (N.A.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Sonja Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | - Kit Strange
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; (K.S.); (I.J.L.)
| | - Ilia J. Leitch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; (K.S.); (I.J.L.)
| | - Magda Bou Dagher-Kharrat
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Campus Sciences et Technologies, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukos, Mkalles, BP: 1514 Riad el Solh, Beirut 1107 2050, Lebanon; (N.A.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (O.H.); (M.B.D.-K.)
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7
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Roguz K, Gallagher MK, Senden E, Bar-Lev Y, Lebel M, Heliczer R, Sapir Y. All the Colors of the Rainbow: Diversification of Flower Color and Intraspecific Color Variation in the Genus Iris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569811. [PMID: 33154761 PMCID: PMC7588356 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Floral color plays a key role as visual signaling and is therefore of great importance in shaping plant-pollinator interactions. Iris (Iridaceae), a genus comprising over 300 species and named after the Greek goddess of the colorful rainbow, is famous for its dazzling palette of flower colors and patterns, which vary considerably both within and among species. Despite the large variation of flower color in Iris, little is known about the phylogenetic and ecological contexts of floral color. Here, we seek to resolve the evolution of flower color in the genus Iris in a macroevolutionary framework. We used a phylogenetic analysis to reconstruct the ancestral state of flower color and other pollination-related traits (e.g., the presence of nectar and mating system), and also tracked the evolution of color variation. We further explored weather floral trait transitions are better explained by environmental or pollinator-mediated selection. Our study revealed that the most recent common ancestor likely had monomorphic, purple flowers, with a crest and a spot on the fall. The flowers were likely insect-pollinated, nectar-rewarding, and self-compatible. The diversity of floral traits we see in modern irises, likely represents a trade-off between conflicting selection pressures. Whether shifts in these flower traits result from abiotic or biotic selective agents or are maintained by neutral processes without any selection remains an open question. Our analysis serves as a starting point for future work exploring the genetic and physiological mechanisms controlling flower coloration in the most color-diverse genus Iris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Roguz
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Kate Gallagher
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Senden
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yamit Bar-Lev
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Merav Lebel
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roni Heliczer
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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8
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Dafni A, Tzohari H, Ben-Shlomo R, Vereecken NJ, Ne’eman G. Flower Colour Polymorphism, Pollination Modes, Breeding System and Gene Flow in Anemone coronaria. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E397. [PMID: 32210122 PMCID: PMC7154818 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The flower colour of Anemone coronaria (Ranunculaceae) is a genetically inherited trait. Such intra-specific flower colour polymorphism might be driven by pollinators, other non-pollinating agents, or by abiotic factors. We investigated the genetic relations among red, white and purple-blue flower colour morphs growing in 10 populations of A. coronaria in Israel, in relation to their breeding system, pollination modes, differential perception by bees and visitors' behaviour. Flowers of these three morphs differed in their reflectance that could be perceived by bees. Honeybees, solitary bees and flies demonstrated only partial preferences for the different colour morphs. No spontaneous self-pollination was found; however, fruit set under nets, excluding insects but allowing wind pollination, was not significantly lower than that of natural free pollinated flowers, indicating a potential role of wind pollination. Anemone coronaria flowers were visited by various insects, honeybees and Andrena sp. preferred the white and purple-blue morphs, while the syrphid flies preferred the white flowers. Thus, visitor behaviour can only partially explain the evolution or maintenance of the colour polymorphism. No significant genetic differences were found among the populations or colour morphs. Wind pollination, causing random gene flow, may explain why no significant genetic divergence was found among all studied populations and their colour morphs. The existence of monomorphic red populations, along other polymorphic populations, might be explained by linked resistance to aridity and/or grazing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amots Dafni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Hagai Tzohari
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Rachel Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Biology and Environment University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel;
| | - Nicolas J. Vereecken
- Agroecology & Pollination Group, Landscape Ecology & Plant Production Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe CP 264/2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Gidi Ne’eman
- Department of Biology and Environment University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel;
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9
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Zito P, Rosselli S, Bruno M, Maggio A, Sajeva M. Floral scent in Iris planifolia (Iridaceae) suggests food reward. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 158:86-90. [PMID: 30481663 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Iris species can adopt different pollination strategies to attract their pollinators, generalized shelter-mimicking, specialized deceptive sexual-mimicking or food-rewarding. As attractive stimuli, Iris flowers may use their colours, large-size, symmetry, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, relatively few studies investigated Iris floral olfactory cues in the context of plant-visitor/pollinator interactions. In the present study we combined the identification of the floral volatiles of the nectariferous I. planifolia with insects visiting its flowers to gather data on its biology. Floral volatiles were collected in the natural environment by dynamic headspace and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Insect visitors/pollinators were also recorded. The volatile bouquet was aromatic-dominated with 1,4 dimethoxybenzene as major compound. Among the insects visiting its flowers, bumble and honey bees were the most abundant followed by hover flies. Overall, our results suggest that I. planifolia advertises its food reward by an aromatic dominated volatile composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Zito
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sergio Rosselli
- University of Palermo, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonella Maggio
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sajeva
- University of Palermo, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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10
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11
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Souto-Vilarós D, Vuleta A, Jovanović SM, Budečević S, Wang H, Sapir Y, Imbert E. Are pollinators the agents of selection on flower colour and size in irises? OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souto-Vilarós
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE; Montpellier France
- Faculty of Science, Biology center, Univ. of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760; CZ-37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Ana Vuleta
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology; “Siniša Stanković” Inst. for Biological Research, Univ. of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Sanja Manitašević Jovanović
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology; “Siniša Stanković” Inst. for Biological Research, Univ. of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Sanja Budečević
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology; “Siniša Stanković” Inst. for Biological Research, Univ. of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Hui Wang
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE; Montpellier France
- College of life sciences, Northwest A&F Univ.; Yangling Shaanxi China
| | - Yuval Sapir
- The Botanical Garden, School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv Univ.; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Eric Imbert
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE; Montpellier France
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Narbona E, Wang H, Ortiz PL, Arista M, Imbert E. Flower colour polymorphism in the Mediterranean Basin: occurrence, maintenance and implications for speciation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:8-20. [PMID: 28430395 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flower colour polymorphism (FCP) is the occurrence of at least two discrete flower colour variants in the same population. Despite a vast body of research concerning the maintenance and evolutionary consequences of FCP, only recently has the spatial variation in morph frequencies among populations been explored. Here we summarise the biochemical and genetic basis of FCP, the factors that have been proposed to explain their maintenance, and the importance of FCP and its geographic variation in the speciation process. We also review the incidence of FCP in the environmentally heterogeneous Mediterranean Basin. Nearly 88% of Mediterranean FCP species showed anthocyanin-based polymorphisms. Concerning the evolutionary mechanisms that contribute to maintain FCP, selection by pollinators is suggested in some species, but in others, selection by non-pollinator agents, genetic drift or gene flow are also found; in some cases different processes interact in the maintenance of FCP. We emphasise the role of both autonomous selfing and clonal reproduction in FCP maintenance. Mediterranean polymorphic species show mainly monomorphic populations with only a few polymorphic ones, which generate clinal or mosaic patterns of variation in FCP. No cases of species with only polymorphic populations were found. We posit that different evolutionary processes maintaining polymorphism the Mediterranean Basin will result in a continuum of geographic patterns in morph compositions and relative frequencies of FCP species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Narbona
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - H Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - P L Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Arista
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Imbert
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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13
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Keasar T, Gerchman Y, Lev-Yadun S. A seven-year study of flower-color polymorphism in a Mediterranean annual plant. Basic Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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