eHSCPr discriminating the cell identity involved in endothelial to hematopoietic transition

OA-HybridCNN (OHC): An advanced deep learning fusion model for enhanced diagnostic accuracy in knee osteoarthritis imaging

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a leading cause of disability globally. Early and accurate diagnosis is paramount in preventing its progression and improving patients' quality of life. However, the inconsistency in radiologists' expertise and the onset of visual fatigue during prolonged image analysis often compromise diagnostic accuracy, highlighting the need for automated diagnostic solutions. In this study, we present an advanced deep learning model, OA-HybridCNN (OHC), which integrates ResNet and DenseNet architectures. This integration effectively addresses the gradient vanishing issue in DenseNet and augments prediction accuracy. To evaluate its performance, we conducted a thorough comparison with other deep learning models using five-fold cross-validation and external tests. The OHC model outperformed its counterparts across all performance metrics. In external testing, OHC exhibited an accuracy of 91.77%, precision of 92.34%, and recall of 91.36%. During the five-fold cross-validation, its average AUC and ACC were 86.34% and 87.42%, respectively. Deep learning, particularly exemplified by the OHC model, has greatly improved the efficiency and accuracy of KOA imaging diagnosis. The adoption of such technologies not only alleviates the burden on radiologists but also significantly enhances diagnostic precision.

Alternative splicing dynamics during gastrulation in mouse embryo

Alternative splicing (AS) plays an essential role in development, differentiation and carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying splicing regulation during mouse embryo gastrulation remain unclear. Based on spatial-temporal transcriptome and epigenome data, we detected the dynamics of AS and revealed its regulatory mechanisms across primary germ layers during mouse gastrulation, spanning developmental stages from E6.5 to E7.5. Subsequently, the dynamic expression of splicing factors (SFs) during gastrulation was characterized, while the expression patterns and functions of germ layer-specific SFs were identified. The results indicate that AS and differential alternative splicing events (DASEs) exhibit dynamic changes and are significantly abundant during the late stage of gastrulation. Similarly, SFs demonstrate stage-specific expression, with elevated levels observed during the middle and late stages of gastrulation. Epigenetic signals associated with SFs and AS sites demonstrate significant enrichment and undergo dynamic changes throughout gastrulation. Overall, this study offers a systematic analysis of AS during mouse gastrulation, identifies primary germ layer-specific AS events, and characterizes the expression patterns of SFs and the associated epigenetic signals. These findings enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of the three germ layers during mammalian gastrulation, with a focus on pre-mRNA AS.

The Prediction of Recombination Hotspot Based on Automated Machine Learning

Meiotic recombination plays a pivotal role in genetic evolution. Genetic variation induced by recombination is a crucial factor in generating biodiversity and a driving force for evolution. At present, the development of recombination hotspot prediction methods has encountered challenges related to insufficient feature extraction and limited generalization capabilities. This paper focused on the research of recombination hotspot prediction methods. We explored deep learning-based recombination hotspot prediction and scrutinized the shortcomings of prevalent models in addressing the challenge of recombination hotspot prediction. To addressing these deficiencies, an automated machine learning approach was utilized to construct recombination hotspot prediction model. The model combined sequence information with physicochemical properties by employing TF-IDF-Kmer and DNA composition components to acquire more effective feature data. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the feature extraction method and automated machine learning technology used in this study. The final model was validated on three distinct datasets and yielded accuracy rates of 97.14%, 79.71%, and 98.73%, surpassing the current leading models by 2%, 2.56%, and 4%, respectively. In addition, we incorporated tools such as SHAP and AutoGluon to analyze the interpretability of black-box models, delved into the impact of individual features on the results, and investigated the reasons behind misclassification of samples. Finally, an application of recombination hotspot prediction was established to facilitate easy access to necessary information and tools for researchers. The research outcomes of this paper underscore the enormous potential of automated machine learning methods in gene sequence prediction.

Cropformer: An interpretable deep learning framework for crop genomic prediction

Machine learning and deep learning are extensively employed in genomic selection (GS) to expedite the identification of superior genotypes and accelerate breeding cycles. However, a significant challenge with current data-driven deep learning models in GS lies in their low robustness and poor interpretability. To address these challenges, we developed Cropformer, a deep learning framework for predicting crop phenotypes and exploring downstream tasks. This framework combines convolutional neural networks with multiple self-attention mechanisms to improve accuracy. The ability of Cropformer to predict complex phenotypic traits was extensively evaluated on more than 20 traits across five major crops: maize, rice, wheat, foxtail millet, and tomato. Evaluation results show that Cropformer outperforms other GS methods in both precision and robustness, achieving up to a 7.5% improvement in prediction accuracy compared to the runner-up model. Additionally, Cropformer enhances the analysis and mining of genes associated with traits. We identified numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with potential effects on maize phenotypic traits and revealed key genetic variations underlying these differences. Cropformer represents a significant advancement in predictive performance and gene identification, providing a powerful general tool for improving genomic design in crop breeding. Cropformer is freely accessible at https://cgris.net/cropformer.

BreCML: identifying breast cancer cell state in scRNA-seq via machine learning

Breast cancer is a prevalent malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. This disease typically manifests through the abnormal proliferation and dissemination of malignant cells within breast tissue. Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies face significant challenges in accurately identifying and localizing specific subtypes of breast cancer. In this study, we developed a novel machine learning-based predictor, BreCML, designed to accurately classify subpopulations of breast cancer cells and their associated marker genes. BreCML exhibits outstanding predictive performance, achieving an accuracy of 98.92% on the training dataset. Utilizing the XGBoost algorithm, BreCML demonstrates superior accuracy (98.67%), precision (99.15%), recall (99.49%), and F1-score (99.79%) on the test dataset. Through the application of machine learning and feature selection techniques, BreCML successfully identified new key genes. This predictor not only serves as a powerful tool for assessing breast cancer cellular status but also offers a rapid and efficient means to uncover potential biomarkers, providing critical insights for precision medicine and therapeutic strategies.

Construction of machine learning diagnostic models for cardiovascular pan-disease based on blood routine and biochemical detection data

BACKGROUND

Cardiovascular disease, also known as circulation system disease, remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional methods for diagnosing cardiovascular disease are often expensive and time-consuming. So the purpose of this study is to construct machine learning models for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases using easily accessible blood routine and biochemical detection data and explore the unique hematologic features of cardiovascular diseases, including some metabolic indicators.

METHODS

After the data preprocessing, 25,794 healthy people and 32,822 circulation system disease patients with the blood routine and biochemical detection data were utilized for our study. We selected logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and deep neural network to construct models. Finally, the SHAP algorithm was used to interpret models.

RESULTS

The circulation system disease prediction model constructed by XGBoost possessed the best performance (AUC: 0.9921 (0.9911-0.9930); Acc: 0.9618 (0.9588-0.9645); Sn: 0.9690 (0.9655-0.9723); Sp: 0.9526 (0.9477-0.9572); PPV: 0.9631 (0.9592-0.9668); NPV: 0.9600 (0.9556-0.9644); MCC: 0.9224 (0.9165-0.9279); F1 score: 0.9661 (0.9634-0.9686)). Most models of distinguishing various circulation system diseases also had good performance, the model performance of distinguishing dilated cardiomyopathy from other circulation system diseases was the best (AUC: 0.9267 (0.8663-0.9752)). The model interpretation by the SHAP algorithm indicated features from biochemical detection made major contributions to predicting circulation system disease, such as potassium (K), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), and indirect bilirubin (NBIL). But for models of distinguishing various circulation system diseases, we found that red blood cell count (RBC), K, direct bilirubin (DBIL), and glucose (GLU) were the top 4 features subdividing various circulation system diseases.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study constructed multiple models using 50 features from the blood routine and biochemical detection data for the diagnosis of various circulation system diseases. At the same time, the unique hematologic features of various circulation system diseases, including some metabolic-related indicators, were also explored. This cost-effective work will benefit more people and help diagnose and prevent circulation system diseases.

An increment of diversity method for cell state trajectory inference of time-series scRNA-seq data

The increasing emergence of the time-series single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, inferring developmental trajectory by connecting transcriptome similar cell states (i.e., cell types or clusters) has become a major challenge. Most existing computational methods are designed for individual cells and do not take into account the available time series information. We present IDTI based on the Increment of Diversity for Trajectory Inference, which combines time series information and the minimum increment of diversity method to infer cell state trajectory of time-series scRNA-seq data. We apply IDTI to simulated and three real diverse tissue development datasets, and compare it with six other commonly used trajectory inference methods in terms of topology similarity and branching accuracy. The results have shown that the IDTI method accurately constructs the cell state trajectory without the requirement of starting cells. In the performance test, we further demonstrate that IDTI has the advantages of high accuracy and strong robustness.

ScnML models single-cell transcriptome to predict spinal cord neuronal cell status

Injuries to the spinal cord nervous system often result in permanent loss of sensory, motor, and autonomic functions. Accurately identifying the cellular state of spinal cord nerves is extremely important and could facilitate the development of new therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies. Existing experimental techniques for identifying the development of spinal cord nerves are both labor-intensive and costly. In this study, we developed a machine learning predictor, ScnML, for predicting subpopulations of spinal cord nerve cells as well as identifying marker genes. The prediction performance of ScnML was evaluated on the training dataset with an accuracy of 94.33%. Based on XGBoost, ScnML on the test dataset achieved 94.08% 94.24%, 94.26%, and 94.24% accuracies with precision, recall, and F1-measure scores, respectively. Importantly, ScnML identified new significant genes through model interpretation and biological landscape analysis. ScnML can be a powerful tool for predicting the status of spinal cord neuronal cells, revealing potential specific biomarkers quickly and efficiently, and providing crucial insights for precision medicine and rehabilitation recovery.

PlantMine: A Machine-Learning Framework to Detect Core SNPs in Rice Genomics

As a fundamental global staple crop, rice plays a pivotal role in human nutrition and agricultural production systems. However, its complex genetic architecture and extensive trait variability pose challenges for breeders and researchers in optimizing yield and quality. Particularly to expedite breeding methods like genomic selection, isolating core SNPs related to target traits from genome-wide data reduces irrelevant mutation noise, enhancing computational precision and efficiency. Thus, exploring efficient computational approaches to mine core SNPs is of great importance. This study introduces PlantMine, an innovative computational framework that integrates feature selection and machine learning techniques to effectively identify core SNPs critical for the improvement of rice traits. Utilizing the dataset from the 3000 Rice Genomes Project, we applied different algorithms for analysis. The findings underscore the effectiveness of combining feature selection with machine learning in accurately identifying core SNPs, offering a promising avenue to expedite rice breeding efforts and improve crop productivity and resilience to stress.

Identification of Key lncRNAs Associated with Immune Infiltration and Prognosis in Gastric Cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as promising novel biomarkers for cancer treatment and prognosis, can function as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in the occurrence and development of many types of cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). However, little is known about the complex regulatory system of lncRNAs in GC. In this study, we systematically analyzed lncRNA and miRNA transcriptomic profiles of GC based on bioinformatics methods and experimental validation. An lncRNA-miRNA interaction network related to GC was constructed, and the nine crucial lncRNAs were identified. These 9 lncRNAs were found to be associated with the prognosis of GC patients by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Among them, the expression of lncRNA SNHG14 can affect the survival of GC patients as a potential prognostic marker. Moreover, it was shown that SNHG14 was involved in immune-related pathways and significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration in GC. Meanwhile, we found that SNHG14 affected immune function in many cancers, such as breast cancer and esophageal carcinoma. Such information revealed that SNHG14 may serve as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. As well, our study could provide practical and theoretical guiding significance for clinical application of non-coding RNAs.

Artificial Intelligence in battling infectious diseases: A transformative role

It is widely acknowledged that infectious diseases have wrought immense havoc on human society, being regarded as adversaries from which humanity cannot elude. In recent years, the advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has ushered in a revolutionary era in the realm of infectious disease prevention and control. This evolution encompasses early warning of outbreaks, contact tracing, infection diagnosis, drug discovery, and the facilitation of drug design, alongside other facets of epidemic management. This article presents an overview of the utilization of AI systems in the field of infectious diseases, with a specific focus on their role during the COVID-19 pandemic. The article also highlights the contemporary challenges that AI confronts within this domain and posits strategies for their mitigation. There exists an imperative to further harness the potential applications of AI across multiple domains to augment its capacity in effectively addressing future disease outbreaks.

NRTPredictor: identifying rice root cell state in single-cell RNA-seq via ensemble learning

BACKGROUND

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) measurements of gene expression show great promise for studying the cellular heterogeneity of rice roots. How precisely annotating cell identity is a major unresolved problem in plant scRNA-seq analysis due to the inherent high dimensionality and sparsity.

RESULTS

To address this challenge, we present NRTPredictor, an ensemble-learning system, to predict rice root cell stage and mine biomarkers through complete model interpretability. The performance of NRTPredictor was evaluated using a test dataset, with 98.01% accuracy and 95.45% recall. With the power of interpretability provided by NRTPredictor, our model recognizes 110 marker genes partially involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Expression patterns of rice root could be mapped by the above-mentioned candidate genes, showing the superiority of NRTPredictor. Integrated analysis of scRNA and bulk RNA-seq data revealed aberrant expression of Epidermis cell subpopulations in flooding, Pi, and salt stresses.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results demonstrate that NRTPredictor is a useful tool for automated prediction of rice root cell stage and provides a valuable resource for deciphering the rice root cellular heterogeneity and the molecular mechanisms of flooding, Pi, and salt stresses. Based on the proposed model, a free webserver has been established, which is available at https://www.cgris.net/nrtp .

CFNCM: Collaborative filtering neighborhood-based model for predicting miRNA-disease associations

MicroRNAs have a significant role in the emergence of various human disorders. Consequently, it is essential to understand the existing interactions between miRNAs and diseases, as this will help scientists better study and comprehend the diseases' biological mechanisms. Findings can be employed as biomarkers or drug targets to advance the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of complex human disorders by foretelling possible disease-related miRNAs. This study proposed a computational model for predicting potential miRNA-disease associations called the Collaborative Filtering Neighborhood-based Classification Model (CFNCM), in light of the shortcomings of conventional and biological experiments, which are expensive and time-consuming. The model generated integrated miRNA and disease similarity matrices using the validated associations and miRNA and disease similarity information and used them as the input features for CFNCM. To produce class labels, we first determined the association scores for brand-new pairs using user-based collaborative filtering. With zero as the threshold, the associations with scores >0 were labelled 1, indicating a potential positive association, otherwise, it is marked as 0. Then, we developed classification models using various machine-learning algorithms. By comparison, we discovered that the support vector machine (SVM) produced the best AUC of 0.96 with 10-fold cross-validation through the GridSearchCV technique for identifying optimal parameter values. In addition, the models were evaluated and verified by analyzing the top 50 breast and lung neoplasms-related miRNAs, of which 46 and 47 associations were verified in two authoritative databases, dbDEMC and miR2Disease.

A First Computational Frame for Recognizing Heparin-Binding Protein

Heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a cationic antibacterial protein derived from multinuclear neutrophils and an important biomarker of infectious diseases. The correct identification of HBP is of great significance to the study of infectious diseases. This work provides the first HBP recognition framework based on machine learning to accurately identify HBP. By using four sequence descriptors, HBP and non-HBP samples were represented by discrete numbers. By inputting these features into a support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithm and comparing the prediction performances of these methods on training data and independent test data, it is found that the SVM-based classifier has the greatest potential to identify HBP. The model could produce an auROC of 0.981 ± 0.028 on training data using 10-fold cross-validation and an overall accuracy of 95.0% on independent test data. As the first model for HBP recognition, it will provide some help for infectious diseases and stimulate further research in related fields.

Integrating reduced amino acid composition into PSSM for improving copper ion-binding protein prediction

Copper ion-binding proteins play an essential role in metabolic processes and are critical factors in many diseases, such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and Menkes disease. Many algorithms have been developed for predicting metal ion classification and binding sites, but none have been applied to copper ion-binding proteins. In this study, we developed a copper ion-bound protein classifier, RPCIBP, which integrating the reduced amino acid composition into position-specific score matrix (PSSM). The reduced amino acid composition filters out a large number of useless evolutionary features, improving the operational efficiency and predictive ability of the model (feature dimension from 2900 to 200, ACC from 83 % to 85.1 %). Compared with the basic model using only three sequence feature extraction methods (ACC in training set between 73.8 %-86.2 %, ACC in test set between 69.3 %-87.5 %), the model integrating the evolutionary features of the reduced amino acid composition showed higher accuracy and robustness (ACC in training set between 83.1 %-90.8 %, ACC in test set between 79.1 %-91.9 %). Best copper ion-binding protein classifiers filtered by feature selection progress were deployed in a user-friendly web server (http://bioinfor.imu.edu.cn/RPCIBP). RPCIBP can accurately predict copper ion-binding proteins, which is convenient for further structural and functional studies, and conducive to mechanism exploration and target drug development.

Computational identification of promoters in Klebsiella aerogenes by using support vector machine

Promoters are the basic functional cis-elements to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate the process of gene transcription. Comprehensive understanding gene expression and regulation depends on the precise identification of promoters, as they are the most important component of gene expression. This study aimed to develop a machine learning-based model to predict promoters in Klebsiella aerogenes (K. aerogenes). In the prediction model, the promoter sequences in K. aerogenes genome were encoded by pseudo k-tuple nucleotide composition (PseKNC) and position-correlation scoring function (PCSF). Numerical features were obtained and then optimized using mRMR by combining with support vector machine (SVM) and 5-fold cross-validation (CV). Subsequently, these optimized features were inputted into SVM-based classifier to discriminate promoter sequences from non-promoter sequences in K. aerogenes. Results of 10-fold CV showed that the model could yield the overall accuracy of 96.0% and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.990. We hope that this model will provide help for the study of promoter and gene regulation in K. aerogenes.

A computational framework of routine test data for the cost-effective chronic disease prediction

Chronic diseases, because of insidious onset and long latent period, have become the major global disease burden. However, the current chronic disease diagnosis methods based on genetic markers or imaging analysis are challenging to promote completely due to high costs and cannot reach universality and popularization. This study analyzed massive data from routine blood and biochemical test of 32 448 patients and developed a novel framework for cost-effective chronic disease prediction with high accuracy (AUC 87.32%). Based on the best-performing XGBoost algorithm, 20 classification models were further constructed for 17 types of chronic diseases, including 9 types of cancers, 5 types of cardiovascular diseases and 3 types of mental illness. The highest accuracy of the model was 90.13% for cardia cancer, and the lowest was 76.38% for rectal cancer. The model interpretation with the SHAP algorithm showed that CREA, R-CV, GLU and NEUT% might be important indices to identify the most chronic diseases. PDW and R-CV are also discovered to be crucial indices in classifying the three types of chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer and mental illness). In addition, R-CV has a higher specificity for cancer, ALP for cardiovascular disease and GLU for mental illness. The association between chronic diseases was further revealed. At last, we build a user-friendly explainable machine-learning-based clinical decision support system (DisPioneer: http://bioinfor.imu.edu.cn/dispioneer) to assist in predicting, classifying and treating chronic diseases. This cost-effective work with simple blood tests will benefit more people and motivate clinical implementation and further investigation of chronic diseases prevention and surveillance program.

Empirical comparison and recent advances of computational prediction of hormone binding proteins using machine learning methods

Hormone binding proteins (HBPs) belong to the group of soluble carrier proteins. These proteins selectively and non-covalently interact with hormones and promote growth hormone signaling in human and other animals. The HBPs are useful in many medical and commercial fields. Thus, the identification of HBPs is very important because it can help to discover more details about hormone binding proteins. Meanwhile, the experimental methods are time-consuming and expensive for hormone binding proteins recognition. Computational prediction methods have played significant roles in the correct recognition of hormone binding proteins with the use of sequence information and ML algorithms. In this review, we compared and assessed the implementation of ML-based tools in recognition of HBPs in a unique way. We hope that this study will give enough awareness and knowledge for research on HBPs.

A random forest-based metabolic risk model to assess the prognosis and metabolism-related drug targets in ovarian cancer

As one of the most common gynecologic malignant tumors, ovarian cancer is usually diagnosed at an advanced and incurable stage because of its early asymptomatic onset. Increasing research into tumor biology has demonstrated that abnormal cellular metabolism precedes tumorigenesis, therefore it has become an area of active research in academia. Cellular metabolism is of great significance in cancer diagnostic and prognostic studies. In this study, we integrated The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset with multiple Gene Expression Omnibus ovarian cancer datasets, identified 17 metabolic pathways with prognostic values using the random forest algorithm, constructed a metabolic risk scoring model based on metabolic pathway enrichment scores, and classified patients with ovarian cancer into two subtypes. Then, we systematically investigated the differences between different subtypes in terms of prognosis, differential gene expression, immune signature enrichment, Hallmark signature enrichment, and somatic mutations. As well, we successfully predicted differences in sensitivity to immunotherapy and chemotherapy drugs in patients with different metabolic risk subtypes. Moreover, we identified 5 drug targets associated with high metabolic risk and low metabolic risk ovarian cancer phenotypes through the weighted correlation network analysis and investigated their roles in the genesis of ovarian cancer. Finally, we developed an XGBoost classifier for predicting metabolic risk types in patients with ovarian cancer, producing a good predictive effect. In light of the above study, the research findings will provide valuable information for prognostic prediction and personalized medical treatment of patients with ovarian cancer.

Deep learning-based transcription factor activity for stratification of breast cancer patients

Transcription factors directly bind to DNA and regulate the expression of the gene, causing epigenetic modification of the DNA. They often mediate epigenetic parameters of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms, and their expression activities can be used to characterize genomic aberrations in cancer cell. In this study, the activity profile of transcription factors inferred by VIPER algorithm. The autoencoder model was applied for compressing the transcription factor activity profile for obtaining more useful transformed features for stratifying patients into two different breast cancer subtypes. The deep learning-based subtypes exhibited superior prognostic value and yielded better risk-stratification than the transcription factor activity-based method. Importantly, according to transformed features, a deep neural network was constructed to predict the subtypes, and achieved the accuracy of 94.98% and area under the ROC curve of 0.9663, respectively. The proposed subtypes were found to be significantly associated with immune infiltration, tumor immunogenicity and so on. Furthermore, the ceRNA network was constructed for the breast cancer subtypes. Besides, 11 master regulators were found to be associated with patients in cluster 1. Given the robustness performance of our deep learning model over multiple breast cancer cohorts, we expected this model may be useful in the area of prognosis prediction and lead some possibility for personalized medicine in breast cancer patients.

Identify DNA-Binding Proteins Through the Extreme Gradient Boosting Algorithm

The exploration of DNA-binding proteins (DBPs) is an important aspect of studying biological life activities. Research on life activities requires the support of scientific research results on DBPs. The decline in many life activities is closely related to DBPs. Generally, the detection method for identifying DBPs is achieved through biochemical experiments. This method is inefficient and requires considerable manpower, material resources and time. At present, several computational approaches have been developed to detect DBPs, among which machine learning (ML) algorithm-based computational techniques have shown excellent performance. In our experiments, our method uses fewer features and simpler recognition methods than other methods and simultaneously obtains satisfactory results. First, we use six feature extraction methods to extract sequence features from the same group of DBPs. Then, this feature information is spliced together, and the data are standardized. Finally, the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) model is used to construct an effective predictive model. Compared with other excellent methods, our proposed method has achieved better results. The accuracy achieved by our method is 78.26% for PDB2272 and 85.48% for PDB186. The accuracy of the experimental results achieved by our strategy is similar to that of previous detection methods.

Characterized the diversity of ABCB1 subtypes in immunogenomic landscape for predicting the drug response in breast cancer

ABCB1 is an important gene that closely related to analgesic tolerance to opioids, and plays an important role in their postoperative treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that ABCB1 genotype is significantly associated with the chemico-resistance and chemical sensitivity in breast cancer patients. So, it is become very important to investigate the important role of ABCB1 for predicting drug response in breast cancer patients. In this study, by conducting the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis in breast cancer patients, significant differences were found in prognosis between the ABCB1 high- and low-expression subtypes. Meanwhile, by using immune infiltration profiles as well as transcriptomics datasets, the ABCB1 high subtype was found to be significantly enriched in many immune-related KEGG pathways and biological processes, and was characterized by the high infiltration levels of immune cell types. Furthermore, bioinformatics inference revealed that the ABCB1 subtypes were associated with the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy, which would be important for patient prognosis. In conclusion, these findings may provide useful help for recognizing the diversity between ABCB1 subtypes in tumor immune microenvironment, and may unravel prognosis outcomes and immunotherapy utility for ABCB1 in breast cancer.

Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning for COVID-19 drug discovery and vaccine design

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has led to a dramatic loss of human life worldwide. Despite many efforts, the development of effective drugs and vaccines for this novel virus will take considerable time. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions that could accelerate the discovery and optimization of new antivirals. Motivated by this, in this paper, we present an extensive survey on the application of AI and ML for combating COVID-19 based on the rapidly emerging literature. Particularly, we point out the challenges and future directions associated with state-of-the-art solutions to effectively control the COVID-19 pandemic. We hope that this review provides researchers with new insights into the ways AI and ML fight and have fought the COVID-19 outbreak.

Identification of cyclin protein using gradient boost decision tree algorithm

Cyclin proteins are capable to regulate the cell cycle by forming a complex with cyclin-dependent kinases to activate cell cycle. Correct recognition of cyclin proteins could provide key clues for studying their functions. However, their sequences share low similarity, which results in poor prediction for sequence similarity-based methods. Thus, it is urgent to construct a machine learning model to identify cyclin proteins. This study aimed to develop a computational model to discriminate cyclin proteins from non-cyclin proteins. In our model, protein sequences were encoded by seven kinds of features that are amino acid composition, composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs, tri peptide composition, pseudo amino acid composition, geary correlation, normalized moreau-broto autocorrelation and composition/transition/distribution. Afterward, these features were optimized by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR) with incremental feature selection (IFS) technique. A gradient boost decision tree (GBDT) classifier was trained on the optimal features. Five-fold cross-validated results showed that our model would identify cyclins with an accuracy of 93.06% and AUC value of 0.971, which are higher than the two recent studies on the same data.

Application of Machine Learning for Drug-Target Interaction Prediction

Exploring drug–target interactions by biomedical experiments requires a lot of human, financial, and material resources. To save time and cost to meet the needs of the present generation, machine learning methods have been introduced into the prediction of drug–target interactions. The large amount of available drug and target data in existing databases, the evolving and innovative computer technologies, and the inherent characteristics of various types of machine learning have made machine learning techniques the mainstream method for drug–target interaction prediction research. In this review, details of the specific applications of machine learning in drug–target interaction prediction are summarized, the characteristics of each algorithm are analyzed, and the issues that need to be further addressed and explored for future research are discussed. The aim of this review is to provide a sound basis for the construction of high-performance models.

RFhy-m2G: Identification of RNA N2-methylguanosine modification sites based on random forest and hybrid features

N2-methylguanosine is a post-transcriptional modification of RNA that is found in eukaryotes and archaea. The biological function of m2G modification discovered so far is to control and stabilize the three-dimensional structure of tRNA and the dynamic barrier of reverse transcription. To discover additional biological functions of m2G, it is necessary to develop time-saving and labor-saving calculation tools to identify m2G. In this paper, based on hybrid features and a random forest, a novel predictor, RFhy-m2G, was developed to identify the m2G modification sites for three species. The hybrid feature used by the predictor is used to fuse the three features of ENAC, PseDNC, and NPPS. These three features include primary sequence derivation properties, physicochemical properties, and position-specific properties. Since there are redundant features in hybrid features, MRMD2.0 is used for optimal feature selection. Through feature analysis, it is found that the optimal hybrid features obtained still contain three kinds of properties, and the hybrid features can more accurately identify m2G modification sites and improve prediction performance. Based on five-fold cross-validation and independent testing to evaluate the prediction model, the accuracies obtained were 0.9982 and 0.9417, respectively. The robustness of the predictor is demonstrated by comparisons with other predictors.