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Luettich K, Sharma M, Yepiskoposyan H, Breheny D, Lowe FJ. An Adverse Outcome Pathway for Decreased Lung Function Focusing on Mechanisms of Impaired Mucociliary Clearance Following Inhalation Exposure. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:750254. [PMID: 35295103 PMCID: PMC8915806 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.750254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) help to organize available mechanistic information related to an adverse outcome into key events (KEs) spanning all organizational levels of a biological system(s). AOPs, therefore, aid in the biological understanding of a particular pathogenesis and also help with linking exposures to eventual toxic effects. In the regulatory context, knowledge of disease mechanisms can help design testing strategies using in vitro methods that can measure or predict KEs relevant to the biological effect of interest. The AOP described here evaluates the major processes known to be involved in regulating efficient mucociliary clearance (MCC) following exposures causing oxidative stress. MCC is a key aspect of the innate immune defense against airborne pathogens and inhaled chemicals and is governed by the concerted action of its functional components, the cilia and airway surface liquid (ASL). The AOP network described here consists of sequences of KEs that culminate in the modulation of ciliary beat frequency and ASL height as well as mucus viscosity and hence, impairment of MCC, which in turn leads to decreased lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsta Luettich
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Monita Sharma
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hasmik Yepiskoposyan
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Ltd., Group Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Frazer J Lowe
- Broughton Nicotine Services, Earby, Lancashire, United Kingdom
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Suryadinata R, Levin K, Holsworth L, Paraskeva M, Robinson P. Airway cilia recovery post lung transplantation. Immun Inflamm Dis 2021; 9:1716-1723. [PMID: 34547188 PMCID: PMC8589372 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normally functioning airway cilia is essential for efficient mucociliary clearance to protect the airway from various insults. Impaired clearance may lead to increased risk of infections and progressive lung damage. Significant morbidity in the immediate post lung transplantation period is associated with airway infection, which we hypothesize may be caused by impaired cilia function. METHODS Airway cilia beating pattern (CBP) and frequency (CBF) were studied on brushing samples taken from above and below the transplant anastomosis of adult lung transplant recipients (n = 20) during routine bronchoscopies at 6, 12, and 26 weeks posttransplant. Bronchoaveolar Lavage (BAL) samples were also collected at each time points. RESULTS At 6 weeks posttransplant (n = 16), CBP from the donated lung showed reduced beating amplitude with the overall CBF 2.28 Hz slower than the patients' native upper airway cilia (median ± SIQR: 5.36 ± 0.93 Hz vs. 7.64 ± 0.92 Hz, p value < .001). At 12 weeks (n = 16), donor lungs CBP showed recovery with the difference in CBF reduced to 0.74 Hz (6.36 ± 1.46 Hz vs. 7.10 ± 0.86 Hz, p value < .05). Impaired cilia function was not associated with positive BAL cultures. CONCLUSION Reduced cilia function is evident in the first 12 weeks post lung transplant, with both CBP and CBF returning to levels of function indistinguishable to the patients' upper airway cilia beyond this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Suryadinata
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine,, Victorian Diagnostic Service for PCDThe Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Respiratory DiseasesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kovi Levin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lynda Holsworth
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Miranda Paraskeva
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Lung Transplant ServiceThe Alfred HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Philip Robinson
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine,, Victorian Diagnostic Service for PCDThe Royal Children's Hospital MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Respiratory DiseasesMurdoch Children's Research InstituteParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
- Department of PaediatricsUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Bricmont N, Alexandru M, Louis B, Papon JF, Kempeneers C. Ciliary Videomicroscopy: A Long Beat from the European Respiratory Society Guidelines to the Recognition as a Confirmatory Test for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091700. [PMID: 34574040 PMCID: PMC8471803 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited ciliopathy in which respiratory cilia are stationary or dyskinetic. The clinical presentation of PCD is highly non-specific since it includes infections and disorders of the upper (otitis and rhinosinusitis) and lower (neonatal respiratory distress, bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiectasis) airways, starting in early life. Clinical examination alone does not allow a PCD diagnosis, which relies on several concordant tests, since none are sensitive or specific enough alone. Despite being the most sensitive and specific test to diagnose PCD, digital high-speed videomicroscopy (DHSV) is not sufficiently standardized, preventing its use with complete confidence as a confirmatory diagnostic test for PCD, or its inclusion in a diagnostic algorithm. Since the 2017 ERS recommendations for PCD diagnosis, three main issues remain to be solved in order to optimize DHSV ciliary beating evaluation: the problem in defining an accurate sensitivity and specificity as there is no gold standard method to diagnose all PCD cases, a lack of standardization in the operating procedure for processing respiratory samples, and in the choice of measured parameters (self-operating or not). The development of new automated analysis approaches is promising and will require full clinical validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Bricmont
- Pneumology Laboratory, I3 Group, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihaela Alexandru
- ENT Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.A.); (J.-F.P.)
| | - Bruno Louis
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale INSERM-UPEC UMR 955, CNRS ERL7000, 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Jean-François Papon
- ENT Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (M.A.); (J.-F.P.)
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale INSERM-UPEC UMR 955, CNRS ERL7000, 94010 Créteil, France;
| | - Céline Kempeneers
- Pneumology Laboratory, I3 Group, GIGA Research Center, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Kempeneers C, Seaton C, Garcia Espinosa B, Chilvers MA. Ciliary functional analysis: Beating a path towards standardization. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:1627-1638. [PMID: 31313529 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited disorder in which respiratory cilia are stationary, or beat in a slow or dyskinetic manner, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and significant sinopulmonary disease. One diagnostic test is ciliary functional analysis using digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV), which allows real-time analysis of complete ciliary function, comprising ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP). However, DHSV lacks standardization. In this paper, the current knowledge of DHSV ciliary functional analysis is presented, and recommendations given for a standardized protocol for ciliary sample collection and processing. A proposal is presented for a quantitative and qualitative CBP evaluation system, to be used to develop international consensus agreement, and future DHSV research areas are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kempeneers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Seaton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernardo Garcia Espinosa
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Price ME, Sisson JH. Redox regulation of motile cilia in airway disease. Redox Biol 2019; 27:101146. [PMID: 30833143 PMCID: PMC6859573 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on airway cells are necessary for clearance of mucus-trapped particles out of the lung. Ciliated airway epithelial cells are uniquely exposed to oxidants through trapping of particles, debris and pathogens in mucus and the direct exposure to inhaled oxidant gases. Dynein ATPases, the motors driving ciliary motility, are sensitive to the local redox environment within each cilium. Several redox-sensitive cilia-localized proteins modulate dynein activity and include Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Protein Phosphatase 1. Moreover, cilia are rich in known redox regulatory proteins and thioredoxin domain-containing proteins that are critical in maintaining a balanced redox environment. Importantly, a nonsense mutation in TXNDC3, which contains a thioredoxin motif, has recently been identified as disease-causing in Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia, a hereditary motile cilia disease resulting in impaired mucociliary clearance. Here we review current understanding of the role(s) oxidant species play in modifying airway ciliary function. We focus on oxidants generated in the airways, cilia redox targets that modulate ciliary beating and imbalances in redox state that impact health and disease. Finally, we review disease models such as smoking, asthma, alcohol drinking, and infections as well as the direct application of oxidants that implicate redox balance as a modulator of cilia motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Price
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep & Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Chortarea S, Barosova H, Clift MJD, Wick P, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Human Asthmatic Bronchial Cells Are More Susceptible to Subchronic Repeated Exposures of Aerosolized Carbon Nanotubes At Occupationally Relevant Doses Than Healthy Cells. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7615-7625. [PMID: 28505409 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although acute pulmonary toxicity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been extensively investigated, the knowledge of potential health effects following chronic occupational exposure is currently limited and based only upon in vivo approaches. Our aim was to realistically mimic subchronic inhalation of multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) in vitro, using the air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system for aerosol exposures on reconstituted human bronchial tissue from healthy and asthmatic donors. The reliability and sensitivity of the system were validated using crystalline quartz (DQ12), which elicited an increased (pro-)inflammatory response, as reported in vivo. At the administrated MWCNT doses relevant to human occupational lifetime exposure (10 μg/cm2 for 5 weeks of repeated exposures/5 days per week) elevated cilia beating frequency (in both epithelial cultures), and mucociliary clearance (in asthmatic cells only) occurred, whereas no cytotoxic reactions or morphological changes were observed. However, chronic MWCNT exposure did induce an evident (pro-)inflammatory and oxidative stress response in both healthy and asthmatic cells. The latter revealed stronger and more durable long-term effects compared to healthy cells, indicating that individuals with asthma may be more susceptible to adverse effects from chronic MWCNT exposure. Our results highlight the power of occupationally relevant subchronic exposures on human in vitro models in nanosafety hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savvina Chortarea
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Hana Barosova
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Wick
- Laboratory for Materials-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology , 9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg , CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Workman AD, Cohen NA. The effect of drugs and other compounds on the ciliary beat frequency of human respiratory epithelium. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2015; 28:454-64. [PMID: 25514481 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2014.28.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cilia in the human respiratory tract play a critical role in clearing mucus and debris from the airways. Their function can be affected by a number of drugs or other substances, many of which alter ciliary beat frequency (CBF). This has implications for diseases of the respiratory tract and nasal drug delivery. This article is a systematic review of the literature that examines 229 substances and their effect on CBF. METHODS MEDLINE was the primary database used for data collection. Eligibility criteria based on experimental design were established, and 152 studies were ultimately selected. Each individual trial for the substances tested was noted whenever possible, including concentration, time course, specific effect on CBF, and source of tissue. RESULTS There was a high degree of heterogeneity between the various experiments examined in this article. Substances and their general effects (increase, no effect, decrease) were grouped into six categories: antimicrobials and antivirals, pharmacologics, human biological products, organisms and toxins, drug excipients, and natural compounds/other manipulations. CONCLUSION Organisms, toxins, and drug excipients tend to show a cilioinhibitory effect, whereas substances in all other categories had mixed effects. All studies examined were in vitro experiments, and application of the results in vivo is confounded by several factors. The data presented in this article should be useful in future respiratory research and examination of compounds for therapeutic and drug delivery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Workman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rankin HV, Moody AJ, Moate RM, Macnaughton PD, Rahamim J, Smith MEF, Sneyd JR. Elevated oxygen fraction reduces cilial abundance in explanted human bronchial tissue. Ultrastruct Pathol 2007; 31:339-46. [PMID: 17963183 DOI: 10.1080/01913120701643686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hyperoxia on ciliary abundance in cultured explants of adult human bronchus was investigated. Bronchus samples were removed during surgery from patients receiving pneumonectomy or lobectomy for malignancy. Part or all of each of these samples was used for measurement of cilial abundance by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); in many cases the remainder was subdivided and cultured at 37 degrees C in DMEM medium, maintaining an air interface at the ciliated surface of each segment. Cultured segments were exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia (95% O(2)), and a segment was removed every other day for quantification of cilial abundance by SEM. There was a significant inverse relationship between smoking history and abundance (p = .017; ANOVA); mean values for nonsmokers, ex-smokers, and smokers were 98.2% (n = 6), 97.0% (n = 17), and 84.02% (n = 9), respectively. There was some loss of cilia on explant segments cultured under normoxia, but the rate of loss from segments cultured under hyperoxia was significantly greater (W test, p = .00011); rate constants (means +/- SE) for cilial loss of 0.0208 +/- 0.0044 day(-1) and 0.0880 +/- 0.0179 day(-1) were found for explant segments exposed to 21 and 95% O2, respectively (n = 20).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Rankin
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK
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Kilgour E, Rankin N, Ryan S, Pack R. Mucociliary function deteriorates in the clinical range of inspired air temperature and humidity. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:1491-4. [PMID: 15024566 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2003] [Accepted: 02/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether a reduction in air temperature within the clinical range [37 degrees C to 30, 100% relative humidity (RH)] altered mucus transport velocity (MTV) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in an in vitro ovine tracheal model. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Farm-reared sheep. INTERVENTIONS Tracheae were mounted flat in an organ bath. Krebs Henseleit bathed the serosal surface and air at 100% (RH) was passed over the mucosal surface at 4 l/min. Cilial beat frequency (CBF) was measured photo-electrically and mucus transport velocity (MTV) by timing movement. After 2 h at 37 degrees C (100% RH) the tissue was either maintained with those settings (controls), or the air temperature reduced to 34 degrees C or 30 degrees C. Tissue was taken for histology before and after each experiment. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS CBF was 19.8+/-2.7 beats/s and MTV 5.7+/-2.6 mm/min in tissue exposed to air at 37 degrees C. Cilial activity continued for up to 6 h in the controls but mucus transport was more fragile. Reduction of the air temperature to either 34 degrees C or 30 degrees C led to a decrease in both CBF and MTV and, frequently, total mucociliary failure. There was a reduction in epithelial mucous cell numbers in all preparations. Tissues exposed to low temperature had additional abnormal histology. CONCLUSIONS Delivery of inspired gas at 30 degrees C, or even 34 degrees C, with 100% RH may not be sufficient to prevent epithelial damage occurring during 6 h exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kilgour
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Effective humidification is sometimes difficult to achieve in children when normal mechanisms are bypassed by having a tracheostomy in situ. The humidification options available in the paediatric population are heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) and heated humidifiers, both of which are reviewed and discussed. In some circumstances the humidification achieved with HMEs is inadequate. We outline the hospital and subsequent home management of two infants, both with tracheostomies in situ, who unsuccessfully trialed HMEs and subsequently achieved effective humidification with heated humidifiers. We propose that heated humidifiers would help more tracheostomized infants who are suffering from similar problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Edwards
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland, Starship Hospital, New Zealand
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Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Lamy M. Oxygen Therapy in Intensive Care Patients: A Vital Poison? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-13453-5_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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