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Jin N, Xue Z. Benefits of remimazolam as an anesthetic sedative for older patients: A review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25399. [PMID: 38370247 PMCID: PMC10867616 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the decreased levels of receptors in the peripheral and central nervous systems, the functions of various organ systems decline in older patients. When administering anesthesia to older patients, it is necessary to consider the effects of medication on the homeostatic balance. Remimazolam, a new benzodiazepine, was recently developed as an anesthetic drug that has shown promise in clinical anesthesia application owing to its molecular structure, targets, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Remimazolam exhibits a rapid onset and metabolism, with minor effects on liver and kidney functions. Moreover, the drug has a specific antagonist, flumazenil. It is safer to use in older patients than other anesthetic sedatives and has been widely used since its introduction. Comparisons of the pharmacokinetics, metabolic pathways, effects on target organs, and hemodynamics of different drugs with those of commonly used anesthetic sedative drugs are useful to inform clinical practice. This article elaborates on the benefits of remimazolam compared with those of other anesthetic sedatives for sedation in older patients to demonstrate how it offers a new option for anesthetics in older patients. In cases involving older patients with increased clinical complexities or very old patients requiring anesthesia, remimazolam can be selected as the preferred anesthetic sedative, as outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi, 117000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Benxi Central Hospital, Benxi, 117000, Liaoning Province, China
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2
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Zhong T, Lin Y, Zhuge R, Lin Y, Huang B, Zeng R. Reviewing the mechanism of propofol addiction. ALL LIFE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2023.2174708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Zhong
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Lin
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruohuai Zhuge
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujie Lin
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bingwu Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Zeng
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Ito T, Utsumi N, Baba Y, Matsumura T, Wakita R, Maeda S. Considerations for Satisfactory Sedation during Dental Implant Surgery. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030461. [PMID: 36983643 PMCID: PMC10054855 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Implant surgery is a lengthy dental procedure, and sedation is often used to reduce discomfort. The effectiveness of sedation has traditionally been evaluated in terms of patient and surgeon satisfaction, but the most important goal is not to induce a deep sleep in the patient, but rather to ensure that the surgery is performed safely and as planned. Additionally, adequate pain control is a necessary requirement for patient and surgeon satisfaction. Most patients undergoing implant surgery are middle-aged or older, and a relatively large number of them have cardiovascular disease. Infiltration anesthesia using articaine or lidocaine in combination with adrenaline is widely used, but its use in patients with cardiovascular disease is limited because of adrenaline’s effects on the cardiovascular system. The use of long-acting local anesthetics and the potential efficacy of ultrasound-guided jaw nerve block have been investigated to enhance analgesia without resorting to adrenaline. Midazolam and propofol are usually used for sedation, but dexmedetomidine, which causes less respiratory depression, and the ultrashort-acting benzodiazepine remimazolam are emerging as potential alternatives. Monitoring of anesthetic depth using electroencephalography is effective in maintaining a constant level of sedation. In addition, sedation promotes the stabilization of heart rate and blood pressure, reducing the risks associated with adrenaline and allowing for safer management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shigeru Maeda
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5803-5549; Fax: +81-3-5803-0206
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Cho HY, Lee HJ, Kim WH, Lee HC, Jung CW, Hong SK, Yang SM. Influence of anesthesia type on post-reperfusion syndrome during liver transplantation: a single-center retrospective study. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2022; 17:304-311. [PMID: 35918864 PMCID: PMC9346196 DOI: 10.17085/apm.21104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-reperfusion syndrome (PRS) results in sudden hemodynamic instability following graft reperfusion. Although PRS is known to influence outcomes following liver transplantation, little is known regarding the effects of anesthetics on PRS. This study investigated the association between the type of anesthetic agent and PRS in liver transplantation. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent liver transplantation between June 2016 and December 2019. Patients were divided into sevoflurane and propofol groups according to the anesthetic agent used. Stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis was performed to investigate the association between PRS identified based on blood pressure recordings and the type of anesthesia. Associations between the anesthetic agent and the duration of hypotension as well as early postoperative outcomes were also investigated. Results Data were analyzed for 398 patients, 304 (76.4%) and 94 (23.6%) of whom were anesthetized with propofol and sevoflurane, respectively. PRS developed in 40.7% of the 398 patients. Following stabilized IPTW analysis, the association with PRS was lower in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group (odds ratio, 0.47; P = 0.018). However, there was no association between the type of anesthetic used and early postoperative outcomes. Conclusions The association of PRS was lower in the sevoflurane group than in the propofol group. However, there was no association between the type of anesthetic and the early postoperative outcomes. Further studies are required to determine the optimal anesthetic for liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Cho
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ho Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Chul Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Woo Jung
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk Kyun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Mi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding Author: Seong-Mi Yang, M.D. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-2467, Fax: +82-2-747-8363 E-mail:
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Budic I, Jevtovic Stoimenov T, Pavlovic D, Marjanovic V, Djordjevic I, Stevic M, Simic D. Clinical Importance of Potential Genetic Determinants Affecting Propofol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:809393. [PMID: 35295593 PMCID: PMC8918542 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.809393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variability in response to drugs used in anesthesia has long been considered the rule, not the exception. It is important to mention that in anesthesiology, the variability in response to drugs is multifactorial, i.e., genetic and environmental factors interact with each other and thus affect the metabolism, efficacy, and side effects of drugs. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) is the most common intravenous anesthetic used in modern medicine. Individual differences in genetic factors [single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] in the genes encoding metabolic enzymes, molecular transporters, and molecular binding sites of propofol can be responsible for susceptibility to propofol effects. The objective of this review (through the analysis of published research) was to systematize the influence of gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol, to explain whether and to what extent the gene profile has an impact on variations observed in the clinical response to propofol, and to estimate the benefit of genotyping in anesthesiology. Despite the fact that there has been a considerable advance in this type of research in recent years, which has been largely limited to one or a group of genes, interindividual differences in propofol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics may be best explained by the contribution of multiple pathways and need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Budic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Nis, Niš, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Ivana Budic, ,
| | | | - Dimitrije Pavlovic
- Clinic for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Clinical Centre Nis, Niš, Serbia
| | - Vesna Marjanovic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Clinical Center Nis, Niš, Serbia
| | - Ivona Djordjevic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
- Clinic for Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, University Clinical Center Nis, Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija Stevic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusica Simic
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia
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Müller-Wirtz LM, Maurer F, Brausch T, Kiefer D, Floss M, Doneit J, Volk T, Sessler DI, Fink T, Lehr T, Kreuer S. Exhaled Propofol Concentrations Correlate With Plasma and Brain Tissue Concentrations in Rats. Anesth Analg 2021; 132:110-118. [PMID: 32118620 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000004701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol can be measured in exhaled gas. Exhaled and plasma propofol concentrations correlate well, but the relationship with tissue concentrations remains unknown. We thus evaluated the relationship between exhaled, plasma, and various tissue propofol concentrations. Because the drug acts in the brain, we focused on the relationship between exhaled and brain tissue propofol concentrations. METHODS Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium for 6 hours. Animals were randomly assigned to propofol infusions at 20, 40, or 60 mg·kg·h (n = 12 per group). Exhaled propofol concentrations were measured at 15-minute intervals by multicapillary column-ion mobility spectrometry. Arterial blood samples, 110 µL each, were collected 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after the propofol infusion started. Propofol concentrations were measured in brain, lung, liver, kidney, muscle, and fat tissue after 6 hours. The last exhaled and plasma concentrations were used for linear regression analyses with tissue concentrations. RESULTS The correlation of exhaled versus plasma concentrations (R = 0.71) was comparable to the correlation of exhaled versus brain tissue concentrations (R = 0.75) at the end of the study. In contrast, correlations between plasma and lung and between lung and exhaled propofol concentrations were poor. Less than a part-per-thousand of propofol was exhaled over 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS Exhaled propofol concentrations correlate reasonably well with brain tissue and plasma concentrations in rats, and may thus be useful to estimate anesthetic drug effect. The equilibration between plasma propofol and exhaled gas is apparently independent of lung tissue concentration. Only a tiny fraction of administered propofol is eliminated via the lungs, and exhaled quantities thus have negligible influence on plasma concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Müller-Wirtz
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Felix Maurer
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Timo Brausch
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Daniel Kiefer
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Maximilian Floss
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Jonas Doneit
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Thomas Volk
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Daniel I Sessler
- Department of Outcomes Research, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Tobias Fink
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. The Center of Breath Research is part of the Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Center of Breath Research, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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7
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Bodnar J. The Use of Propofol for Continuous Deep Sedation at the End of Life: A Definitive Guide. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2019; 33:63-81. [DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2019.1667941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Bodnar
- John Bodnar, Penn Hospice at Chester County, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Propofol intravenous anaesthesia with desflurane compared with desflurane alone on postoperative liver function after living-donor liver transplantation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2019; 36:656-666. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous hypnotic drug that is used for induction and maintenance of sedation and general anaesthesia. It exerts its effects through potentiation of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, and has gained widespread use due to its favourable drug effect profile. The main adverse effects are disturbances in cardiopulmonary physiology. Due to its narrow therapeutic margin, propofol should only be administered by practitioners trained and experienced in providing general anaesthesia. Many pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models for propofol exist. Some are used to inform drug dosing guidelines, and some are also implemented in so-called target-controlled infusion devices, to calculate the infusion rates required for user-defined target plasma or effect-site concentrations. Most of the models were designed for use in a specific and well-defined patient category. However, models applicable in a more general population have recently been developed and published. The most recent example is the general purpose propofol model developed by Eleveld and colleagues. Retrospective predictive performance evaluations show that this model performs as well as, or even better than, PK models developed for specific populations, such as adults, children or the obese; however, prospective evaluation of the model is still required. Propofol undergoes extensive PK and PD interactions with both other hypnotic drugs and opioids. PD interactions are the most clinically significant, and, with other hypnotics, tend to be additive, whereas interactions with opioids tend to be highly synergistic. Response surface modelling provides a tool to gain understanding and explore these complex interactions. Visual displays illustrating the effect of these interactions in real time can aid clinicians in optimal drug dosing while minimizing adverse effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the PK and PD of propofol in order to refresh readers' knowledge of its clinical applications, while discussing the main avenues of research where significant recent advances have been made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko M. Sahinovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel M. R. F. Struys
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-Operative Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anthony R. Absalom
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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Wu G, Fu G, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Wang X. Effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on the depth of total intravenous anesthesia in patients with breast cancer undergoing unilateral modified radical mastectomy: A prospective observational study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13776. [PMID: 30572532 PMCID: PMC6319789 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NC) on nervous, hepatorenal, and pulmonary systems might affect general anesthesia depth. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NC on depth of total intravenous anesthesia.This prospective observational study enrolled 60 patients undergoing elective unilateral modified radical mastectomy during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil (January-June 2015; Liaocheng People's Hospital, China): the NC group (n = 30) received NC, while the control group (n = 30) did not. Propofol and remifentanil dosages were adjusted according to indexes of consciousness (IoC1: sedation; IoC2: analgesia) to control fluctuations of blood pressure and heart rate within 20% of baseline values. Parameters reflecting propofol/remifentanil dosages, intraoperative adverse events, and quality of anesthetic recovery were recorded.The duration of propofol infusion (1.3 ± 0.4 vs 1.8 ± 0.5 hours, P < .05), mean propofol dosage (8.0 ± 1.0 vs 9.3 ± 1.5 mg kg h, P < .05), and adjustment frequency of target-controlled remifentanil infusion (2.9 ± 1.8 vs 4.4 ± 2.6 times/surgery, P < .05) were significantly lower in the NC group than in the control group; adjustment frequency of target-controlled propofol infusion was also numerically lower (2.0 ± 1.1 vs 2.7 ± 1.5 times/surgery, P = .053). Duration of remifentanil infusion, mean remifentanil dosage, voluntary eye opening, extubation time, and recovery score were not significantly different between groups. The incidence of tachycardia was lower in the NC group than in the control group (7.1% vs 37.0%, P < .05), but there was no significant difference in the incidence of total adverse events between groups.NC can enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer patients to the anesthetic effect of propofol.
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Restoux A, Grassin-Delyle S, Liu N, Paugam-Burtz C, Mantz J, Le Guen M. Pilot study of closed-loop anaesthesia for liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 2018; 117:332-40. [PMID: 27543528 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automated titration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the bispectral index (BIS) has been used for numerous surgical procedures. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) uniquely combines major changes in circulating volume, an anhepatic phase, and ischaemia-reperfusion syndrome. We assessed the behaviour of this automated controller during OLT. METHODS Adult patients undergoing OLT were included in this pilot study. Consumption of propofol and remifentanil was calculated for each surgery period (dissection, anhepatic, and liver reperfusion phases). Arterial blood samples were collected at several time points to allow comparison of actual with calculated propofol and remifentanil concentrations. Data are presented as median [25th and 75th percentiles] or percentage (95% confidence interval). RESULTS Thirteen patients were studied. System performance, defined as the percentage of time with BIS in the range 40-60, was 88% (86-94) of the total duration of anaesthesia. Propofol requirement was decreased during the anhepatic phase compared with the dissection phase (2.9 [1.9-5.0] mg kg(-1) h(-1) and 4.6 [3.5-8.1] mg kg(-1) h(-1); P<0.03) while remifentanil consumption was unchanged (0.11 [0.09-0.19] µg kg- (1) min(-1)). Bland-Altman analysis showed a weak concordance for propofol (bias of 0.7 µg ml(-1) and limits of agreement of -2.2 to +3.7 µg ml(-1)) and remifentanil (bias of 1.3 ng ml(-1) and limits of agreement -4.3 to +6.8 ng ml(-1)). No adverse events were reported during anaesthesia. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study indicates that automated titration of propofol and remifentanil guided by the BIS is feasible during OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Restoux
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France Université Paris VII Denis Diderot, France
| | - S Grassin-Delyle
- Department of Pharmacology Mass Spectrometry Facility, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - N Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France
| | - C Paugam-Burtz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France Université Paris VII Denis Diderot, France
| | - J Mantz
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France Université Paris Descartes, France
| | - M Le Guen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France
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Li M, Zhao Y, Humar A, Tevar AD, Hughes C, Venkataramanan R. Pharmacokinetics of drugs in adult living donor liver transplant patients: regulatory factors and observations based on studies in animals and humans. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:231-43. [PMID: 26809188 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1139575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limited information is available on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in the donors and recipients following adult living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Given that both the donors and recipients receive multiple drug therapies, it is important to assess the pharmacokinetics of drugs used in these patients. AREAS COVERED Pathophysiological changes that occur post-surgery and regulatory factors that may influence pharmacokinetics of drugs, especially hepatic drug metabolism and transport in both LDLT donors and the recipients are discussed. Pharmacokinetic data in animals with partial hepatectomy are presented. Clinical pharmacokinetic data of certain drugs in LDLT recipients are further reviewed. EXPERT OPINION It takes up to six months for the liver volume to return to normal after LDLT surgery. In the LDLT recipients, drug exposure generally is higher with lower clearance during early period post-transplant; lower initial dosages of immunosuppressants are used than deceased donor liver transplant recipients during the first six months post-transplantation. In animals, the activities of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters are known to be altered differentially during liver regeneration. Future studies on the actual hepatic function with reference to drug metabolism, drug transport, and biliary secretion in both LDLT donors and recipients are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Zhao
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Office of Pharmaceutical Quality , Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Abhinav Humar
- d Department of Surgery, School of Medicine , Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Amit D Tevar
- d Department of Surgery, School of Medicine , Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Christopher Hughes
- d Department of Surgery, School of Medicine , Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,d Department of Surgery, School of Medicine , Thomas Starzl Transplantation Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,e Magee Womens Research Institute , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,f Department of Pathology , School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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13
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Tachibana N, Niiyama Y, Yamakage M. Evaluation of bias in predicted and measured propofol concentrations during target-controlled infusions in obese Japanese patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2014; 31:701-7. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu CH, Yeh CC, Huang YS, Lee MS, Hsieh CB, Cherng CH, Wu ZF. Hemodynamic and biochemical changes in liver transplantation: A retrospective comparison of desflurane and total intravenous anesthesia by target-controlled infusion under auditory evoked potential guide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 52:6-12. [PMID: 24999212 DOI: 10.1016/j.aat.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) has been used successfully for liver transplantation (LT) in recent years. However, there are few discourses in the literature which focus on the merits and weakness in perioperative management, biochemical changes, and postoperative recovery between TIVA and desflurane anesthesia (DES). METHODS We retrospectively compared the circumstances of liver transplantation recipients who had the surgery carried out under propofol-based TIVA or DES in the period from September 2007 to August 2010. Preoperative characteristics, date of intraoperative management, hemodynamic profiles, concentration of anesthetics, biochemical changes, and circumstances of postoperative recovery were retrieved from the hospital database for analysis. RESULTS We included 111 patients who received the surgery under either TIVA (n = 66) or DES (n = 45). Patient demographics, baseline laboratory data, operation time, and fluid management did not differ between the two groups. In comparison with the DES group, fewer patients had to be administered norepinephrine (21.2% vs. 42.2%; p = 0.020) in the TIVA group; moreover, the total dosage of norepinephrine was lower (0.003 ± 0.005 mg vs. 0.006 ± 0.008 mg; p = 0.012) in the TIVA group during liver reperfusion phase. Blood lactate level was higher in the DES group than in the TIVA group after the anhepatic phase. TIVA patients woke up faster than those in the DES group (54.0 ± 33.4 minutes vs. 95.0 ± 78.3 minutes; p = 0.034). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that propofol-based TIVA may provide better hemodynamics and microcirculation during the anhepatic phase in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chueng-He Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Chang Yeh
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Shiou Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Meei-Shyuan Lee
- School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Bao Hsieh
- Division of General Surgery, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chen-Hwan Cherng
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Fu Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Lee J, Ryu HG, Kim A, Yoo S, Shin SY, Kang SH, Jeong J, Yoo Y. Anesthetic management of an 8-month-old infant with osteogenesis imperfecta undergoing liver transplantation: a case report. Korean J Anesthesiol 2014; 66:472-5. [PMID: 25006373 PMCID: PMC4085270 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2014.66.6.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic management of pediatric liver transplantation in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) requires tough decisions and comprehensive considerations of the cascade of effects that may arise and the required monitoring. Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil was chosen as the main anesthetic strategy. Malignant hyperthermia (MH), skeletal fragility, anhepatic phase during liver transplantation, uncertainties of TIVA in children, and propofol infusion syndrome were considered and monitored. There were no adverse events during the operation. Despite meticulous precautions with regard to the risk of MH, there was an episode of high fever (40℃) in the ICU a few hours after the operation, which was initially feared as MH. Fortunately, MH was ruled out as the fever subsided soon after hydration and antipyretics were given. Although the delivery of supportive care and the administration of dantrolene are the core principles in the management of MH, perioperative fever does not always mean a MH in patients at risk for MH, and other common causes of fever should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho-Geol Ryu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anna Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seokha Yoo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeon Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun-Hye Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Jeong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yongjae Yoo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Propofol Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Associated with Reduced Apoptosis in Rat Liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/517478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is an intravenous anesthetic, reported to have a protective effect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in heart and brain, but no definite data are available concerning its effect in hepatic I/R. This work investigated the effect of propofol anesthesia on hepatic I/R injury using in vivo rat model. Four groups of rats were included: sham operated, I/R (30 min ischemia and 2 h reperfusion), I/R treated with propofol (10 mg/kg/h), and I/R treated with propofol (20 mg/kg/h). Liver enzyme leakage, TNF-α and caspase-3 levels, and antiapoptotic Bcl-xL/apoptotic Bax gene expression, together with histopathological changes, were used to evaluate the extent of hepatic I/R injury. Compared with sham-operated group, I/R group showed significant increase in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST), TNF-α, and caspase-3 and significant decrease in the Bcl-xL/Bax ratio, associated with histopathologic damage in liver. Propofol infusion significantly attenuated these changes with reduced hepatic histopathologic lesions compared with nonpreconditioned I/R group. However, no significant differences were found between two groups treated with different doses of propofol. In conclusion, propofol infusion reduced hepatic I/R injury with decreased markers of cellular apoptosis. Therefore, propofol anesthesia may provide a useful hepatic protection during liver surgery.
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Role of glycogen synthase kinase 3β in protective effect of propofol against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2013; 185:388-98. [PMID: 23743186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was previously reported that propofol, an intravenously administered hypnotic and anesthetic agent, protects organs from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) is known to play an important role in the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the role of GSK-3β and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the protective effects of propofol against hepatic I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The left and median hepatic artery and the portal vein branches were blocked by no-damage artery clips to create the model of partial ischemia (70%), and liver lobes were subjected to warm ischemia for 30, 60, 90 min, respectively. Reperfusion of 120 min was then initiated by the removal of clamp. The MPTP opening was assessed by measuring mitochondrial large amplitude swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential. RESULTS Pretreatment with propofol in conditions of hepatic I/R inhibits the apoptosis of hepatocytes as evidenced by decreased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells. Importantly, propofol suppressed the mitochondrial GSK-3β by promoting or preserving its phosphorylation at Ser9, thus restraining the opening of MPTP and preventing the mitochondrial swell and mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. CONCLUSIONS Propofol protects liver from I/R injury by sustaining the mitochondrial function, which is possibly involved with the modulation of MPTP and GSK-3β.
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Jain A, Venkataramanan R, Sharma R, Kwong T, Abt P, Orloff M, Kashyap R, Tsoulfas G, Bozorgzadeh A. Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid in Live Donor Liver Transplant Patients vs Deceased Donor Liver Transplant Patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 48:547-52. [PMID: 18440919 DOI: 10.1177/0091270008315317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Jain
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Solid Organ Transplantation, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Gill KL, Gertz M, Houston JB, Galetin A. Application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to assess propofol hepatic and renal glucuronidation in isolation: utility of in vitro and in vivo data. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:744-53. [PMID: 23303442 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach was used to assess the prediction accuracy of propofol hepatic and extrahepatic metabolic clearance and to address previously reported underprediction of in vivo clearance based on static in vitro-in vivo extrapolation methods. The predictive capacity of propofol intrinsic clearance data (CLint) obtained in human hepatocytes and liver and kidney microsomes was assessed using the PBPK model developed in MATLAB software. Microsomal data obtained by both substrate depletion and metabolite formation methods and in the presence of 2% bovine serum albumin were considered in the analysis. Incorporation of hepatic and renal in vitro metabolic clearance in the PBPK model resulted in underprediction of propofol clearance regardless of the source of in vitro data; the predicted value did not exceed 35% of the observed clearance. Subsequently, propofol clinical data from three dose levels in intact patients and anhepatic subjects were used for the optimization of hepatic and renal CLint in a simultaneous fitting routine. Optimization process highlighted that renal glucuronidation clearance was underpredicted to a greater extent than liver clearance, requiring empirical scaling factors of 17 and 9, respectively. The use of optimized clearance parameters predicted hepatic and renal extraction ratios within 20% of the observed values, reported in an additional independent clinical study. This study highlights the complexity involved in assessing the contribution of extrahepatic clearance mechanisms and illustrates the application of PBPK modeling, in conjunction with clinical data, to assess prediction of clearance from in vitro data for each tissue individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Gill
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Wu J, Huang SQ, Chen QL, Zheng SS. The influence of the severity of chronic virus-related liver disease on propofol requirements during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:231-7. [PMID: 23225825 PMCID: PMC3521282 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.1.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of chronic virus- related liver disease severity on propofol requirements. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, 48 male patients with chronic hepatitis B infection were divided into three groups according to Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification of liver function (groups A, B, and C with mild, moderate and severe liver disease, respectively). After intubation, propofol concentration was adjusted by ± 0.3 μg/mL increments to maintain bispectral index in the range of 40-60. Target propofol concentrations at anesthesia initiation, pre-intubation and pre-incision were recorded. RESULTS The initial concentration used in group C was significantly lower than that used in group A or B (p<0.05), whereas no difference was observed between groups A and B. At pre-intubation, the actual required concentration of propofol increased significantly (3.2 μg/mL) in group A (p<0.05), which lead to significant differences between the groups (p<0.05). At pre-incision, the requirements for propofol decreased significantly in both groups A and B (3.0 μg/mL and 2.7 μg/mL, respectively) compared with those at pre-intubation (p<0.05), and were significantly different for all three groups (p<0.05), with group C demonstrating the lowest requirement (2.2 μg/mL). The required concentrations of propofol at pre-incision were similar to those at induction. CONCLUSION In this study, propofol requirements administered by target-controlled infusion to maintain similar depths of hypnosis were shown to depend on the severity of chronic virus-related liver dysfunction. In other words, patients with the most severe liver dysfunction required the least amount of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su-Qin Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Lian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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The population pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:423-31. [PMID: 21814196 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl, an opioid analgesic with a high hepatic extraction ratio, is frequently used to supplement general anesthesia during liver transplantation and is also continuously infused to provide postoperative analgesia. However, because fentanyl is metabolized mainly in the liver, the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl may vary widely during the different phases of the surgery, potentially leading to adverse events. Using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, we characterized the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in 15 patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification 2 or 3) undergoing living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Fentanyl was continuously infused at the rate of 200-400 µg/h throughout the operation. The time course of the fentanyl plasma concentration levels was best described in terms of a two-compartment model. Estimates were made of the pharmacokinetic parameters during the preanhepatic, anhepatic, and neohepatic phases: central volume of distribution (V(1)) (l): 59.0 + hourly volume infused by rapid infusion system (RIS) × 42.5, 113.0, and 189.0, respectively, × (body weight/69)(1.3); peripheral volume of distribution (V(2)) (l): 94.3, 412.0, and 427.0, respectively; intercompartmental clearance (Q) (l/h): 96.4 × (cardiac output (CO)/6.7)(2.5), 22.6, and 28.2, respectively; metabolic clearance (Cl) (l/h): 21.7 during the preanhepatic and neohepatic phases, and 0 during the anhepatic phase. The preanhepatic central volume of distribution was found to be markedly influenced by the massive infusion of fluids and blood products. The more hyperdynamic the circulation was during the preanhepatic phase, the higher the distributional clearance.
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Paugam-Burtz C, Chatelon J, Follin A, Rossel N, Chanques G, Jaber S. [Perioperative anaesthetic practices in liver transplantation in France: Evolution between 2004 and 2008]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 29:419-24. [PMID: 20677378 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the evolution of French perioperative anaesthetic practices in liver transplantation between 2004 and 2008. STUDY DESIGN Phone survey. METHODS In 2004 and 2008, a similar questionnaire has been administered by phone to a senior anaesthesiologist from each French centre performing adult liver transplantation (n = 21). Results were compared using Fisher test and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS Between 2004 and 2008, there was a trend towards an increase of centres performing transplantation for more than 40% of Child C patients (p = 0.1). Simultaneously, work force dedicated to liver transplantation cases has been reduced since in 2008, one anaesthesiologist was in charge in 90% of the centres (p = 0.06 vs 2004). Perioperative practices remained largely heterogeneous between centres with regard to hemodynamic monitoring, fluid and blood products management, antifibrinolytics use or postoperative analgesia. CONCLUSIONS This French survey has shown a reduction of work force dedicated to a liver transplantation from 2004 to 2008 simultaneously with a trend towards a greater severity of liver recipients. Practices heterogeneity reflect at least in part, unresolved questions about the best perioperative management for liver transplantation and the need for guidelines. Working for standardization of our practices and multicentric trials could allow gaining a better understanding of what should be the good practices in perioperative management of liver transplantation.
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Yamashita S, Kaneda K, Han TH. Population pharmacokinetics of a propofol bolus administered in patients with major burns. Burns 2010; 36:1215-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cortínez LI, Anderson BJ, Penna A, Olivares L, Muñoz HR, Holford NHG, Struys MMRF, Sepulveda P. Influence of obesity on propofol pharmacokinetics: derivation of a pharmacokinetic model. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105:448-56. [PMID: 20710020 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeq195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to characterize the influence of obesity on propofol PK parameters. METHODS Nineteen obese ASA II patients undergoing bariatric surgery were studied. Patients received propofol 2 mg kg(-1) bolus dose followed by a 5-20-40-120 min, 10-8-6-5 mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion. Arterial blood samples were withdrawn at 1, 3, 5 min after induction, every 10-20 min during propofol infusion, and every 10-30 min for 2 h after stopping the propofol infusion. Arterial samples were processed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Time-concentration data profiles from this study were pooled with data from two other propofol PK studies available at http://www.opentci.org. Population PK modelling was performed using non-linear mixed effects model. RESULTS The study involved 19 obese adults who contributed 163 observations. The pooled analysis involved 51 patients (weight 93 sd 24 kg, range 44-160 kg; age 46 sd 16 yr, range 25-81 yr; BMI 33 sd 9 kg m(-2), range 16-52 kg m(-2)). A three-compartment model was used to investigate propofol PK. An allometric size model using total body weight (TBW) was superior to all other models investigated (linear TBW, free fat mass, lean body weight, normal fat mass) for all clearance parameters. Variability in V2 and Q2 was reduced by a function showing a decrease in both parameters with age. CONCLUSIONS We have derived a population PK model using obese and non-obese data to characterize propofol PK over a wide range of body weights. An allometric model using TBW as the size descriptor of volumes and clearances was superior to other size descriptors to characterize propofol PK in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Cortínez
- Departamento de Anestesiología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Hospital Clínico U. Católica, Marcoleta 367, PO Box 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
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Lee JY, Shin JW, Lee EH, Baek SH, Ku SW, Kim JU. Comparison of the effects of propofol and pentobarbital on hydrogen peroxide-stimulated hepatic SNU761 cells. Korean J Anesthesiol 2010; 58:277-82. [PMID: 20498778 PMCID: PMC2872837 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.58.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol and barbiturates are both known to protect cells of several organs against ischemia/reperfusion injury, but there are few reports on any possible protective effects on human hepatocytes. We investigated the activities of both agents on human hepatic SNU761 cells under hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress. METHODS To determine whether propofol and pentobarbital protect hepatocytes from H(2)O(2)-induced toxicity, we used SNU761 cells, a human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line. Cells were pretreated with different dosages (1, 10, 50 microM) of propofol or pentobarbital (1, 10, 50, 100, 400 microM) 30 min before H(2)O(2) application. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured to assess and quantify cell death. To determine the nature of cell death, treated hepatocytes were doubly stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Pretreatment with propofol, but not pentobarbital, suppressed H(2)O(2)-induced LDH release. In Annexin V-FITC/PI binding analysis, propofol decreased the number of necrotic and late apoptotic cells, but no significant decreases in such cell numbers were seen when pentobarbital was used. CONCLUSIONS Unlike pentobarbital, propofol, at clinical concentrations, protected SNU-761 HCC cells against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Molliex S. [From pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamic: a strategy for rational management of anaesthesia]. ANNALES FRANCAISES D'ANESTHESIE ET DE REANIMATION 2008; 27:973-974. [PMID: 19027264 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Tremelot L, Restoux A, Paugam-Burtz C, Dahmani S, Massias L, Peuch C, Belghiti J, Mantz J. Interest of BIS monitoring to guide propofol infusion during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:975-8. [PMID: 19028068 DOI: 10.1016/j.annfar.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is associated with significant changes in pharmacokinetics. The aim of this study was to compare the influence of this phase on propofol target concentrations during BIS guided target controlled infusion (TCI). STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eight patients aged 25 to 65 years, Child-Pugh status A-B scheduled for OLT were prospectively included. Anesthesia was performed using TCI of propofol (Diprifusor, Marsh pharmacokinetic model), sufentanil and cisatracurium. Propofol target concentration was adjusted to maintain BIS values between 40 and 50. RESULTS To maintain stable BIS values, propofol target concentrations should be decreased during the anhepatic phase versus the dissection one (2.0 microg/ml+/-0.8 versus 3.0 microg/ml+/-0.9, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION BIS could be useful to titrate propofol infusion during the anhepatic phase of OLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tremelot
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Service, Beaujon University Hospital, 100, boulevard du Général-Leclerc, 92100 Clichy, France
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Takata K, Kurita T, Morishima Y, Morita K, Uraoka M, Sato S. Do the kidneys contribute to propofol elimination? Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:648-52. [DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Wang H, Xue Z, Wang Q, Feng X, Shen Z. Propofol Protects Hepatic L02 Cells from Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis via Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases Pathway. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:534-40. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181770be9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ritter JK. Intestinal UGTs as potential modifiers of pharmacokinetics and biological responses to drugs and xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:93-107. [PMID: 17269897 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the biological catalysts of glucuronidation, a major pathway of conjugative metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. In addition to the liver and kidney, UGTs are highly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, where they have the potential to influence the pharmacokinetics and biological effects of ingested drugs and xenobiotics. This paper reviews the current evidence for the contributions of intestinal UGTs to presystemic 'first-pass' metabolism and drug bioavailability, the extent of enterohepatic cycling and the clearance of drugs from plasma, as well as their influence on biological responses to drugs, including drug toxicity. The prediction of the effects of intestinal glucuronidation on these processes depends on knowledge of the types and amounts of UGTs expressed in the small intestine and their specific glucuronidating activities. Whereas the types of UGTs expressed in human gastrointestinal tract are well characterized, further research is needed to understand the absolute amounts of UGTs in the small intestine and the causes of observed high-interindividual variability in the intestinal expression of UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Ritter
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Box 980613, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA.
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Al-Jahdari WS, Kunimoto F, Saito S, Yamamoto K, Koyama H, Horiuchi R, Goto F. Total body propofol clearance (TBPC) after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) surgery is decreased in patients with a long warm ischemic time. J Anesth 2006; 20:323-6. [PMID: 17072701 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-006-0420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic capacity after liver transplant surgery may be affected by the graft size and by hepatic injury during the surgery. This study was carried out to investigate the postoperative total body propofol clearance (TBPC) in living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) patients and to investigate the major factors that contribute to decreased postoperative TBPC in LDLT patients. Fourteen patients scheduled for LDLT were included in this study. Propofol was administered at a rate of 2.0 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) as a sedative in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. To calculate TBPC, propofol arterial blood concentration was measured by HPLC. Five variables were selected as factors affecting postoperative TBPC; bleeding volume (BLD), warm ischemic time (WIT), cold ischemic time (CIT), graft weight/standard liver volume ratio (GW/SLV), and portal blood flow after surgery (PBF). After factor analysis of six variables, including TBPC, varimax rotation was carried out, and this yielded three interpretable factors that accounted for 75.5% of the total variance in the data set. TBPC, WIT, CIT, and BLD were loaded on the first factor, PBF on the second factor, and GW/SLV on the third factor. The adjusted correlation coefficient between TBPC and WIT showed the highest value (r = -0.61) in the first factor. The LDLT patients were divided into two groups according to WIT; group A (WIT > 100 min) and group B (WIT < 100 min). Mean TBPC values in group A and group B were 14.6 +/- 2.1 and 28.5 +/- 4.1 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that LDLT patients with a long WIT have a risk of deteriorated drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael S Al-Jahdari
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
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Takizawa E, Takizawa D, Al-Jahdari WS, Miyazaki M, Nakamura K, Yamamoto K, Horiuchi R, Hiraoka H. Influence of Atropine on the Dose Requirements of Propofol in Humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:384-8. [PMID: 17072091 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.21.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of atropine on the dose requirement of propofol for induction of anesthesia and propofol concentrations during continuous infusion. METHODS Study 1: Forty patients were randomly allocated to the control or atropine groups. Induction of anesthesia commenced 3 min following the administration of 0.9% saline or atropine (0.01 mg kg(-1)), using a Diprifuser set to achieve propofol concentration of 6.0 microg mL(-1). The primary end point was the propofol dose per kg at the moment of loss of response to a command. Study 2: Fifteen patients undergoing elective surgery were enrolled. Propofol was administered to all subjects via target-controlled infusion to achieve a propofol concentration at 2.0 microg mL(-1) after intubation. Before and after administration of atropine (0.01 mg kg(-1)), cardiac output (CO) was measured using indocyanine green as an indicator and blood propofol concentration was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Study 1: The propofol dose for each group was 2.22+/-0.21 mg kg(-1) for control group and 2.45+/-0.28 mg kg(-1) for atropine, respectively (p=0.014). Study 2: After the administration of atropine, CO was significantly increased from 4.28+/-0.83 to 5.76+/-1.55 l min(-1) (p<0.0001). Propofol concentration was significantly decreased from 2.12+/-0.28 to 1.69+/-0.27 microg mL(-1) (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Following the administration of atropine, the propofol requirements for the induction of anesthesia were increased and propofol concentrations were decreased during continuous infusion by the administration of atropine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Takizawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Japan
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