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Fatih Polat M, Durmaz Şahin I, Kul P, Cetin Atalay R, Tuncbilek M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of novel 6,8,9-trisubstituted purine analogs against liver cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 106:129775. [PMID: 38688437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-(substituted phenyl piperazine)-8-(4-substituted phenyl)-9-cyclopentyl purines, 10-51, were synthesized by a four-step synthesis, achieving an overall yield of about 43 %. The reaction conditions were effectively optimized, and the final products were obtained with high purity and yield in all synthesis steps. The synthesized nucleobases were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activities on selected human cancer cell lines (HUH7 (liver), HCT116 (colon), and MCF7 (breast)) using the Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Among these analogs, compounds bearing 4-trifluoromethyl phenyl (19, 20 and 21), 4-methoxy phenyl (27) and 4-fluoro phenyl (34) substitutions at C-8 of purine were the most potent, and they were also analyzed in drug-resistance and drug-sensitive hepatocellular cancer cell (HCC) panels. Compound 19 displayed remarkable anticancer activities (IC50 = 2.9-9.3 μM) against Huh7, FOCUS, SNU475, SNU182, HepG2, and Hep3B cells compared to the positive control, Fludarabine. Additionally, the pharmacological properties and toxicity profiles of the molecules were investigated computationally by the Swiss-ADME and Pro-Tox II online tools, respectively. Results showed that our compounds have favorable physicochemical characteristics for oral bioavailability and do not reveal any toxicity endpoints such as carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity, or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fatih Polat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, 24100, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Irem Durmaz Şahin
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey; Koc University, School of Medicine, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey; Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Informatics, ODTU, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Pınar Kul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rengul Cetin Atalay
- Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Informatics, ODTU, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Meral Tuncbilek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Manna T, Maji S, Maity M, Debnath B, Panda S, Khan SA, Nath R, Akhtar MJ. Anticancer potential and structure activity studies of purine and pyrimidine derivatives: an updated review. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-024-10870-4. [PMID: 38856835 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-10870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is the world's leading cause of death impacting millions of lives globally. The increasing research over the past several decades has focused on the development of new anticancer drugs, but still cancer continues to be a global health challenge. Thus, several new alternative therapeutic strategies have been tried for the drug design and discovery. Purine and pyrimidine heterocyclic compounds have received attention recently due to their potential in targeting various cancers. It is evident from the recently published data over the last decade that incorporation of the purine and pyrimidine rings in the synthesized derivatives resulted in the development of potent anticancer molecules. This review presents synthetic strategies encompassing several examples of recently developed purine and pyrimidine-containing compounds as anticancer agents. In addition, their structure-activity relationships are represented in the schemes indicating the fragment or groups that are essential for the enhanced anticancer activities. Purine and pyrimidines combined with other heterocyclic compounds have resulted in many novel anticancer molecules that address the challenges of drug resistance. The purine and pyrimidine derivatives showed significantly enhanced anticancer activities against targeted receptor proteins with numerous compounds with an IC50 value in the nanomolar range. The review will support medicinal chemists and contribute in progression and development of synthesis of more potent chemotherapeutic drug candidates to mitigate the burden of this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanushree Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumit Maji
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Maity
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Debnath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Shambo Panda
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, PO 620, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rajarshi Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia, 711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India.
- JIS University, Agarpara Campus, Kolkata-81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata, 700109, India.
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, PO 620, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
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3
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Lemberg KM, Ali ES, Krecmerova M, Aguilar JMH, Alt J, Peters DE, Zhao L, Wu Y, Nuha N, Asara JM, Staedtke V, Pratilas CA, Majer P, Rais R, Ben-Sahra I, Slusher BS. Pro-905, a Novel Purine Antimetabolite, Combines with Glutamine Amidotransferase Inhibition to Suppress Growth of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1390-1403. [PMID: 37616542 PMCID: PMC10690047 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are highly aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas that arise from neural tissues and carry a poor prognosis. Previously, we found that the glutamine amidotransferase inhibitor JHU395 partially impeded tumor growth in preclinical models of MPNST. JHU395 inhibits de novo purine synthesis in human MPNST cells and murine tumors with partial decreases in purine monophosphates. On the basis of prior studies showing enhanced efficacy when glutamine amidotransferase inhibition was combined with the antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), we hypothesized that such a combination would be efficacious in MPNST. Given the known toxicity associated with 6-MP, we set out to develop a more efficient and well-tolerated drug that targets the purine salvage pathway. Here, we report the discovery of Pro-905, a phosphoramidate protide that delivered the active nucleotide antimetabolite thioguanosine monophosphate (TGMP) to tumors over 2.5 times better than equimolar 6-MP. Pro-905 effectively prevented the incorporation of purine salvage substrates into nucleic acids and inhibited colony formation of human MPNST cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, Pro-905 inhibited MPNST growth and was well-tolerated in both human patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and murine flank MPNST models. When combined with JHU395, Pro-905 enhanced the colony formation inhibitory potency of JHU395 in human MPNST cells and augmented the antitumor efficacy of JHU395 in mice. In summary, the dual inhibition of the de novo and purine salvage pathways in preclinical models may safely be used to enhance therapeutic efficacy against MPNST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M. Lemberg
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eunus S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marcela Krecmerova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jesse Alt
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diane E. Peters
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ying Wu
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Naziba Nuha
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John M. Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine A. Pratilas
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rana Rais
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Issam Ben-Sahra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara S. Slusher
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wang L, Xue Y, Yang S, Bo T, Xu J, Wang W. Mismatch Repair Protein Msh2 Is Necessary for Macronuclear Stability and Micronuclear Division in Tetrahymena thermophila. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10559. [PMID: 37445734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR) is a conserved mechanism that is primarily responsible for the repair of DNA mismatches during DNA replication. Msh2 forms MutS heterodimer complexes that initiate the MMR in eukaryotes. The function of Msh2 is less clear under different chromatin structures. Tetrahymena thermophila contains a transcriptionally active macronucleus (MAC) and a transcriptionally silent micronucleus (MIC) in the same cytoplasm. Msh2 is localized in the MAC and MIC during vegetative growth. Msh2 is localized in the perinuclear region around the MIC and forms a spindle-like structure as the MIC divides. During the early conjugation stage, Msh2 is localized in the MIC and disappears from the parental MAC. Msh2 is localized in the new MAC and new MIC during the late conjugation stage. Msh2 also forms a spindle-like structure with a meiotic MIC and mitotic gametic nucleus. MSH2 knockdown inhibits the division of MAC and MIC during vegetative growth and affects cellular proliferation. MSH2 knockdown mutants are sensitive to cisplatin treatment. MSH2 knockdown also affects micronuclear meiosis and gametogenesis during sexual development. Furthermore, Msh2 interacts with MMR-dependent and MMR-independent factors. Therefore, Msh2 is necessary for macronuclear stability, as well as micronuclear mitosis and meiosis in Tetrahymena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yuhuan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sitong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Jamal A, Asseri AH, Ali EMM, El-Gowily AH, Khan MI, Hosawi S, Alsolami R, Ahmed TA. Preparation of 6-Mercaptopurine Loaded Liposomal Formulation for Enhanced Cytotoxic Response in Cancer Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4029. [PMID: 36432314 PMCID: PMC9695241 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) is a well-known immunosuppressive medication with proven anti-proliferative activities. 6-MP possesses incomplete and highly variable oral absorption due to its poor water solubility, which might reduce its anti-cancer properties. To overcome these negative effects, we developed neutral and positively charged drug-loaded liposomal formulations utilizing the thin-film hydration technique. The prepared liposomal formulations were characterized for their size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. The average size of the prepared liposomes was between 574.67 ± 37.29 and 660.47 ± 44.32 nm. Positively charged liposomes (F1 and F3) exhibited a lower PDI than the corresponding neutrally charged ones (F2 and F4). Entrapment efficiency was higher in the neutral liposomes when compared to the charged formulation. F1 showed the lowest IC50 against HepG2, HCT116, and MCF-7 cancer cells. HepG2 cells treated with F1 showed the highest level of inhibition of cell proliferation with no evidence of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis showed an increase in the G1/G0 and S phases, along with a decrease in the G2/M phases in the cell lines treated with drug loaded positively charged liposomes when compared to free positive liposomes, indicating arrest of cells in the S phase due to the stoppage of priming and DNA synthesis outside the mitotic phase. As a result, liposomes could be considered as an effective drug delivery system for treatment of a variety of cancers; they provide a chance that a nanoformulation of 6-MP will boost the cytotoxicity of the drug in a small pharmacological dose which provides a dosage advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Jamal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer H. Asseri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab M. M. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Afnan H. El-Gowily
- Division of Biochemistry Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Imran Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman Hosawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alsolami
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicines, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Electrochemical and spectroscopic evaluation of 6-MP and its interaction with carbon dots and dsDNA. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Liu J, Hong S, Yang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang H, Peng J, Hong L. Targeting purine metabolism in ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:93. [PMID: 35964092 PMCID: PMC9375293 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01022-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purine, an abundant substrate in organisms, is a critical raw material for cell proliferation and an important factor for immune regulation. The purine de novo pathway and salvage pathway are tightly regulated by multiple enzymes, and dysfunction in these enzymes leads to excessive cell proliferation and immune imbalance that result in tumor progression. Maintaining the homeostasis of purine pools is an effective way to control cell growth and tumor evolution, and exploiting purine metabolism to suppress tumors suggests interesting directions for future research. In this review, we describe the process of purine metabolism and summarize the role and potential therapeutic effects of the major purine-metabolizing enzymes in ovarian cancer, including CD39, CD73, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, dihydrofolate reductase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Purinergic signaling is also described. We then provide an overview of the application of purine antimetabolites, comprising 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, fludarabine and clopidogrel. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for targeting purine metabolism in the treatment-relevant cellular mechanisms of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaxin Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Kobets T, Duan JD, Vock E, Deschl U, Williams GM. Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals for DNA Damage in the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA). Int J Toxicol 2022; 41:297-311. [PMID: 35658642 DOI: 10.1177/10915818221093583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage is an established initiating event in the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of genotoxic chemicals. Accordingly, assessment of this endpoint is critical for chemicals which are being developed for use in humans. To assess the ability of the Chicken Egg Genotoxicity Assay (CEGA) to detect genotoxic pharmaceuticals, a set of 23 compounds with different pharmacological and reported genotoxic effects was tested for the potential to produce nuclear DNA adducts and strand breaks in the embryo-fetal livers using the 32P-nucleotide postlabeling (NPL) and comet assays, respectively. Due to high toxicity, two aneugens, colchicine and vinblastine, and an autophagy inhibitor, hydroxychloroquine, could not be evaluated. Out of the 20 remaining pharmaceuticals, 10 including estrogen modulators, diethylstilbestrol and tamoxifen, antineoplastics cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and mitomycin C, antifungal griseofulvin, local anesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine, and antihistamines diphenhydramine and doxylamine, yielded clear positive outcomes in at least one of the assays. The antihypertensive vasodilator hydralazine and antineoplastics streptozotocin and teniposide, produced only DNA strand breaks, which were not dose-dependent, and thus, the results with these 3 pharmaceuticals were considered equivocal. No DNA damage was detected for 7 compounds, including the purine antagonist 6-thioguanine, antipyretic analgesics acetaminophen and phenacetin, antibiotic ciprofloxacin, antilipidemic clofibrate, anti-inflammatory ibuprofen, and sedative phenobarbital. However, low solubility of these compounds limited dosages tested in CEGA. Overall, results in CEGA were largely in concordance with the outcomes in other systems in vitro and in vivo, indicating that CEGA provides reliable detection of DNA damaging activity of genotoxic compounds. Further evaluations with a broader set of compounds would support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jian-Dong Duan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Esther Vock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulrich Deschl
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gary M Williams
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, 8137New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Spectrum of DNA mismatch repair failures viewed through the lens of cancer genomics and implications for therapy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:383-404. [PMID: 35274136 PMCID: PMC8919091 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing can be used to detect DNA repair failures in tumors and learn about underlying mechanisms. Here, we synthesize findings from genomic studies that examined deficiencies of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. The impairment of MMR results in genome-wide hypermutation and in the ‘microsatellite instability’ (MSI) phenotype—occurrence of indel mutations at short tandem repeat (microsatellite) loci. The MSI status of tumors was traditionally assessed by molecular testing of a selected set of MS loci or by measuring MMR protein expression levels. Today, genomic data can provide a more complete picture of the consequences on genomic instability. Multiple computational studies examined somatic mutation distributions that result from failed DNA repair pathways in tumors. These include analyzing the commonly studied trinucleotide mutational spectra of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), as well as of other features such as indels, structural variants, mutation clusters and regional mutation rate redistribution. The identified mutation patterns can be used to rigorously measure prevalence of MMR failures across cancer types, and potentially to subcategorize the MMR deficiencies. Diverse data sources, genomic and pre-genomic, from human and from experimental models, suggest there are different ways in which MMR can fail, and/or that the cell-type or genetic background may result in different types of MMR mutational patterns. The spectrum of MMR failures may direct cancer evolution, generating particular sets of driver mutations. Moreover, MMR affects outcomes of therapy by DNA damaging drugs, antimetabolites, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) inhibitors, and immunotherapy by promoting either resistance or sensitivity, depending on the type of therapy.
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10
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Turbayne AK, Sparrow MP. Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5382-5391. [PMID: 36242689 PMCID: PMC9652213 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex immune-mediated inflammatory diseases that are associated with significant morbidity around the world. As our understanding of IBD, and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, advances the number of therapeutic targets has increased which has rapidly driven the development and introduction of new therapies. While these new therapies have shown promise they come with the significant drawback of high costs. For many IBD patients around the world the cost of newer therapies is prohibitive which means treating clinicians often need to turn to optimising simpler, older, and inexpensive medications. The concept of optimising well established cheaper medications is not unique to the management of IBD as health systems all over the world look to reduce costs while simultaneously improving patient outcomes. Despite thiopurines being used in the management IBD for over 60 years, many clinicians are still hesitant to use them due to perceptions around limited efficacy and poor tolerance. One method identified to potentially increase utilisation of thiopurines involves the coadministration of allopurinol. In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of the usual duo of azathioprine combined with allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keith Turbayne
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Miles Patrick Sparrow
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
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11
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Colbert RD, Gaya D, Hale G, Rickaby W. Cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-negative patient with Crohn's disease on thiopurine immunosuppression. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e245321. [PMID: 34764119 PMCID: PMC8587592 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the rare case of a 61-year-old man with Crohn's disease who developed a cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in the setting of long-term treatment with 6-mercaptopurine. Deciding on the best course of management provided a clinical challenge in an 'evidence-light' area. Relevant case reports and guidelines were reviewed. In general, the withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy is advised; however, a multidisciplinary, case-by-case approach is also emphasised. The patient's lesion was removed and, following collaborative discussion, immunosuppression was continued post resection. This is thought to be the first reported case involving a Kaposi's sarcoma in inflammatory bowel disease where immune therapy was not subsequently discontinued.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Gaya
- Gastroenterology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Hale
- Dermatology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
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12
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Mateen BA, Patel M, Akobeng AK, Gordon M, Hayee B. 6-thioguanine nucleotide monitoring in azathioprine and mercaptopurine monotherapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Akhter Mateen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | - Mehul Patel
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | | | - Morris Gordon
- School of Medicine; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
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Mutations in a Membrane Permease or hpt Lead to 6-Thioguanine Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0076021. [PMID: 34125595 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00760-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that 6-thioguanine (6-TG) is an antivirulence compound that is produced by a number of coagulase-negative staphylococci. In Staphylococcus aureus, it inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis and ribosomal protein expression, thus inhibiting growth and abrogating toxin production. Mechanisms by which S. aureus may develop resistance to this compound are currently unknown. Here, we show that 6-TG-resistant S. aureus mutants emerge spontaneously when the bacteria are subjected to high concentrations of 6-TG in vitro. Whole-genome sequencing of these mutants revealed frameshift and missense mutations in a xanthine-uracil permease family protein (stgP [six thioguanine permease]) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hpt). These mutations engender S. aureus the ability to resist both the growth inhibitory and toxin downregulation effects of 6-TG. While prophylactic administration of 6-TG ameliorates necrotic lesions in subcutaneous infection of mice with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain USA300 LAC, the drug did not reduce lesion size formed by the 6-TG-resistant strains. These findings identify mechanisms of 6-TG resistance, and this information can be leveraged to inform strategies to slow the evolution of resistance.
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14
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Bryce SM, Dertinger SD, Bemis JC. Kinetics of γH2AX and phospho-histone H3 following pulse treatment of TK6 cells provides insights into clastogenic activity. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:255-264. [PMID: 33964157 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The desire for in vitro genotoxicity assays to provide higher information content, especially regarding chemicals' predominant genotoxic mode of action, has led to the development of a novel multiplexed assay available under the trade name MultiFlow®. We report here on an experimental design variation that provides further insight into clastogens' genotoxic activity. First, the standard MultiFlow DNA Damage Assay-p53, γ H2AX, phospho-histone H3 was used with human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells that were exposed for 24 continuous hours to each of 50 reference clastogens. This initial analysis correctly identified 48/50 compounds as clastogenic. These 48 compounds were then evaluated using a short-term, 'pulse' treatment protocol whereby cells were exposed to test chemical for 4 h, a centrifugation/washout step was performed, and cells were allowed to recover for 20 h. MultiFlow analyses were accomplished at 4 and 24 h. The γ H2AX and phospho-histone H3 biomarkers were found to exhibit distinct differences in terms of their persistence across chemical classes. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis identified three groups. Examination of the compounds within these groups showed one cluster primarily consisting of alkylators that directly target DNA. The other two groups were dominated by non-DNA alkylators and included anti-metabolites, oxidative stress inducers and chemicals that inhibit DNA-processing enzymes. These results are encouraging, as they suggest that a simple follow-up test for in vitro clastogens provides mechanistic insights into their genotoxic activity. This type of information will contribute to improve decision-making and help guide further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Bryce
- Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Suite 1B, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey C Bemis
- Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Suite 1B, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
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15
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No association between relapse hazard and thiopurine methyltransferase geno- or phenotypes in non-high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a NOPHO ALL2008 sub-study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:271-279. [PMID: 33928426 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 6-mercaptopurine(6MP)/methotrexate maintenance therapy is essential to reduce relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Common germline variants in TPMT cause low activity of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and higher 6MP metabolite (TGN) levels. Higher levels of TGNs incorporated into DNA (DNA-TG) and low TPMT activity have previously been associated with a lower relapse risk. We explored if TPMT geno- or phenotype was associated with DNA-TG levels and relapse rate in NOPHO ALL2008. METHODS TPMT genotype, repeated phenotyping, and DNA-TG measurements were collected in 918 children with non-high risk ALL (NOPHO ALL2008 maintenance therapy study). Maintenance therapy started with 6MP at 50 and 75 mg/m2 for TPMT heterozygous and wildtype patients and was adjusted to a target WBC of 1.5 - 3.0 × 109/L. RESULTS Of 918 patients, 78 (8.5%) were TPMT heterozygous and 903 had at least one TPMT measurement (total 3063). Mean TPMT activities were higher with wildtype than heterozygous TPMT (N = 752, 16.6 versus 9.6 U/mL ery., p < 0.001). The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 6.4% and 6.0% for TPMT heterozygous and wildtype patients, and there was no association between genotype and relapse rate (N = 918, hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40 - 2.54, p = 0.98). Although TPMT heterozygous patients had higher DNA-TG (N = 548, median 760.9 [interquartile range (IQR) 568.7 - 890.3] versus 492.7 [IQR 382.1 - 634.6] fmol/µg, p < 0.001), TPMT activity was not associated with relapse rate (N = 813; hazard ratio = 0.98 per one U/mL ery. increase in TPMT activity, 95% CI 0.91 - 1.06, p = 0.67). CONCLUSION TPMT geno- and phenotype were not associated with relapse in non-high risk NOPHO ALL2008.
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16
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Melo Bisneto AVD, Oliveira LCD, Silva Fernandes A, Silva LS, Véras JH, Cardoso CG, E Silva CR, de Moraes Filho AV, Carneiro CC, Chen-Chen L. Recombinogenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of azathioprine using in vivo assays. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:261-271. [PMID: 33372579 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1864692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Azathioprine (Aza) is a purine antimetabolite immunosuppressant that is widely employed for immunosuppressive therapy in post-transplant recipients or patients with autoimmune diseases. Chronic use of immunosuppressants might produce several side effects, including a high rate of neoplasms in these patients. Considering that genotoxic effects are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, the aim of this study was to examine the recombinogenic, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of Aza using Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, as well as comet and micronucleus assays in mouse bone marrow cells. Further, the adverse effects of Aza were determined in mouse hepatic and renal tissues using histopathological analysis. Data demonstrated that Aza induced significant increased genotoxicity in D. melanogaster and mouse bone marrow cells at all concentrations tested. Homologous recombination was the predominant genotoxic event noted for the first time to be initiated by Aza in SMART. In histopathological analysis, Aza did not show any marked toxic activity in mouse hepatic and renal tissues. Therefore, the high rate of neoplasms reported in patients with long-term use of Aza may be attributed, at least partially, to the genotoxic action of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V D Melo Bisneto
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - L C D Oliveira
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - A Silva Fernandes
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - L S Silva
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - J H Véras
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - C G Cardoso
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carolina R E Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - A V de Moraes Filho
- Institute of Health Sciences, Alfredo Nasser University, Aparecida de Goiânia, Brazil
| | - C C Carneiro
- Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Paulista, Campus Flamboyant, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - L Chen-Chen
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Mutagenesis, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Samambaia, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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17
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Euceda N, Jahnke J, Espinal A, Louis MF, Bashkin E, Roccanova P, Espaillat A, Fuentes GV, Nieto F, Gao R. Thioguanine restoration through type I photosensitization-superoxide oxidation-glutathione reduction cycles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5069-5073. [PMID: 33655288 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UVA-induced deleterious effect of thiopurine prodrugs including azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) increases the risk of cancer development due to the incorporation of 6-TG in patients' DNA. The catalytic mechanism by which thiobases act as a sustained oxidant producer has yet to be explored, especially through the Type I electron transfer pathway that produces superoxide radicals (O2˙-). Under Fenton-like conditions O2˙- radicals convert to extremely reactive hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), thus carrying even higher risk of biological damage than that induced by the well-studied type II reaction. By monitoring 6-TG/UVA-induced photochemistry in mass spectra and superoxide radicals (O2˙-) via nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction, this work provides two new findings: (1) in the presence of reduced glutathione (GSH), the production of O2˙-via the type I reaction is enhanced 10-fold. 6-TG thiyl radicals are identified as the primary intermediate formed in the reaction of 6-TG with O2˙-. The restoration of 6-TG and concurrent generation of O2˙- occur via a 3-step-cycle: 6-TG type I photosensitization, O2˙- oxidation and GSH reduction. (2) In the absence of GSH, 6-TG thiyl radicals undergo oxygen addition and sulfur dioxide removal to form carbon radicals (C6) which further convert to thioether by reacting with 6-TG molecules. These findings help explain not only thiol-regulation in a biological system but chemoprevention of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Euceda
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Joyce Jahnke
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Aileen Espinal
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Monique F Louis
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Edan Bashkin
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Patricia Roccanova
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Abraham Espaillat
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - German V Fuentes
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
| | - Fernando Nieto
- Biological Sciences Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
| | - Ruomei Gao
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA.
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18
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Moyer AM. NUDT15: A bench to bedside success story. Clin Biochem 2021; 92:1-8. [PMID: 33675810 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the enzyme nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) has been identified as an additional component of the thiopurine metabolism pathway. NUDT15 (also known as MTH2) catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-thioguanosine triphosphate (6-TGTP) and 6-thio-deoxyguanosine triphosphate (6-TdGTP), which is the active metabolite of thiopurine medications. Thiopurine compounds, which were first synthesized in the 1950s, are widely used in the treatment of childhood leukemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmune disorders. For many years, TPMT has been recognized as an enzyme that is involved in thiopurine metabolism, and interindividual variation in TPMT activity has been known to contribute to differences in risk of thiopurine toxicity. Genetic variation that leads to decreased NUDT15 activity has been recognized as an additional contributor, beyond TPMT, to thiopurine toxicity. In some populations, including Asian and Latino populations, NUDT15 genetic variants are more common than TPMT variants, making this a significant biomarker of toxicity. Clinical genetic testing is now available for a subset of NUDT15 variants, representing a remarkably fast translation from bench to bedside. This review will focus on NUDT15 - from discovery to clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States.
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19
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Solitano V, D'Amico F, Correale C, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S. Thiopurines and non-melanoma skin cancer: partners in crime in inflammatory bowel diseases. Br Med Bull 2020; 136:107-117. [PMID: 33200781 DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have shown that inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients treated with thiopurines have an increased risk of developing skin cancer. SOURCES OF DATA This review is based on recent published literature regarding the use of thiopurines in IBD and skin malignancies. AREAS OF AGREEMENT Exposure to thiopurines is significantly associated with nonmelanoma skin cancer, but not with melanoma. Primary and secondary prevention including sun-protective measures and regular dermatologic screening are recommended in IBD patients, particularly in those exposed to thiopurines. AREAS OF CONTROVERSY Both when and how immunosuppressive therapy should be resumed in patients with a prior history of skin cancer still remain debatable topics. GROWING POINTS The benefit-risk balance between thiopurine therapy and risk of skin cancer should be evaluated in the drug decision process. AREAS TIMELY FOR DEVELOPING RESEARCH The approval of new effective strategies requires the re-evaluation of the positioning of thiopurines within the therapeutic algorithm based on an increasingly individualized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Solitano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 4 Rita Levi Montalcini Street, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Ferdinando D'Amico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 4 Rita Levi Montalcini Street, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy.,Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 5 allèe du Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Carmen Correale
- Department of Gastroenterology, IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, 56 Manzoni Street, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Inserm NGERE U1256, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 5 allèe du Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 4 Rita Levi Montalcini Street, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy.,Department of Gastroenterology, IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, 56 Manzoni Street, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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20
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Zhai X, El Hiani Y. Getting Lost in the Cell-Lysosomal Entrapment of Chemotherapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3669. [PMID: 33297435 PMCID: PMC7762281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, resistance to chemotherapy still poses a major obstacle in clinical oncology. An exciting strategy to circumvent chemoresistance involves the identification and subsequent disruption of cellular processes that are aberrantly altered in oncogenic states. Upon chemotherapeutic challenges, lysosomes are deemed to be essential mediators that enable cellular adaptation to stress conditions. Therefore, lysosomes potentially hold the key to disarming the fundamental mechanisms of chemoresistance. This review explores modes of action of classical chemotherapeutic agents, adaptive response of the lysosomes to cell stress, and presents physiological and pharmacological insights pertaining to drug compartmentalization, sequestration, and extracellular clearance through the lens of lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
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21
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Zheng KYC, Guo CG, Wong IOL, Chen L, Chung HY, Cheung KS, Leung WK. Risk of malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who used thiopurines as compared with other indications: a territory-wide study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820967275. [PMID: 33281936 PMCID: PMC7682226 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820967275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thiopurines are believed to increase cancer risks, but data from Asian patients are sparse. We determined the risks of malignancies in thiopurine users with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or other indications from Hong Kong. METHODS All patients who had received thiopurines between 2005 and 2009 in Hong Kong were identified from local electronic healthcare database. Patients were followed from the start date of thiopurines until death or end of study in 2017. We excluded patients with baseline malignancy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of all malignancies were computed against matched local general population from the cancer registry. Patients in the same diagnosis category but not exposed to thiopurines were included as controls. RESULTS There were 7452 thiopurines users (median age 47.0 years), including 595 IBD patients, with a median follow-up of 11.2 years. Of them, 684 (9.2%) developed malignancies with an overall SIR of 2.30 (95% CI 2.13-2.48). The SIR in IBD patients who used thiopurines was 2.37 (95% CI 1.71-3.18) as compared with non-users (SIR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.72). Highest risk of malignancies was observed in post-transplant patients (SIR 3.83, 95% CI 3.34-4.35), and lower risks were seen in patients with rheumatological diseases (SIR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02-2.02). CONCLUSION IBD patients in Hong Kong who used thiopurines had 2.37-fold increase in risk of malignancies than the general population, which was higher than non-users and different from thiopurine users for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Y. C. Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan-Guo Guo
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene O. L. Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ho Yin Chung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Shing Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Ando S, Isozaki T, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Simultaneous Two-Photon Absorption of the Thioguanosine Analogue 2',3',5'-Tri- O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine with Its Potential Application to Photodynamic Therapy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7024-7030. [PMID: 32786980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) is an analogue of nucleosides and currently under investigation as a potential agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Excitation by simultaneous two-photon absorption of visible or near-infrared light would provide an efficient PDT for deep-seated tumors. The two-photon absorption spectrum of taDTGuo was obtained by optical-probing photoacoustic spectroscopy (OPPAS). A two-photon absorption band corresponding to the S5 ← S0 transition was observed at 556 nm, and the two-photon absorption cross-section σ(2) was determined to be 26 ± 3 GM, which was much larger than that of other nucleobases and nucleosides. Quantum chemical calculations suggested that the large σ(2) value of taDTGuo was responsible for large transition dipole moments and small detuning energy resulting from the thiocarbonyl group at 6- and 8-positions. This is the first report on two-photon absorption spectra and cross-sections of thionucleoside analogues, which could be used to develop a more specific PDT for cancers in deep regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ando
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Tasuku Isozaki
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, J. F. Oberlin University, Tokiwa-machi, Machida, Tokyo 194-0294, Japan
| | - Yao-Zhong Xu
- School of Life, Health and Chemical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, U.K
| | - Tadashi Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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Exploring two-dimensional graphene and boron-nitride as potential nanocarriers for cytarabine and clofarabine anti-cancer drugs. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 88:107334. [PMID: 32759050 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development in two-dimensional (2D) drug-delivery materials have quickly translated into biological and pharmacological fields. In this present work, pristine graphene (PG) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) sheets are explored as a drug carrier for cytarabine (CYT) and clofarabine (CLF) anti-cancer drugs using density functional theory (DFT). The obtained geometrical, energetic and electronic properties revealed that the PG sheet is more reactive and it adsorbs CYT and CLF anti-cancer drugs better than the h-BN sheet. The adsorption energies of CYT and CLF on PG sheet is -24.293 and -23.308 kcal/mol respectively, this is due to the delocalized electrons present in the PG sheet. The flow of electron direction between anti-cancer drugs and 2D sheet are calculated by ΔN, ΔEA(B), and ΔEB(A) parameters and Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). The electronic and optical properties are calculated to understand the chemical reactivity and stability of the complex systems. The obtained results exhibit that the PG sheet retains significant therapeutic potential as a drug delivery vehicle for a drug molecule to treat cancer therapy.
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Czaja AJ. Review article: opportunities to improve and expand thiopurine therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:1286-1304. [PMID: 32363674 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiopurines in combination with glucocorticoids are used as first-line, second-line and maintenance therapies in autoimmune hepatitis and opportunities exist to improve and expand their use. AIMS To describe the metabolic pathways and key factors implicated in the efficacy and toxicity of the thiopurine drugs and to indicate the opportunities to improve outcomes by monitoring and manipulating metabolic pathways, individualising dosage and strengthening the response. METHODS English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. RESULTS Thiopurine methyltransferase activity and 6-tioguanine (6-thioguanine) nucleotide levels influence drug efficacy and safety, and they can be manipulated to improve treatment response and prevent myelosuppression. Methylated thiopurine metabolites are associated with hepatotoxicity, drug intolerance and nonresponse and their production can be reduced or bypassed. Universal pre-treatment assessment of thiopurine methyltransferase activity and individualisation of dosage to manipulate metabolite thresholds could improve outcomes. Early detection of thiopurine resistance by metabolite testing, accurate estimations of drug onset and strength by surrogate markers and adjunctive use of allopurinol could improve the management of refractory disease. Dose-restricted tioguanine (thioguanine) could expand treatment options by reducing methylated metabolites, increasing the bioavailability of 6-tioguanine nucleotides and ameliorating thiopurine intolerance or resistance. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy and safety of thiopurines in autoimmune hepatitis can be improved by investigational efforts that establish monitoring strategies that allow individualisation of dosage and prediction of outcome, increase bioavailability of the active metabolites and demonstrate superiority to alternative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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25
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Bayoumy AB, Simsek M, Seinen ML, Mulder CJJ, Ansari A, Peters GJ, De Boer NK. The continuous rediscovery and the benefit-risk ratio of thioguanine, a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:111-123. [PMID: 32090622 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1719996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In the 1950s, thioguanine (TG), a thiopurine-derivative together with azathioprine (AZA) and mercaptopurine (MP), were developed for the treatment of childhood leukemia. Over the years, the use of TG was also explored for other, mainly immune-mediated and inflammatory, diseases such as in the field of dermatology and rheumatology (e.g. psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)) and gastroenterology and hepatology (e.g. inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), autoimmune hepatitis).Areas covered: This review provides a comprehensive overview of all the clinical uses of TG and describes its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features, and toxicity.Expert opinion: Thioguanine has shown beneficial clinical effects in hematological (particularly leukemia) and several immune-inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, SLE, polycythemia vera, Churg-Strauss syndrome, IBD, collagenous sprue, refractory celiac disease, and autoimmune hepatitis. Thioguanine is not effective in treating solid-cancers. At relatively low dosages, i.e. 0.2- 0.3mg/kg/day or 20 mg/day, TG has a favorable risk-benefit ratio and is a safe and effective drug in the long-term treatment of amongst other IBD patients. Thioguanine toxicity, especially myelotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity, including nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) of the liver, is limited when dosed adequately. The occurrence of NRH appears dose-dependent and has been especially described during high dose TG above 40 mg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Bayoumy
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melek Simsek
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Margien L Seinen
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Azhar Ansari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Surrey and Sussex NHS, Easy Surrey Hospital, Surrey, UK
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Laboratory Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Nanne K De Boer
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, AG&M Research Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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26
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Belitskiy GA, Kirsanov KI, Lesovaya EA, Yakubovskaya MG. Drug-Related Carcinogenesis: Risk Factors and Approaches for Its Prevention. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S79-S107. [PMID: 32087055 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The review summarizes the data on the role of metabolic and repair systems in the mechanisms of therapy-related carcinogenesis and the effect of their polymorphism on the cancer development risk. The carcinogenic activity of different types of drugs, from the anticancer agents to analgesics, antipyretics, immunomodulators, hormones, natural remedies, and non-cancer drugs, is described. Possible approaches for the prevention of drug-related cancer induction at the initiation and promotion stages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Belitskiy
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - K I Kirsanov
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia. .,Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - E A Lesovaya
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia.,Pavlov Ryazan State Medical University, Ryazan, 390026, Russia
| | - M G Yakubovskaya
- Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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27
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Excited State Lifetimes of Sulfur-Substituted DNA and RNA Monomers Probed Using the Femtosecond Fluorescence Up-Conversion Technique. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030584. [PMID: 32013184 PMCID: PMC7037914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-substituted DNA and RNA nucleobase derivatives (a.k.a., thiobases) are an important family of biomolecules. They are used as prodrugs and as chemotherapeutic agents in medical settings, and as photocrosslinker molecules in structural-biology applications. Remarkably, excitation of thiobases with ultraviolet to near-visible light results in the population of long-lived and reactive triplet states on a time scale of hundreds of femtoseconds and with near-unity yields. This efficient nonradiative decay pathway explains the vanishingly small fluorescence yields reported for the thiobases and the scarcity of fluorescence lifetimes in the literature. In this study, we report fluorescence lifetimes for twelve thiobase derivatives, both in aqueous solution at physiological pH and in acetonitrile. Excitation is performed at 267 and 362 nm, while fluorescence emission is detected at 380, 425, 450, 525, or 532 nm. All the investigated thiobases reveal fluorescence lifetimes that decay in a few hundreds of femtoseconds and with magnitudes that depend and are sensitive to the position and degree of sulfur-atom substitution and on the solvent environment. Interestingly, however, three thiopyrimidine derivatives (i.e., 2-thiocytidine, 2-thiouridine, and 4-thiothymidine) also exhibit a small amplitude fluorescence component of a few picoseconds in aqueous solution. Furthermore, the N-glycosylation of thiobases to form DNA or RNA nucleoside analogues is demonstrated as affecting their fluorescence lifetimes. In aqueous solution, the fluorescence decay signals exciting at 267 nm are equal or slower than those collected exciting at 362 nm. In acetonitrile, however, the fluorescence decay signals recorded upon 267 nm excitation are, in all cases, faster than those measured exciting at 362 nm. A comparison to the literature values show that, while both the DNA and RNA nucleobase and thiobase derivatives exhibit sub-picosecond fluorescence lifetimes, the 1ππ* excited-state population in the nucleobase monomers primarily decay back to the ground state, whereas it predominantly populates long-lived and reactive triplet states in thiobase monomers.
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28
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Lin SC, Goldowsky A, Papamichael K, Cheifetz AS. The Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients With a History of Malignancy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:998-1005. [PMID: 30590558 PMCID: PMC7534371 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are living longer and our medical armamentarium expands, gastroenterologists are more frequently faced with treatment decisions about patients with IBD who also have a history of malignancy. This review aims to summarize the current literature on IBD, the inherent risk of developing gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal malignancies, and the risk of malignancies associated with available biologic and immunomodulatory therapies and to discuss the overall treatment strategy for a patient with a history of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Lin
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex Goldowsky
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Konstantinos Papamichael
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam S Cheifetz
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Address correspondence to: Adam S. Cheifetz, MD, Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 ()
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29
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Weeramange C, Lansakara A, Dallman J, Nguyen T, Hulangamuwa W, Rafferty RJ. New methods to assess 6-thiopurine toxicity and expanding its therapeutic application to pancreatic cancer via small molecule potentiators. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:717-725. [PMID: 31191862 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00010k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
6-Thiopurine (6TP) is a potent cytotoxic agent that is a clinically prescribed anti-metabolite employed in the treatment of numerous blood cancers since 1952. However, its reported severe toxicities limit its general usage in the clinic. We previously have undertaken investigations into identifying the mode of toxicity for 6TP, and have found that the oxidative metabolites of 6TP, specifically 6-thiouric acid (6TU), is responsible for the in vitro inhibition of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGDH) in a UV-vis method. In this method, inhibition was quantified through the quantification of NADH production, however, purines absorb at the same wavelength and thereby can interfere with the NADH detection. Herein, we report a HPLC method that allows for direct quantification of UDP-glucuronic acid, product from UDPGDH, for the assessment of inhibition towards UDPGDH with no interference from purines. In this method it was revealed that 6TP possesses a greater inhibitory properties than previously observed; 111 vs. 288 μM. Building upon the data collected from a previously performed rat hepatocyte study, which correlated our in vitro to in vivo inhibition theories about UDPGDH, we have developed a bio-mimic in vitro assay to aid in the inhibitory assessment of 6TP and analogs. In our efforts to expand the use of 6TP, and analogs constructed, our laboratory has undertaken a screening campaign to identify small molecule potentiators that work in synergy with 6TP in other types of cancers. Three chalcone-based compounds have been discovered through our total synthesis campaign of uvaretin, and it has been found that 11c has strong synergism with 6TP in the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. Through the work presented herein, we reveal new methods to assess toxicity of 6TP and future analogs and new small molecules that work in synergy to expand the therapeutic applications of this neglected cytotoxic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamitha Weeramange
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Ashabha Lansakara
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Johnathan Dallman
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Wasundara Hulangamuwa
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
| | - Ryan J Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA
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30
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Reilly NM, Novara L, Di Nicolantonio F, Bardelli A. Exploiting DNA repair defects in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:681-700. [PMID: 30714316 PMCID: PMC6441925 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. Therapies that take advantage of defects in DNA repair pathways have been explored in the context of breast, ovarian, and other tumor types, but not yet systematically in CRC. At present, only immune checkpoint blockade therapies have been FDA approved for use in mismatch repair‐deficient colorectal tumors. Here, we discuss how systematic identification of alterations in DNA repair genes could provide new therapeutic opportunities for CRCs. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Colon Adenocarcinoma (TCGA‐COAD) and Rectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA‐READ) PanCancer Atlas datasets identified 141 (out of 528) cases with putative driver mutations in 29 genes associated with DNA damage response and repair, including the mismatch repair and homologous recombination pathways. Genetic defects in these pathways might confer repair‐deficient characteristics, such as genomic instability in the absence of homologous recombination, which can be exploited. For example, inhibitors of poly(ADP)‐ribose polymerase are effectively used to treat cancers that carry mutations in BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 and have shown promising results in CRC preclinical studies. HR deficiency can also occur in cells with no detectable BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations but exhibiting BRCA‐like phenotypes. DNA repair‐targeting therapies, such as ATR and CHK1 inhibitors (which are most effective against cancers carrying ATM mutations), can be used in combination with current genotoxic chemotherapies in CRCs to further improve therapy response. Finally, therapies that target alternative DNA repair mechanisms, such as thiopurines, also have the potential to confer increased sensitivity to current chemotherapy regimens, thus expanding the spectrum of therapy options and potentially improving clinical outcomes for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Reilly
- Fondazione Piemontese per la Ricerca sul Cancro ONLUS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Luca Novara
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Federica Di Nicolantonio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alberto Bardelli
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
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31
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Zaidi SA. Effective imprinting of an anticancer drug, 6-thioguanine,viamussel-inspired self-polymerization of dopamine over reduced graphene oxide. Analyst 2019; 144:2345-2352. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an02348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Apart from being a vital catecholamine molecule responsible for the proper functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), hormonal and renal systems, dopamine (DA) has also been increasingly employed as a functional monomer in the fabrication of surface molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs) for valuable analytes.
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32
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Torres Hernandez AX, Weeramange CJ, Desman P, Fatino A, Haney O, Rafferty RJ. Efforts in redesigning the antileukemic drug 6-thiopurine: decreasing toxic side effects while maintaining efficacy. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 10:169-179. [PMID: 30774864 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00463c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
6-Thiopurine (6TP) is a currently prescribed drug in the treatment of diseases ranging from Crohn's disease to acute lymphocytic leukemia. While its potent mode of action is through incorporation into DNA as a thiol mimic of deoxyguanosine, severe toxicities are associated with its administration which hinder the potential therapeutic application. We have previously reported in vitro that the oxidative metabolites of 6TP, specifically 6-thiouric acid (6TU, K i 7 μM), are potent inhibitors of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UDPGDH), an enzyme that is responsible for the formation of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), an essential substrate that is used in detoxification processes in the liver. An in vivo investigation was undertaken to probe if 6TU inhibits UDPGDH in rat hepatocytes, and it was observed that 6TU does greatly suppress the conjugation of bilirubin with UDPGA. The failed excretion of bilirubin is linked to a majority of the reported toxicities associated with 6TP administration. Efforts were undertaken for the construction of 6TP analogs, substituted at the C8 position, to reduce inhibition of UDPGDH while retaining therapeutic efficacy. Three new 6TP analogs bearing a halogen (Br, Cl, and F) at the C8 position have been achieved over five-synthetic steps in overall yields of 16 to 32%. Each of these analogs were shown to have reduced inhibition towards UDPGDH, with K i values of 192, 163, 215 μM, respectively. In addition, the bromine, chlorine, and fluorine analogs were shown to possess cytotoxicity towards the REH cell line (acute lymphocytic leukemia) having IC50 values of 9.54 μM (±0.97), 3.95 μM (±1.94), and 4.71 μM (±1.40), respectively. These three new 6TP analogs represent the first steps in the redesign of this potent anticancer agent into a better drug that possesses reduced toxic side effects while retaining therapeutic potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo X Torres Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry , Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico , 2250 Boulevard Luis A. Ferré Aguayo, Suite 626 , Ponce , PR 00717-0777 , Puerto Rico.,Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
| | - Chamitha J Weeramange
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
| | - Prathibha Desman
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
| | - Anthony Fatino
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
| | - Olivia Haney
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
| | - Ryan J Rafferty
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , 1212 Mid-Campus Drive North , Manhattan , KS 66506 , USA .
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33
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Liu Y, Meng Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li J, Dong W. Associations between the NUDT15 R139C polymorphism and susceptibility to thiopurine-induced leukopenia in Asians: a meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:8309-8317. [PMID: 30538500 PMCID: PMC6260175 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s177007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Despite several studies being conducted to examine the associations between the NUDT15 R139C polymorphism and thiopurine-induced leukopenia in the Asian population, the results remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis determined the risk of thiopurine-induced leukopenia conferred by the NUDT15 R139C polymorphism. Materials and methods All eligible studies published in English up to May 2018 were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Pooled OR and 95% CI were calculated using fixed- or random-effect model. Results In all, total of 14 studies containing 918 patients and 2,341 controls were included; of these, 8 studies concerned inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and 4 concerned acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Overall, the results indicated that the NUDT15 R139C polymorphism was associated with leukopenia induced by thiopurines (OR =9.04, 95% CI 6.05–13.50, P<0.001 for the dominant model; OR =24.26, 95% CI 11.38–51.71, P<0.001 for the recessive model; OR =7.60, 95% CI 4.97–11.61, P<0.001 for the CT vs TT model; OR =38.47, 95% CI 17.78–83.24, P<0.001 for the CC vs TT model). In subgroup analyses, significant associations were found among patients with IBD (OR =7.57, 95% CI 5.16–11.12, P<0.001 for the dominant model), ALL (OR =13.13, 95% CI 3.43–50.23 P<0.001 for the dominant model), and other diseases (OR =31.22, 95% CI 1.20–814.07, P=0.04 for the dominant model). In addition, the R139C variant was strongly associated with early (<8 weeks) (OR =15.53, 95% CI 7.91–30.50, P<0.001 for the dominant model) and late leukopenia (≥8 weeks) (OR =2.92, 95% CI 2.01–4.24, P<0.001 for the dominant model). Moreover, these findings were sufficiently robust when studies without Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium test were excluded. Conclusion This meta-analysis verified the strong association between the NUDT15 R139C polymorphism and thiopurine-induced leukopenia (both early and late leukopenia) in an Asian population with IBD, ALL, and other diseases. NUDT15 R139C genotyping should be prioritized to predict leukopenia among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Department of Gastroenterology Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhou Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
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34
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Heusinkveld HJ, Wackers PF, Schoonen WG, van der Ven L, Pennings JL, Luijten M. Application of the comparison approach to open TG-GATEs: A useful toxicogenomics tool for detecting modes of action in chemical risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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35
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Miyata S, Tanabe S, Isozaki T, Xu YZ, Suzuki T. Characteristics of the excited triplet states of thiolated guanosine derivatives and singlet oxygen generation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1469-1476. [PMID: 30280174 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioguanine is sensitive to UVA light and generates singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*) when exposed to UVA. Three thioguanosine derivatives, 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6-thioguanosine (ta6TGuo), 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-8-thioguanosine (ta8TGuo), and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6,8-dithioguanosine (taDTGuo) were explored photophysically and photochemically. Nanosecond transient absorption and time-resolved near-infrared emission measurements were carried out to investigate the characteristics of their excited triplet states in acetonitrile solution. The quantum yield of intersystem crossing (ΦISC), the intrinsic decay rate constant (k0), the quenching rate constant by 3O2 (kq) and the self-quenching rate constant (kSQ) of their triplet states were all determined. From the precise analysis of the quantum yield of 1O2* generation (ΦΔ) against the concentration of dissolved molecular oxygen, the fraction of the triplet states quenched by dissolved oxygen which gives rise to 1O2* formation (SΔ) was successfully obtained with high accuracy. The ΦΔ values at low oxygen concentrations reveal that these thioguanosines, particularly taDTGuo, can still effectively generate 1O2* at low molecular oxygen concentrations like carcinomatous microenvironments. These findings indicate that taDTGuo would perform well as a potential agent for photo-induced cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Miyata
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Science, Aoyama Gakuin University, 5-10-1 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan.
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36
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Tulstrup M, Grosjean M, Nielsen SN, Grell K, Wolthers BO, Wegener PS, Jonsson OG, Lund B, Harila-Saari A, Abrahamsson J, Vaitkeviciene G, Pruunsild K, Toft N, Holm M, Hulegårdh E, Liestøl S, Griskevicius L, Punab M, Wang J, Carroll WL, Zhang Z, Dalgaard MD, Gupta R, Nersting J, Schmiegelow K. NT5C2 germline variants alter thiopurine metabolism and are associated with acquired NT5C2 relapse mutations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2018; 32:2527-2535. [PMID: 30201983 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antileukaemic drug 6-mercaptopurine is converted into thioguanine nucleotides (TGN) and incorporated into DNA (DNA-TG), the active end metabolite. In a series of genome-wide association studies, we analysed time-weighted means (wm) of erythrocyte concentrations of TGN (Ery-TGN) and DNA-TG in 1009 patients undergoing maintenance therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). In discovery analyses (454 patients), the propensity for DNA-TG incorporation (wmDNA-TG/wmEry-TGN ratio) was significantly associated with three intronic SNPs in NT5C2 (top hit: rs72846714; P = 2.09 × 10-10, minor allele frequency 15%). In validation analyses (555 patients), this association remained significant during both early and late maintenance therapy (P = 8.4 × 10-6 and 1.3 × 10-3, respectively). The association was mostly driven by differences in wmEry-TGN, but in regression analyses adjusted for wmEry-TGN (P < 0.0001), rs72846714-A genotype was also associated with a higher wmDNA-TG (P = 0.029). Targeted sequencing of NT5C2 did not identify any missense variants associated with rs72846714 or wmEry-TGN/wmDNA-TG. rs72846714 was not associated with relapse risk, but in a separate cohort of 180 children with relapsed ALL, rs72846714-A genotype was associated with increased occurrence of relapse-specific NT5C2 gain-of-function mutations that reduce cytosol TGN levels (P = 0.03). These observations highlight the impact of both germline and acquired mutations in drug metabolism and disease trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Tulstrup
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Grosjean
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stine Nygaard Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Grell
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Ole Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peder Skov Wegener
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, H. C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Bendik Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health sciences, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arja Harila-Saari
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abrahamsson
- Department of Pediatrics, Institution for Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Goda Vaitkeviciene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kaie Pruunsild
- Department of Onco-haematology, Talinn Children's Hospital, Talinn, Estonia
| | - Nina Toft
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Rishospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Holm
- Department of Haematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Erik Hulegårdh
- Department of Hematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sigurd Liestøl
- Department of Hematology, Ullevål University Hospital, Faculty Division Ullevål University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laimonas Griskevicius
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mari Punab
- Clinic of Hematology and Oncology, Tartu University Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Medical Center, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marlene D Dalgaard
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jacob Nersting
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Ashwood B, Pollum M, Crespo-Hernández CE. Photochemical and Photodynamical Properties of Sulfur-Substituted Nucleic Acid Bases. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:33-58. [PMID: 29978490 DOI: 10.1111/php.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-substituted nucleobases (a.k.a., thiobases) are among the world's leading prescriptions for chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Long-term treatment with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and 6-thioguanine has been correlated with the photoinduced formation of carcinomas. Establishing an in-depth understanding of the photochemical properties of these prodrugs may provide a route to overcoming these carcinogenic side effects, or, alternatively, a basis for developing effective compounds for targeted phototherapy. In this review, a broad examination is undertaken, surveying the basic photochemical properties and excited-state dynamics of sulfur-substituted analogs of the canonical DNA and RNA nucleobases. A molecular-level understanding of how sulfur substitution so remarkably perturbs the photochemical properties of the nucleobases is presented by combining experimental results with quantum-chemical calculations. Structure-property relationships demonstrate the impact of site-specific sulfur substitution on the photochemical properties, particularly on the population of the reactive triplet state. The value of fundamental photochemical investigations for driving the development of ultraviolet-A chemotherapeutics is showcased. The most promising photodynamic agents identified thus far have been investigated in various carcinoma cell lines and shown to decrease cell proliferation upon exposure to ultraviolet-A radiation. Overarching principles have been elucidated for the impact that sulfur substitution of the carbonyl oxygen has on the photochemical properties of the nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan Ashwood
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Marvin Pollum
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Coulthard SA, McGarrity S, Sahota K, Berry P, Redfern CPF. Three Faces of Mercaptopurine Cytotoxicity In Vitro: Methylation, Nucleotide Homeostasis, and Deoxythioguanosine in DNA. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1191-1199. [PMID: 29884651 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercaptopurine (MP) is a cytotoxic thiopurine important for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. MP and other thiopurine drugs undergo extensive intracellular metabolism, but the mechanisms of action are poorly characterized. In particular, it is unknown how different metabolites contribute to cytotoxicity and incorporation of thiopurine bases into DNA. The aim of this study was to ask whether cytotoxicity results from the incorporation of thioguanosine nucleotides into DNA, an alternative thiopurine metabolite, or a combination of factors. Therefore, we measured the cytotoxicity, metabolism, and incorporation of thioguanosine into DNA in response to MP or MP metabolites. Thiopurine metabolites varied in cytotoxicity, with methyl-thioinosine-mono-phosphate and thioguanosine-tri-phosphate the most toxic, and the methyl-thioguanosine nucleotides the least. We show, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, how different metabolites may perturb biochemical pathways, particularly disrupting guanosine nucleotide homeostasis, that may contribute to the mechanism of action of thiopurines. Although there was no correlation between metabolite cytotoxicity and the levels of 6-methylthioinosine-mono-phosphate or thioguanosine incorporation into DNA as individual factors, a combined analysis suggested that these factors together had a major influence on cytotoxicity. This study emphasizes the importance of enzymes of nucleotide homeostasis, methylation, and demethylation in thiopurine effects. These results will facilitate the development of dynamic biochemical models of thiopurine biochemistry that will improve our understanding of mechanisms of action in relevant target tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Coulthard
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah McGarrity
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kalvin Sahota
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Berry
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P F Redfern
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research (S.A.C., S.M., P.B., C.P.F.R.) and Institute of Cellular Medicine (S.A.C., K.S.), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Risk in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Undergoing Thiopurine Therapy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Dermatol Surg 2018; 44:469-480. [PMID: 29315147 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine (thiopurines) are common adjunct treatments for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although thiopurine therapy in organ transplant recipients is known to increase nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), dermatologic literature yields less data regarding NMSC risk of thiopurine use in IBD. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to systematically review current literature on NMSC risk in patients with IBD using thiopurine therapy. METHODS Systematic review of PubMed was performed with keywords "inflammatory bowel disease," "ulcerative colitis," "Crohn's disease," "thiopurine," "azathioprine," "6-mercaptopurine," "skin cancer," "non-melanoma," "squamous cell carcinoma," and "basal cell carcinoma." All available publication years were included. Publications were evaluated using PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS The systematic review yielded 67 articles; 18 met final inclusion criteria. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of study designs limited direct comparisons of thiopurine exposure and NMSC risk. CONCLUSION Patients with IBD using thiopurines seem to have a moderately increased risk of NMSC that is proportional to therapy duration. Risk of NMSC seems to decrease or return to baseline after discontinuing therapy, although additional data are needed to support this trend. Younger patients with IBD using thiopurines seem to be at greater risk of NMSC. Appreciating NMSC risk in patients with IBD undergoing thiopurine therapy should help direct skin cancer screening recommendations and sun protective measures.
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de Boer NKH, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Jharap B, Sanderson JD, Meijer B, Atreya I, Barclay ML, Colombel JF, Lopez A, Beaugerie L, Marinaki AM, van Bodegraven AA, Neurath MF. Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: New Findings and Perspectives. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:610-620. [PMID: 29293971 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines, available as azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine, are immunomodulating agents primarily used to maintain corticosteroid-free remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. To provide a state-of-the-art overview of thiopurine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease, this clinical review critically summarises the available literature, as assessed by several experts in the field of thiopurine treatment and research in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Inserm U954, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Bindia Jharap
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy D Sanderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Berrie Meijer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Murray L Barclay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Anthony Lopez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Inserm U954, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laurent Beaugerie
- Department of Gastroenterology, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine,UPMC University, Paris, France
| | | | - Adriaan A van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine [Co-MIK], Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen-Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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Margolskee E, Jobanputra V, Jain P, Chen J, Ganapathi K, Nahum O, Levy B, Morscio J, Murty V, Tousseyn T, Alobeid B, Mansukhani M, Bhagat G. Genetic landscape of T- and NK-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Oncotarget 2018; 7:37636-37648. [PMID: 27203213 PMCID: PMC5122338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders of T- or NK-cell origin (T/NK-PTLD) are rare entities and their genetic basis is unclear. We performed targeted sequencing of 465 cancer-related genes and high-resolution copy number analysis in 17 T-PTLD and 2 NK-PTLD cases. Overall, 377 variants were detected, with an average of 20 variants per case. Mutations of epigenetic modifier genes (TET2, KMT2C, KMT2D, DNMT3A, ARID1B, ARID2, KDM6B, n=11). and inactivation of TP53 by mutation and/or deletion(n=6) were the most frequent alterations, seen across disease subtypes, followed by mutations of JAK/STAT pathway genes (n=5). Novel variants, including mutations in TBX3 (n=3), MED12 (n=3) and MTOR (n=1), were observed as well. High-level microsatellite instability was seen in 1 of 14 (7%) cases, which had a heterozygous PMS2 mutation. Complex copy number changes were detected in 8 of 16 (50%) cases and disease subtype-specific aberrations were also identified. In contrast to B-cell PTLDs, the molecular and genomic alterations observed in T/NK-PTLD appear similar to those reported for peripheral T-cell lymphomas occurring in immunocompetent hosts, which may suggest common genetic mechanisms of lymphoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Margolskee
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Preti Jain
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinli Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karthik Ganapathi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Odelia Nahum
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julie Morscio
- Department of Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Laboratory, UZ Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vundavalli Murty
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Department of Pathology, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Laboratory, UZ Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bachir Alobeid
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahesh Mansukhani
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Zeng H, Li L, Ding Y, Zhuang Q. Simple and selective determination of 6-thioguanine by using polyethylenimine (PEI) functionalized carbon dots. Talanta 2018; 178:879-885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wyatt MD, Reilly NM, Patel S, Rajesh P, Schools GP, Smiraldo PG, Pittman DL. Thiopurine-induced mitotic catastrophe in Rad51d-deficient mammalian cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:38-48. [PMID: 28945288 PMCID: PMC5771848 DOI: 10.1002/em.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are part of a clinical regimen used for the treatment of autoimmune disorders and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, despite these successes, there are also unintended consequences such as therapy-induced cancer in long-term survivors. Therefore, a better understanding of cellular responses to thiopurines will lead to improved and personalized treatment strategies. RAD51D is an important component of homologous recombination (HR), and our previous work established that mammalian cells defective for RAD51D are more sensitive to the thiopurine 6-thioguanine (6TG) and have dramatically increased numbers of multinucleated cells and chromosome instability. 6TG is capable of being incorporated into telomeres, and interestingly, RAD51D contributes to telomere maintenance, although the precise function of RAD51D at the telomeres remains unclear. We sought here to investigate: (1) the activity of RAD51D at telomeres, (2) the contribution of RAD51D to protect against 6TG-induced telomere damage, and (3) the fates of Rad51d-deficient cells following 6TG treatment. These results demonstrate that RAD51D is required for maintaining the telomeric 3' overhangs. As measured by γ-H2AX induction and foci formation, 6TG induced DNA damage in Rad51d-proficient and Rad51d-deficient cells. However, the extent of γ-H2AX telomere localization following 6TG treatment was higher in Rad51d-deficient cells than in Rad51d-proficient cells. Using live-cell imaging of 6TG-treated Rad51d-deficient cells, two predominant forms of mitotic catastrophe were found to contribute to the formation of multinucleated cells, failed division and restitution. Collectively, these findings provide a unique window into the role of the RAD51D HR protein during thiopurine induction of mitotic catastrophe. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:38-48, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Wyatt
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Nicole M. Reilly
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Shikha Patel
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | - Preeti Rajesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India-140406
| | - Gary P. Schools
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
| | | | - Douglas L. Pittman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208
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Togsverd-Bo K, Philipsen PA, Hædersdal M, Wulf HCO. Skin autofluorescence reflects individual seasonal UV exposure, skin photodamage and skin cancer development in organ transplant recipients. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:577-583. [PMID: 29272850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin cancers varies among organ transplant recipients (OTRs). To improve individual risk assessment of skin cancer, objectively quantified skin photodamage is needed. OBJECTIVES We measured personal UVR-exposure dose in OTRs and assessed the relation between individual UVR exposure, skin cancer and objectively measured photodamage in terms of skin autofluorescence, pigmentation, and black light-evaluated solar lentigines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Danish OTRs with (n=15) and without a history of skin cancer (n=15) kept sun diaries from May to September and wore personal dosimeters recording time-stamped UVR doses in standard erythema doses (SED). Photodamage was quantified as skin autofluorescence with excitation at 370nm (F370) and 430nm (F430), skin pigmentation (pigment protection factor, PPF), and black light-evaluated solar lentigines. RESULTS OTRs with skin cancer received a higher UVR dose than OTRs without skin cancer (median 116 SED vs. 67 SED, p=0.07) and UVR exposure doses were correlated with increased PPF (p=0.052) and F370 on the shoulder (F370shoulder) (p=0.04). We found that skin cancer was associated with F370shoulder (OR 10.53, CI 3.3-31,938; p=0.018) and time since transplantation (OR 1.34, CI 0.95-1.91, p=0.097). A cut-off at 7.2 arbitrary units, 89% of OTRs with skin cancer had F370shoulder values above 7.2 arbitrary units and F370shoulder was additionally related to patient age (p=0.09) and black light-evaluated solar lentigines (p=0.04). CONCLUSION F370 autofluorescence indicates objectively measured photodamage and may be used for individual risk assessment of skin cancer development in OTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Togsverd-Bo
- Department of Dermato-venerology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | - Merete Hædersdal
- Department of Dermato-venerology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Radhika R, Shankar R, Vijayakumar S, Kolandaivel P. Role of 6-Mercaptopurine in the potential therapeutic targets DNA base pairs and G-quadruplex DNA: insights from quantum chemical and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1369-1401. [PMID: 28436311 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1323013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical studies on DNA with the anticancer drug 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) are investigated using theoretical methods to shed light on drug designing. Among the DNA base pairs considered, 6-MP is stacked with GC with the highest interaction energy of -46.19 kcal/mol. Structural parameters revealed that structure of the DNA base pairs is deviated from the planarity of the equilibrium position due to the formation of hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions with 6-MP. These deviations are verified through the systematic comparison between X-H bond contraction and elongation and the associated blue shift and red shift values by both NBO analysis and vibrational analysis. Bent's rule is verified for the C-H bond contraction in the 6-MP interacted base pairs. The AIM results disclose that the higher values of electron density (ρ) and Laplacian of electron density (∇2ρ) indicate the increased overlap between the orbitals that represent the strong interaction and positive values of the total electron density show the closed-shell interaction. The relative sensitivity of the chemical shift values for the DNA base pairs with 6-MP is investigated to confirm the hydrogen bond strength. Molecular dynamics simulation studies of G-quadruplex DNA d(TGGGGT)4 with 6-MP revealed that the incorporation of 6-MP appears to cause local distortions and destabilize the G-quadruplex DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Radhika
- a Department of Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
| | - R Shankar
- a Department of Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
| | - S Vijayakumar
- b Department of Medical Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
| | - P Kolandaivel
- a Department of Physics , Bharathiar University , Coimbatore , India
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Kirsanova OV, Sergeev AV, Yasko IS, Gromova ES. The impact of 6-thioguanine incorporation into DNA on the function of DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 36:392-405. [PMID: 28498075 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2017.1287921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of chemotherapeutic agent 6-thioguanine (SG) into DNA is a prerequisite for its cytotoxic action. This modification of DNA impedes the activity of enzymes involved in DNA repair and replication. Here, using hemimethylated DNA substrates we demonstrated that DNA methylation by Dnmt3a-CD is reduced if DNA is damaged by the incorporation of SG into one or two CpG sites separated by nine base pairs. An increase in the number of SG substitutions did not enhance the effect. Dnmt3a-CD binding to either of SG-containing DNA substrates was not distorted. Our results suggest that SG incorporation into DNA may influence epigenetic regulation via DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kirsanova
- a Department of Chemistry , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Alexander V Sergeev
- a Department of Chemistry , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Ivan S Yasko
- a Department of Chemistry , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Gromova
- a Department of Chemistry , M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow , Russia
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Shah SAV, Paradkar M, Desai D, Ashavaid TF. Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 C415T variant as a predictor for thiopurine-induced toxicity in Indian patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:620-624. [PMID: 27416873 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interindividual variation seen in the thiopurine metabolism is attributed to the genetic variant in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) gene leading to myelosuppression. In Asians, the thiopurine-induced toxicity is not completely explained by TPMT variants. Literature indicates that a newer genetic variant in nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) gene is associated with thiopurine intolerance. We aimed to determine the risk allele frequency of NUDT15 genetic variant and its association with thiopurine-induced toxicity in Indian patients. METHODS In this pilot study, 69 patients on thiopurine therapy were analyzed. The frequencies of thiopurine-induced leukopenia were recorded. NUDT15 (C415T) and TPMT (*2, *3A, *3B, and *3C) genotyping was performed using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Results were validated by DNA sequencing. RESULTS The NUDT15 CC, CT, and TT genotypes were found to be 86.9%, 11.5%, and 1.5%, respectively, whereas TPMT genetic variants were absent. Of 60 patients without NUDT15 variant, none developed leukopenia, whereas of nine patients with NUDT15 variant, six developed leukopenia (P-value < 0.0001). The mean thiopurine dose of 1.01 and 0.73 mg/kg/day for patients with wild and mutant NUDT15 alleles, respectively, was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The sensitivity and specificity for NUDT15 variant were 100% and 95.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The NUDT15 risk allele frequency was 7.2%. There are 6/69 (8.7%) patients who developed leukopenia and harbored NUDT15 variant, thus showing a strong association for thiopurine-induced toxicity. Hence, NUDT15 genotyping may be considered before thiopurine therapy in Indian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup A V Shah
- Department of Research Laboratories, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Minal Paradkar
- Department of Research Laboratories, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Devendra Desai
- Department of Gastroenterology, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Tester F Ashavaid
- Department of Biochemistry, P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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Excited-State Dynamics of the Thiopurine Prodrug 6-Thioguanine: Can N9-Glycosylation Affect Its Phototoxic Activity? Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030379. [PMID: 28264514 PMCID: PMC6155220 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Thioguanine, an immunosuppressant and anticancer prodrug, has been shown to induce DNA damage and cell death following exposure to UVA radiation. Its metabolite, 6-thioguanosine, plays a major role in the prodrug's overall photoreactivity. However, 6-thioguanine itself has proven to be cytotoxic following UVA irradiation, warranting further investigation into its excited-state dynamics. In this contribution, the excited-state dynamics and photochemical properties of 6-thioguanine are studied in aqueous solution following UVA excitation at 345 nm in order to provide mechanistic insight regarding its photochemical reactivity and to scrutinize whether N9-glycosylation modulates its phototoxicity in solution. The experimental results are complemented with time-dependent density functional calculations that include solvent dielectric effects by means of a reaction-field solvation model. UVA excitation results in the initial population of the S₂(ππ*) state, which is followed by ultrafast internal conversion to the S₁(nπ*) state and then intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold within 560 ± 60 fs. A small fraction (ca. 25%) of the population that reaches the S₁(nπ*) state repopulates the ground state. The T₁(ππ*) state decays to the ground state in 1.4 ± 0.2 μs under N₂-purged conditions, using a 0.2 mM concentration of 6-thioguanine, or it can sensitize singlet oxygen in 0.21 ± 0.02 and 0.23 ± 0.02 yields in air- and O₂-saturated solution, respectively. This demonstrates the efficacy of 6-thioguanine to act as a Type II photosensitizer. N9-glycosylation increases the rate of intersystem crossing from the singlet to triplet manifold, as well as from the T₁(ππ*) state to the ground state, which lead to a ca. 40% decrease in the singlet oxygen yield under air-saturated conditions. Enhanced vibronic coupling between the singlet and triplet manifolds due to a higher density of vibrational states is proposed to be responsible for the observed increase in the rates of intersystem crossing in 6-thioguanine upon N9-glycosylation.
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Thiel C, Cordes H, Fabbri L, Aschmann HE, Baier V, Smit I, Atkinson F, Blank LM, Kuepfer L. A Comparative Analysis of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Clinically Relevant Situations. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005280. [PMID: 28151932 PMCID: PMC5289425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced toxicity is a significant problem in clinical care. A key problem here is a general understanding of the molecular mechanisms accompanying the transition from desired drug effects to adverse events following administration of either therapeutic or toxic doses, in particular within a patient context. Here, a comparative toxicity analysis was performed for fifteen hepatotoxic drugs by evaluating toxic changes reflecting the transition from therapeutic drug responses to toxic reactions at the cellular level. By use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling, in vitro toxicity data were first contextualized to quantitatively describe time-resolved drug responses within a patient context. Comparatively studying toxic changes across the considered hepatotoxicants allowed the identification of subsets of drugs sharing similar perturbations on key cellular processes, functional classes of genes, and individual genes. The identified subsets of drugs were next analyzed with regard to drug-related characteristics and their physicochemical properties. Toxic changes were finally evaluated to predict both molecular biomarkers and potential drug-drug interactions. The results may facilitate the early diagnosis of adverse drug events in clinical application. Liver toxicity may occur at drug levels above the therapeutic range and is thus a crucial problem in clinical care. However, the cellular changes induced by drug administration of therapeutic and toxic doses in humans are still not well understood. We here coupled patient-specific drug concentration-time profiles following oral administration of therapeutic and toxic doses with in vitro drug response data to predict toxic changes that quantitatively reflect the transition from desired drug effects to undesired toxic reactions. These toxic changes were comparatively evaluated for fifteen hepatotoxic drugs to identify subsets of drugs, which show similar drug effects on key cellular processes, functional classes of genes, and individual genes, respectively. In addition, analyzing toxic changes for individual genes allowed the prediction of molecular biomarkers and potential drug-drug interactions. Our results may hence support the early diagnosis of liver toxicity in clinical care in the future and may, moreover, help to assess potential risks of drug combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Thiel
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henrik Cordes
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Fabbri
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hélène Eloise Aschmann
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Baier
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ines Smit
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Atkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Mathias Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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