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Abstract
Color is a fundamental aspect of normal visual experience. This chapter provides an overview of the role of color in human behavior, a survey of current knowledge regarding the genetic, retinal, and neural mechanisms that enable color vision, and a review of inherited and acquired defects of color vision including a discussion of diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Bevil R Conway
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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Athanasopoulos P, Casaponsa A. The Whorfian brain: Neuroscientific approaches to linguistic relativity. Cogn Neuropsychol 2020; 37:393-412. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2020.1769050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panos Athanasopoulos
- Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Aina Casaponsa
- Department of Linguistics and English Language, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Siuda-Krzywicka K, Bartolomeo P. What Cognitive Neurology Teaches Us about Our Experience of Color. Neuroscientist 2019; 26:252-265. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858419882621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Color provides valuable information about the environment, yet the exact mechanisms explaining how colors appear to us remain poorly understood. Retinal signals are processed in the visual cortex through high-level mechanisms that link color perception with top-down expectations and knowledge. Here, we review the neuroimaging evidence about color processing in the brain, and how it is affected by acquired brain lesions in humans. Evidence from patients with brain-damage suggests that high-level color processing may be divided into at least three modules: perceptual color experience, color naming, and color knowledge. These modules appear to be functionally independent but richly interconnected, and serve as cortical relays linking sensory and semantic information, with the final goal of directing object-related behavior. We argue that the relations between colors and their objects are key mechanisms to understand high-level color processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Siuda-Krzywicka
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Bartolomeo
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Siuda-Krzywicka K, Witzel C, Chabani E, Taga M, Coste C, Cools N, Ferrieux S, Cohen L, Seidel Malkinson T, Bartolomeo P. Color Categorization Independent of Color Naming. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2471-2479.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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Siuda-Krzywicka K, Boros M, Bartolomeo P, Witzel C. The biological bases of colour categorisation: From goldfish to the human brain. Cortex 2019; 118:82-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Martinaud O. Visual agnosia and focal brain injury. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2017; 173:451-460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zihl J, Heywood CA. The contribution of single case studies to the neuroscience of vision. Psych J 2017; 5:5-17. [PMID: 27061638 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Visual neuroscience is concerned with the neurobiological foundations of visual perception, that is, the morphological, physiological, and functional organization of the visual brain and its co-operative partners. One important approach for understanding the functional organization of the visual brain is the study of visual perception from the pathological perspective. The study of patients with focal injury to the visual brain allows conclusions about the representation of visual perceptual functions in the framework of association and dissociation of functions. Selective disorders have been reported for more "elementary" visual capabilities, for example, color and movement vision, but also for visuo-cognitive capacities, such as visual agnosia or the visual field of attention. Because these visual disorders occur rather seldom as selective and specific dysfunctions, single cases have always played, and still play, a significant role in gaining insights into the functional organization of the visual brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Zihl
- Department of Psychology, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Charles A Heywood
- Department of Psychology, Science Laboratories, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Pagani R, Bosco G, Dalla Valle E, Capitani E, Laiacona M. The assessment of colour perception, naming and knowledge: a new test device with a case study. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:801-9. [PMID: 22076482 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Besides ocular diseases, also cerebral damage may cause colour vision deficits; cerebral lesions may be associated with a variety of clinical conditions that impair colour processing. This study presents procedures and normative data for a rapid, comprehensive seven-test battery aimed at assessing colour perception, colour naming and object colour knowledge. The norms, obtained from 96 healthy Italian participants, allow normality/pathology judgements on the basis of one-sided tolerance limits, after adjusting the score of each test for the demographic variables of the proband subjects. We also report, as an example, use of the battery in a stroke patient; this patient was chosen because her lesion affected the left temporal-occipital cortex, an area sometimes associated with a deficit of colour processing. The patient resulted normal on colour perception and colour name retrieval, but defective on object colour knowledge probed using the stimulus name. For the sound definition of the functional locus of cognitive impairment at the single case level, a multi-faceted set of tasks is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Pagani
- UO Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale, Ospedale San Paolo, via Di Rudinì 8, Milan, Italy.
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Giussani C, Riva M, Gallucci M, Boukhatem L, Sganzerla EP, Demonet JF, Roux FE. Anatomical correlates for category-specific naming of living and non-living things. Neuroimage 2011; 56:323-9. [PMID: 21296167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Selective naming categories impairments for living and non-living things are widely reported in brain damaged patients. Electrostimulation mapping was used to study the possible anatomical segregation of living/non-living categories in a prospective series of patients operated on for tumor removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty brain mappings (patients with no language impairment; range: 14-80 years; mean: 48 years; 26 males; 5 left handed) were performed in 46 left and 4 right hemispheres using two linguistically controlled tasks (naming for living and non-living things) during an awake surgery procedure. Fifteen regions and four macro cortical areas were designed to analyze the distribution of the interference sites. RESULTS Over 761 sites stimulated in the lateral hemispheres, 130 naming interferences sites were detected in small cortical areas (<1cm(2)). High individual variability was observed for living/non-living word retrieval localization and organization with a majority (62%) of shared living/non-living interferences. Specific living (12%) or non-living (26%) interferences were found too. In group analysis, no statistical significant anatomical localization was observed for living items in left lateral hemispheric cortex. A statistical significant representation of interference sites for non-living objects was found (Generalized Estimating Equation methodology, z-test=2.28, p=0.027) in the left posterolateral temporoparietal cortex. No influence of histopathology, gender and age on anatomical localization of naming categories was detected. CONCLUSION The existence of dedicated neural structures for naming non-living things in the left posterolateral temporoparietal cortex is supported by this study although high individual differences exist in the organization of word categories retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giussani
- Centres Hospitalo-Universitaires, F-31059 Toulouse, France.
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Barton JJS. Disorders of color and object recognition: syndromes of the ventral occipitotemporal pathway. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2010; 16:111-27. [PMID: 22810517 DOI: 10.1212/01.con.0000368264.61286.9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although lesions of the striate cortex are associated with hemifield defects, lesions of the inferior and medial occipitotemporal cortex often are associated with disorders of more high-level and complex visual processing. These disorders of the ventral processing stream can be considered as impairing the perception of color and recognition of objects, in contrast to the problems with motion and spatial localization seen with lesions of the dorsal occipitoparietal stream. Dysfunction in the ventral stream leads to the prototypic syndromes of achromatopsia, general visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, alexia without agraphia, and some forms of topographagnosia. Most of these are not single entities but families of disorders in which dysfunction in different cognitive and perceptual processes can lead to the same symptom. Continuum Lifelong Learning Neurol 2010;16(4):111-127.
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Ting Siok W, Kay P, Wang WSY, Chan AHD, Chen L, Luke KK, Hai Tan L. Language regions of brain are operative in color perception. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8140-5. [PMID: 19416812 PMCID: PMC2688888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0903627106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of language on the categorical perception of color is stronger for stimuli in the right visual field (RVF) than in the left visual field, but the neural correlates of the behavioral RVF advantage are unknown. Here we present brain activation maps revealing how language is differentially engaged in the discrimination of colored stimuli presented in either visual hemifield. In a rapid, event-related functional MRI study, we measured subjects' brain activity while they performed a visual search task. Compared with colors from the same lexical category, discrimination of colors from different linguistic categories provoked stronger and faster responses in the left hemisphere language regions, particularly when the colors were presented in the RVF. In addition, activation of visual areas 2/3, responsible for color perception, was much stronger for RVF stimuli from different linguistic categories than for stimuli from the same linguistic category. Notably, the enhanced activity of visual areas 2/3 coincided with the enhanced activity of the left posterior temporoparietal language region, suggesting that this language region may serve as a top-down control source that modulates the activation of the visual cortex. These findings shed light on the brain mechanisms that underlie the hemifield- dependent effect of language on visual perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ting Siok
- Department of Linguistics and
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kay
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- International Computer Science Institute, 1947 Center Street, Berkeley, CA 94704
| | - William S. Y. Wang
- Language Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Alice H. D. Chan
- Department of Linguistics and
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kang-Kwong Luke
- Department of Linguistics and
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Hai Tan
- Department of Linguistics and
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Tan LH, Chan AHD, Kay P, Khong PL, Yip LKC, Luke KK. Language affects patterns of brain activation associated with perceptual decision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:4004-9. [PMID: 18316728 PMCID: PMC2268832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800055105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Well over half a century ago, Benjamin Lee Whorf [Carroll JB (1956) Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA)] proposed that language affects perception and thought and is used to segment nature, a hypothesis that has since been tested by linguistic and behavioral studies. Although clear Whorfian effects have been found, it has not yet been demonstrated that language influences brain activity associated with perception and/or immediate postperceptual processes (referred hereafter as "perceptual decision"). Here, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that brain regions mediating language processes participate in neural networks activated by perceptual decision. When subjects performed a perceptual discrimination task on easy-to-name and hard-to-name colored squares, largely overlapping cortical regions were identified, which included areas of the occipital cortex critical for color vision and regions in the bilateral frontal gyrus. Crucially, however, in comparison with hard-to-name colored squares, perceptual discrimination of easy-to-name colors evoked stronger activation in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, two regions responsible for word-finding processes, as demonstrated by a localizer experiment that uses an explicit color patch naming task. This finding suggests that the language-processing areas of the brain are directly involved in visual perceptual decision, thus providing neuroimaging support for the Whorf hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hai Tan
- Department of Linguistics
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
| | - Alice H. D. Chan
- Department of Linguistics
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
| | - Paul Kay
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- International Computer Science Institute, 1947 Center Street, Berkeley, CA 94704; and
| | - Pek-Lan Khong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | | | - Kang-Kwong Luke
- Department of Linguistics
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and
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Beauvois MF, Saillant B. Optic aphasia for colours and colour agnosia: A distinction between visual and visuo-verbal impairments in the processing of colours. Cogn Neuropsychol 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/02643298508252860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rogers TT, Patterson K, Graham K. Colour knowledge in semantic dementia: It is not all black and white. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:3285-98. [PMID: 17804024 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments we assessed the colour knowledge of patients with semantic dementia, a neuro-degenerative condition that gradually erodes conceptual knowledge. In Experiment 1, the patients' colour naming performance correlated strongly with their object naming for frequency-matched items, with no patient showing better-than-expected naming of colours relative to objects. In Experiment 2, where patients were asked to colour black-and-white line drawings of common objects, all patients were impaired relative to controls, and performance correlated strongly with degree of semantic deficit. The fact that patients often erroneously selected green for fruits or vegetables, and brown for animals, suggests some preservation of general knowledge about the colours that typify a given domain. In Experiment 3, patients were given pairs of identical line drawings of familiar animals, fruits and vegetables--one of each pair coloured correctly, and one incorrectly--and were asked to choose the correct one. When the target's colour was characteristic of the domain, patients scored well; but when the distractor had a typical hue and the target's colour was unusual (e.g. a green versus an orange carrot), performance was far poorer. The results are discussed with reference to alternative theories about the neural basis of conceptual knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Rogers
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Psychology, Madison, WI, USA.
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Roux FE, Lubrano V, Lauwers-Cances V, Mascott CR, Démonet JF. Category-specific cortical mapping: color-naming areas. J Neurosurg 2006; 104:27-37. [PMID: 16509144 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT It has been hypothesized that a certain degree of specialization exists within language areas, depending on some specific lexical repertories or categories. To spare hypothetical category-specific cortical areas and to gain a better understanding of their organization, the authors studied patients who had undergone electrical stimulation mapping for brain tumors and they compared an object-naming task with a category-specific task (color naming). METHODS Thirty-six patients with no significant preoperative language deficit were prospectively studied during a 2-year period. Along with a reading task, both object- and color-naming tasks were used in brain mapping. During color naming, patients were asked to identify 11 visually presented basic colors. The modality specificity of the color-naming sites found was subsequently tested by asking patients to retrieve the color attributes of objects. High individual variability was observed in language organization among patients and in the tasks performed. Significant interferences in color naming were found in traditional language regions-that is, Broca (p < 0.003) and Wernicke centers (p = 0.05)--although some color-naming areas were occasionally situated outside of these regions. Color-naming interferences were exclusively localized in small cortical areas (< 1 cm2). Anatomical segregation of the different naming categories was apparent in 10 patients; in all, 13 color-specific naming areas (that is, sites evoking no object-naming interference) were detected in the dominant-hemisphere F3 and the supramarginal, angular, and posterior parts of the temporal gyri. Nevertheless, no specific brain region was found to be consistently involved in color naming (p > 0.05). At five sites, although visually presented color-naming tasks were impaired by stimulation, auditory color naming (for example, "What color is grass?") was performed with no difficulty, showing that modality-specific areas can be found during naming. CONCLUSIONS Within language areas, a relative specialization of cortical language areas for color naming can be found during electrical stimulation mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck-Emmanuel Roux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 455, Toulouse, France.
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Ohtake H, Fujii T, Yamadori A, Fujimori M, Hayakawa Y, Suzuki K. The influence of misnaming on object recognition: a case of multimodal agnosia. Cortex 2001; 37:175-86. [PMID: 11394719 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70566-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of multimodal agnosia in the visual and tactile modality due to an infarction in the territory of the left posterior cerebral artery. The patient's ability to recognize objects fluctuated depending on his verbal activity. When he misnamed presented objects, he tended to use them and to draw them in keeping with the wrong name. We submit that the mechanism causing associative agnosia is more dynamic than it was hitherto considered. It originates from the rivalry between top-down central regulation and bottom-up peripheral flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ohtake
- Department of Disability Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Carlesimo GA, Casadio P, Sabbadini M, Caltagirone C. Associative visual agnosia resulting from a disconnection between intact visual memory and semantic systems. Cortex 1998; 34:563-76. [PMID: 9800090 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(08)70514-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a patient (RC) who developed a severe visual agnosia, associated to alexia without agraphia, color anomia and amnesia, following an ischemic stroke in the territory supplied by the left posterior cerebral artery. Based on his proficient performance on tests evaluating analysis of elementary visual features, formation of viewer-centered and object-centered representations of visual stimuli and discrimination between drawings representing real and unreal objects, we concluded that the critical locus of deficit was a disconnection between the normally functioning visual memory store and the semantic system. RC's disturbance in visual processing of human faces paralleled his recognition disorder of other classes of objects. The possible contribution of neurobiological factors in determining RC's agnosic deficit is discussed.
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Price CJ, Moore CJ, Humphreys GW, Frackowiak RS, Friston KJ. The neural regions sustaining object recognition and naming. Proc Biol Sci 1996; 263:1501-7. [PMID: 8952093 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1996.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This positron emission tomography study dissociates the neural correlates of object recognition and naming. Stimuli comprised coloured outline drawings of objects and coloured nonsense shapes. Subjects either viewed or explicitly named objects, similarly they viewed or named the colour of the shapes. Activations common to object and colour naming were identified by contrasting the explicit naming conditions (objects and colours) with the control (viewing) conditions. Activations associated with object recognition were identified by contrasting both object conditions (naming and viewing) with both shape conditions and activations specific to object or colour naming were identified by contrasting object naming (relative to object viewing) with colour naming (relative to shape viewing). The results associate: (i) object recognition with left middle occipital and bilateral anterior temporal cortices; (ii) modality independent naming with left posterior basal temporal lobe and the left prefrontal cortex; (iii) areas specific to object naming with left temporal extrasylvian regions, left anterior insula and right cerebellum; and (iv) areas specific to colour naming with left posterior lingual and fusiform gyri and midline cerebellum. These results are discussed in relation to previous neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Price
- Wellcome Dept of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, U.K
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Abstract
Lesions in consecutive parts of the visual system cause visual deficits that spare increasingly complex residual functions. Patients with lesions up to and including primary visual cortex can show neuroendocrine, reflexive, implicit and forced-choice responses to visual stimulation but no conscious vision. In contrast, patients with lesions in higher visual cortical areas have conscious vision. Its lowest level is that of phenomenal vision, followed by object vision and recognition. These levels are dissociable. They require the integrity of different parts of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stoerig
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Patients with cerebral achromatopsia, a perceptual disorder caused by ventromedial occipital brain damage, can be completely unable to arrange colours in chromatic sequence and fail most conventional tests of colour blindness. A possible explanation for cerebral achromatopsia is that the colour-opponent parvocellular (P) channel has been selectively and totally destroyed at the level of visual cortex, leaving vision to be mediated by the broad-band magnocellular (M) channel. The persistence of normal occipital visually evoked potentials, and preserved sensitivity to isoluminant chromatic gratings indicates that if this hypothesis is correct the destruction must occur beyond the striate cortex. We have shown that an achromatopsic subject can detect chromatic borders and construct shape from colour, and that he can even perceive the apparent direction of motion of a phase shifted isoluminant chromatic grating where perceived direction depends on knowing the sign of the colour diffence, i.e., which colour is which in the stripes. This and other evidence suggests that perhaps only one part of the cortical P channel has been destroyed. Does the critical area involved in achromatopsia correspond to cortical area V4 of monkeys, often implicated in processing wavelength? When Visual Area 4 is totally ablated in monkeys they have only a mild colour discrimination impairment and easily solve the colour ordering and colour selection tasks that an achromatopsic patient finds impossible. However, monkeys with ventromedial damage rostral to Area V4 do perform like achromatopsic patients, suggesting that the role of V4 in the perception of colour is still unclear and that the colour area of the human brain does not correspond to area V4.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cowey
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK.
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References. Cogn Neuropsychol 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-481845-3.50021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Minor SW, White H, Owings EP. Hemispheric asymmetries in interpreting forms vs colors in ambiguous patterns. Brain Cogn 1989; 9:123-35. [PMID: 2912471 DOI: 10.1016/0278-2626(89)90048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prior to receiving briefly lateralized presentations of ambiguous visual patterns (Rorschach inkblots), 28 normal right-handed males heard two words, each describing a different interpretation of the pattern, e.g., one word might describe an interpretation based on attending to shapes or forms (form choices) and the other might describe an interpretation based on attending to chromatic color (e.g., color choices). Color choices were more frequent than form choices on left-hemisphere (LH) presentations of the patterns, and form choices were more frequent than color choices on right-hemisphere (RH) presentations. These results were interpreted as consistent with the theory that the LH's favored mental representation is semantic (i.e., frequent choices of concepts associated with names of colors in the patterns) and the RH's favored representation is imaginal (i.e., frequent choices of concepts associated with difficult-to-label forms in the patterns).
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Minor
- Psychology Department, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723
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De Vreese LP. Category-specific versus modality-specific aphasia for colours: a review of the pioneer case studies. Int J Neurosci 1988; 43:195-206. [PMID: 2468627 DOI: 10.3109/00207458808986170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the long-standing dichotomy between category-specific (colour-name aphasia) and modality-specific impaired colour-naming (optic aphasia for colours) in posteriorly brain injured patients with preserved colour vision and language abilities. The data gathered for this paper were obtained from a critical review of the pioneer case studies and the analysis of the author's research findings. A number of easily applicable colour tasks, especially the so-called "verbal-verbal" ones are recommended and are believed to be equipped to refine the clinical assessment of impaired visual and verbal knowledge of colours in the brain damaged as well as to pinpoint the functional defects underlying the varieties of colour-naming impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P De Vreese
- Department of Neurolinguistics, School of Medicine, Free University of Brussels
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Foroglou G, Kaprinis G, Phocas C. Two cases of painters operated more than ten years ago for intracranial lesions. Evolution of their artistic production. ACTA NEUROCHIRURGICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1988; 44:84-92. [PMID: 3223375 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9005-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Two female professional painters, who underwent a neurosurgical operation, are described. Their artistic production before and after the neurosurgical intervention is compared and the observed modifications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Foroglou
- Neurosurgical Clinic of the University, AHEPA General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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David AS. Tachistoscopic tests of colour naming and matching in schizophrenia: evidence for posterior callosum dysfunction? Psychol Med 1987; 17:621-630. [PMID: 3628623 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700025861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychological studies have shown that the integrity of the posterior corpus callosum is necessary for accurate colour naming in the left visual field (LVF) and colour matching across hemifields. Using this model, 22 schizophrenics, 14 depressive and 16 healthy matched controls were given a battery of tachistoscopic tests of colour perception. The schizophrenics made significantly more errors, in naming colours in the LVF compared to depressives, and in matching colours across fields compared to depressives and normals. There were no differences between groups for right visual (RVF) colour naming or matching within right and left visual fields. These findings support the hypothesis that trans-callosal transmission may be impaired in schizophrenia and are unlikely to be due to a specific disorder of colour perception, neuroleptic drugs or generally impaired performance. Those schizophrenics whose LVF naming errors exceeded RVF errors were more likely to have first rank symptoms and showed less cerebral atrophy but did not differ on other variables. The techniques described may be useful for further research into interhemispheric function in schizophrenia.
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Aine CJ, Harter MR. Visual event-related potentials to colored patterns and color names: attention to features and dimension. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1986; 64:228-45. [PMID: 2427318 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(86)90171-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Four right-handed males and 4 right-handed females were instructed to match pairs of stimuli (colored flashes with either colored patterns or color names) presented sequentially to the central retina. Subjects were to respond to the second stimulus of a pair when it matched the first stimulus in terms of sensory color or word meaning. ERPs recorded from the second stimulus of a pair over occipital and frontal cortical regions indicate the following: Interdimension effects reflect an early and more global discrimination process between colored patterns and word patterns per se. The source of this effect appears to be localized in occipital cortical regions. Intradimension effects were evident later in time and reflect a more refined discrimination process between particular features within a dimension rather than between dimensions. The intradimension color effect began earlier in time than the word effect (229 msec versus 318 msec in the occipital data) and appears to be localized in posterior temporal regions. The onset of the word effect appears to have two neural generators: an early effect localized in frontal regions (274 msec) and a later effect localized in occipital regions (318 msec). The hierarchical model of language processing seems to hold true predominantly in posterior cortical regions. Effects associated with linguistic processing were evident in frontal regions before effects were noted in the occipital regions. This result suggests that either: word information is processed simultaneously and independently in the different regions, or anterior regions feedback onto posterior regions and, therefore, influence the processing in this region.
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32
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Mattocks L, Hynd GW. Color anomia: Clinical, developmental, and neuropathological issues. Dev Neuropsychol 1986. [DOI: 10.1080/87565648609540333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Trevarthen C. Hemispheric Specialization. Compr Physiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp010325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Speedie LJ, Rothi LJ, Heilman KM. Spelling dyslexia: a form of cross-cuing. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 1982; 15:340-352. [PMID: 7074349 DOI: 10.1016/0093-934x(82)90064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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36
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Chromatic information processing: Rate depends on stimulus location in the category and psychological complexity. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00308529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zihl J, von Cramon D. Colour anomia restricted to the left visual hemifield after splenial disconnexion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1980; 43:719-24. [PMID: 7431033 PMCID: PMC490644 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.43.8.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In a patient with damage to the right occipital lobe and to the splenium of the corpus callosum, an incomplete colour anopia in the left upper quadrants and a colour anomia was found for the complete left visual hemifield beyond 2 degrees eccentricity. The patient had no difficulty in recognising coloured targets when presented in the periphery of the left visual hemifield and in the foveal region, but could not name them correctly. The results suggest that the lesion of the splenium of the corpus callosum disconnects the right visual cortex from the language areas of the left hemisphere, and the specific disturbance of colour naming is the consequence.
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Abstract
Signal detection analysis was performed on data obtained from discrimination tasks using lateralized coloured stimuli. It was found that there was a right hemisphere superiority in discriminability to both hue and saturation.
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40
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Denckla MB, Rudel RG. Rapid "automatized" naming (R.A.N): dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia 1976; 14:471-9. [PMID: 995240 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3932(76)90075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 698] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Poeck K, Stachowiak FJ. [Colour naming deficit in aphasic and non-aphasic brain damaged patients (author's transl)]. J Neurol 1975; 209:95-102. [PMID: 51056 DOI: 10.1007/bf00314602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the severity and quality of aphasic misnaming in colour naming tasks as compared to errors of patients with right-sided brain damage and to patients with posterior disconnexion syndrome. The investigation is based on 80 aphasic patients, 20 patients with right-sided brain damage and 80 normal control subjects. Differences in the performance for colour and object naming are discussed. The main results were: 1. The subtypes of aphasia did not differ quantitatively in both types of performance. All aphasics made significantly more errors on colour naming than on object naming tasks. This difference, however, was numerically too small to have practical value. 2. Unlike in the corresponding understanding tasks, both types of naming tasks differentiated between aphasic and non-aphasic patients, the aphasic group performing poorer. 3. The four subtypes of aphasia had similar error scores in the 10 colour tasks. We observed certain regularities in the type of paraphasic misnaming for the total group of aphasics. The subgroup of amnesic aphasia was characterized by a strategy of modifying the colour terms similar to the description of use encountered in the language behavior of these patients. 4. Patients with posterior disconnexion syndrome in general make 7 errors out of 10 tasks in colour naming, in contrast to 2 errors out of 10 tasks in object naming. For aphasic patients the relation is 3.5 to 2.5 errors.
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Abstract
The interrelation of perceptual and verbral process was explored in a fluent aphasic with a naming disorder. This patient performed extremely well on complex perceptual tasks as long as he was instructed to remain silent or to count aloud. Whe he began to talk about what he was doing, he misnamed many test items and behaved as if they were what he had called them. The verbal interference effect is explained in terms of cerebral dominance and interhemispheric interaction and it is suggested that a similar mechanism may apply in classical cases of agnosia.
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De Renzi E, Faglioni P, Scotti G, Spinnler H. Impairment of color sorting behavior after hemispheric damage: an experimental study with the Holmgren skein test. Cortex 1972; 8:147-63. [PMID: 5043790 DOI: 10.1016/s0010-9452(72)80015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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