1
|
Votsi C, Tomazou M, Nicolaou P, Pantzaris MC, Pitsas G, Adamou A, Kleopa KA, Zamba-Papanicolaou E, Christodoulou K. RFC1 Repeat Distribution in the Cypriot Population: Study of a Large Cohort of Patients With Undiagnosed Ataxia and Non-Disease Controls. Neurol Genet 2024; 10:e200149. [PMID: 38685975 PMCID: PMC11057437 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The intronic biallelic AAGGG expansion in the replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) gene was recently associated with a phenotype combining cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome, as well as with late-onset ataxia. Following this discovery, studies in multiple populations extended the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of this locus. Multiple benign and additional pathogenic configurations are currently known. Our main objectives were to study the prevalence of the pathogenic AAGGG expansion in the Cypriot population, to further characterize the RFC1 repeat locus allele distribution, and to search for possible novel repeat configurations. Methods Cypriot undiagnosed patients, in the majority presenting at least with cerebellar ataxia and non-neurologic disease controls, were included in this study. A combination of conventional methods was used, including standard PCR flanking the repeat region, repeat-primed PCR, long-range PCR, and Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis of already available in-house short-read whole-genome sequencing data was also performed. Results A large group of undiagnosed patients (n = 194), mainly presenting with pure ataxia or with ataxia accompanied by neuropathy or additional symptoms, as well as a group of non-disease controls (n = 100), were investigated in the current study. Our findings include the diagnosis of 10 patients homozygous for the pathogenic AAGGG expansion and a high percentage of heterozygous AAGGG carriers in both groups. The benign AAAAGn, AAAGGn, and AAGAGn configurations were also identified in our cohorts. We also report and discuss the identification of 2 recently reported novel and possibly benign repeat configurations, AAAGGGn and AAGACn, thus confirming their existence in another distinct population, and we highlight an increased frequency of the AAAGGGn in the patient group, including a single case of homozygosity. Discussion Our findings indicate the existence of genetic heterogeneity regarding the RFC1 repeat configurations and that the AAGGG pathogenic expansion is a frequent cause of ataxia in the Cypriot population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Votsi
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Tomazou
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paschalis Nicolaou
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios C Pantzaris
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Giorgos Pitsas
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Archontia Adamou
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Zamba-Papanicolaou
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyproula Christodoulou
- From the Neurogenetics Department (C.V., P.N., K.C.); Bioinformatics Department (M.T.); Neuroimmunology Department (M.C.P., G.P.); Neuroepidemiology Department (A.A.); Neuroscience Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (K.A.K.); and Neuroepidemiology Department and Center for Neuromascular Disorders (E.Z.-P.), The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parmar JM, Laing NG, Kennerson ML, Ravenscroft G. Genetics of inherited peripheral neuropathies and the next frontier: looking backwards to progress forwards. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024:jnnp-2024-333436. [PMID: 38744462 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2024-333436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) encompass a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders causing length-dependent degeneration of peripheral autonomic, motor and/or sensory nerves. Despite gold-standard diagnostic testing for pathogenic variants in over 100 known associated genes, many patients with IPN remain genetically unsolved. Providing patients with a diagnosis is critical for reducing their 'diagnostic odyssey', improving clinical care, and for informed genetic counselling. The last decade of massively parallel sequencing technologies has seen a rapid increase in the number of newly described IPN-associated gene variants contributing to IPN pathogenesis. However, the scarcity of additional families and functional data supporting variants in potential novel genes is prolonging patient diagnostic uncertainty and contributing to the missing heritability of IPNs. We review the last decade of IPN disease gene discovery to highlight novel genes, structural variation and short tandem repeat expansions contributing to IPN pathogenesis. From the lessons learnt, we provide our vision for IPN research as we anticipate the future, providing examples of emerging technologies, resources and tools that we propose that will expedite the genetic diagnosis of unsolved IPN families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jevin M Parmar
- Rare Disease Genetics and Functional Genomics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Preventive Genetics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Rare Disease Genetics and Functional Genomics, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Medical Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Currò R, Dominik N, Facchini S, Vegezzi E, Sullivan R, Galassi Deforie V, Fernández-Eulate G, Traschütz A, Rossi S, Garibaldi M, Kwarciany M, Taroni F, Brusco A, Good JM, Cavalcanti F, Hammans S, Ravenscroft G, Roxburgh RH, Parolin Schnekenberg R, Rugginini B, Abati E, Manini A, Quartesan I, Ghia A, Lòpez de Munaìn A, Manganelli F, Kennerson M, Santorelli FM, Infante J, Marques W, Jokela M, Murphy SM, Mandich P, Fabrizi GM, Briani C, Gosal D, Pareyson D, Ferrari A, Prados F, Yousry T, Khurana V, Kuo SH, Miller J, Troakes C, Jaunmuktane Z, Giunti P, Hartmann A, Basak N, Synofzik M, Stojkovic T, Hadjivassiliou M, Reilly MM, Houlden H, Cortese A. Role of the repeat expansion size in predicting age of onset and severity in RFC1 disease. Brain 2024; 147:1887-1898. [PMID: 38193360 PMCID: PMC11068103 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
RFC1 disease, caused by biallelic repeat expansion in RFC1, is clinically heterogeneous in terms of age of onset, disease progression and phenotype. We investigated the role of the repeat size in influencing clinical variables in RFC1 disease. We also assessed the presence and role of meiotic and somatic instability of the repeat. In this study, we identified 553 patients carrying biallelic RFC1 expansions and measured the repeat expansion size in 392 cases. Pearson's coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between the repeat size and age at disease onset. A Cox model with robust cluster standard errors was adopted to describe the effect of repeat size on age at disease onset, on age at onset of each individual symptoms, and on disease progression. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to analyse the relationship between phenotype and repeat size. We performed multivariate linear regression to assess the association of the repeat size with the degree of cerebellar atrophy. Meiotic stability was assessed by Southern blotting on first-degree relatives of 27 probands. Finally, somatic instability was investigated by optical genome mapping on cerebellar and frontal cortex and unaffected peripheral tissue from four post-mortem cases. A larger repeat size of both smaller and larger allele was associated with an earlier age at neurological onset [smaller allele hazard ratio (HR) = 2.06, P < 0.001; larger allele HR = 1.53, P < 0.001] and with a higher hazard of developing disabling symptoms, such as dysarthria or dysphagia (smaller allele HR = 3.40, P < 0.001; larger allele HR = 1.71, P = 0.002) or loss of independent walking (smaller allele HR = 2.78, P < 0.001; larger allele HR = 1.60; P < 0.001) earlier in disease course. Patients with more complex phenotypes carried larger expansions [smaller allele: complex neuropathy rate ratio (RR) = 1.30, P = 0.003; cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) RR = 1.34, P < 0.001; larger allele: complex neuropathy RR = 1.33, P = 0.008; CANVAS RR = 1.31, P = 0.009]. Furthermore, larger repeat expansions in the smaller allele were associated with more pronounced cerebellar vermis atrophy (lobules I-V β = -1.06, P < 0.001; lobules VI-VII β = -0.34, P = 0.005). The repeat did not show significant instability during vertical transmission and across different tissues and brain regions. RFC1 repeat size, particularly of the smaller allele, is one of the determinants of variability in RFC1 disease and represents a key prognostic factor to predict disease onset, phenotype and severity. Assessing the repeat size is warranted as part of the diagnostic test for RFC1 expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Currò
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stefano Facchini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Roisin Sullivan
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Gorka Fernández-Eulate
- Nord/Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Research Division ‘Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases’, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Salvatore Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa-Collo, UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Garibaldi
- Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Center, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariusz Kwarciany
- Department of Adult Neurology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Turin, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Good
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Cavalcanti
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), 87050 Mangone, Italy
| | - Simon Hammans
- Wessex Neurological Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Neurogenetic Diseases Group, Centre for Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, University of Western Australia, Nedland, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Richard H Roxburgh
- Neurology Department, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand and the Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Bianca Rugginini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Abati
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Manini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Quartesan
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Arianna Ghia
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Adolfo Lòpez de Munaìn
- Neurology Department, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country-Osakidetza-CIBERNED-Biodonostia, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disease Unit, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jon Infante
- University Hospital Marquès de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 2650 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Manu Jokela
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Neurology, Tampere University and University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Neurocenter, Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Sinéad M Murphy
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, D24 NR0A Dublin, Ireland
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paola Mandich
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino-UOC Genetica Medica, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, ERN Neuromuscular Unit, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy
| | - David Gosal
- Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Greater Manchester, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | - Ferran Prados
- Centre for Medical Image Computing (CMIC), Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1V 6LJ, UK
- NMR Research Unit, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- e-Health Centre, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tarek Yousry
- Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Vikram Khurana
- Division of Movement Disorders and Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - James Miller
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospitals, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- London Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Bank, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE21 8EA, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Paola Giunti
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Annette Hartmann
- Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nazli Basak
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Suna and İnan Kıraç Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NDAL), Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Research Division ‘Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases’, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Nord/Est/Ile-de-France Neuromuscular Reference Center, Institute of Myology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, APHP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pellerin D, Heindl F, Traschütz A, Rujescu D, Hartmann AM, Brais B, Houlden H, Dufke C, Riess O, Haack T, Strupp M, Synofzik M. RFC1 repeat expansions in downbeat nystagmus syndromes: frequency and phenotypic profile. J Neurol 2024; 271:2886-2892. [PMID: 38381176 PMCID: PMC11055689 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cause of downbeat nystagmus (DBN) remains unknown in a substantial number of patients ("idiopathic"), although intronic GAA expansions in FGF14 have recently been shown to account for almost 50% of yet idiopathic cases. Here, we hypothesized that biallelic RFC1 expansions may also represent a recurrent cause of DBN syndrome. METHODS We genotyped the RFC1 repeat and performed in-depth phenotyping in 203 patients with DBN, including 65 patients with idiopathic DBN, 102 patients carrying an FGF14 GAA expansion, and 36 patients with presumed secondary DBN. RESULTS Biallelic RFC1 AAGGG expansions were identified in 15/65 patients with idiopathic DBN (23%). None of the 102 GAA-FGF14-positive patients, but 2/36 (6%) of patients with presumed secondary DBN carried biallelic RFC1 expansions. The DBN syndrome in RFC1-positive patients was characterized by additional cerebellar impairment in 100% (15/15), bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) in 100% (15/15), and polyneuropathy in 80% (12/15) of cases. Compared to GAA-FGF14-positive and genetically unexplained patients, RFC1-positive patients had significantly more frequent neuropathic features on examination and BVP. Furthermore, vestibular function, as measured by the video head impulse test, was significantly more impaired in RFC1-positive patients. DISCUSSION Biallelic RFC1 expansions are a common monogenic cause of DBN syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pellerin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Heindl
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claudia Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Delforge V, Tard C, Davion JB, Dujardin K, Wissocq A, Dhaenens CM, Mutez E, Huin V. RFC1: Motifs and phenotypes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:393-409. [PMID: 38627134 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Biallelic intronic expansions (AAGGG)exp in intron 2 of the RFC1 gene have been shown to be a common cause of late-onset ataxia. Since their first description, the phenotypes, neurological damage, and pathogenic variants associated with the RFC1 gene have been frequently updated. Here, we review the various motifs, genetic variants, and phenotypes associated with the RFC1 gene. We searched PubMed for scientific articles published between March 1st, 2019, and January 15th, 2024. The motifs and phenotypes associated with the RFC1 gene are highly heterogeneous, making molecular diagnosis and clinical screening and investigation challenging. In this review we will provide clues to give a better understanding of RFC1 disease. We briefly discuss new methods for molecular diagnosis, the origin of cough in RFC1 disease, and research perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Delforge
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Tard
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement disorders, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J-B Davion
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement disorders, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - K Dujardin
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement disorders, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Wissocq
- Department of Toxicology and Genopathies, UF Neurobiology, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C-M Dhaenens
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Toxicology and Genopathies, UF Neurobiology, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Mutez
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Neurology and Movement disorders, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Huin
- Inserm, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, CHU de Lille, University Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Department of Toxicology and Genopathies, UF Neurobiology, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Wang J, Yan Z, Hou J, Wan L, Yang Y, Liu Y, Yi J, Guo P, Han D. Structural investigation of pathogenic RFC1 AAGGG pentanucleotide repeats reveals a role of G-quadruplex in dysregulated gene expression in CANVAS. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2698-2710. [PMID: 38266156 PMCID: PMC10954463 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An expansion of AAGGG pentanucleotide repeats in the replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) gene is the genetic cause of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS), and it also links to several other neurodegenerative diseases including the Parkinson's disease. However, the pathogenic mechanism of RFC1 AAGGG repeat expansion remains enigmatic. Here, we report that the pathogenic RFC1 AAGGG repeats form DNA and RNA parallel G-quadruplex (G4) structures that play a role in impairing biological processes. We determine the first high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of a bimolecular parallel G4 formed by d(AAGGG)2AA and reveal how AAGGG repeats fold into a higher-order structure composed of three G-tetrad layers, and further demonstrate the formation of intramolecular G4s in longer DNA and RNA repeats. The pathogenic AAGGG repeats, but not the nonpathogenic AAAAG repeats, form G4 structures to stall DNA replication and reduce gene expression via impairing the translation process in a repeat-length-dependent manner. Our results provide an unprecedented structural basis for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of AAGGG repeat expansion associated with CANVAS. In addition, the high-resolution structures resolved in this study will facilitate rational design of small-molecule ligands and helicases targeting G4s formed by AAGGG repeats for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Junyan Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Jianing Hou
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM) Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Liqi Wan
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Yingquan Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Da Han
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM) Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Antoine JC. Inflammatory sensory neuronopathies. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024:S0035-3787(24)00455-7. [PMID: 38472032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory sensory neuronopathies are rare disorders mediated by dysimmune mechanisms targeting sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. They constitute a heterogeneous group of disorders with acute, subacute, or chronic courses, and occur with cancer, systemic autoimmune diseases, notably Sjögren syndrome, and viral infections but a noticeable proportion of them remains isolated. Identifying inflammatory sensory neuronopathies is crucial because they have the potential to be stabilized or even to improve with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressant treatments provided that the treatment is applied at an early stage of the disease, before a definitive degeneration of neurons. Biomarkers, and notably antibodies, are crucial for this early identification, which is the first step to develop therapeutic trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-C Antoine
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tsuboyama Y, Takahashi A, Furukawa S, Almansour A, Hamada M, Kubota A, Shimizu J, Kinoshita M, Fujimoto C, Mitsui J, Matsukawa T, Naruse H, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Toda T. RFC1-related disorder presenting recurrent syncope. J Neurol 2024:10.1007/s00415-024-12231-5. [PMID: 38451278 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tsuboyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sawako Furukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asem Almansour
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Kubota
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Fujimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Precision Medicine Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsukawa
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Naruse
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Precision Medicine Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Palones E, Curto E, Plaza V, Gonzalez-Quereda L, Segarra-Casas A, Querol L, Bertoletti F, Rodriguez MJ, Gallano P, Crespo-Lessmann A. Clinical and functional characteristics, possible causes, and impact of chronic cough in patients with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). J Neurol 2024; 271:1204-1212. [PMID: 37917234 PMCID: PMC10896788 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and bilateral vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is an hereditary autosomal recessive disease. Recent studies propose including chronic cough (CC) as a symptom of CANVAS. For 10 patients with CANVAS as genetically confirmed by biallelic expansion of the AAGG repeat motif (AAGGGexp) in intron 2 of replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1), our aim was, as a multidisciplinary team, to describe clinical and functional characteristics and possible causes of CC following European Respiratory Society (ERS) recommendations, and to evaluate CC impact on quality of life (QoL) using self-administered questionnaires (Cough Severity Diary, Leicester Cough Questionnaire, Discrete Emotions Questionnaire, and EQ-5D-5L). In all 10 patients, the CC was a dry cough that developed several years prior to the neurological symptoms (mean 14.2 years); 7 patients had symptoms compatible with gastroesophageal reflux (GER), 5 with pathological GER diagnosed by 24-h esophageal pH testing, and 6 patients had impaired esophageal motility diagnosed by high-resolution esophageal manometry, most frequently ineffective peristalsis. Although further studies are required for confirmation, we conclude that CC may be a characteristic prodrome of CANVAS and may be related to GER and esophageal disorders. Furthermore, CC affects patients' QoL, especially in the psychosocial sphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Palones
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elena Curto
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Plaza
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Gonzalez-Quereda
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Segarra-Casas
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Bertoletti
- Department of Digestive Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Rodriguez
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pía Gallano
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biomedical Research Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Networked Biomedical Research Centre for Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Astrid Crespo-Lessmann
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fargeot G, Echaniz-Laguna A, Labeyrie C, Svahn J, Camdessanché JP, Cintas P, Chanson JB, Esselin F, Piedvache C, Verstuyft C, Genestet S, Lagrange E, Magy L, Péréon Y, Sacconi S, Signate A, Nadaj-Pakleza A, Taithe F, Viala K, Tard C, Poinsignon V, Cauquil C, Attarian S, Adams D. Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis in middle-aged and elderly patients with idiopathic polyneuropathy: a nationwide prospective study. Amyloid 2024; 31:62-69. [PMID: 37855400 DOI: 10.1080/13506129.2023.2270661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is an adult-onset autosomal dominant disease resulting from TTR gene pathogenic variants. ATTRv often presents as a progressive polyneuropathy, and effective ATTRv treatments are available. METHODS In this 5 year-long (2017-2021) nationwide prospective study, we systematically analysed the TTR gene in French patients with age >50 years with a progressive idiopathic polyneuropathy. RESULTS 553 patients (70% males) with a mean age of 70 years were included. A TTR gene pathogenic variant was found in 15 patients (2.7%), including the Val30Met TTR variation in 10 cases. In comparison with patients with no TTR gene pathogenic variants (n = 538), patients with TTR pathogenic variants more often presented with orthostatic hypotension (53 vs. 21%, p = .007), significant weight loss (33 vs 11%, p = .024) and rapidly deteriorating nerve conduction studies (26 vs. 8%, p = .03). ATTRv diagnosis led to amyloid cardiomyopathy diagnosis in 11 cases, ATTRv specific treatment in all cases and identification of 15 additional ATTRv cases among relatives. CONCLUSION In this nationwide prospective study, we found ATTRv in 2.7% of patients with age >50 years with a progressive polyneuropathy. These results are highly important for the early identification of patients in need of disease-modifying treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fargeot
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Andoni Echaniz-Laguna
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Inserm U1195, Paris-Saclay University, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Labeyrie
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Juliette Svahn
- Electroneuromyography and Neuromuscular Department, Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pascal Cintas
- Department of Neurology, AOC (Atlantique-Occitanie-Caraïbes) Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Pierre Paul Riquet Hospital, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Chanson
- Neurology Department, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, and Neuromuscular Reference Center Nord/Est/Ile de France (NEIF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Florence Esselin
- Explorations Neurologiques et Centre SLA, CHU et Université de Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Piedvache
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Verstuyft
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Paris Saclay, AP-HP, GH Paris Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Steeve Genestet
- Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases AOC, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Emmeline Lagrange
- Department of Neurology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Magy
- Service de Neurologie, Centre de Référence Neuropathies Périphériques Rares, NNerf, UR 20218 NeurIT, CHU de Limoges, Hôpital Dupuytren, Limoges, France
| | - Yann Péréon
- CHU Nantes, Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases AOC, Hôtel-Dieu, Filnemus, Euro-NMD, Nantes, France
| | - Sabrina Sacconi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neuromuscular Diseases Centre, University Hospital of Nice (CHU), Nice, France
| | - Aissatou Signate
- Department of Neurology, CHU Martinique (University Hospital of Martinique), Fort de France, France
| | - Aleksandra Nadaj-Pakleza
- Neurology Department, CHU de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, and Neuromuscular Reference Center Nord/Est/Ile de France (NEIF), Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Taithe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand (CHU Clermont-Ferrand - Gabriel Montpied Hospital), Clermont-Ferrand, FT, France
| | - Karine Viala
- Neurophysiology Department, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Céline Tard
- Centre de référence des maladies Neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, U1172, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vianney Poinsignon
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie de Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Saclay, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Cauquil
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | - David Adams
- Neurology Department, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- French National Reference Center for Rare Neuropathies (NNERF), Le-Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lu J, Toro C, Adams DR, Moreno CAM, Lee WP, Leung YY, Harms MB, Vardarajan B, Heinzen EL. LUSTR: a new customizable tool for calling genome-wide germline and somatic short tandem repeat variants. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:115. [PMID: 38279154 PMCID: PMC10811831 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short tandem repeats (STRs) are widely distributed across the human genome and are associated with numerous neurological disorders. However, the extent that STRs contribute to disease is likely under-estimated because of the challenges calling these variants in short read next generation sequencing data. Several computational tools have been developed for STR variant calling, but none fully address all of the complexities associated with this variant class. RESULTS Here we introduce LUSTR which is designed to address some of the challenges associated with STR variant calling by enabling more flexibility in defining STR loci, allowing for customizable modules to tailor analyses, and expanding the capability to call somatic and multiallelic STR variants. LUSTR is a user-friendly and easily customizable tool for targeted or unbiased genome-wide STR variant screening that can use either predefined or novel genome builds. Using both simulated and real data sets, we demonstrated that LUSTR accurately infers germline and somatic STR expansions in individuals with and without diseases. CONCLUSIONS LUSTR offers a powerful and user-friendly approach that allows for the identification of STR variants and can facilitate more comprehensive studies evaluating the role of pathogenic STR variants across human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Lu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Camilo Toro
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David R Adams
- NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Wan-Ping Lee
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yuk Yee Leung
- Penn Neurodegeneration Genomics Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicinePerelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Mathew B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research On Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Erin L Heinzen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hadjivassiliou M, Currò R, Beauchamp N, Dominik N, Grunewald RA, Shanmugarajah P, Zis P, Hoggard N, Cortese A. Can CANVAS due to RFC1 biallelic expansions present with pure ataxia? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:171-174. [PMID: 37414537 PMCID: PMC10850715 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic expansion of AAGGG in the replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1) was identified as a major cause of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy (sensory ganglionopathy, or SG) and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). We wanted to clarify if RFC1 expansions can present with pure ataxia and if such expansions could be responsible for some cases where an alternative diagnosis had been made. METHODS We identified patients with a combination of ataxia and SG and no other cause found, patients where an alternative diagnosis had been made, and patients with pure ataxia. Testing for RFC1 expansions was done using established methodology. RESULTS Among 54 patients with otherwise idiopathic sporadic ataxia without SG, none was found to have RFC1 expansions. Among 38 patients with cerebellar ataxia and SG in which all other causes were excluded, 71% had RFC1 expansions. Among 27 patients with cerebellar ataxia and SG diagnosed with coeliac disease or gluten sensitivity, 15% had RFC1 expansions. CONCLUSIONS Isolated cerebellar ataxia without SG makes the diagnosis of CANVAS due to RFC1 expansions highly improbable, but CANVAS is frequently the cause of the combination of idiopathic cerebellar ataxia with SG. It is important to screen patients diagnosed with other causes of acquired ataxia and SG as a small percentage were found to have RFC1 expansions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Riccardo Currò
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Bahavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nick Beauchamp
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Richard A Grunewald
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Priya Shanmugarajah
- Academic Department of Neurosciences, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Panayiotis Zis
- Academic Department of Neurology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nigel Hoggard
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Bahavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pellerin D, Wilke C, Traschütz A, Nagy S, Currò R, Dicaire MJ, Garcia-Moreno H, Anheim M, Wirth T, Faber J, Timmann D, Depienne C, Rujescu D, Gazulla J, Reilly MM, Giunti P, Brais B, Houlden H, Schöls L, Strupp M, Cortese A, Synofzik M. Intronic FGF14 GAA repeat expansions are a common cause of ataxia syndromes with neuropathy and bilateral vestibulopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:175-179. [PMID: 37399286 PMCID: PMC10850669 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intronic GAA repeat expansions in the fibroblast growth factor 14 gene (FGF14) have recently been identified as a common cause of ataxia with potential phenotypic overlap with RFC1-related cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). Our objective was to report on the frequency of intronic FGF14 GAA repeat expansions in patients with an unexplained CANVAS-like phenotype. METHODS We recruited 45 patients negative for biallelic RFC1 repeat expansions with a combination of cerebellar ataxia plus peripheral neuropathy and/or bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP), and genotyped the FGF14 repeat locus. Phenotypic features of GAA-FGF14-positive versus GAA-FGF14-negative patients were compared. RESULTS Frequency of FGF14 GAA repeat expansions was 38% (17/45) in the entire cohort, 38% (5/13) in the subgroup with cerebellar ataxia plus polyneuropathy, 43% (9/21) in the subgroup with cerebellar ataxia plus BVP and 27% (3/11) in patients with all three features. BVP was observed in 75% (12/16) of GAA-FGF14-positive patients. Polyneuropathy was at most mild and of mixed sensorimotor type in six of eight GAA-FGF14-positive patients. Family history of ataxia (59% vs 15%; p=0.007) was significantly more frequent and permanent cerebellar dysarthria (12% vs 54%; p=0.009) significantly less frequent in GAA-FGF14-positive than in GAA-FGF14-negative patients. Age at onset was inversely correlated to the size of the repeat expansion (Pearson's r, -0.67; R2=0.45; p=0.0031). CONCLUSIONS GAA-FGF14-related disease is a common cause of cerebellar ataxia with polyneuropathy and/or BVP, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of RFC1 CANVAS and disease spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pellerin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlo Wilke
- Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Nagy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Currò
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marie-Josée Dicaire
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hector Garcia-Moreno
- Ataxia Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jennifer Faber
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christel Depienne
- Institute of Human Genetics, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Gazulla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Giunti
- Ataxia Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Réadaptation Lucie-Bruneau, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tyagi N, Uppili B, Sharma P, Parveen S, Saifi S, Jain A, Sonakar A, Ahmed I, Sahni S, Shamim U, Anand A, Suroliya V, Asokachandran V, Srivastava A, Sivasubbu S, Scaria V, Faruq M. Investigation of RFC1 tandem nucleotide repeat locus in diverse neurodegenerative outcomes in an Indian cohort. Neurogenetics 2024; 25:13-25. [PMID: 37917284 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
An intronic bi-allelic pentanucleotide repeat expansion mutation, (AAGGG)400-2000, at AAAAG repeat locus in RFC1 gene, is known as underlying genetic cause in cases with cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) and late-onset sporadic ataxia. Biallelic positive cases carry a common recessive risk haplotype, "AAGA," spanning RFC1 gene. In this study, our aim is to find prevalence of bi-allelic (AAGGG)exp in Indian ataxia and other neurological disorders and investigate the complexity of RFC1 repeat locus and its potential association with neurodegenerative diseases in Indian population-based cohorts. We carried out repeat number and repeat type estimation using flanking PCR and repeat primed PCR (AAAAG/AAAGG/AAGGG) in four Indian disease cohorts and healthy controls. Haplotype assessment of suspected cases was done by genotyping and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Blood samples and consent of all the cases and detailed clinical details of positive cases were collected in collaboration with A.I.I.M.S. Furthermore, comprehension of RFC1 repeat locus and risk haplotype analysis in Indian background was performed on the NGS data of Indian healthy controls by ExpansionHunter, ExpansionHunter Denovo, and PHASE analysis, respectively. Genetic screening of RFC1-TNR locus in 1998 uncharacterized cases (SCA12: 87; uncharacterized ataxia: 1818, CMT: 93) and 564 heterogenous controls showed that the frequency of subjects with bi-allelic (AAGGG)exp are 1.15%, < 0.05%, 2.15%, and 0% respectively. Two RFC1 positive sporadic late-onset ataxia cases, one bi-allelic (AAGGG)exp and another, (AAAGG)~700/(AAGGG)exp, had recessive risk haplotype and CANVAS symptoms. Long normal alleles, 15-27, are significantly rare in ataxia cohort. In IndiGen control population (IndiGen; N = 1029), long normal repeat range, 15-27, is significantly associated with A3G3 and some rare repeat motifs, AGAGG, AACGG, AAGAG, and AAGGC. Risk-associated "AAGA" haplotype of the original pathogenic expansion of A2G3 was found associated with the A3G3 representing alleles in background population. Apart from bi-allelic (AAGGG)exp, we report cases with a new pathogenic expansion of (AAAGG)exp/(AAGGG)exp in RFC1 and recessive risk haplotype. We found different repeat motifs at RFC1 TNR locus, like AAAAG, AAAGG, AAAGGG, AAAAGG, AAGAG, AACGG, AAGGC, AGAGG, and AAGGG, in Indian background population except ACAGG and (AAAGG)n/(AAGGG)n. Our findings will help in further understanding the role of long normal repeat size and different repeat motifs, specifically AAAGG, AAAGGG, and other rare repeat motifs, at the RFC1 locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Tyagi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Bharathram Uppili
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shaista Parveen
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sheeba Saifi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akhilesh Sonakar
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 110608, New Delhi, India
| | - Istaq Ahmed
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Shweta Sahni
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 110608, New Delhi, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Avni Anand
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Varun Suroliya
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 110608, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivekanand Asokachandran
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Achal Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), 110608, New Delhi, India
| | - Sridhar Sivasubbu
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Vinod Scaria
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Division, CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi, 110007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shelly S, Dubey D, Mills JR, Klein CJ. Paraneoplastic neuropathies and peripheral nerve hyperexcitability disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 200:239-273. [PMID: 38494281 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823912-4.00020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a common referral for patients to the neurologic clinics. Paraneoplastic neuropathies account for a small but high morbidity and mortality subgroup. Symptoms include weakness, sensory loss, sweating irregularity, blood pressure instability, severe constipation, and neuropathic pain. Neuropathy is the first presenting symptom of malignancy among many patients. The molecular and cellular oncogenic immune targets reside within cell bodies, axons, cytoplasms, or surface membranes of neural tissues. A more favorable immune treatment outcome occurs in those where the targets reside on the cell surface. Patients with antibodies binding cell surface antigens commonly have neural hyperexcitability with pain, cramps, fasciculations, and hyperhidrotic attacks (CASPR2, LGI1, and others). The antigenic targets are also commonly expressed in the central nervous system, with presenting symptoms being myelopathy, encephalopathy, and seizures with neuropathy, often masked. Pain and autonomic components typically relate to small nerve fiber involvement (nociceptive, adrenergic, enteric, and sudomotor), sometimes without nerve fiber loss but rather hyperexcitability. The specific antibodies discovered help direct cancer investigations. Among the primary axonal paraneoplastic neuropathies, pathognomonic clinical features do not exist, and testing for multiple antibodies simultaneously provides the best sensitivity in testing (AGNA1-SOX1; amphiphysin; ANNA-1-HU; ANNA-3-DACH1; CASPR2; CRMP5; LGI1; PCA2-MAP1B, and others). Performing confirmatory antibody testing using adjunct methods improves specificity. Antibody-mediated demyelinating paraneoplastic neuropathies are limited to MAG-IgM (IgM-MGUS, Waldenström's, and myeloma), with the others associated with cytokine elevations (VEGF, IL6) caused by osteosclerotic myeloma, plasmacytoma (POEMS), and rarely angiofollicular lymphoma (Castleman's). Paraneoplastic disorders have clinical overlap with other idiopathic antibody disorders, including IgG4 demyelinating nodopathies (NF155 and Contactin-1). This review summarizes the paraneoplastic neuropathies, including those with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Shelly
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John R Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christopher J Klein
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pellerin D, Danzi MC, Renaud M, Houlden H, Synofzik M, Zuchner S, Brais B. Spinocerebellar ataxia 27B: A novel, frequent and potentially treatable ataxia. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1504. [PMID: 38279833 PMCID: PMC10819088 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hereditary ataxias, especially when presenting sporadically in adulthood, present a particular diagnostic challenge owing to their great clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Currently, up to 75% of such patients remain without a genetic diagnosis. In an era of emerging disease-modifying gene-stratified therapies, the identification of causative alleles has become increasingly important. Over the past few years, the implementation of advanced bioinformatics tools and long-read sequencing has allowed the identification of a number of novel repeat expansion disorders, such as the recently described spinocerebellar ataxia 27B (SCA27B) caused by a (GAA)•(TTC) repeat expansion in intron 1 of the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) gene. SCA27B is rapidly gaining recognition as one of the most common forms of adult-onset hereditary ataxia, with several studies showing that it accounts for a substantial number (9-61%) of previously undiagnosed cases from different cohorts. First natural history studies and multiple reports have already outlined the progression and core phenotype of this novel disease, which consists of a late-onset slowly progressive pan-cerebellar syndrome that is frequently associated with cerebellar oculomotor signs, such as downbeat nystagmus, and episodic symptoms. Furthermore, preliminary studies in patients with SCA27B have shown promising symptomatic benefits of 4-aminopyridine, an already marketed drug. This review describes the current knowledge of the genetic and molecular basis, epidemiology, clinical features and prospective treatment strategies in SCA27B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Pellerin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matt C. Danzi
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- INSERM‐U1256 NGEREUniversité de LorraineNancyFrance
- Service de Neurologie, CHRU de NancyNancyFrance
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de NancyNancyFrance
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and The National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division of Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative DiseasesHertie‐Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)TübingenGermany
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human GenomicsUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Department of Human GeneticsMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar M, Tyagi N, Faruq M. The molecular mechanisms of spinocerebellar ataxias for DNA repeat expansion in disease. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:289-312. [PMID: 37668011 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogenous group of neurodegenerative disorders which commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. They cause muscle incoordination due to degeneration of the cerebellum and other parts of nervous system. Out of all the characterized (>50) SCAs, 14 SCAs are caused due to microsatellite repeat expansion mutations. Repeat expansions can result in toxic protein gain-of-function, protein loss-of-function, and/or RNA gain-of-function effects. The location and the nature of mutation modulate the underlying disease pathophysiology resulting in varying disease manifestations. Potential toxic effects of these mutations likely affect key major cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial functioning, ion channel dysfunction and synaptic transmission. Involvement of several common pathways suggests interlinked function of genes implicated in the disease pathogenesis. A better understanding of the shared and distinct molecular pathogenic mechanisms in these diseases is required to develop targeted therapeutic tools and interventions for disease management. The prime focus of this review is to elaborate on how expanded 'CAG' repeats contribute to the common modes of neurotoxicity and their possible therapeutic targets in management of such devastating disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Nishu Tyagi
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rafehi H, Bennett MF, Bahlo M. Detection and discovery of repeat expansions in ataxia enabled by next-generation sequencing: present and future. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:349-359. [PMID: 37733280 PMCID: PMC10754322 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary cerebellar ataxias are a heterogenous group of progressive neurological disorders that are disproportionately caused by repeat expansions (REs) of short tandem repeats (STRs). Genetic diagnosis for RE disorders such as ataxias are difficult as the current gold standard for diagnosis is repeat-primed PCR assays or Southern blots, neither of which are scalable nor readily available for all STR loci. In the last five years, significant advances have been made in our ability to detect STRs and REs in short-read sequencing data, especially whole-genome sequencing. Given the increasing reliance of genomics in diagnosis of rare diseases, the use of established RE detection pipelines for RE disorders is now a highly feasible and practical first-step alternative to molecular testing methods. In addition, many new pathogenic REs have been discovered in recent years by utilising WGS data. Collectively, genomes are an important resource/platform for further advancements in both the discovery and diagnosis of REs that cause ataxia and will lead to much needed improvement in diagnostic rates for patients with hereditary ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark F Bennett
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Epilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silsby M, Feldman EL, Dortch RD, Roth A, Haroutounian S, Rajabally YA, Vucic S, Shy ME, Oaklander AL, Simon NG. Advances in diagnosis and management of distal sensory polyneuropathies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:1025-1039. [PMID: 36997315 PMCID: PMC10544692 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is characterised by length-dependent, sensory-predominant symptoms and signs, including potentially disabling symmetric chronic pain, tingling and poor balance. Some patients also have or develop dysautonomia or motor involvement depending on whether large myelinated or small fibres are predominantly affected. Although highly prevalent, diagnosis and management can be challenging. While classic diabetes and toxic causes are well-recognised, there are increasingly diverse associations, including with dysimmune, rheumatological and neurodegenerative conditions. Approximately half of cases are initially considered idiopathic despite thorough evaluation, but often, the causes emerge later as new symptoms develop or testing advances, for instance with genetic approaches. Improving and standardising DSP metrics, as already accomplished for motor neuropathies, would permit in-clinic longitudinal tracking of natural history and treatment responses. Standardising phenotyping could advance research and facilitate trials of potential therapies, which lag so far. This review updates on recent advances and summarises current evidence for specific treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Silsby
- Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard D Dortch
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alison Roth
- Division of Neuroimaging Research, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Simon Haroutounian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Inflammatory Neuropathy Clinic, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham, Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steve Vucic
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael E Shy
- Department of Neurology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Anne Louise Oaklander
- Nerve Unit, Departments of Neurology and Pathology (Neuropathology), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil G Simon
- Northern Beaches Clinical School, Macquarie University, Frenchs Forest, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tagliapietra M, Incensi A, Ferrarini M, Mesiano N, Furia A, Rizzo G, Liguori R, Cavallaro T, Monaco S, Fabrizi GM, Donadio V. Clinical and pathology characterization of small nerve fiber neuro(no)pathy in cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3834-3841. [PMID: 37531261 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Biallelic mutation/expansion of the gene RFC1 has been described in association with a spectrum of manifestations ranging from isolated sensory neuro(no)pathy to a complex presentation as cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). Our aim was to define the frequency and characteristics of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) in RFC1 disease at different stages. METHODS RFC1 cases were screened for SFN using the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory and Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 questionnaires. Clinical data were retrospectively collected. If available, lower limb skin biopsy samples were evaluated for somatic epidermal and autonomic subepidermal structure innervation and compared to healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS Forty patients, median age at onset 54 years (interquartile range [IQR] 49-61) and disease duration 10 years (IQR 6-16), were enrolled. Mild-to-moderate positive symptoms (median Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory score 12.1/50, IQR 5.5-22.3) and relevant autonomic disturbances (median Composite Autonomic Symptom Score 31 37.0/100, IQR 17.7-44.3) were frequently reported and showed scarce correlation with disease duration. A non-length-dependent impairment in nociception was evident in both clinical and paraclinical investigations. An extreme somatic denervation was observed in all patients at both proximal (fibers/mm, RFC1 cases 0.0 vs. HCs 20.5, p < 0.0001) and distal sites (fibers/mm, RFC1 cases 0.0 vs. HCs 13.1, p < 0.0001); instead only a slight decrease was observed in cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of autonomic structures. CONCLUSIONS RFC1 disease is characterized by a severe and widespread somatic SFN. Skin denervation may potentially represent the earliest feature and drive towards the suspicion of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Incensi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Ferrarini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nazarena Mesiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Odontostomatologiche e Materno-infantili, UOC Otorinolaringoiatria, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Furia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Salvatore Monaco
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Biomedicina e Movimento, Università di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Donadio
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Turner RD, Hirons B, Cortese A, Birring SS. Chronic Cough as a Genetic Neurological Disorder? Insights from Cerebellar Ataxia with Neuropathy and Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome (CANVAS). Lung 2023; 201:511-519. [PMID: 37979058 PMCID: PMC10673766 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-023-00660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cough is common, and in many cases unexplained or refractory to otherwise effective treatment of associated medical conditions. Cough hypersensitivity has developed as a paradigm that helps to explain clinical and research observations that frequently point towards chronic cough as a neuropathic disorder. Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is a recently described neurological condition whose clinical features include gait ataxia, unsteadiness, peripheral neuropathy, and autonomic dysfunction. Chronic cough is also a common feature of the syndrome, with features of hypersensitivity, often preceding core neurological symptoms by up to 30 years or more. The genetic basis in a majority of cases of CANVAS appears to be biallelic variable repeat intron expansion sequences within RFC1, a gene normally involved in the regulation of DNA replication and repair. The same polymorphism has now been identified at an increased frequency in patients with unexplained or refractory chronic cough in the absence of defining clinical features of CANVAS. This review expands on these points, aiming to increase the awareness of CANVAS amongst clinicians and researchers working with chronic cough. We discuss the implications of a link between RFC1 disease and cough. Improved understanding of CANVAS may lead to an enhanced grasp of the pathophysiology of chronic cough, and new approaches to antitussive treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Turner
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, QLD, Australia.
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.
| | - Barnaby Hirons
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Brain and Behaviour Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dominik N, Magri S, Currò R, Abati E, Facchini S, Corbetta M, Macpherson H, Di Bella D, Sarto E, Stevanovski I, Chintalaphani SR, Akcimen F, Manini A, Vegezzi E, Quartesan I, Montgomery KA, Pirota V, Crespan E, Perini C, Grupelli GP, Tomaselli PJ, Marques W, Shaw J, Polke J, Salsano E, Fenu S, Pareyson D, Pisciotta C, Tofaris GK, Nemeth AH, Ealing J, Radunovic A, Kearney S, Kumar KR, Vucic S, Kennerson M, Reilly MM, Houlden H, Deveson I, Tucci A, Taroni F, Cortese A. Normal and pathogenic variation of RFC1 repeat expansions: implications for clinical diagnosis. Brain 2023; 146:5060-5069. [PMID: 37450567 PMCID: PMC10689911 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease, usually caused by biallelic AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1. In this study, we leveraged whole genome sequencing data from nearly 10 000 individuals recruited within the Genomics England sequencing project to investigate the normal and pathogenic variation of the RFC1 repeat. We identified three novel repeat motifs, AGGGC (n = 6 from five families), AAGGC (n = 2 from one family) and AGAGG (n = 1), associated with CANVAS in the homozygous or compound heterozygous state with the common pathogenic AAGGG expansion. While AAAAG, AAAGGG and AAGAG expansions appear to be benign, we revealed a pathogenic role for large AAAGG repeat configuration expansions (n = 5). Long-read sequencing was used to characterize the entire repeat sequence, and six patients exhibited a pure AGGGC expansion, while the other patients presented complex motifs with AAGGG or AAAGG interruptions. All pathogenic motifs appeared to have arisen from a common haplotype and were predicted to form highly stable G quadruplexes, which have previously been demonstrated to affect gene transcription in other conditions. The assessment of these novel configurations is warranted in CANVAS patients with negative or inconclusive genetic testing. Particular attention should be paid to carriers of compound AAGGG/AAAGG expansions when the AAAGG motif is very large (>500 repeats) or the AAGGG motif is interrupted. Accurate sizing and full sequencing of the satellite repeat with long-read sequencing is recommended in clinically selected cases to enable accurate molecular diagnosis and counsel patients and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dominik
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Stefania Magri
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Currò
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Elena Abati
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of
Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Stefano Facchini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100,
Italy
| | - Marinella Corbetta
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Hannah Macpherson
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Daniela Di Bella
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Elisa Sarto
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Igor Stevanovski
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research,
Sydney 2010, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and
Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Darlinghurst
2010, Australia
| | - Sanjog R Chintalaphani
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and
Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Darlinghurst
2010, Australia
| | - Fulya Akcimen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 2292, USA
| | - Arianna Manini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of
Milan, Milan 20122, Italy
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto
Auxologico Italiano, Milan 20145, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Quartesan
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Kylie-Ann Montgomery
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Valentina Pirota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia,
Pavia 27100, Italy
- G4-INTERACT, USERN, 27100 Pavia,
Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR ‘Luigi Luca
Cavalli-Sforza’, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Cecilia Perini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR ‘Luigi Luca
Cavalli-Sforza’, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Glenda Paola Grupelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR ‘Luigi Luca
Cavalli-Sforza’, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Pedro J Tomaselli
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University
of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 2650, Brazil
| | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University
of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 2650, Brazil
| | - Joseph Shaw
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James Polke
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ettore Salsano
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS
Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan
20126, Italy
| | - Silvia Fenu
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS
Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan
20126, Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS
Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan
20126, Italy
| | - Chiara Pisciotta
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, IRCCS
Foundation, C. Besta Neurological Institute, Milan
20126, Italy
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of
Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Andrea H Nemeth
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of
Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS
Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - John Ealing
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust Greater Manchester Neuroscience Centre,
Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences Salford, Greater
Manchester M6 8HD, UK
| | | | - Seamus Kearney
- Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Hospital,
Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical
Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital,
Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
- Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Steve Vucic
- Concord Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Concord Hospital,
Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital,
Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute
SLHD, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of
Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Ira Deveson
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research,
Sydney 2010, Australia
| | - Arianna Tucci
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto
Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, University College
London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Waung MW, Ma F, Wheeler AG, Zai CC, So J. The Diagnostic Landscape of Adult Neurogenetic Disorders. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1459. [PMID: 38132285 PMCID: PMC10740572 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenetic diseases affect individuals across the lifespan, but accurate diagnosis remains elusive for many patients. Adults with neurogenetic disorders often undergo a long diagnostic odyssey, with multiple specialist evaluations and countless investigations without a satisfactory diagnostic outcome. Reasons for these diagnostic challenges include: (1) clinical features of neurogenetic syndromes are diverse and under-recognized, particularly those of adult-onset, (2) neurogenetic syndromes may manifest with symptoms that span multiple neurological and medical subspecialties, and (3) a positive family history may not be present or readily apparent. Furthermore, there is a large gap in the understanding of how to apply genetic diagnostic tools in adult patients, as most of the published literature focuses on the pediatric population. Despite these challenges, accurate genetic diagnosis is imperative to provide affected individuals and their families guidance on prognosis, recurrence risk, and, for an increasing number of disorders, offer targeted treatment. Here, we provide a framework for recognizing adult neurogenetic syndromes, describe the current diagnostic approach, and highlight studies using next-generation sequencing in different neurological disease cohorts. We also discuss diagnostic pitfalls, barriers to achieving a definitive diagnosis, and emerging technology that may increase the diagnostic yield of testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maggie W. Waung
- Division of General Neurology, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fion Ma
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Allison G. Wheeler
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clement C. Zai
- Tanenbaum Centre for Pharmacogenetics, Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joyce So
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pelosi L, van Alfen N. Neuromuscular ultrasound as a marker for inherited sensory neuronopathy. Muscle Nerve 2023; 68:718-721. [PMID: 37436126 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A review and detailed analysis of the literature over the past two decades has revealed a unique ultrasound feature of pathologically "small" nerves in inherited sensory neuronopathies. Although sample sizes were limited, due to the rarity of these diseases, this characteristic ultrasound finding has been consistently reported across a variety of inherited diseases that affect the dorsal root ganglia. Direct comparisons with both acquired and inherited diseases that primarily affect the axons in the peripheral nerves showed that the ultrasound finding of abnormally "small" cross-sectional areas (CSAs) in mixed nerves of the upper limbs has a high diagnostic accuracy for inherited sensory neuronopathy. Based on this review, ultrasound CSA of the mixed upper limb nerves can be proposed as a marker for inherited sensory neuronopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pelosi
- Departments of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Bay of Plenty District Health Board, Tauranga Hospital, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Nens van Alfen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hirano M, Kuwahara M, Yamagishi Y, Samukawa M, Fujii K, Yamashita S, Ando M, Oka N, Nagano M, Matsui T, Takeuchi T, Saigoh K, Kusunoki S, Takashima H, Nagai Y. CANVAS-related RFC1 mutations in patients with immune-mediated neuropathy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17801. [PMID: 37853169 PMCID: PMC10584897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) has recently been attributed to biallelic repeat expansions in RFC1. More recently, the disease entity has expanded to atypical phenotypes, including chronic neuropathy without cerebellar ataxia or vestibular areflexia. Very recently, RFC1 expansions were found in patients with Sjögren syndrome who had neuropathy that did not respond to immunotherapy. In this study RFC1 was examined in 240 patients with acute or chronic neuropathies, including 105 with Guillain-Barré syndrome or Miller Fisher syndrome, 76 with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and 59 with other types of chronic neuropathy. Biallelic RFC1 mutations were found in three patients with immune-mediated neuropathies, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, idiopathic sensory ataxic neuropathy, or anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy, who responded to immunotherapies. In addition, a patient with chronic sensory autonomic neuropathy had biallelic mutations, and subclinical changes in Schwann cells on nerve biopsy. In summary, we found CANVAS-related RFC1 mutations in patients with treatable immune-mediated neuropathy or demyelinating neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makito Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
| | - Motoi Kuwahara
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yuko Yamagishi
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Samukawa
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kanako Fujii
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Oka
- Department of Neurology, NHO Minami-Kyoto Hospital, Joyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Nagano
- Department of Anatomy, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Taro Matsui
- Division of Neurology, Anti-Aging, and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Toshihide Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Saigoh
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Ohno-Higashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hayes LH, Sadjadi R. Hereditary Neuropathies. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2023; 29:1514-1537. [PMID: 37851041 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article provides an overview of hereditary neuropathies, describes the different hereditary neuropathy subtypes and the clinical approach to differentiating between them, and summarizes their clinical management. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS Increasingly available clinical genetic testing has broadened the clinical spectrum of hereditary neuropathy subtypes and demonstrated a significant overlap of phenotypes associated with a single gene. New subtypes such as SORD -related neuropathy and CANVAS (cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome) have emerged. The optimization of clinical management has improved gait and motor function in the adult and pediatric populations. Novel therapeutic approaches are entering clinical trials. ESSENTIAL POINTS Hereditary neuropathies constitute a spectrum of peripheral nerve disorders with variable degrees of motor and sensory symptoms, patterns of involvement, and clinical courses.
Collapse
|
27
|
Azevedo MPC, Lobo CC, Schmitt GS, Matos PCAAP, Barsottini OGP, Pedroso JL, Marques W, Souza JP, Amorim BJ, França MC. Nigrostriatal dysfunction in RFC1-related disorder/CANVAS. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 115:105854. [PMID: 37729670 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinsonism is now recognized as an additional feature in RFC1/CANVAS syndrome; however, no systematic evaluation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function has been published so far. METHODS This is an observational, single-center study, which analyzed 13 patients with molecular confirmation of RFC1/CANVAS. Disease severity was assessed with the SARA scale. Each subject was carefully evaluated for the presence of parkinsonian features. Dopamine transporter (DAT) imaging was acquired and reconstructed in the transverse, coronal and sagittal planes 4 h after venous injection of 99mTc-TRODAT-1. An experienced nuclear physician performed the visual analysis of all images. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 62.3 ± 8.8 years, and there were 9 women. The mean SARA score was 15.5 ± 5.8. Nine patients had abnormal DAT imaging results. The putamen was more frequently affected than the caudate nucleus on both sides. Considering all regions, uptake of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 did not correlate with disease duration or SARA scores. Parkinsonism was noticed in 3/13 patients, all of which had abnormal DAT scans. Interestingly, six subjects had reduced DAT imaging uptake, but no clinical signs of parkinsonism. CONCLUSION Nigrostriatal dysfunction is frequent in RFC1/CANVAS even in the absence of clinical parkinsonism and may occur early in the disease course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula C Azevedo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila C Lobo
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Schmitt
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula C A A P Matos
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando G P Barsottini
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine - Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo SP, Brazil
| | - Wilson Marques
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine - University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto (USP-RP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pasquotto Souza
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Oncology and Radiology (DAOR)School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bárbara J Amorim
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Oncology and Radiology (DAOR)School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcondes C França
- Department of Neurology, School of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Malaquias MJ, Braz L, Santos Silva C, Damásio J, Jorge A, Lemos JM, Campos CF, Garcez D, Oliveira Santos M, Velon AG, Caetano A, Calejo M, Fernandes P, Rego Â, Castro S, Sousa AP, Cardoso MN, Fernandes M, Pinto MM, Taipa R, Lopes AM, Oliveira J, Magalhães M. Multisystemic RFC1-Related Disorder: Expanding the Phenotype Beyond Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, and Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200190. [PMID: 37674869 PMCID: PMC10479936 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The RFC1 spectrum has become considerably expanded as multisystemic features beyond the triad of cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) have started to be unveiled, although many still require clinical replication. Here, we aimed to clinically characterize a cohort of RFC1-positive patients by addressing both classic and multisystemic features. In a second part of this study, we prospectively assessed small nerve fibers (SNF) and autonomic function in a subset of these RFC1-related patients. Methods We retrospectively enrolled 67 RFC1-positive patients from multiple neurologic centers in Portugal. All patients underwent full neurologic and vestibular evaluation, as well as neuroimaging and neurophysiologic studies. For SNF and autonomic testing (n = 15), we performed skin biopsies, quantitative sensory testing, sudoscan, sympathetic skin response, heart rate deep breathing, and tilt test. Results Multisystemic features beyond CANVAS were present in 82% of the patients, mainly chronic cough (66%) and dysautonomia (43%). Other features included motor neuron (MN) affection and motor neuropathy (18%), hyperkinetic movement disorders (16%), sleep apnea (6%), REM and non-REM sleep disorders (5%), and cranial neuropathy (5%). Ten patients reported an inverse association between cough and ataxia severity. A very severe epidermal denervation was found in skin biopsies of all patients. Autonomic dysfunction comprised cardiovascular (67%), cardiovagal (54%), and/or sudomotor (50%) systems. Discussion The presence of MN involvement, motor neuropathy, small fiber neuropathy, or extrapyramidal signs should not preclude RFC1 testing in cases of sensory neuronopathy. Indeed, the RFC1 spectrum can overlap not only with multiple system atrophy but also with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, and feeding dystonia phenotypes. Some clinical-paraclinical dissociations can pose diagnostic challenges, namely large and small fiber neuropathy and sudomotor dysfunction which are usually subclinical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Malaquias
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Luis Braz
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Santos Silva
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Joana Damásio
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - André Jorge
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - João M Lemos
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Catarina F Campos
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Daniela Garcez
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Miguel Oliveira Santos
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ana G Velon
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - André Caetano
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Margarida Calejo
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Preza Fernandes
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ângela Rego
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Sandra Castro
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ana P Sousa
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marcio Neves Cardoso
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marco Fernandes
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Pinto
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Taipa
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ana M Lopes
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Jorge Oliveira
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marina Magalhães
- Department of Neurology (MJM, LB), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto; Department of Neurology (CSS, CFC, MOS), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte; Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz (CSS), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa; Department of Neurology (JD, MCM), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Department of Neurology (AJ, JML), Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra; Department of Neurology (DG), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil; Department of Neurology (AGV), Centro Hospitalar De Trás-Os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real; Department of Neurology (AC, MF), Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental; Department of Neurology (MC), Unidade Local de Saúde de Matosinhos, Porto; Department of Cardiology (PF), Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (ÂR, SC); Department of Neurophysiology (APS, MNC); Neuropathology Unit (MMP, RT), Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto; Center for Predictive and Preventive Genetics (CGPP) (AML, JO), Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto; and Department of Neurology (MCM), Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Traschütz A, Heindl F, Bilal M, Hartmann AM, Dufke C, Riess O, Zwergal A, Rujescu D, Haack T, Synofzik M, Strupp M. Frequency and Phenotype of RFC1 Repeat Expansions in Bilateral Vestibulopathy. Neurology 2023; 101:e1001-e1013. [PMID: 37460231 PMCID: PMC10491447 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) is a chronic debilitating neurologic disorder with no monogenic cause established so far despite familiar presentations. We hypothesized that replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1) repeat expansions might present a recurrent monogenic cause of BVP. METHODS The study involved RFC1 screening and in-depth neurologic, vestibulo-oculomotor, and disease evolution phenotyping of 168 consecutive patients with idiopathic at least "probable BVP" from a tertiary referral center for balance disorders, with127 of them meeting current diagnostic criteria of BVP (Bárány Society Classification). RESULTS Biallelic AAGGG repeat expansions in RFC1 were identified in 10/127 patients (8%) with BVP and 1/41 with probable BVP. Heterozygous expansions in 10/127 patients were enriched compared with those in reference populations. RFC1-related BVP manifested at a median age of 60 years (range 34-72 years) and co-occurred predominantly with mild polyneuropathy (10/11). Additional cerebellar involvement (7/11) was subtle and limited to oculomotor signs in early stages, below recognition of classic cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome. Clear dysarthria, appendicular ataxia, or cerebellar atrophy developed 6-8 years after onset. Dysarthria, absent patellar reflexes, and downbeat nystagmus best discriminated RFC1-positive BVP from RFC1-negative BVP, but neither sensory symptoms nor fine motor problems. Video head impulse gains of patients with RFC1-positive BVP were lower relative to those of patients with RFC1-negative BVP and decreased until 10 years disease duration, indicating a potential progression and outcome marker for RFC1-disease. DISCUSSION This study identifies RFC1 as the first-and frequent-monogenic cause of BVP. It characterizes RFC1-related BVP as part of the multisystemic evolution of RFC1 spectrum disease, with implications for designing natural history studies and future treatment trials. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that RFC1 repeat expansions cause BVP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Traschütz
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Heindl
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Dufke
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Zwergal
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dan Rujescu
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Haack
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Strupp
- From the Research Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (A.T., M. Synofzik), Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (A.T., M. Synofzik), University of Tübingen; Department of Neurology and German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (F.H., A.Z., M. Strupp), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.B.), Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.M.H., D.R.), University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (M.B., C.D., O.R., T.H.), Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; and Center for Rare Diseases (C.D., O.R., T.H.), University of Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lima FDD, Martinez ARM, Schmitt GDS, França AFEDC, Velho PENF, Akita J, Garbino JA, Nucci A, França Jr MC. F-waves persistence in peripheral sensory syndromes. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2023; 81:785-794. [PMID: 37793400 PMCID: PMC10550350 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distinction between sensory neuronopathies (SN), which is by definition purely sensory, and sensory polyneuropathies (SP) and sensory multineuropathies (SM) is important for etiologic investigation and prognosis estimation. However, this task is often challenging in clinical practice. We hypothesize that F-wave assessment might be helpful, since it is able to detect subtle signs of motor involvement, which are found in SP and SM, but not in SN. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to determine whether F-waves are useful to distinguish SN from SP and SM. METHODS We selected 21 patients with SP (12 diabetes mellitus, 4 transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy, 4 others), 22 with SM (22 leprosy), and 26 with SN (13 immune-mediated, 10 idiopathic, 3 others) according to clinical-electrophysiological-etiological criteria. For every subject, we collected data on height and performed 20 supramaximal distal stimuli in median, ulnar, peroneal, and tibial nerves, bilaterally, to record F-waves. Latencies (minimum and mean) and persistences were compared across groups using the Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS All groups were age, gender, and height-matched. Overall, there were no significant between-group differences regarding F-wave latencies. In contrast, F-wave persistence was able to stratify the groups. Peroneal F-wave persistence was higher, bilaterally, in the SN group compared to SM and SP (p < 0.05). In addition, F-waves persistence of the ulnar and tibial nerves was also helpful to separate SN from SP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION F-wave persistence of the peroneal nerves might be an additional and useful diagnostic tool to differentiate peripheral sensory syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Diniz de Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil.
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, Setor de Neurofisiologia Clínica, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Rolim Muro Martinez
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel da Silva Schmitt
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Juliana Akita
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Setor de Neurofisiologia Clínica, Bauru SP, Brazil.
| | - José Antônio Garbino
- Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Setor de Neurofisiologia Clínica, Bauru SP, Brazil.
| | - Anamarli Nucci
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Neurologia, Campinas SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Scriba CK, Stevanovski I, Chintalaphani SR, Gamaarachchi H, Ghaoui R, Ghia D, Henderson RD, Jordan N, Winkel A, Lamont PJ, Rodrigues MJ, Roxburgh RH, Weisburd B, Laing NG, Deveson IW, Davis MR, Ravenscroft G. RFC1 in an Australasian neurological disease cohort: extending the genetic heterogeneity and implications for diagnostics. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad208. [PMID: 37621409 PMCID: PMC10445415 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome is a progressive, generally late-onset, neurological disorder associated with biallelic pentanucleotide expansions in Intron 2 of the RFC1 gene. The locus exhibits substantial genetic variability, with multiple pathogenic and benign pentanucleotide repeat alleles previously identified. To determine the contribution of pathogenic RFC1 expansions to neurological disease within an Australasian cohort and further investigate the heterogeneity exhibited at the locus, a combination of flanking and repeat-primed PCR was used to screen a cohort of 242 Australasian patients with neurological disease. Patients whose data indicated large gaps within expanded alleles following repeat-primed PCR, underwent targeted long-read sequencing to identify novel repeat motifs at the locus. To increase diagnostic yield, additional probes at the RFC1 repeat region were incorporated into the PathWest diagnostic laboratory targeted neurological disease gene panel to enable first-pass screening of the locus for all samples tested on the panel. Within the Australasian cohort, we detected known pathogenic biallelic expansions in 15.3% (n = 37) of patients. Thirty indicated biallelic AAGGG expansions, two had biallelic 'Māori alleles' [(AAAGG)exp(AAGGG)exp], two samples were compound heterozygous for the Māori allele and an AAGGG expansion, two samples had biallelic ACAGG expansions and one sample was compound heterozygous for the ACAGG and AAGGG expansions. Forty-five samples tested indicated the presence of biallelic expansions not known to be pathogenic. A large proportion (84%) showed complex interrupted patterns following repeat-primed PCR, suggesting that these expansions are likely to be comprised of more than one repeat motif, including previously unknown repeats. Using targeted long-read sequencing, we identified three novel repeat motifs in expanded alleles. Here, we also show that short-read sequencing can be used to reliably screen for the presence or absence of biallelic RFC1 expansions in all samples tested using the PathWest targeted neurological disease gene panel. Our results show that RFC1 pathogenic expansions make a substantial contribution to neurological disease in the Australasian population and further extend the heterogeneity of the locus. To accommodate the increased complexity, we outline a multi-step workflow utilizing both targeted short- and long-read sequencing to achieve a definitive genotype and provide accurate diagnoses for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin K Scriba
- Rare Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics Group, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PP Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Igor Stevanovski
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sanjog R Chintalaphani
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Hasindu Gamaarachchi
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Roula Ghaoui
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Darshan Ghia
- UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Robert D Henderson
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Nerissa Jordan
- Department of Neurology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Antony Winkel
- Department of Neurosciences, Griffith University, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | | | - Richard H Roxburgh
- Centre for Brain Research Neurogenetics Research Clinic, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben Weisburd
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nigel G Laing
- Preventive Genetics Group, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Genomics Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Mark R Davis
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PP Block, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Gianina Ravenscroft
- Rare Genetic Diseases and Functional Genomics Group, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Løseth S, Høyer H, Le KM, Delpire E, Kinge E, Lande A, Hilmarsen HT, Fagerheim T, Nilssen Ø, Braathen GJ. Late-onset sensory-motor axonal neuropathy, a novel SLC12A6-related phenotype. Brain 2023; 146:912-922. [PMID: 36542484 PMCID: PMC9976957 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe five families from different regions in Norway with a late-onset autosomal-dominant hereditary polyneuropathy sharing a heterozygous variant in the SLC12A6 gene. Mutations in the same gene have previously been described in infants with autosomal-recessive hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with corpus callosum agenesis and mental retardation (Andermann syndrome), and in a few case reports describing dominantly acting de novo mutations, most of them with onset in childhood. The phenotypes in our families demonstrated heterogeneity. Some of our patients only had subtle to moderate symptoms and some individuals even no complaints. None had CNS manifestations. Clinical and neurophysiological evaluations revealed a predominant sensory axonal polyneuropathy with slight to moderate motor components. In all 10 patients the identical SLC12A6 missense variant, NM_001365088.1 c.1655G>A p.(Gly552Asp), was identified. For functional characterization, the mutant potassium chloride cotransporter 3 was modelled in Xenopus oocytes. This revealed a significant reduction in potassium influx for the p.(Gly552Asp) substitution. Our findings further expand the spectrum of SLC12A6 disease, from biallelic hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy with corpus callosum agenesis and mental retardation and monoallelic early-onset hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy caused by de novo mutations, to late-onset autosomal-dominant axonal neuropathy with predominant sensory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Løseth
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of North Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Helle Høyer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital Trust, 3710 Skien, Norway
| | - Kim-Mai Le
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Asgeir Lande
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Toril Fagerheim
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Øivind Nilssen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, University Hospital of North-Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Higuchi Y, Takashima H. Clinical genetics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:199-214. [PMID: 35304567 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research in the field of inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs) such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease has helped identify the causative genes provided better understanding of the pathogenesis, and unraveled potential novel therapeutic targets. Several reports have described the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, molecular pathogenesis, and novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan. Based on the functions of the causative genes identified so far, the following molecular and cellular mechanisms are believed to be involved in the causation of CMTs/IPNs: myelin assembly, cytoskeletal structure, myelin-specific transcription factor, nuclear related, endosomal sorting and cell signaling, proteasome and protein aggregation, mitochondria-related, motor proteins and axonal transport, tRNA synthetases and RNA metabolism, and ion channel-related mechanisms. In this article, we review the epidemiology, genetic diagnosis, and clinicogenetic characteristics of CMT in Japan. In addition, we discuss the newly identified novel causative genes for CMT/IPNs in Japan, namely MME and COA7. Identification of the new causes of CMT will facilitate in-depth characterization of the underlying molecular mechanisms of CMT, leading to the establishment of therapeutic approaches such as drug development and gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lin CYR, Kuo SH. Ataxias: Hereditary, Acquired, and Reversible Etiologies. Semin Neurol 2023; 43:48-64. [PMID: 36828010 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1763511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
A variety of etiologies can cause cerebellar dysfunction, leading to ataxia symptoms. Therefore, the accurate diagnosis of the cause for cerebellar ataxia can be challenging. A step-wise investigation will reveal underlying causes, including nutritional, toxin, immune-mediated, genetic, and degenerative disorders. Recent advances in genetics have identified new genes for both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias, and new therapies are on the horizon for targeting specific biological pathways. New diagnostic criteria for degenerative ataxias have been proposed, specifically for multiple system atrophy, which will have a broad impact on the future clinical research in ataxia. In this article, we aim to provide a review focus on symptoms, laboratory testing, neuroimaging, and genetic testing for the diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia causes, with a special emphasis on recent advances. Strategies for the management of cerebellar ataxia is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ying R Lin
- Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Neurology, Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Murphy OC, Hac NEF, Gold DR. Updates in neuro-otology. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:36-42. [PMID: 36380583 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent updates with clinical implications in the field of neuro-otology are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Important updates relating to several neuro-otologic disorders have been reported in recent years. For benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV), we provide updates on the characteristics and features of the short arm variant of posterior canal BPPV. For the acute vestibular syndrome, we report important updates on the use of video-oculography in clinical diagnosis. For autoimmune causes of neuro-otologic symptoms, we describe the clinical and paraclinical features of kelch-like protein 11 encephalitis, a newly-identified antibody associated disorder. For cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome, we report recent genetic insights into this condition. SUMMARY This review summarizes important recent updates relating to four hot topics in neuro-otology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olwen C Murphy
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ronco R, Perini C, Currò R, Dominik N, Facchini S, Gennari A, Simone R, Stuart S, Nagy S, Vegezzi E, Quartesan I, El-Saddig A, Lavin T, Tucci A, Szymura A, Novis De Farias LE, Gary A, Delfeld M, Kandikatla P, Niu N, Tawde S, Shaw J, Polke J, Reilly MM, Wood NW, Crespan E, Gomez C, Chen JYH, Schmahmann JD, Gosal D, Houlden H, Das S, Cortese A. Truncating Variants in RFC1 in Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, and Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome. Neurology 2023; 100:e543-e554. [PMID: 36289003 PMCID: PMC9931080 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease characterized by adult-onset and slowly progressive sensory neuropathy, cerebellar dysfunction, and vestibular impairment. In most cases, the disease is caused by biallelic (AAGGG)n repeat expansions in the second intron of the replication factor complex subunit 1 (RFC1). However, a small number of cases with typical CANVAS do not carry the common biallelic repeat expansion. The objective of this study was to expand the genotypic spectrum of CANVAS by identifying sequence variants in RFC1-coding region associated with this condition. METHODS Fifteen individuals diagnosed with CANVAS and carrying only 1 heterozygous (AAGGG)n expansion in RFC1 underwent whole-genome sequencing or whole-exome sequencing to test for the presence of a second variant in RFC1 or other unrelated gene. To assess the effect of truncating variants on RFC1 expression, we tested the level of RFC1 transcript and protein on patients' derived cell lines. RESULTS We identified 7 patients from 5 unrelated families with clinically defined CANVAS carrying a heterozygous (AAGGG)n expansion together with a second truncating variant in trans in RFC1, which included the following: c.1267C>T (p.Arg423Ter), c.1739_1740del (p.Lys580SerfsTer9), c.2191del (p.Gly731GlufsTer6), and c.2876del (p.Pro959GlnfsTer24). Patient fibroblasts containing the c.1267C>T (p.Arg423Ter) or c.2876del (p.Pro959GlnfsTer24) variants demonstrated nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and reduced RFC1 transcript and protein. DISCUSSION Our report expands the genotype spectrum of RFC1 disease. Full RFC1 sequencing is recommended in cases affected by typical CANVAS and carrying monoallelic (AAGGG)n expansions. In addition, it sheds further light on the pathogenesis of RFC1 CANVAS because it supports the existence of a loss-of-function mechanism underlying this complex neurodegenerative condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ronco
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Cecilia Perini
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Riccardo Currò
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Natalia Dominik
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Stefano Facchini
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alice Gennari
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Roberto Simone
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Skye Stuart
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sara Nagy
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Ilaria Quartesan
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Amar El-Saddig
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Timothy Lavin
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Arianna Tucci
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Agnieszka Szymura
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Luiz Eduardo Novis De Farias
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Alexander Gary
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Megan Delfeld
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Priscilla Kandikatla
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nifang Niu
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sanjukta Tawde
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joseph Shaw
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - James Polke
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mary M Reilly
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Nick W Wood
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Christopher Gomez
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jin Yun Helen Chen
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jeremy Dan Schmahmann
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - David Gosal
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Henry Houlden
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Soma Das
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Andrea Cortese
- From the Department of Neuromuscular Diseases (R.R., R.C., N.D., S.F., Alice Gennari, R.S., S.S., S.N., A.T., A.S., L.E.N.D.F., M.M.R., N.W.W., H.H., A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (R.R., R.C., I.Q., A.C.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" (C.P., E.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (S.N.), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences (A.E.-S., T.L., D.G.), Salford Royal Hospital, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; Clinical Pharmacology (A.T.), William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom; Departamento de Distúrbios do Movimento (L.E.N.D.F.), Hospital Das Clínicas Da Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; University of Chicago Medical Center (Alexander Gary, M.D., P.K., S.D.), The University of Chicago, IL; Department of Human Genetics (N.N., S.T.), The University of Chicago, IL; Neurogenetics (J.S., J.P.), University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.G.), The University of Chicago, IL; and Ataxia Center (J.Y.H.C., J.D.S.), Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pelosi L, Coraci D, Mulroy E, Leadbetter R, Padua L, Roxburgh R. Ultrasound of peripheral nerves distinguishes inherited sensory neuronopathy of cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome from inherited axonopathy. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67:33-38. [PMID: 36354069 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction/Aims Recent studies have shown that ultrasound of peripheral nerves can distinguish inherited sensory neuronopathy from acquired axonopathy with a high degree of accuracy. In this study we aimed to determine whether ultrasound can also distinguish inherited sensory neuronopathy from inherited axonopathy. Methods We compared the ultrasound cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the median, ulnar, sural, and tibial nerves of retrospectively recruited patients with cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS), in whom sensory neuronopathy is a cardinal feature, with Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2) disease patients, who have an inherited axonopathy, using the Kruskal-Wallis test and receiver-operating characteristic curves. Results There were 17 patients with CANVAS and 18 with CMT2. The upper limb nerve CSAs were significantly smaller in CANVAS than in CMT2 (P < .001), with the CSAs of the median nerve at mid-forearm and ulnar nerve at mid-arm being a third or less the size of those of the CMT2 patients. Nerve ultrasound reliably distinguished CANVAS from CMT2 with ROC areas under the curve between 0.97 and 0.99. The lower limb CSAs of the two patient groups were not significantly different. Discussion Ultrasound of the upper limb nerves distinguishes CANVAS sensory neuronopathy from inherited axonopathy with high accuracy and can therefore be proposed as a reliable additional tool in the investigation of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Pelosi
- Departments of Neurophysiology, Bay of Plenty District Health Board, Tauranga Hospital, 829 Cameron Road, Tauranga, Tauranga, Bay of Plenty, 3112, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Coraci
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Rehabilitation, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Eoin Mulroy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ruth Leadbetter
- Department of Neurology, Wellington Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Luca Padua
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Geriatrics and Orthopaedics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Roxburgh
- Department of Neurology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre of Brain Research Neurogenetics Research Clinic, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sjögren syndrome and RFC1-CANVAS sensory ganglionopathy: co-occurrence or misdiagnosis? J Neurol 2023; 270:460-465. [PMID: 36155842 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS RFC1-CANVAS and primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) are among the most frequent causes of sensory ganglionopathy (SG) and can present simultaneously in a given patient, sharing confounding signs and symptoms. We describe the clinical characteristics of patients with SG due to CANVAS who were suspected of having or had received a previous diagnosis of pSS. METHODS Patients with SG and a genetically confirmed RFC1-CANVAS followed in our centre were ascertained and their personal history of pSS was collected. RESULTS Among the 71 patients with CANVAS, six patients (all females) had been diagnosed with pSS by their clinicians. In these six patients, the mean age at onset of the SG was 61 years, four patients describing gait instability and positive sensory symptoms, one only gait instability and one only positive sensory symptoms. Five patients had a history of chronic cough; signs at examination included a cerebellar syndrome (n = 3), vestibulopathy (n = 2), pes cavus (n = 3) and dysautonomia (n = 2). On neurophysiological examination, SG was generally severe and symmetrical. All patients presented a sicca syndrome, but only four patients had a confirmed pSS as per 2016 ACR-EULAR classification criteria. Four patients were treated but did not respond to immunosuppressive therapy, one suffering from side effects. INTERPRETATION The suspicion or diagnosis of pSS in a patient with SG should not exclude RFC1 expansion analysis, as a CANVAS diagnosis may dissuade the clinician from initiating or continuing immunosuppressive therapy, especially in unconfirmed pSS patients. Importantly, a sicca syndrome may lead to pSS misdiagnosis.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tozza S, Currò R, Severi D, Marcelli V, Cavaliere C, Esposito G, Iodice R, Cortese A, Manganelli F. The first two-year follow-up in a patient with isolated sensory neuronopathy due to biallelic expansion in RFC1 gene. Acta Neurol Belg 2022:10.1007/s13760-022-02116-7. [PMID: 36214978 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-022-02116-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Currò
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Severi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Gabriella Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Advanced Biotechnologies s.c. a r.l, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Iodice
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Davies K, Szmulewicz DJ, Corben LA, Delatycki M, Lockhart PJ. RFC1-Related Disease. Neurol Genet 2022; 8:e200016. [PMID: 36046423 PMCID: PMC9425222 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, a biallelic pentanucleotide repeat expansion in the gene encoding replication factor C subunit 1 (RFC1) was reported as a cause of cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS). In addition, biallelic expansions were shown to account for up to 22% of cases with late-onset ataxia. Since this discovery, the phenotypic spectrum reported to be associated with RFC1 expansions has extended beyond the initial conditions to include pure cerebellar ataxia, isolated somatosensory impairment, combinations of the 2, and parkinsonism, leading to a potentially broad differential diagnosis. Genetic studies suggest RFC1 expansions may be the most common genetic cause of ataxia and are likely underdiagnosed. This review summarizes the current molecular and clinical knowledge of RFC1-related disease, with a focus on the evaluation of recent phenotype associations and highlighting the current challenges in clinical pathways to diagnosis and molecular testing.
Collapse
|
41
|
Rosenthal LS. Neurodegenerative Cerebellar Ataxia. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2022; 28:1409-1434. [DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
42
|
Antoine JC. Sensory neuronopathies, diagnostic criteria and causes. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:553-561. [PMID: 35950727 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To stress on the diagnostic strategy of sensory neuronopathies (SNN), including new genes and antibodies. RECENT FINDING SNN involve paraneoplastic, dysimmune, toxic, viral and genetic mechanisms. About one-third remains idiopathic. Recently, new antibodies and genes have reduced this proportion. Anti-FGFR3 and anti-AGO antibodies are not specific of SNN, although SNN is predominant and may occur with systemic autoimmune diseases. These antibodies are the only marker of an underlying dysimmune context in two-thirds (anti-FGFR3 antibodies) and one-third of the cases (anti-AGO antibodies), respectively. Patients with anti-AGO antibodies may improve with treatment, which is less clear with anti-FGFR3 antibodies. A biallelic expansion in the RFC1 gene is responsible for the cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, vestibular areflexia syndrome (CANVAS) in which SNN is a predominant manifestation. Most of the patients have an adult onset and are sporadic. The RFC1 mutation may represent one-third of idiopathic sensory neuropathies. Finally, the criteria for the diagnosis of paraneoplastic SNN have recently been updated. SUMMARY The diagnostic of SNN relies on criteria distinguishing SNN from other neuropathies. The strategy in search of their cause now needs to include these recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Antoine
- University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, European Reference Network for Rare Diseases- Euro-NMD, INSERM U1314/CNRS UMR 5284, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yuan JH, Higuchi Y, Ando M, Matsuura E, Hashiguchi A, Yoshimura A, Nakamura T, Sakiyama Y, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Takashima H. Multi-type RFC1 repeat expansions as the most common cause of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Front Neurol 2022; 13:986504. [PMID: 36061987 PMCID: PMC9428154 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.986504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding repeat expansions within RFC1 and NOTCH2NLC genes have lately been linked to multisystem neurodegenerative diseases, which also shed light on yet undiagnosed patients with inherited peripheral neuropathies. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic basis of patients with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN). We collected 79 unrelated DNA samples clinically suspected with HSAN from multiple regions of Japan. Mutation screening was first performed using gene panel sequencing and whole-exome sequencing. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were identified from genes of WNK1/HSN2 (6 cases), SCN9A (3 cases), NTRK1 (3 cases), and DNMT1 (2 cases). Subsequently, long-range flanking PCR and repeat-primed PCR were applied to analyze repeat expansions in RFC1 and NOTCH2NLC. Bi-allelic RFC1 repeat expansions were detected from 20 adult-onset HSAN patients, consisting of [(AAGGG)exp/(AAGGG)exp] (8 cases), [(ACAGG)exp/(ACAGG)exp] (8 cases), and [(AAGGG)exp/(ACAGG)exp] (4 cases). GGC repeat expansion in NOTCH2NLC was found in 1 case. Single-nucleotide variant-based haplotype analysis of patients harboring disease-associated repeat expansions in RFC1 revealed distinguishable haplotypes among subgroups with different repeat genotypes. These findings substantially redefine the genetic spectrum of HSAN, where multi-type RFC1 repeat expansions account for 25.3% of all patients, highlighting the necessity of genetic screening, particularly for adult-onset patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakamura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakiyama
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroshi Takashima
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dysautonomia in RFC1-related disorder: clinical and neurophysiological evaluation. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 142:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Prevalence of intronic repeat expansions in RFC1 in Dutch patients with CANVAS and adult-onset ataxia. J Neurol 2022; 269:6086-6093. [PMID: 35864213 PMCID: PMC9553829 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, an intronic biallelic (AAGGG)n repeat expansion in RFC1 was shown to be a cause of CANVAS and adult-onset ataxia in multiple populations. As the prevalence of the RFC1 repeat expansion in Dutch cases was unknown, we retrospectively tested 9 putative CANVAS cases and two independent cohorts (A and B) of 395 and 222 adult-onset ataxia cases, respectively, using the previously published protocol and, for the first time optical genome mapping to determine the size of the expanded RFC1 repeat. We identified the biallelic (AAGGG)n repeat expansion in 5/9 (55%) putative CANVAS patients and in 10/617 (1.6%; cohorts A + B) adult-onset ataxia patients. In addition to the AAGGG repeat motif, we observed a putative GAAGG repeat motif in the repeat expansion with unknown significance in two adult-onset ataxia patients. All the expanded (AAGGG)n repeats identified were in the range of 800–1299 repeat units. The intronic biallelic RFC1 repeat expansion thus explains a number of the Dutch adult-onset ataxia cases that display the main clinical features of CANVAS, and particularly when ataxia is combined with neuropathy. The yield of screening for RFC1 expansions in unselected cohorts is relatively low. To increase the current diagnostic yield in ataxia patients, we suggest adding RFC1 screening to the genetic diagnostic workflow by using advanced techniques that attain long fragments.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ando M, Higuchi Y, Yuan J, Yoshimura A, Taniguchi T, Kojima F, Noguchi Y, Hobara T, Takeuchi M, Takei J, Hiramatsu Y, Sakiyama Y, Hashiguchi A, Okamoto Y, Mitsui J, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Takashima H. Comprehensive Genetic Analyses of Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies in Japan: Making Early Diagnosis Possible. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071546. [PMID: 35884855 PMCID: PMC9312503 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various genomic variants were linked to inherited peripheral neuropathies (IPNs), including large duplication/deletion and repeat expansion, making genetic diagnosis challenging. This large case series aimed to identify the genetic characteristics of Japanese patients with IPNs. We collected data on 2695 IPN cases throughout Japan, in which PMP22 copy number variation (CNV) was pre-excluded. Genetic analyses were performed using DNA microarrays, next-generation sequencing-based gene panel sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, CNV analysis, and RFC1 repeat expansion analysis. The overall diagnostic rate and the genetic spectrum of patients were summarized. We identified 909 cases with suspected IPNs, pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants. The most common causative genes were MFN2, GJB1, MPZ, and MME. MFN2 was the most common cause for early-onset patients, whereas GJB1 and MPZ were the leading causes of middle-onset and late-onset patients, respectively. Meanwhile, GJB1 and MFN2 were leading causes for demyelinating and axonal subtypes, respectively. Additionally, we identified CNVs in MPZ and GJB1 genes and RFC1 repeat expansions. Comprehensive genetic analyses explicitly demonstrated the genetic basis of our IPN case series. A further understanding of the clinical characteristics of IPN and genetic spectrum would assist in developing efficient genetic testing strategies and facilitate early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ando
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yujiro Higuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Junhui Yuan
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Takaki Taniguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Fumikazu Kojima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yutaka Noguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Takahiro Hobara
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Mika Takeuchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Jun Takei
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yu Hiramatsu
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yusuke Sakiyama
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Akihiro Hashiguchi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Jun Mitsui
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (J.M.); (H.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Hiroyuki Ishiura
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (J.M.); (H.I.); (S.T.)
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (J.M.); (H.I.); (S.T.)
- Institute of Medical Genomics, International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba 107-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; (M.A.); (Y.H.); (J.Y.); (A.Y.); (T.T.); (F.K.); (Y.N.); (T.H.); (M.T.); (J.T.); (Y.H.); (Y.S.); (A.H.); (Y.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-275-5332
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lischka A, Lassuthova P, Çakar A, Record CJ, Van Lent J, Baets J, Dohrn MF, Senderek J, Lampert A, Bennett DL, Wood JN, Timmerman V, Hornemann T, Auer-Grumbach M, Parman Y, Hübner CA, Elbracht M, Eggermann K, Geoffrey Woods C, Cox JJ, Reilly MM, Kurth I. Genetic pain loss disorders. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35710757 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-022-00365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic pain loss includes congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP), hereditary sensory neuropathies and, if autonomic nerves are involved, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN). This heterogeneous group of disorders highlights the essential role of nociception in protecting against tissue damage. Patients with genetic pain loss have recurrent injuries, burns and poorly healing wounds as disease hallmarks. CIP and HSAN are caused by pathogenic genetic variants in >20 genes that lead to developmental defects, neurodegeneration or altered neuronal excitability of peripheral damage-sensing neurons. These genetic variants lead to hyperactivity of sodium channels, disturbed haem metabolism, altered clathrin-mediated transport and impaired gene regulatory mechanisms affecting epigenetic marks, long non-coding RNAs and repetitive elements. Therapies for pain loss disorders are mainly symptomatic but the first targeted therapies are being tested. Conversely, chronic pain remains one of the greatest unresolved medical challenges, and the genes and mechanisms associated with pain loss offer new targets for analgesics. Given the progress that has been made, the coming years are promising both in terms of targeted treatments for pain loss disorders and the development of innovative pain medicines based on knowledge of these genetic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Lischka
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Petra Lassuthova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arman Çakar
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Christopher J Record
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maike F Dohrn
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jan Senderek
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David L Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yesim Parman
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Katja Eggermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - James J Cox
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mary M Reilly
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Movement disorders and neuropathies: overlaps and mimics in clinical practice. J Neurol 2022; 269:4646-4662. [PMID: 35657406 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Movement disorders as well as peripheral neuropathies are extremely frequent in the general population; therefore, it is not uncommon to encounter patients with both these conditions. Often, the coexistence is coincidental, due to the high incidence of common causes of peripheral neuropathy, such as diabetes and other age-related disorders, as well as of Parkinson disease (PD), which has a typical late onset. Nonetheless, there is broad evidence that PD patients may commonly develop a sensory and/or autonomic polyneuropathy, triggered by intrinsic and/or extrinsic mechanisms. Similarly, some peripheral neuropathies may develop some movement disorders in the long run, such as tremor, and rarely dystonia and myoclonus, suggesting that central mechanisms may ensue in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Although rare, several acquired or hereditary causes may be responsible for the combination of movement and peripheral nerve disorders as a unique entity, some of which are potentially treatable, including paraneoplastic, autoimmune and nutritional aetiologies. Finally, genetic causes should be pursued in case of positive family history, young onset or multisystemic involvement, and examined for neuroacanthocytosis, spinocerebellar ataxias, mitochondrial disorders and less common causes of adult-onset cerebellar ataxias and spastic paraparesis. Deep phenotyping in terms of neurological and general examination, as well as laboratory tests, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, and next-generation genetic analysis, may guide the clinician toward the correct diagnosis and management.
Collapse
|
49
|
Borsche M, Tadic V, König IR, Lohmann K, Helmchen C, Brüggemann N. Head impulse testing in bilateral vestibulopathy in patients with genetically defined CANVAS. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e32546. [PMID: 35502508 PMCID: PMC9226818 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the association between disease duration and the severity of bilateral vestibulopathy in individuals with complete or incomplete CANVAS (Cerebellar Ataxia with Neuropathy and Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome) and biallelic RFC1 repeat expansions. METHODS Retrospective analysis of clinical data and the vestibulo-ocular reflex quantified by the video head impulse test in 20 patients with confirmed biallelic RFC1 repeat expansions. RESULTS Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain at first admittance 6.9 ± 5.0 years after disease onset was 0.16 [0.15-0.31] (median [interquartile range]). Cross-sectional analysis revealed that gain reduction was associated with disease duration. Follow-up measurements were available for ten individuals: eight of them exhibited a progressive decrease of the vestibulo-ocular reflex gain over time. At the first visit, six of all patients (30%) did not show clinical signs of cerebellar ataxia. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a pathological horizontal head impulse test, which can easily be obtained in many outpatient clinics, as a sign of bilateral vestibulopathy in genetically confirmed CANVAS that can precede clinically accessible cerebellar ataxia at least in a subset of patients. The presumably continuous decline over time possibly reflects the neurodegenerative character of the disease. Thus, genetic testing for RFC1 mutations in (isolated) bilateral vestibulopathy might allow disease detection before the onset of cerebellar signs. Further studies including a wider spectrum of vestibular function tests are warranted in a prospective design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Borsche
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Screening for RFC-1 pathological expansion in late-onset ataxias: a contribution to the differential diagnosis. J Neurol 2022; 269:5431-5435. [PMID: 35633373 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11192-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We screened 62 late-onset ataxia patients for the AAGGG pathological expansion in the RFC-1 gene that, when biallelic, causes Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome (CANVAS). Nine patients tested positive. Six had a previous diagnosis of sporadic adult-onset ataxia (SAOA) and three of multisystem atrophy type C (MSA-C). Further six patients were heterozygous for the pathological RFC-1 expansion, four with an initial diagnosis of MSA-C and two of SAOA. In comparison with CANVAS, MSA-C patients had faster progression and shorter disease duration to walking with aids. An abnormal DaTscan does not seem to contribute to differential diagnosis between CANVAS and MSA-C.
Collapse
|