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Rafehi H, Fearnley LG, Read J, Snell P, Davies KC, Scott L, Gillies G, Thompson GC, Field TA, Eldo A, Bodek S, Butler E, Chen L, Drago J, Goel H, Hackett A, Halmagyi GM, Hannaford A, Kotschet K, Kumar KR, Kumble S, Lee-Archer M, Malhotra A, Paine M, Poon M, Pope K, Reardon K, Ring S, Ronan A, Silsby M, Smyth R, Stutterd C, Wallis M, Waterston J, Wellings T, West K, Wools C, Wu KHC, Szmulewicz DJ, Delatycki MB, Bahlo M, Lockhart PJ. A prospective trial comparing programmable targeted long-read sequencing and short-read genome sequencing for genetic diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia. Genome Res 2025; 35:769-785. [PMID: 40015980 PMCID: PMC12047251 DOI: 10.1101/gr.279634.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2025]
Abstract
The cerebellar ataxias (CAs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive incoordination. Seventeen repeat expansion (RE) loci have been identified as the primary genetic cause and account for >80% of genetic diagnoses. Despite this, diagnostic testing is limited and inefficient, often utilizing single gene assays. This study evaluates the effectiveness of long- and short-read sequencing as diagnostic tools for CA. We recruited 110 individuals (48 females, 62 males) with a clinical diagnosis of CA. Short-read genome sequencing (SR-GS) was performed to identify pathogenic RE and also non-RE variants in 356 genes associated with CA. Independently, long-read sequencing with adaptive sampling (LR-AS) was performed to identify pathogenic RE. SR-GS provided a genetic diagnosis for 38% of the cohort (40/110) including seven non-RE pathogenic variants. RE causes disease in 33 individuals, with the most common condition being SCA27B (n = 24). In comparison, LR-AS identified pathogenic RE in 29 individuals. RE identification for the two methods was concordant apart from four SCA27B cases not detected by LR-AS due to low read depth. For both technologies manual review of the RE alignment enhances diagnostic outcomes. Orthogonal testing for SCA27B revealed a 15% and 0% false positive rate for SR-GS and LR-AS, respectively. In conclusion, both technologies are powerful screening tools for CA. SR-GS is a mature technology currently used by diagnostic providers, requiring only minor changes in bioinformatic workflows to enable CA diagnostics. LR-AS offers considerable advantages in the context of RE detection and characterization but requires optimization before clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haloom Rafehi
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Liam G Fearnley
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Justin Read
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Penny Snell
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kayli C Davies
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Liam Scott
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Greta Gillies
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Genevieve C Thompson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tess A Field
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Aleena Eldo
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Simon Bodek
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Ernest Butler
- Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Luke Chen
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - John Drago
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Waratah, New South Wales 2298, Australia
| | - Anna Hackett
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Waratah, New South Wales 2298, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - G Michael Halmagyi
- Neurology Department, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Andrew Hannaford
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Katya Kotschet
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory and Neurology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Genomics and Inherited Disease Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Smitha Kumble
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Austin Health, Viewbank, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Matthew Lee-Archer
- Department of Neurology, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Abhishek Malhotra
- Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Mark Paine
- Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Michael Poon
- Neurology Footscray, Footscray, Victoria 3011, Australia
| | - Kate Pope
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Katrina Reardon
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Steven Ring
- Albury Wodonga Health, West Albury, New South Wales 2640, Australia
| | - Anne Ronan
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Newcastle Medical Genetics, Lambton, New South Wales 2299, Australia
| | - Matthew Silsby
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Hawkesbury Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
- Brain and Nerve Research Centre, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Renee Smyth
- St Vincent's Clinical Genomics, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Chloe Stutterd
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mathew Wallis
- Tasmanian Clinical Genetics Service, Tasmanian Health Service, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- School of Medicine and Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - John Waterston
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Thomas Wellings
- Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Kirsty West
- Genomic Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christine Wools
- Department of Neurology, Calvary Health Care Bethlehem, Caulfield South Victoria 3162, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kathy H C Wu
- St Vincent's Clinical Genomics, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - David J Szmulewicz
- Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Martin B Delatycki
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul J Lockhart
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia;
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Rossi M, Merello M. Hereditary Ataxias in Argentina. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2025; 24:82. [PMID: 40198507 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-025-01834-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
Hereditary or genetic ataxias are hundreds of disorders characterized by large phenotypic, genetic, and epidemiological heterogeneity. In Argentina, 35 genetic ataxias have been identified, with SCA1 (ATX-ATXN1), SCA2 (ATX-ATXN2), SCA3 (ATX-ATXN3), and Friedreich ataxia (ATX-FXN) as the most prevalent causes, reflecting the epidemiology of most Western European countries, the main origin of immigration to the country. Genetic diagnostic studies of ataxia cohorts in Argentina have found high rates of undiagnosed patients, ranging from 65 to 82%. Deep phenotyping, comprehensive genetic testing, and knowledge of the prevalence of different genetic ataxias are essential for an accurate diagnostic and treatment approach in clinical practice. This narrative review proposes a targeted, tiered genetic diagnostic approach for undiagnosed patients based on the Argentinian epidemiological and healthcare system data. Future national efforts should support comprehensive screening studies on ataxia cohorts, including testing for repeat expansions in RFC1 and FGF14 genes. In addition, establishing a trial-ready patient registry for genetic ataxias, enhancing networking with international clinical and research initiatives, and developing specialized centers for interdisciplinary care of genetic ataxia patients are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Servicio de Movimientos Anormales, Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Montañeses 2325, C1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Servicio de Movimientos Anormales, Departamento de Neurología, Fleni, Montañeses 2325, C1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hasumi M, Ito H, Machida K, Niwa T, Taminato T, Nagai Y, Imataka H, Taguchi H. Dissecting the mechanism of NOP56 GGCCUG repeat-associated non-AUG translation using cell-free translation systems. J Biol Chem 2025; 301:108360. [PMID: 40015643 PMCID: PMC11979933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/01/2025] Open
Abstract
The repeat expansion in the human genome contributes to neurodegenerative disorders such as spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transcripts with repeat expansions undergo noncanonical translation called repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. The NOP56 gene, implicated in SCA36, contains a GGCCTG repeat in its first intron. In tissues of patients with SCA36, poly (Gly-Pro) and poly (Pro-Arg) peptides, likely produced through NOP56 RAN translation in (NOP56-RAN), have been detected. However, the detailed mechanism underlying NOP56-RAN remains unclear. To address this, we used cell-free translation systems to investigate the mechanism of NOP56-RAN and identified the following features. (i) Translation occurs in all reading frames of the sense strand of NOP56 intron 1. (ii) Translation is initiated in a 5' cap-dependent manner from near-cognate start codons upstream of the GGCCUG repeat in each frame. (iii) Longer GGCCUG repeats enhance NOP56-RAN. (iv) A frameshift occurs within the GGCCUG repeat. These findings provide insights into the similarities between NOP56-RAN and other types of RAN translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Hasumi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hayato Ito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kodai Machida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Niwa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan; Cell Biology Center, Institute of Integrated Research, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Taminato
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imataka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideki Taguchi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan; Cell Biology Center, Institute of Integrated Research, Institute of Science Tokyo, Yokohama, Japan.
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Peng T, Hu N, Huang L, Kang Y, Yan Y, Zhang H, Wan D, Jin X, Yang Y. Safety of edaravone in real-world use: analysis based on FDA adverse event reporting system. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2025:1-9. [PMID: 39982214 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2025.2470874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2024] [Revised: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger utilized to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, long-term safety data remain limited. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Adverse event reports related to edaravone from the second quarter of 2017 to the second quarter of 2024 were extracted from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System database (FAERS). Disproportionality analysis was conducted utilizing the reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN), and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker (MGPS) algorithms. RESULTS A total of 3,149 adverse event reports related to edaravone were analyzed. The most common adverse reactions included systemic disorders and administration site reactions, nervous system disorders, respiratory system disorders, and surgical and medical procedures. New adverse reaction signals included disseminated intravascular coagulation, gastric fistula, sputum retention, excessive salivation, fractures, elevated cystatin C. The median onset time for adverse events was 43 days (interquartile range: 7-173 days). CONCLUSION This study confirmed previously reported adverse events and identified several new ones associated with edaravone. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing ALS patient management and highlight the need for further research into the mechanisms of these adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Peng
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Hu
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Huang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yalong Kang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongmei Yan
- Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongping Wan
- Orthopaedics of Extremities, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaxia Jin
- Mational Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- Department of Encephalopathy, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
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Ahn JH, Lee S, Moon J, Han Y, Chang H, Youn J, Cho JW, Jang JH. Another common genetic ataxia in South Korea: Spinocerebellar ataxia 36. Eur J Hum Genet 2025:10.1038/s41431-024-01783-9. [PMID: 39994402 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01783-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. In South Korea, diagnostic laboratories typically focus on common SCA subtypes, leaving the prevalence of rare SCAs uncertain. This study aimed to explore the frequency of rarer forms of SCA, including SCA10, 12, 31, and 36 utilizing molecular techniques including long-read sequencing (LRS). Patients from ataxia cohorts who remained undiagnosed after testing for common genetic ataxias (SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8 17, and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy) were analyzed, along with unselected ataxia patients referred for screening of common SCAs. Expanded alleles for SCA10, 12, 31, and 36 were investigated through allele-length PCR, repeat-primed PCR, and LRS. Among 78 patients from 67 families with undiagnosed cerebellar ataxia, SCA36 was identified in 8 families (11.9%), while SCA10, 12, or 31 were not found. In unselected ataxia, SCA36 was present in 1.0% (1/99). Korean SCA36 patients exhibited clinical characteristics similar to global reports, with a higher incidence of hyperreflexia. The haplotype of expanded alleles identified in LRS was consistent among SCA36 patients. The findings indicate that SCA36 accounts for 11.9% of diagnoses after excluding common SCAs and 1.0% in unselected ataxia patients. The study underscores the prevalence of SCA36 in South Korea and emphasizes the potential of LRS as a diagnostic tool for this condition. Integrating LRS into diagnostic protocol could enhance diagnostic efficacy, particularly in populations with a high prevalence of SCA36 like South Korea. Further research is necessary to standardize LRS for routine clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungbok Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoojung Han
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyeshik Chang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinyoung Youn
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Whan Cho
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Morikawa T, Miura S, Uchiyama Y, Hiruki S, Sun Y, Fujioka R, Shibata H. Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in SCA36 reduces the expression of genes involved in ribosome biosynthesis and protein translation. J Hum Genet 2024; 69:411-416. [PMID: 38811808 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-024-01260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited disorders characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia. We ascertained a Japanese pedigree with autosomal dominant SCA comprising four family members, including two patients. We identified a GGCCTG repeat expansion of intron 1 in the NOP56 gene by Southern blotting, resulting in a molecular diagnosis of SCA36. RNA sequencing using peripheral blood revealed that the expression of genes involved in ribosomal organization and translation was decreased in patients carrying the GGCCTG repeat expansion. Genes involved in pathways associated with ribosomal organization and translation were enriched and differentially expressed in the patients. We propose a novel hypothesis that the GGCCTG repeat expansion contributes to the pathogenesis of SCA36 by causing a global disruption of translation resulting from ribosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Morikawa
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shiroh Miura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uchiyama
- Department of Radiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, Fukuoka, 830-0011, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Hiruki
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yinrui Sun
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryuta Fujioka
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Beppu University Junior College, 82, Kitaishigaki, Oita, 874-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shibata
- Division of Genomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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Chen R, Zhou C, Peng Y, Huang P, Yu Y, Zhu M, Zhou M, Hong D, Tan D. Whole Exome Sequencing Indicating GGCCTG Hexanucleotide Repeat in Patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 36. NEURODEGENER DIS 2024; 24:71-79. [PMID: 38934198 DOI: 10.1159/000540006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinocerebellar ataxia type 36 (SCA36) is caused by large GGCCTG repeat expansion in the NOP56 gene. The genetic diagnosis based on Southern blot is expensive and time-consuming. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and effectiveness of whole exome sequencing (WES) for routine genetic diagnosis of suspected SCA36 patients. METHODS Pathogenic repeat expansions for SCAs including SCA36 were first analyzed based on WES data using ExpansionHunter in five probands from SCA families, then the results were confirmed by triplet repeat primed polymerase chain reaction (TP-PCR) and Southern blot. RESULTS GGCCTG repeat expansion in NOP56 was indicated in all five probands by WES, then it was found in 11 SCA patients and three asymptomatic individuals by TP-PCR. The sizes of GGCCTG repeat expansions were confirmed to be 1,390-1,556 by Southern blot. The mean age at onset of the patients was 51.0 ± 9.3 (ranging from 41 to 71), and they presented slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, atrophy and fasciculation in tongue or limb muscles. CONCLUSION The patients were clinically and genetically diagnosed as SCA36. This study proposed that WES could be a rapid, reliable, and cost-effective routine test for the preliminarily detection of SCA36 and other ataxia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meihong Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Daojun Hong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dandan Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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8
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Ruffo P, De Amicis F, La Bella V, Conforti FL. Investigating Repeat Expansions in NIPA1, NOP56, and NOTCH2NLC Genes: A Closer Look at Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients from Southern Italy. Cells 2024; 13:677. [PMID: 38667292 PMCID: PMC11049433 DOI: 10.3390/cells13080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The discovery of hexanucleotide repeats expansion (RE) in Chromosome 9 Open Reading frame 72 (C9orf72) as the major genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the association between intermediate repeats in Ataxin-2 (ATXN2) with the disorder suggest that repetitive sequences in the human genome play a significant role in ALS pathophysiology. Investigating the frequency of repeat expansions in ALS in different populations and ethnic groups is therefore of great importance. Based on these premises, this study aimed to define the frequency of REs in the NIPA1, NOP56, and NOTCH2NLC genes and the possible associations between phenotypes and the size of REs in the Italian population. Using repeat-primed-PCR and PCR-fragment analyses, we screened 302 El-Escorial-diagnosed ALS patients and compared the RE distribution to 167 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. While the REs distribution was similar between the ALS and control groups, a moderate association was observed between longer RE lengths and clinical features such as age at onset, gender, site of onset, and family history. In conclusion, this is the first study to screen ALS patients from southern Italy for REs in NIPA1, NOP56, and NOTCH2NLC genes, contributing to our understanding of ALS genetics. Our results highlighted that the extremely rare pathogenic REs in these genes do not allow an association with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ruffo
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Francesca De Amicis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo La Bella
- ALS Clinical Research Centre and Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Francesca Luisa Conforti
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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9
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Salari M, Etemadifar M, Rashedi R, Mardani S. A Review of Ocular Movement Abnormalities in Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:702-721. [PMID: 37000369 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxias are a wide heterogeneous group of disorders that may present with fine motor deficits as well as gait and balance disturbances that have a significant influence on everyday activities. To review the ocular movements in cerebellar ataxias in order to improve the clinical knowledge of cerebellar ataxias and related subtypes. English papers published from January 1990 to May 2022 were selected by searching PubMed services. The main search keywords were ocular motor, oculomotor, eye movement, eye motility, and ocular motility, along with each ataxia subtype. The eligible papers were analyzed for clinical presentation, involved mutations, the underlying pathology, and ocular movement alterations. Forty-three subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxias and a number of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive ataxias were discussed in terms of pathology, clinical manifestations, involved mutations, and with a focus on the ocular abnormalities. A flowchart has been made using ocular movement manifestations to differentiate different ataxia subtypes. And underlying pathology of each subtype is reviewed in form of illustrated models to reach a better understanding of each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ronak Rashedi
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sayna Mardani
- Neurology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Sanchez-Flores M, Corral-Juan M, Gasch-Navalón E, Cirillo D, Sanchez I, Matilla-Dueñas A. Novel genotype-phenotype correlations, differential cerebellar allele-specific methylation, and a common origin of the (ATTTC) n insertion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 37. Hum Genet 2024; 143:211-232. [PMID: 38396267 PMCID: PMC11043136 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia subtype 37 (SCA37) is a rare disease originally identified in ataxia patients from the Iberian Peninsula with a pure cerebellar syndrome. SCA37 patients carry a pathogenic intronic (ATTTC)n repeat insertion flanked by two polymorphic (ATTTT)n repeats in the Disabled-1 (DAB1) gene leading to cerebellar dysregulation. Herein, we determine the precise configuration of the pathogenic 5'(ATTTT)n-(ATTTC)n-3'(ATTTT)n SCA37 alleles by CRISPR-Cas9 and long-read nanopore sequencing, reveal their epigenomic signatures in SCA37 lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and cerebellar samples, and establish new molecular and clinical correlations. The 5'(ATTTT)n-(ATTTC)n-3'(ATTTT)n pathogenic allele configurations revealed repeat instability and differential methylation signatures. Disease age of onset negatively correlated with the (ATTTC)n, and positively correlated with the 3'(ATTTT)n. Geographic origin and gender significantly correlated with age of onset. Furthermore, significant predictive regression models were obtained by machine learning for age of onset and disease evolution by considering gender, the (ATTTC)n, the 3'(ATTTT)n, and seven CpG positions differentially methylated in SCA37 cerebellum. A common 964-kb genomic region spanning the (ATTTC)n insertion was identified in all SCA37 patients analysed from Portugal and Spain, evidencing a common origin of the SCA37 mutation in the Iberian Peninsula originating 859 years ago (95% CI 647-1378). In conclusion, we demonstrate an accurate determination of the size and configuration of the regulatory 5'(ATTTT)n-(ATTTC)n-3'(ATTTT)n repeat tract, avoiding PCR bias amplification using CRISPR/Cas9-enrichment and nanopore long-read sequencing, resulting relevant for accurate genetic diagnosis of SCA37. Moreover, we determine novel significant genotype-phenotype correlations in SCA37 and identify differential cerebellar allele-specific methylation signatures that may underlie DAB1 pathogenic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sanchez-Flores
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Corral-Juan
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Esther Gasch-Navalón
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Ivelisse Sanchez
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-Can Ruti Campus, Carretera de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, 08916, Badalona, Spain.
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11
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Dhavale RK, Surana KR, Ahire ED, Sonawane VN, Mahajan SK, Patil DM, Sonawane DD, Keservani RK. Ataxia and motor neuron disease. A REVIEW ON DIVERSE NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 2024:249-259. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95735-9.00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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12
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Rajagopal S, Donaldson J, Flower M, Hensman Moss DJ, Tabrizi SJ. Genetic modifiers of repeat expansion disorders. Emerg Top Life Sci 2023; 7:325-337. [PMID: 37861103 PMCID: PMC10754329 DOI: 10.1042/etls20230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Repeat expansion disorders (REDs) are monogenic diseases caused by a sequence of repetitive DNA expanding above a pathogenic threshold. A common feature of the REDs is a strong genotype-phenotype correlation in which a major determinant of age at onset (AAO) and disease progression is the length of the inherited repeat tract. Over a disease-gene carrier's life, the length of the repeat can expand in somatic cells, through the process of somatic expansion which is hypothesised to drive disease progression. Despite being monogenic, individual REDs are phenotypically variable, and exploring what genetic modifying factors drive this phenotypic variability has illuminated key pathogenic mechanisms that are common to this group of diseases. Disease phenotypes are affected by the cognate gene in which the expansion is found, the location of the repeat sequence in coding or non-coding regions and by the presence of repeat sequence interruptions. Human genetic data, mouse models and in vitro models have implicated the disease-modifying effect of DNA repair pathways via the mechanisms of somatic mutation of the repeat tract. As such, developing an understanding of these pathways in the context of expanded repeats could lead to future disease-modifying therapies for REDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeerthana Rajagopal
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WCC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Jasmine Donaldson
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WCC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Michael Flower
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WCC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Davina J Hensman Moss
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WCC1N 3BG, U.K
- St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, U.K
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London WCC1N 3BG, U.K
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13
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Lam T, Rocca C, Ibanez K, Dalmia A, Tallman S, Hadjivassiliou M, Hensiek A, Nemeth A, Facchini S, Wood N, Cortese A, Houlden H, Tucci A. Repeat expansions in NOP56 are a cause of spinocerebellar ataxia Type 36 in the British population. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad244. [PMID: 37810464 PMCID: PMC10558097 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias form a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. Their prevalence varies among populations and ethnicities. Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 is caused by a GGCCTG repeat expansion in the first intron of the NOP56 gene and is characterized by late-onset ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss and upper and lower motor neuron signs, including tongue fasciculations. Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 has been described mainly in East Asian and Western European patients and was thought to be absent in the British population. Leveraging novel bioinformatic tools to detect repeat expansions from whole-genome sequencing, we analyse the NOP56 repeat in 1257 British patients with hereditary ataxia and in 7506 unrelated controls. We identify pathogenic repeat expansions in five families (seven patients), representing the first cohort of White British descent patients with spinocerebellar ataxia 36. Employing in silico approaches using whole-genome sequencing data, we found an 87 kb shared haplotype in among the affected individuals from five families around the NOP56 repeat region, although this block was also shared between several controls, suggesting that the repeat arises on a permissive haplotype. Clinically, the patients presented with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with a low rate of hearing loss and variable rates of motor neuron impairment. Our findings show that the NOP56 expansion causes ataxia in the British population and that spinocerebellar ataxia 36 can be suspected in patients with a late-onset, slowly progressive ataxia, even without the findings of hearing loss and tongue fasciculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Lam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Clarissa Rocca
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Kristina Ibanez
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anupriya Dalmia
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Marios Hadjivassiliou
- Academic Department of Neurosciences and Neuroradiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, S10 2JF, UK
| | - Anke Hensiek
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrea Nemeth
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stefano Facchini
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Arianna Tucci
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
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14
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Jagota P, Lim S, Pal PK, Lee J, Kukkle PL, Fujioka S, Shang H, Phokaewvarangkul O, Bhidayasiri R, Mohamed Ibrahim N, Ugawa Y, Aldaajani Z, Jeon B, Diesta C, Shambetova C, Lin C. Genetic Movement Disorders Commonly Seen in Asians. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2023; 10:878-895. [PMID: 37332644 PMCID: PMC10272919 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing availability of molecular genetic testing has changed the landscape of both genetic research and clinical practice. Not only is the pace of discovery of novel disease-causing genes accelerating but also the phenotypic spectra associated with previously known genes are expanding. These advancements lead to the awareness that some genetic movement disorders may cluster in certain ethnic populations and genetic pleiotropy may result in unique clinical presentations in specific ethnic groups. Thus, the characteristics, genetics and risk factors of movement disorders may differ between populations. Recognition of a particular clinical phenotype, combined with information about the ethnic origin of patients could lead to early and correct diagnosis and assist the development of future personalized medicine for patients with these disorders. Here, the Movement Disorders in Asia Task Force sought to review genetic movement disorders that are commonly seen in Asia, including Wilson's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) types 12, 31, and 36, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, PLA2G6-related parkinsonism, adult-onset neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID), and paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia. We also review common disorders seen worldwide with specific mutations or presentations that occur frequently in Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Jagota
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyBangkokThailand
| | - Shen‐Yang Lim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
- The Mah Pooi Soo & Tan Chin Nam Centre for Parkinson's & Related Disorders, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of NeurologyNational Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS)BengaluruIndia
| | - Jee‐Young Lee
- Department of NeurologySeoul Metropolitan Government‐Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center & Seoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Prashanth Lingappa Kukkle
- Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement DisordersManipal HospitalBangaloreIndia
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders ClinicBangaloreIndia
| | - Shinsuke Fujioka
- Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University, Faculty of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Huifang Shang
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Rare Diseases CenterWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Onanong Phokaewvarangkul
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyBangkokThailand
| | - Roongroj Bhidayasiri
- Chulalongkorn Centre of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineChulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross SocietyBangkokThailand
- The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of ThailandBangkokThailand
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Deprtment of Human Neurophysiology, Faculty of MedicineFukushima Medical UniversityFukushimaJapan
| | - Zakiyah Aldaajani
- Neurology Unit, King Fahad Military Medical ComplexDhahranSaudi Arabia
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of NeurologySeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
- Movement Disorder CenterSeoul National University HospitalSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Cid Diesta
- Section of Neurology, Department of NeuroscienceMakati Medical Center, NCRMakatiPhilippines
| | | | - Chin‐Hsien Lin
- Department of NeurologyNational Taiwan University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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15
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Zou J, Wang F, Gong Z, Wang R, Chen S, Zhang H, Sun R, Gao C, Li W, Shang J, Zhang J. A Chinese SCA36 pedigree analysis of NOP56 expansion region based on long-read sequencing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1110307. [PMID: 37051597 PMCID: PMC10083286 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spinocerebellar ataxias 36 (SCA36) is the neurodegenerative disease caused by the GGCCTG Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in NOP56, which is too long to sequence using short-read sequencing. Single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing can sequence across disease-causing repeat expansion. We report the first long-read sequencing data across the expansion region in SCA36.Methods: We collected and described the clinical manifestations and imaging features of Han Chinese pedigree with three generations of SCA36. Also, we focused on structural variation analysis for intron 1 of the NOP56 gene by SMRT sequencing in the assembled genome.Results: The main clinical features of this pedigree are late-onset ataxia symptoms, with a presymptomatic presence of affective and sleep disorders. In addition, the results of SMRT sequencing showed the specific repeat expansion region and demonstrated that the region was not composed of single GGCCTG hexanucleotides and there were random interruptions.Discussion: We extended the phenotypic spectrum of SCA36. We applied SMRT sequencing to reveal the correlation between genotype and phenotype of SCA36. Our findings indicated that long-read sequencing is well suited to characterize known repeat expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zou
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenping Gong
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runrun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haohan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruihua Sun
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenhao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junkui Shang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People’s Hospital, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Jiewen Zhang,
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16
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Phenotype and management of neurologic intronic repeat disorders (NIRDs). Rev Neurol (Paris) 2023; 179:173-182. [PMID: 36371266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During recent years an increasing number of neurologic disorders due to expanded tri-, tetra-, penta-, or hexa-nucleotide repeat motifs in introns of various genes have been described (neurologic intronic repeat disorders (NIRDs)). The repeat may be pathogenic in the heterozygous or homozygous form. Repeat lengths vary considerably and can be stable or unstable during transmission to the next generation. The most well-known NIRDs are Friedreich ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia types-10, -31, and -36, CANVAS, C9Orf72 familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), and myotonic dystrophy-2 (MD2). Phenotypically, NIRDs manifest as mono-organ (e.g. spinocerebellar ataxia type 31) or multi-organ disease (e.g. Friedreich ataxia, myotonic dystrophy-2). A number of other more rare NIRDs have been recently detected. This review aims at summarising and discussing previous findings and recent advances concerning the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and therapeutic management of the most common NIRDs.
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RNA G-quadruplex in live cells lighted-up by a thiazole orange analogue for SCA36 identification. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:724-731. [PMID: 36572080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SCA36 is a neurodegenerative disease mainly caused by the abnormal expansion of the GGGCCT repeat sequence in intron 1 of NOP56. The RNA sequences of this gene are expected to form large amounts of G-quadruplexes in the cytoplasm, which may be a potential intervention and detection target for SCA36. Here, we have developed a small-molecular compound named TCB-1, which shows good selectivity to the G-quadruplex structure, and its fluorescence can be enhanced by hundreds of folds. Interestingly, TCB-1 can avoid lysosome capture, evenly disperse in the cytoplasm, and selectively light up the cytoplasmic RNA G-quadruplexes. This property allows TCB-1 to sensitively detect the increased formation of cytoplasmic RNA G-quadruplexes in SCA36 model cells. This work not only provides new ideas for the design of small-molecule compounds targeting RNA G-quadruplexes in living cells, but also intuitively demonstrates the increased formation of RNA G-quadruplexes caused by NOP56 gene mutation, providing a possible tool for the detection of SCA36.
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18
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Zhao S, Zhang D, Liu S, Huang J. The roles of NOP56 in cancer and SCA36. Pathol Oncol Res 2023; 29:1610884. [PMID: 36741964 PMCID: PMC9892063 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2023.1610884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
NOP56 is a highly conserved nucleolar protein. Amplification of the intron GGCCTG hexanucleotide repeat sequence of the NOP56 gene results in spinal cerebellar ataxia type 36 (SCA36). NOP56 contains an N-terminal domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal domain. Nucleolar protein NOP56 is significantly abnormally expressed in a number of malignant tumors, and its mechanism is different in different tumors, but its regulatory mechanism in most tumors has not been fully explored. NOP56 promotes tumorigenesis in some cancers and inhibits tumorigenesis in others. In addition, NOP56 is associated with methylation in some tumors, suggesting that NOP56 has the potential to become a tumor-specific marker. This review focuses on the structure, function, related signaling pathways, and role of NOP56 in the progression of various malignancies, and discusses the progression of NOP56 in neurodegenerative and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Sicheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Jun Huang,
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Saucier J, Al-Qadi M, Amor MB, Ishikawa K, Chamard-Witkowski L. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31: A clinical and radiological literature review. J Neurol Sci 2023; 444:120527. [PMID: 36563608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 31 (SCA31) is an autosomal dominant disease, classified amongst pure cerebellar ataxias (ADCA type 3). While SCA31 is the third most prevalent autosomal dominant ataxia in Japan, it is extremely rare in other countries. A literature review was conducted on PubMed, where we included all case reports and studies describing the clinical presentation of original SCA31 cases. The clinical and radiological features of 374 patients issued from 25 studies were collected. This review revealed that the average age of onset was 59.1 ± 3.3 years, with symptoms of slowly progressing ataxia and dysarthria. Other common clinical features were oculomotor dysfunction (38.8%), dysphagia (22.1%), hypoacousia (23.3%), vibratory hypoesthesia (24.3%), and dysreflexia (41.6%). Unfrequently, abnormal movements (7.4%), extrapyramidal symptoms (4.5%) and cognitive impairment (6.9%) may be observed. Upon radiological examination, clinicians can expect a high prevalence of cerebellar atrophy (78.7%), occasionally accompanied by brainstem (9.1%) and cortical (9.1%) atrophy. Although SCA31 is described as a slowly progressive pure cerebellar syndrome characterized by cerebellar signs such as ataxia, dysarthria and oculomotor dysfunction, this study evaluated a high prevalence of extracerebellar manifestations. Extracerebellar signs were observed in 52.5% of patients, primarily consisting of dysreflexia, vibratory hypoesthesia and hypoacousia. Nonetheless, we must consider the old age and longstanding disease course of patients as a confounding factor for extracerebellar sign development, as some may not be directly attributable to SCA31. Clinicians should consider SCA31 in patients with a hereditary, pure cerebellar syndrome and in patients with extracerebellar signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Saucier
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada..
| | - Mohammad Al-Qadi
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Mouna Ben Amor
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada.; Department of Genetic Medicine, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Kinya Ishikawa
- The Center for Personalized Medecine for Healthy Aging, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8519 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ludivine Chamard-Witkowski
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, NB, Canada.; Department of Neurology, Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre, Moncton, NB, Canada
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20
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Baviera-Muñoz R, Carretero-Vilarroig L, Vázquez-Costa JF, Morata-Martínez C, Campins-Romeu M, Muelas N, Sastre-Bataller I, Martínez-Torres I, Pérez-García J, Sivera R, Sevilla T, Vilchez JJ, Jaijo T, Espinós C, Millán JM, Bataller L, Aller E. Diagnostic Efficacy of Genetic Studies in a Series of Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxias in Eastern Spain. NEUROLOGY GENETICS 2022; 8:e200038. [DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and ObjectivesTo determine the diagnostic efficacy of clinical exome-targeted sequencing (CES) and spinocerebellar ataxia 36 (SCA36) screening in a real-life cohort of patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA) from Eastern Spain.MethodsA total of 130 unrelated patients with CA, negative for common trinucleotide repeat expansions (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA8, SCA12, SCA17, dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy [DRPLA], and Friedreich ataxia), were studied with CES. Bioinformatic and genotype-phenotype analyses were performed to assess the pathogenicity of the variants encountered. Copy number variants were analyzed when appropriate. In undiagnosed dominant and sporadic cases, repeat primed PCR was used to screen for the presence of a repeat expansion in theNOP56gene.ResultsCES identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 50 families (39%), including 23 novel variants. Overall, there was a high genetic heterogeneity, and the most frequent genetic diagnosis wasSPG7(n = 15), followed bySETX(n = 6),CACNA1A(n = 5),POLR3A(n = 4), andSYNE1(n = 3). In addition, 17 families displayed likely pathogenic/pathogenic variants in 14 different genes:KCND3(n = 2),KIF1C(n = 2),CYP27A1A(n = 2),AFG3L2(n = 1),ANO10(n = 1),CAPN1(n = 1),CWF19L1(n = 1),ITPR1(n = 1),KCNA1(n = 1),OPA1(n = 1),PNPLA6(n = 1),SPG11(n = 1),SPTBN2(n = 1), andTPP1(n = 1). Twenty-two novel variants were characterized. SCA36 was diagnosed in 11 families, all with autosomal dominant (AD) presentation. SCA36 screening increased the total diagnostic rate to 47% (n = 61/130). Ultimately, undiagnosed patients showed delayed age at onset (p< 0.05) and were more frequently sporadic.DiscussionOur study provides insight into the genetic landscape of CA in Eastern Spain. Although CES was an effective approach to capture genetic heterogeneity, most patients remained undiagnosed. SCA36 was found to be a relatively frequent form and, therefore, should be tested prior to CES in familial AD presentations in particular geographical regions.
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Wang Q, Zhang C, Liu S, Liu T, Ni R, Liu X, Zhong P, Wu Q, Xu T, Ke H, Tian W, Cao L. Long-read sequencing identified intronic (GGCCTG)n expansion in NOP56 in one SCA36 family and literature review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2022; 223:107503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2022.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Kurosaki T, Ashizawa T. The genetic and molecular features of the intronic pentanucleotide repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 10. Front Genet 2022; 13:936869. [PMID: 36199580 PMCID: PMC9528567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.936869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 10 (SCA10) is characterized by progressive cerebellar neurodegeneration and, in many patients, epilepsy. This disease mainly occurs in individuals with Indigenous American or East Asian ancestry, with strong evidence supporting a founder effect. The mutation causing SCA10 is a large expansion in an ATTCT pentanucleotide repeat in intron 9 of the ATXN10 gene. The ATTCT repeat is highly unstable, expanding to 280-4,500 repeats in affected patients compared with the 9-32 repeats in normal individuals, one of the largest repeat expansions causing neurological disorders identified to date. However, the underlying molecular basis of how this huge repeat expansion evolves and contributes to the SCA10 phenotype remains largely unknown. Recent progress in next-generation DNA sequencing technologies has established that the SCA10 repeat sequence has a highly heterogeneous structure. Here we summarize what is known about the structure and origin of SCA10 repeats, discuss the potential contribution of variant repeats to the SCA10 disease phenotype, and explore how this information can be exploited for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Kurosaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Stanley H. Appel Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Weil Cornell Medical College at Houston Methodist Houston, TX, United States
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Berciano J, Gazulla J, Infante J. History of Ataxias and Paraplegias with an Annotation on the First Description of Striatonigral Degeneration. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:531-544. [PMID: 34731448 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to carry out a historical overview of the evolution of the knowledge on degenerative cerebellar disorders and hereditary spastic paraplegias, over the last century and a half. Original descriptions of the main pathological subtypes, including Friedreich's ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and cortical cerebellar atrophy, are revised. Special attention is given to the first accurate description of striatonigral degeneration by Hans Joachim Scherer, his personal and scientific trajectory being clarified. Pathological classifications of ataxia are critically analysed. The current clinical-genetic classification of ataxia is updated by taking into account recent molecular discoveries. We conclude that there has been an enormous progress in the knowledge of the nosology of hereditary ataxias and paraplegias, currently encompassing around 200 genetic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Berciano
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)", University of Cantabria, and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Santander, Spain.
| | - José Gazulla
- Service of Neurology, "Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet", Saragossa, Spain
| | - Jon Infante
- Service of Neurology, University Hospital "Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL)", University of Cantabria, and "Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)", Santander, Spain
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A nop56 Zebrafish Loss-of-Function Model Exhibits a Severe Neurodegenerative Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081814. [PMID: 36009362 PMCID: PMC9404972 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NOP56 belongs to a C/D box small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex that is in charge of cleavage and modification of precursor ribosomal RNAs and assembly of the 60S ribosomal subunit. An intronic expansion in NOP56 gene causes Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 36, a typical late-onset autosomal dominant ataxia. Although vertebrate animal models were created for the intronic expansion, none was studied for the loss of function of NOP56. We studied a zebrafish loss-of-function model of the nop56 gene which shows 70% homology with the human gene. We observed a severe neurodegenerative phenotype in nop56 mutants, characterized mainly by absence of cerebellum, reduced numbers of spinal cord neurons, high levels of apoptosis in the central nervous system (CNS) and impaired movement, resulting in death before 7 days post-fertilization. Gene expression of genes related to C/D box complex, balance and CNS development was impaired in nop56 mutants. In our study, we characterized the first NOP56 loss-of-function vertebrate model, which is important to further understand the role of NOP56 in CNS function and development.
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Arias M, Mir P, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Arpa J, García-Ramos R, Blanco-Arias P, Quintans B, Sobrido MJ. Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia SCAR8/ARCA1: first families detected in Spain. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 37:257-262. [PMID: 35595401 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (ARCA1/SCAR8) is caused by mutations of the SYNE1 gene. The disease was initially described in families from Quebec (Canada) with a phenotype of pure cerebellar syndrome, but in recent years has been reported with a more variable clinical phenotype in other countries. Cases have recently been described of muscular dystrophy, arthrogryposis, and cardiomyopathy due to SYNE1 mutations. OBJECTIVE To describe clinical and molecular findings from 4 patients (3 men and one woman) diagnosed with ARCA1/SCAR8 from 3 Spanish families from different regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We describe the clinical, paraclinical, and genetic results from 4 patients diagnosed with ARCA1/SCAR8 at different Spanish neurology departments. RESULTS Onset occurred in the third or fourth decade of life in all patients. After 15 years of progression, 3 patients presented pure cerebellar syndrome, similar to the Canadian patients; the fourth patient, with over 30 years' progression, presented vertical gaze palsy, pyramidal signs, and moderate cognitive impairment. In all patients, MRI studies showed cerebellar atrophy. The genetic study revealed distinct pathogenic SYNE1 mutations in each family. CONCLUSIONS ARCA1/SCAR8 can be found worldwide and may be caused by many distinct mutations in the SYNE1 gene. The disease may manifest with a complex phenotype of varying severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arias
- Servicio de Neurología, Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain.
| | - P Mir
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - J Arpa
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - R García-Ramos
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Blanco-Arias
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - B Quintans
- Grupo de Neurogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Sobrido
- Grupo de Neurogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Hou X, Li W, Liu P, Liu Z, Yuan Y, Ni J, Shen L, Tang B, Wang J. The Clinical and Ploynucleotide Repeat Expansion Analysis of ATXN2, NOP56, AR and C9orf72 in Patients With ALS From Mainland China. Front Neurol 2022; 13:811202. [PMID: 35599735 PMCID: PMC9120572 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.811202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Repeat expansions, including those in C9orf72 and ATXN2, have been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, there have been few studies on the association of AR and NOP56 repeat expansion with ALS, especially in China. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the frequency of C9orf72 and ATXN2 repeat mutations and investigate whether NOP56 and AR repeat expansion are risk factors for ALS. Methods In this study, 736 ALS patients and several hundred healthy controls were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and repeat-primed PCR (RP-PCR) were performed to determine the repeat lengths in C9orf72, ATXN2, AR, and NOP56. Results GGGGCC repeats in C9orf72 were observed in six ALS patients (0.8%, 6/736) but not in any of the controls (0/365). The patients with pathogenic GGGGCC repeats showed shorter median survival times than those with a normal genotype (p = 0.006). Regarding ATXN2 CAG repeats, we identified that intermediate repeat lengths (29–34 copies) were associated with ALS (p = 0.033), and there was no difference in clinical characteristics between the groups with and without intermediate repeats (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, we observed that there was no association between the repeat size in AR and NOP56 and ALS (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results demonstrated that pathogenetic repeats in C9orf72 are rare in China, while intermediate CAG repeats in ATXN2 are more frequent but have no effect on disease phenotypes; the repeat size in AR and NOP56 may not be a risk factor for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Hou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanchun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Junling Wang
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27
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Arias M, Mir P, Fernández-Matarrubia M, Arpa J, García-Ramos R, Blanco-Arias P, Quintans B, Sobrido MJ. Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia SCAR8/ARCA1: First families detected in Spain. Neurologia 2022; 37:257-262. [PMID: 31103315 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (ARCA1/SCAR8) is caused by mutations of the SYNE1 gene. The disease was initially described in families from Quebec (Canada) with a phenotype of pure cerebellar syndrome, but in recent years has been reported with a more variable clinical phenotype in other countries. Cases have recently been described of muscular dystrophy, arthrogryposis, and cardiomyopathy due to SYNE1 mutations. OBJECTIVE To describe clinical and molecular findings from 4 patients (3 men and one woman) diagnosed with ARCA1/SCAR8 from 3 Spanish families from different regions. MATERIAL AND METHODS We describe the clinical, paraclinical, and genetic results from 4 patients diagnosed with ARCA1/SCAR8 at different Spanish neurology departments. RESULTS Onset occurred in the third or fourth decade of live in all patients. After 15 years of progression, 3 patients presented pure cerebellar syndrome, similar to the Canadian patients; the fourth patient, with over 30 years' progression, presented vertical gaze palsy, pyramidal signs, and moderate cognitive impairment. In all patients, MRI studies showed cerebellar atrophy. The genetic study revealed distinct pathogenic SYNE1 mutations in each family. CONCLUSIONS ARCA1/SCAR8 can be found worldwide and may be caused by many distinct mutations in the SYNE1 gene. The disease may manifest with a complex phenotype of varying severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arias
- Servicio de Neurología, Complexo Hospitalario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España.
| | - P Mir
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España
| | | | - J Arpa
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de, Madrid, España
| | - R García-Ramos
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico San Carlos de, Madrid, España
| | - P Blanco-Arias
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España
| | - B Quintans
- Grupo de Neurogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - M J Sobrido
- Grupo de Neurogenética, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS)-Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
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Lopez S, He F. Spinocerebellar Ataxia 36: From Mutations Toward Therapies. Front Genet 2022; 13:837690. [PMID: 35309140 PMCID: PMC8931325 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.837690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 36 (SCA36) is a type of repeat expansion-related neurodegenerative disorder identified a decade ago. Like other SCAs, the symptoms of SCA36 include the loss of coordination like gait ataxia and eye movement problems, but motor neuron-related symptoms like muscular atrophy are also present in those patients. The disease is caused by a GGCCTG hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the gene Nop56, and the demographic incidence map showed that this disease was more common among the ethnic groups of Japanese and Spanish descendants. Although the exact mechanisms are still under investigation, the present evidence supports that the expanded repeats may undergo repeat expansion-related non-AUG-initiated translation, and these dipeptide repeat products could be one of the important ways to lead to pathogenesis. Such studies may help develop potential treatments for this disease.
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Loureiro JR, Castro AF, Figueiredo AS, Silveira I. Molecular Mechanisms in Pentanucleotide Repeat Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020205. [PMID: 35053321 PMCID: PMC8773600 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of neurodegenerative diseases resulting from repeat expansion has increased extraordinarily in recent years. In several of these pathologies, the repeat can be transcribed in RNA from both DNA strands producing, at least, one toxic RNA repeat that causes neurodegeneration by a complex mechanism. Recently, seven diseases have been found caused by a novel intronic pentanucleotide repeat in distinct genes encoding proteins highly expressed in the cerebellum. These disorders are clinically heterogeneous being characterized by impaired motor function, resulting from ataxia or epilepsy. The role that apparently normal proteins from these mutant genes play in these pathologies is not known. However, recent advances in previously known spinocerebellar ataxias originated by abnormal non-coding pentanucleotide repeats point to a gain of a toxic function by the pathogenic repeat-containing RNA that abnormally forms nuclear foci with RNA-binding proteins. In cells, RNA foci have been shown to be formed by phase separation. Moreover, the field of repeat expansions has lately achieved an extraordinary progress with the discovery that RNA repeats, polyglutamine, and polyalanine proteins are crucial for the formation of nuclear membraneless organelles by phase separation, which is perturbed when they are expanded. This review will cover the amazing advances on repeat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Loureiro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F. Castro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Figueiredo
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silveira
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (J.R.L.); (A.F.C.); (A.S.F.)
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-2240-8800
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van Prooije T, Ibrahim NM, Azmin S, van de Warrenburg B. Spinocerebellar ataxias in Asia: Prevalence, phenotypes and management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 92:112-118. [PMID: 34711523 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews and summarizes three main aspects of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) in the Asian population. First, epidemiological studies were comprehensively reviewed. Overall, the most common subtypes include SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, and SCA6, but there are large differences in the relative prevalence of these and other SCA subtypes between Asian countries. Some subtypes such as SCA12 and SCA31 are rather specific to certain Asian populations. Second, we summarized distinctive phenotypic manifestations of SCA patients of Asian origin, for example a frequent co-occurrence of parkinsonism in some SCA subtypes. Lastly, we have conducted an exploratory survey study to map SCA-specific expertise, resources, and management in various Asian countries. This showed large differences in accessibility, genetic testing facilities, and treatment options between lower and higher income Asian countries. Currently, many Asian SCA patients remain without a final genetic diagnosis. Lack of prevalence data on SCA, lack of patient registries, and insufficient access to genetic testing facilities hamper a wider understanding of these diseases in several (particularly lower income) Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teije van Prooije
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Neurology Unit, Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Identification of the Largest SCA36 Pedigree in Asia: with Multimodel Neuroimaging Evaluation for the First Time. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:358-367. [PMID: 34264505 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a large group of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases characterized by ataxia and dysarthria. Due to high clinical and genetic heterogeneity, many SCA families are undiagnosed. Herein, using linkage analysis, WES, and RP-PCR, we identified the largest SCA36 pedigree in Asia. This pedigree showed some distinct clinical characteristics. Cognitive impairment and gaze palsy are common and severe in SCA36 patients, especially long-course patients. Although no patients complained of hearing loss, most of them presented with hearing impairment in objective auxiliary examination. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) demonstrated a reduction of volumes in cerebellum, brainstem, and thalamus (corrected P < 0.05). Reduced volumes in cerebellum were also found in presymptomatic carriers. Resting-state functional MRI (R-fMRI) found reduced ReHo values in left cerebellar posterior lobule (corrected P < 0.05). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) demonstrated a reduction of FA values in cerebellum, midbrain, superior and inferior cerebellar peduncle (corrected P < 0.05). MRS found reduced NAA/Cr values in cerebellar vermis and hemisphere (corrected P < 0.05). Our findings could provide new insights into management of SCA36 patients. Detailed auxiliary examination are recommended to assess hearing or peripheral nerve impairment, and we should pay more attention to eye movement and cognitive changes in patients. Furthermore, for the first time, our multimodel neuroimaging evaluation generate a full perspective of brain function and structure in SCA36 patients.
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Dohlman JC, Chwalisz BK, Stephen CD. Clinical Reasoning: A 28-Year-Old Woman With Vision Loss and an Unusual Gait. Neurology 2021; 97:e1860-e1865. [PMID: 34187863 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C Dohlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bart K Chwalisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Todd TW, McEachin ZT, Chew J, Burch AR, Jansen-West K, Tong J, Yue M, Song Y, Castanedes-Casey M, Kurti A, Dunmore JH, Fryer JD, Zhang YJ, San Millan B, Teijeira Bautista S, Arias M, Dickson D, Gendron TF, Sobrido MJ, Disney MD, Bassell GJ, Rossoll W, Petrucelli L. Hexanucleotide Repeat Expansions in c9FTD/ALS and SCA36 Confer Selective Patterns of Neurodegeneration In Vivo. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107616. [PMID: 32375043 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in an intron of C9orf72 is the most common cause of frontal temporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (c9FTD/ALS). A remarkably similar intronic TG3C2 repeat expansion is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 36 (SCA36). Both expansions are widely expressed, form RNA foci, and can undergo repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation to form similar dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). Yet, these diseases result in the degeneration of distinct subsets of neurons. We show that the expression of these repeat expansions in mice is sufficient to recapitulate the unique features of each disease, including this selective neuronal vulnerability. Furthermore, only the G4C2 repeat induces the formation of aberrant stress granules and pTDP-43 inclusions. Overall, our results demonstrate that the pathomechanisms responsible for each disease are intrinsic to the individual repeat sequence, highlighting the importance of sequence-specific RNA-mediated toxicity in each disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Zachary T McEachin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Jeannie Chew
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alexander R Burch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Karen Jansen-West
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jimei Tong
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Mei Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yuping Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Judith H Dunmore
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Beatriz San Millan
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Pathology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Teijeira Bautista
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Pathology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Arias
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - María-Jesús Sobrido
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Matthew D Disney
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Nel M, Mavundla T, Gultig K, Botha G, Mulder N, Benatar M, Wuu J, Cooley A, Myers J, Rampersaud E, Wu G, Heckmann JM. Repeats expansions in ATXN2, NOP56, NIPA1 and ATXN1 are not associated with ALS in Africans. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:130-135. [PMID: 34179866 PMCID: PMC8211917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized primarily by progressive loss of motor neurons. Although ALS occurs worldwide and the frequency and spectrum of identifiable genetic causes of disease varies across populations, very few studies have included African subjects. In addition to a hexanucleotide repeat expansion (RE) in C9orf72, the most common genetic cause of ALS in Europeans, REs in ATXN2, NIPA1 and ATXN1 have shown variable associations with ALS in Europeans. Intermediate range expansions in some of these genes (e.g. ATXN2) have been reported as potential risk factors, or phenotypic modifiers, of ALS. Pathogenic expansions in NOP56 cause spinocerebellar ataxia-36, which can present with prominent motor neuron degeneration. Here we compare REs in these genes in a cohort of Africans with ALS and population controls using whole genome sequencing data. Targeting genotyping of short tandem repeats at known loci within ATXN2, NIPA1, ATXN1 and NOP56 was performed using ExpansionHunter software in 105 Southern African (SA) patients with ALS. African population controls were from an in-house SA population control database (n = 25), the SA Human Genome Program (n = 24), the Simons Genome Diversity Project (n = 39) and the Illumina Polaris Diversity Cohort (IPDC) dataset (n = 50). We found intermediate RE alleles in ATXN2 (27-33 repeats) and ATXN1 (33-35 repeats), and NIPA1 long alleles (≥8 repeats) were rare in Africans, and not associated with ALS (p > 0.17). NOP56 showed no expanded alleles in either ALS or controls. We also compared the differences in allele distributions between the African and n = 50 European controls (from the IPDC). There was a statistical significant difference in the distribution of the REs in the ATXN1 between African and European controls (Chi-test p < 0.001), and NIPA1 showed proportionately more longer alleles (RE > 8) in Europeans vs. Africans (Fisher's p = 0.016). The distribution of RE alleles in ATXN2 and NOP56 were similar amongst African and European controls. In conclusion, repeat expansions in ATXN2, NIPA1 and ATXN1, which showed associations with ALS in Europeans, were not replicated in Southern Africans with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Nel
- Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Computational Biology Division, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Mavundla
- Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Computational Biology Division, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Kayleigh Gultig
- Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerrit Botha
- Computational Biology Division, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Nicola Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anne Cooley
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jason Myers
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, USA
| | - Jeannine M. Heckmann
- Neurology Research Group, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neurology division, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Abstract
SCA36 is an autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) affecting many families from Costa da Morte, a northwestern region of Spain. It is caused by an intronic GGCCTG repeat expansion in NOP56. In order to characterize the cognitive and affective manifestations of this cerebellar disease, a group of 30 SCA36 mutation carriers (11 preataxic and 19 ataxic patients) were assessed with a comprehensive battery of standardized tests. Phonological verbal fluency - but not semantic fluency - was already mildly impaired in preataxic subjects. In ataxic patients, both phonological and semantic fluencies were significantly below normal. Depression, while more frequent and prominent in ataxic patients, was also often present in the preataxic stage. This is the first systematic study supporting the presence of a mild cerebellar cognitive and affective syndrome in SCA36. Routine evaluation of cognitive and emotional spheres in SCA36 patients as well as asymptomatic mutation carriers should allow early detection and timely therapeutic intervention.
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36
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Gazulla J, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Ruiz-Fernández E, Berciano J. Initial Cerebellar Ataxia in Hereditary Adult-Onset Primary Lateral Sclerosis. Case Rep Neurol 2021; 13:414-421. [PMID: 34326749 PMCID: PMC8299400 DOI: 10.1159/000515157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia preceding the apparition of primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) is reported herein. Three individuals from 2 independent kindreds experienced ataxia before developing clinical signs of PLS. Disease onset was during the sixth decade or later, and an insidious onset, with progression exceeding 11 years, was observed. Pathochrony was homogenous, consisting of initial gait instability, followed by hand dysmetria 2 years later. During a 5-year follow-up, cerebellar ataxia remained the sole clinical manifestation, preceding the appearance of muscle stiffness, which progressed to a paraparesis, and then to a purely spastic quadriparesis, over 4 years; pseudobulbar dysarthria and dysphagia appeared later. At this disease stage, limb spasticity, hyperactive jaw and limb stretch reflexes, extensor plantar responses, and a spastic dysarthria were found on examination; limb dysmetria and an ataxo-spastic gait were also found. No muscle atrophy or fasciculation was observed. Among ancillary tests, electromyographic studies performed 6 years after disease onset revealed normal motor unit action potentials and absence of spontaneous activity, in 2 individuals. MRI revealed normal cerebellum and brainstem in 2 cases. Inheritance was dominant in both kindreds, and extensive genetic testing was negative. It is concluded that cerebellar ataxia preceded the appearance of a purely spastic spinobulbar syndrome (which fulfilled the clinical diagnostic criteria for PLS) during a 5-year period in 3 patients with a hereditary, adult-onset form of PLS; subsequent disease progression was equivalent to that of sporadic PLS. Further studies are needed to fully delineate the clinical and genetic spectra of adult-onset PLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gazulla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Silvia Izquierdo-Alvarez
- Section of Genetics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - José Berciano
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, CIBERNED, Santander, Spain
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Castro AF, Loureiro JR, Bessa J, Silveira I. Antisense Transcription across Nucleotide Repeat Expansions in Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases: Progress and Mysteries. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1418. [PMID: 33261024 PMCID: PMC7760973 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Unstable repeat expansions and insertions cause more than 30 neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases. Remarkably, bidirectional transcription of repeat expansions has been identified in at least 14 of these diseases. More remarkably, a growing number of studies has been showing that both sense and antisense repeat RNAs are able to dysregulate important cellular pathways, contributing together to the observed clinical phenotype. Notably, antisense repeat RNAs from spinocerebellar ataxia type 7, myotonic dystrophy type 1, Huntington's disease and frontotemporal dementia/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated genes have been implicated in transcriptional regulation of sense gene expression, acting either at a transcriptional or posttranscriptional level. The recent evidence that antisense repeat RNAs could modulate gene expression broadens our understanding of the pathogenic pathways and adds more complexity to the development of therapeutic strategies for these disorders. In this review, we cover the amazing progress made in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with repeat expansion neurodegenerative and neuromuscular diseases with a focus on the impact of antisense repeat transcription in the development of efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F. Castro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.C.); (J.R.L.)
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Loureiro
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.C.); (J.R.L.)
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - José Bessa
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Vertebrate Development and Regeneration Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Silveira
- Genetics of Cognitive Dysfunction Laboratory, i3S- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (A.F.C.); (J.R.L.)
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
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Matsuura T. Genetic analysis of the first SCA36 family showing clinical anticipation. J Neurol Sci 2020; 418:117151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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McEachin ZT, Parameswaran J, Raj N, Bassell GJ, Jiang J. RNA-mediated toxicity in C9orf72 ALS and FTD. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 145:105055. [PMID: 32829028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansion in the first intron of C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Compelling evidence suggests that gain of toxicity from the bidirectionally transcribed repeat expanded RNAs plays a central role in disease pathogenesis. Two potential mechanisms have been proposed including RNA-mediated toxicity and/or the production of toxic dipeptide repeat proteins. In this review, we focus on the role of RNA mediated toxicity in ALS/FTD caused by the C9orf72 mutation and discuss arguments for and against this mechanism. In addition, we summarize how G4C2 repeat RNAs can elicit toxicity and potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate RNA-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T McEachin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | - Nisha Raj
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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40
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Mystery of Expansion: DNA Metabolism and Unstable Repeats. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1241:101-124. [PMID: 32383118 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41283-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian genome mostly contains repeated sequences. Some of these repeats are in the regulatory elements of genes, and their instability, particularly the propensity to change the repeat unit number, is responsible for 36 well-known neurodegenerative human disorders. The mechanism of repeat expansion has been an unsolved question for more than 20 years. There are a few hypotheses describing models of mutation development. Every hypothesis is based on assumptions about unusual secondary structures that violate DNA metabolism processes in the cell. Some models are based on replication errors, and other models are based on mismatch repair or base excision repair errors. Additionally, it has been shown that epigenetic regulation of gene expression can influence the probability and frequency of expansion. In this review, we consider the molecular bases of repeat expansion disorders and discuss possible mechanisms of repeat expansion during cell metabolism.
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McEachin ZT, Gendron TF, Raj N, García-Murias M, Banerjee A, Purcell RH, Ward PJ, Todd TW, Merritt-Garza ME, Jansen-West K, Hales CM, García-Sobrino T, Quintáns B, Holler CJ, Taylor G, San Millán B, Teijeira S, Yamashita T, Ohkubo R, Boulis NM, Xu C, Wen Z, Streichenberger N, Fogel BL, Kukar T, Abe K, Dickson DW, Arias M, Glass JD, Jiang J, Tansey MG, Sobrido MJ, Petrucelli L, Rossoll W, Bassell GJ. Chimeric Peptide Species Contribute to Divergent Dipeptide Repeat Pathology in c9ALS/FTD and SCA36. Neuron 2020; 107:292-305.e6. [PMID: 32375063 PMCID: PMC8138626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat expansions (HREs) in C9orf72 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and lead to the production of aggregating dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) via repeat associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. Here, we show the similar intronic GGCCTG HREs that causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 36 (SCA36) is also translated into DPRs, including poly(GP) and poly(PR). We demonstrate that poly(GP) is more abundant in SCA36 compared to c9ALS/FTD patient tissue due to canonical AUG-mediated translation from intron-retained GGCCTG repeat RNAs. However, the frequency of the antisense RAN translation product poly(PR) is comparable between c9ALS/FTD and SCA36 patient samples. Interestingly, in SCA36 patient tissue, poly(GP) exists as a soluble species, and no TDP-43 pathology is present. We show that aggregate-prone chimeric DPR (cDPR) species underlie the divergent DPR pathology between c9ALS/FTD and SCA36. These findings reveal key differences in translation, solubility, and protein aggregation of DPRs between c9ALS/FTD and SCA36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T McEachin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Tania F Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Nisha Raj
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - María García-Murias
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anwesha Banerjee
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan H Purcell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Patricia J Ward
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tiffany W Todd
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Karen Jansen-West
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chadwick M Hales
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tania García-Sobrino
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Quintáns
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Christopher J Holler
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Georgia Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Beatriz San Millán
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Pathology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Susana Teijeira
- Rare Diseases and Pediatric Medicine Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain; Pathology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo (CHUVI), SERGAS, Vigo, Spain
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Ohkubo
- Department of Neurology, Fujimoto General Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chongchong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhexing Wen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nathalie Streichenberger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Lyon, France; Institut NeuroMyogène CNRS UMR 5310
| | | | - Brent L Fogel
- Department of Neurology & Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Manuel Arias
- Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - María-Jesús Sobrido
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Neurogenetics Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leonard Petrucelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wilfried Rossoll
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Gary J Bassell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Laboratory for Translational Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Rosini F, Pretegiani E, Battisti C, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. Eye movement changes in autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1719-1734. [PMID: 32130555 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oculomotor abnormalities are common findings in spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), a clinically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Usually, cerebellar impairment accounts for most of the eye movement changes encountered; as the disease progresses, the involvement of extracerebellar structures typically seen in later stages may modify the oculomotor progression. However, ocular movement changes are rarely specific. In this regard, some important exceptions include the prominent slowing of horizontal eye movements in SCA2 and, to a lesser extent, in SCA3, SCA4, and SCA28, or the executive deficit in SCA2 and SCA17. Here, we report the eye movement abnormalities and neurological pictures of SCAs through a review of the literature. Genetic and neuropathological/neuroimaging aspects are also briefly discussed. Overall, the findings reported indicate that oculomotor analysis could be of help in differential diagnosis among SCAs and contribute to clarify the role of brain structures, particularly the cerebellum, in oculomotor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosini
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Pretegiani
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Carla Battisti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Neuroscience, Eye Tracking& Visual Application Lab EVALAB, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 2, 53100, Siena, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Ertekin E, Gencturk E, Kasim M, Ulgen KO. A Drug Repurposing and Protein-Protein Interaction Network Study of Ribosomopathies Using Yeast as a Model System. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:96-109. [PMID: 31895625 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomopathies result in various cancers, neurodegenerative and viral diseases, and other pathologies such as Diamond-Blackfan anemia and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome. Their pathophysiology at a proteome and functional level remains to be determined. Protein networks and highly connected hub proteins for ribosome biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae offer a potential as a model system to inform future therapeutic innovation in ribosomopathies. In this context, we report a ribosome biogenesis protein-protein interaction network in S. cerevisiae, created with 1772 proteins and 22,185 physical interactions connecting them. Moreover, by network decomposition analysis, we determined the linear pathways between the transcription factors and target proteins with a view to drug repurposing. While considering only the paths containing the three C/D box proteins (Nop56, Nop58, and Nop1), the most frequently encountered proteins were Aft1, Htz1, Ssa1, Ssb1, Ssb2, Gcn5, Cka1, Tef1, Nop1, Cdc28, Act1, Krr1, Rpl8B, and Tor1, which were then identified as potential drug targets. For drug repurposing, these candidate proteins were further searched in the DrugBank to find other diseases associated with them, as well as the drugs used to treat these diseases. To support the computational results, an experimental study was conducted using in-house manufactured microfluidic bioreactor platform, while the effect of the drug temsirolimus, Tor1 inhibitor, on yeast cells was investigated by following Nop56 protein expression. In conclusion, these results inform the ways in which ribosomopathies and associated common complex human diseases materialize and how drug repurposing might accelerate therapeutic innovation through bioinformatic studies of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Ertekin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Gencturk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muge Kasim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kutlu O Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
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44
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Szpisjak L, Zadori D, Klivenyi P, Vecsei L. Clinical Characteristics and Possible Drug Targets in Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxias. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:279-293. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190311155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective:
The autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) belong
to a large and expanding group of neurodegenerative disorders. SCAs comprise more than 40 subtypes
characterized by progressive ataxia as a common feature. The most prevalent diseases among SCAs
are caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding-region of the causative gene resulting in polyglutamine
(polyQ) tract formation in the encoded protein. Unfortunately, there is no approved therapy to
treat cerebellar motor dysfunction in SCA patients. In recent years, several studies have been conducted
to recognize the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of the polyQ SCAs more accurately.
This scientific progress has provided new opportunities to develop promising gene therapies, including
RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotides.
Conclusion:
The aim of the current work is to give a brief summary of the clinical features of SCAs
and to review the cardinal points of pathomechanisms of the most common polyQ SCAs. In addition,
we review the last few year’s promising gene suppression therapies of the most frequent polyQ SCAs
in animal models, on the basis of which human trials may be initiated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Szpisjak
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Denes Zadori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Klivenyi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Vecsei
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Screening for spinocerebellar ataxia type 36 (SCA36) in the Greek population. J Neurol Sci 2019; 402:131-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Miller SJ, Glatzer JC, Hsieh YC, Rothstein JD. Cortical astroglia undergo transcriptomic dysregulation in the G93A SOD1 ALS mouse model. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:322-335. [PMID: 30398075 PMCID: PMC6444185 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1513508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia are the most abundant glia cell in the central nervous system, playing essential roles in maintaining homeostasis. Key functions of astroglia include, but are not limited to, neurotransmitter recycling, ion buffering, immune modulation, neurotrophin secretion, neuronal synaptogenesis and elimination, and blood-brain barrier maintenance. In neurological diseases, it is well appreciated that astroglia play crucial roles in the disease pathogenesis. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a motor neuron degenerative disease, astroglia in the spinal cord and cortex downregulate essential transporters, among other proteins, that exacerbate disease progression. Spinal cord astroglia undergo dramatic transcriptome dysregulation. However, in the cortex, it has not been well studied what effects glia, especially astroglia, have on upper motor neurons in the pathology of ALS. To begin to shed light on the involvement and dysregulation that astroglia undergo in ALS, we isolated pure grey-matter cortical astroglia and subjected them to microarray analysis. We uncovered a vast number of genes that show dysregulation at end-stage in the ALS mouse model, G93A SOD1. Many of these genes play essential roles in ion homeostasis and the Wnt-signaling pathway. Several of these dysregulated genes are common in ALS spinal cord astroglia, while many of them are unique. This database serves as an approach for understanding the significance of dysfunctional genes and pathways in cortical astroglia in the context of motor neuron disease, as well as determining regional astroglia heterogeneity, and providing insight into ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean J. Miller
- Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jenna C. Glatzer
- Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yi-chun Hsieh
- Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jeffrey D. Rothstein
- Dept. of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- The Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Dept. of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Loureiro JR, Oliveira CL, Sequeiros J, Silveira I. A repeat-primed PCR assay for pentanucleotide repeat alleles in spinocerebellar ataxia type 37. J Hum Genet 2018; 63:981-987. [DOI: 10.1038/s10038-018-0474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abe K. [An early history of Japanese amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related diseases and the current development]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:141-165. [PMID: 29491329 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses an early history of Japanese amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related diseases and the current development. In relation to foreign previous reports, five topics are introduced and discussed on ALS with dementia, ALS/Parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), familial ALS (FALS), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and multisystem involvement especially in cerebellar system of ALS including ALS/SCA (spinocerebellar ataxia) crossroad mutation Asidan. This review found the great contribution of Japanese reports on the above five topics, and confirmed the great development of ALS-related diseases over the past 120 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Medical School
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49
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Aydin G, Dekomien G, Hoffjan S, Gerding WM, Epplen JT, Arning L. Frequency of SCA8, SCA10, SCA12, SCA36, FXTAS and C9orf72 repeat expansions in SCA patients negative for the most common SCA subtypes. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:3. [PMID: 29316893 PMCID: PMC5761156 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-1009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) subtypes are often caused by expansions in non-coding regions of genes like SCA8, SCA10, SCA12 and SCA36. Other ataxias are known to be associated with repeat expansions such as fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) or expansions in the C9orf72 gene. When no mutation has been identified in the aforementioned genes next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based diagnostics may also be applied. In order to define an optimal diagnostic strategy, more information about the frequency and phenotypic characteristics of rare repeat expansion disorders associated with ataxia should be at hand. METHODS We analyzed a consecutive cohort of 440 German unrelated patients with symptoms of cerebellar ataxia, dysarthria and other unspecific symptoms who were referred to our center for SCA diagnostics. They showed alleles in the normal range for the most common SCA subtypes SCA1-3, SCA6, SCA7 and SCA17. These patients were screened for expansions causing SCA8, SCA10, SCA12, SCA36 and FXTAS as well as for the pathogenic hexanucleotide repeat in the C9orf72 gene. RESULTS Expanded repeats for SCA10, SCA12 or SCA36 were not identified in the analyzed patients. Five patients showed expanded SCA8 CTA/CTG alleles with 92-129 repeats. One 51-year-old male with unclear dementia symptoms was diagnosed with a large GGGGCC repeat expansion in C9orf72. The analysis of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) revealed one patient with a premutation (>50 CGG repeats) and seven patients with alleles in the grey zone (41 to 54 CGG repeats). CONCLUSIONS Altogether five patients showed 92 or more SCA8 CTA/CTG combined repeats. Our results support the assumption that smaller FMR1 gene expansions could be associated with the risk of developing neurological signs. The results do not support genetic testing for C9orf72 expansion in ataxia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsah Aydin
- Faculty of Health, University Witten-Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dekomien
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Gebäude MA5/39, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Gebäude MA5/39, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wanda Maria Gerding
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Gebäude MA5/39, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jörg T. Epplen
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Gebäude MA5/39, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Faculty of Health, University Witten-Herdecke, Alfred-Herrhausen-Strasse 50, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Larissa Arning
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Gebäude MA5/39, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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