1
|
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Rehybridization Using Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Probes. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2054:243-261. [PMID: 31482460 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9769-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method enables in situ genetic analysis of both metaphase and interphase cells from different types of material, including cell lines, cell smears, and fresh and paraffin-embedded tissue. Despite the growing number of commercially available FISH probes, still for large number of gene loci or chromosomal regions commercial probes are not available. Here we describe a simple method for generating FISH probes using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC). Due to genome-wide coverage of BAC clones, there are almost unlimited possibilities for the analysis of any genomic regions using BAC FISH probes.
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Guo H, Cheng X, Shao M, Wu C, Wang S, Li H, Wei L, Gao Y, Tan W, Cheng S, Wu T, Yu D, Lin D. Exposure to airborne PM2.5 suppresses microRNA expression and deregulates target oncogenes that cause neoplastic transformation in NIH3T3 cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:29428-39. [PMID: 26338969 PMCID: PMC4745737 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to airborne PM2.5 is associated with increased lung cancer risk but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We characterized global microRNA and mRNA expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to PM2.5 organic extract and integrally analyzed microRNA-mRNA interactions. Foci formation and xenograft tumorigenesis in mice with NIH3T3 cells expressing genes targeted by microRNAs were performed to explore the oncogenic potential of these genes. We also detected plasma levels of candidate microRNAs in subjects exposed to different levels of air PM2.5 and examined the aberrant expression of genes targeted by these microRNAs in human lung cancer. Under our experimental conditions, treatment of cells with PM2.5 extract resulted in downregulation of 138 microRNAs and aberrant expression of 13 mRNAs (11 upregulation and 2 downregulation). In silico and biochemical analyses suggested SLC30A1, SERPINB2 and AKR1C1, among the upregulated genes, as target for miR-182 and miR-185, respectively. Ectopic expression of each of these genes significantly enhanced foci formation in NIH3T3 cells. Following subcutaneous injection of these cells into nude mice, fibrosarcoma were formed from SLC30A1- or SERPINB2-expressing cells. Reduced plasma levels of miR-182 were detected in subjects exposed to high level of PM2.5 than in those exposed to low level of PM2.5 (P = 0.043). Similar results were seen for miR-185 although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.328). Increased expressions of SLC30A1, SERPINB2 and AKR1C1 were detected in human lung cancer. These results suggest that modulation of miR-182 and miR-185 and their target genes may contribute to lung carcinogenesis attributable to PM2.5 exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Suhan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lixuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tong R, Feng L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Mao Y, Zhang K, Gao Y, Wang G, Cheng S. Decreased Interferon Alpha/Beta Signature Associated with Human Lung Tumorigenesis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:963-8. [PMID: 26308599 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that interferon (IFN) alpha/beta are involved in antitumor immunity and cancer immunoediting, but information on the antitumor effects of IFN alpha/beta in lung cancer is limited. In our study, we elucidated the IFN alpha/beta signature during both human fetal lung development and lung tumorigenesis. Our findings indicated gradual upregulation in the IFN alpha/beta signature during human fetal lung development. In addition, this signature was progressively downregulated in normal human airway epithelial cells from lung cancer patients, in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell lines from later passages, in late-stage lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissues, and in LSCC tissues exhibiting lymph node metastasis. Therefore, from its earliest stages, lung tumorigenesis may be associated with a decreased IFN alpha/beta signature. This association may provide insight to guide the detection of high-risk lung cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Tong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- 2 Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhi Zhang
- 3 Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University School of Oncology , Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Mao
- 4 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Kaitai Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanning Gao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guiqi Wang
- 2 Department of Endoscopy, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Cheng
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Hospital and Institute , Peking Union Medical College, and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Kaur G, Zhawar VK, Zimonjic DB, Popescu NC, Kandpal RP, Athwal RS. Role of SV40 integration site at chromosomal interval 1q21.1 in immortalized CRL2504 cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7819-25. [PMID: 19789346 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have applied a functional gene transfer strategy to show the importance of viral integration site in cellular immortalization. The large tumor antigen of SV40 is capable of extending the cellular life span by sequestering tumor suppressor proteins pRB and p53 in virus-transformed human cells. Although SV40 large T antigen is essential, it is not sufficient for cellular immortalization, suggesting that additional alterations in cellular genes are required to attain infinite proliferation. We show here that the disruption of human chromosomal interval at 1q21.1 by SV40 integration can be an essential step for cellular immortalization. The transfer of a 150-kb bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone, RP364B14, corresponding to viral integration site in CRL2504 cells, reverted their immortal phenotype. Interestingly, the BAC transfer clones of CRL2504 cells displayed characteristics of either senescence as shown by beta-galactosidase activity or apoptosis as revealed by positive staining with M30 CytoDEATH antibody. The SV40 integration at 1q21.1, in the vicinity of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes, resulted in the down-regulation of the filaggrin (FLG) gene that is part of the EDC. FLG gene expression was increased in BAC transfer senescent and apoptotic clones. Our results suggest that the disruption of native genomic sequence by SV40 may alter expression of genes involved in senescence and apoptosis by modulating chromatin structure. These studies imply that identification of genes located in the vicinity of viral integration sites in human cancers may be helpful in developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Liu
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia,PA 19140,USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yuan J, Ma J, Zheng H, Shi T, Sun W, Zhang Q, Lin D, Zhang K, He J, Mao Y, Gao X, Gao P, Han N, Fu G, Xiao T, Gao Y, Ma D, Cheng S. Overexpression of OLC1, cigarette smoke, and human lung tumorigenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:1592-605. [PMID: 19001599 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for lung cancer, but how it induces cancer is unclear. The overexpressed in lung cancer 1 (OLC1) gene is one of 50 candidate lung cancer genes identified by suppression subtractive hybridization as having higher expression in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than normal lung epithelia. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to measure OLC1 protein levels in primary lung cancer samples from 559 patients and used fluorescence in situ hybridization to measure OLC1 copy number in primary SCC samples from 23 patients. We compared OLC1 protein expression in SCC samples of 371 patients with and without a smoking history using the Pearson chi(2) test. We assayed OLC1 protein levels by immunoblotting in H1299 human lung cancer cells, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells, and primary cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells that were treated with cigarette smoke condensate. We assayed tumor formation in athymic mice using NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells transfected with OLC1 (eight mice) and analyzed apoptosis and colony formation of H1299 and H520 lung cancer cells transfected with scrambled (negative) or OLC1 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (s1). RESULTS OLC1 protein was overexpressed in 387 of 464 (83.4%) of primary lung cancers, as detected by IHC, and OLC1 was amplified in 14 of 23 (60%) of SCC samples. OLC1 protein overexpression was more common in SCC patients with a smoking history than those without (77.1% vs 45.8%, P < .001). In addition, cigarette smoke condensate increased OLC1 protein levels in H1299 cells, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells, and primary cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells. Overexpression of OLC1 induced tumor formation in athymic mice (control vs OLC1, 0% vs 100%). Knockdown of OLC1 increased apoptosis (mean percentage of apoptotic H1299 cells, s1 vs negative: 30.3% vs 6.4%, difference = 23.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.1% to 28.5%, P = .002; mean percentage of apoptotic H520 cells, s1 vs negative: 21.6% vs 4.9%, difference = 16.7%, 95% CI = 10.6% to 22.8%, P = .007) and decreased colony formation (mean no. of colonies of H1299 cells transfected with siRNAs, negative vs s1: 84 vs 4, difference = 80, 95% CI = 71 to 88, P < .001; mean no. of colonies of H520 cells transfected with siRNAs, negative vs s1: 103 vs 24, difference = 79, 95% CI = 40 to 116, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS OLC1 is a candidate oncogene in lung cancer whose expression may be regulated by exposure to cigarette smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Yuan
- Department of Chemical Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute & Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
An Q, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Schlüns K, Deutschmann N, Guo S, Gao Y, Zhang J, Cheng S, Petersen I. Identification of differentially expressed genes in immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line as a model for in vitro study of lung carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2003; 103:194-204. [PMID: 12455033 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was applied to identify differentially expressed genes in the SV40LT immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line Y-BE, with normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) as a control. Two cDNA libraries of up- and downregulated genes were generated, comprising 218 known genes and 131 unknown genes in total. The expression of 22 clones from the 2 libraries was investigated by Northern blot analysis, and 86.4% (19/22) of them showed differential expression between Y-BE cells and HBEC. Although the Y-BE cells are nontumorigenic in nude mice, Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) detected some DNA imbalances in Y-BE cells that were similar to lung cancer cells. Our data demonstrate that the studied cell line Y-BE and SSH is a reliable approach for identifying new genes that are associated with immortalization and early tumor development that may help to understand the pathogenesis of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian An
- Cancer Institute (Hospital), Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng S, Gao Y, Dong X, Lu Y, An Q, Tong T, Wang Y. Molecular and cytogenetic alterations in early stage of carcinogenesis of human lung. Cancer Lett 2001; 162 Suppl:S5-S10. [PMID: 11164184 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to reveal the genetic and epigenetic abnormalities in early stage of carcinogenesis of human lung cancer, a human bronchial epithelial cell line was immortalized by transfection with the Simian virus early region genes (SV40T); the biological features of the stable transfected cells were compared to human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) specimens. The immortalized bronchial epithelial cells did not develop tumors but premalignant lesions in animal models. However, several genetic changes, including chromosome deletion and aneuploidy, altered expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes occur not only in invasive NSCLC (human specimens) but also in the early stage of lung carcinogenesis (premalignant lesions) in this transfection model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cheng
- Department of Chemical Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lu YJ, Dong XY, Shipley J, Zhang RG, Cheng SJ. Chromosome 3 imbalances are the most frequent aberration found in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 1999; 23:61-6. [PMID: 10100147 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(98)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The chromosomal imbalances in nine cases of primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and two cell lines derived from normal human bronchial epithelial (HBE) tissue were identified by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Gain of material from 3q and loss of 3p material were the most frequent changes in the primary tumors. Other commonly found imbalances included gain of material from 1q, 7p, 8q, 9q, 17q and 20q, and losses involving 4, 5q, 8p, 10 and 13q. High level gain was found in two cases, both encompassing the 3q23-q27 region. Loss of 3p was also found in both of the HBE cell lines suggesting that loss of one or more tumor supressor genes on 3p may be important for epithelial transformation and could be involved in the earlier stages of lung cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lu
- Department of Cancer Etiology, Cancer Institute (Hospital), CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu YJ, Guo SP, Tong T, Xu LH, Dong XY, Hana NJ, Cheng SJ. Establishment and characterization of a SV40T-transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line. Lung Cancer 1998; 19:15-24. [PMID: 9493136 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(97)00073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human lung cancers originate from the carcinogenesis of bronchial epithelial cells. To study the malignant progression of human bronchial epithelial cells, we established a SV40T-transformed human bronchial epithelial cell line, and observed some biological and genetic changes of the cell line at different passages. In a 2-year culture, this cell line was approaching malignancy without obvious senescence. Cells in a later passage proliferated faster and required less growth factors than those of an early passage. After continued passaging, these cells were resistant to the terminal squamous differentiation effects of serum, and many of the cells grew anchorage independently. However, no tumor formed after cells were injected into nude mice. Some genetic alterations were found accompanying those morphological changes, such as 3p- and activation of c-myc, c-erbB-2 and bcl2, suggesting that those genetic alterations may contribute to the carcinogenesis of human bronchial epithelial cells at an early stage. This cell line should be particularly useful for studying the progression of human lung cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Lu
- Department of Etiology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute (Hospital), Beijing, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dong XY, Lu YJ, Tong T, Wang YJ, Guo SP, Bai JF, Han NJ, Cheng SJ. Molecular cytogenetic alterations in the early stage at human bronchial epithelial cell carcinogenesis. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(1997)28/29+<74::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|