1
|
Ru Q, Huang K, Yu R, Wu X, Shen J. Effects of Camellia oleifera seed shell polyphenols and 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose on androgenic alopecia via inhibiting 5a-reductase and regulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106116. [PMID: 38977254 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the leading cause of hair loss in adults. Its pathogenesis remains unclear, but studies have shown that the androgen-mediated 5α-reductase-AR receptor pathway and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway play significant roles. Camellia oleifera is an oil plant, and its fruits have been documented in folklore as having a hair cleansing effect and preventing hair loss. In this study, we used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS to identify the structure of the substances contained in the polyphenols of Camellia oleifera seed shell. These polyphenols are mainly used for shampooing and anti-hair loss purposes. Next, we used molecular docking technology to dock 41 polyphenols and steroidal 5 alpha reductase 2 (SRD5A2). We found that the docking scores and docking sites of 1,3,6-tri-O-galloylglucose (TGG) and finasteride were similar. We constructed a mouse model of DHT-induced AGA to evaluate the effects of Camellia oleifera seed shell polyphenols (CSSP) and TGG in vivo. Treatment with CSSP and TGG alleviated alopecia symptoms and reduced DHT levels. Additionally, CSSP and TGG were able to reduce androgen levels by inhibiting the SRD5A2-AR receptor signaling pathway. Furthermore, by regulating the secretion of growth factors and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, CSSP and TGG were able to extend the duration of hair growth. In conclusion, our study showed that CSSP and TGG can improve AGA in C57BL/6 J mice and reduce the effect of androgen on hair follicle through the two signaling pathways mentioned above. This provides new insights into the material basis and mechanism of the treatment of AGA by CSSP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ru
- Natural Products and Human Research Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 217, Reading RG6 6AH, United Kingdom
| | - Ruining Yu
- Natural Products and Human Research Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Natural Products and Human Research Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianfu Shen
- Natural Products and Human Research Center, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rahman M, Akter K, Ahmed KR, Fahim MMH, Aktary N, Park MN, Shin SW, Kim B. Synergistic Strategies for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Targeting AR-V7, Exploring Natural Compounds, and Optimizing FDA-Approved Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2777. [PMID: 39199550 PMCID: PMC11352813 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a significant therapeutic challenge due to its resistance to standard androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). The emergence of androgen receptor splice variant 7 (AR-V7) has been implicated in CRPC progression, contributing to treatment resistance. Current treatments, including first-generation chemotherapy, androgen receptor blockers, radiation therapy, immune therapy, and PARP inhibitors, often come with substantial side effects and limited efficacy. Natural compounds, particularly those derived from herbal medicine, have garnered increasing interest as adjunctive therapeutic agents against CRPC. This review explores the role of AR-V7 in CRPC and highlights the promising benefits of natural compounds as complementary treatments to conventional drugs in reducing CRPC and overcoming therapeutic resistance. We delve into the mechanisms of action underlying the anti-CRPC effects of natural compounds, showcasing their potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes while mitigating the side effects associated with conventional therapies. The exploration of natural compounds offers promising avenues for developing novel treatment strategies that enhance therapeutic outcomes and reduce the adverse effects of conventional CRPC therapies. These compounds provide a safer, more effective approach to managing CRPC, representing a significant advancement in improving patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muntajin Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Khadija Akter
- Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kazi Rejvee Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Md. Maharub Hossain Fahim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Nahida Aktary
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
| | - Sang-Won Shin
- Department of Humanities & Social Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (M.R.); (K.R.A.); (M.M.H.F.); (N.A.); (M.N.P.)
- Department of Plasma Bio Display, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren L, Zhang T, Zhang J. Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1446-1500. [PMID: 38279967 DOI: 10.1002/med.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population-based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary-derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh M, Kadhim MM, Turki Jalil A, Oudah SK, Aminov Z, Alsaikhan F, Jawhar ZH, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Farhood B. A systematic review of the protective effects of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:88. [PMID: 37165384 PMCID: PMC10173635 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although doxorubicin chemotherapy is commonly applied for treating different malignant tumors, cardiotoxicity induced by this chemotherapeutic agent restricts its clinical use. The use of silymarin/silibinin may mitigate the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. For this aim, the potential cardioprotective effects of silymarin/silibinin against the doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity were systematically reviewed. METHODS In this study, we performed a systematic search in accordance with PRISMA guideline for identifying all relevant studies on "the role of silymarin/silibinin against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity" in different electronic databases up to June 2022. Sixty-one articles were obtained and screened based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Thirteen eligible papers were finally included in this review. RESULTS According to the echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings, the doxorubicin-treated groups presented a significant reduction in ejection fraction, tissue Doppler peak mitral annulus systolic velocity, and fractional shortening as well as bradycardia, prolongation of QT and QRS interval. However, these echocardiographic abnormalities were obviously improved in the silymarin plus doxorubicin groups. As well, the doxorubicin administration led to induce histopathological and biochemical changes in the cardiac cells/tissue; in contrast, the silymarin/silibinin co-administration could mitigate these induced alterations (for most of the cases). CONCLUSION According to the findings, it was found that the co-administration of silymarin/silibinin alleviates the doxorubicin-induced cardiac adverse effects. Silymarin/silibinin exerts its cardioprotective effects via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic activities, and other mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Singh
- Department of Physical Education, University of Jammu, Srinagar, Jammu, India
| | - Mustafa M Kadhim
- Department of Dentistry, Kut University College, Kut, Wasit, 52001, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq.
| | | | - Zafar Aminov
- Department of Public Health and Healthcare Management, Samarkand State Medical University, 18 Amir Temur Street, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, 103 Makhtumkuli Str., Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zanko Hassan Jawhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
- Educational Statistics Research Group (GIEE), National University of Education, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu S, Chen G, Chen EY, Farshidpour LS, Zhang Q, Wang G, Chen QH. Core Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of 5,7,20- O-Trimethylsilybins in Prostate Cancer Cell Models. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:531. [PMID: 37111288 PMCID: PMC10145751 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Silibinin, also known as silybin, is isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Silibinin has been demonstrated to be a good lead compound due to its potential to prevent and treat prostate cancer. Its moderate potency and poor pharmacokinetic profile hindered it from moving forward to therapeutic use. Our research group has been working on optimizing silibinin for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Our previous studies established 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins as promising lead compounds as they can selectively suppress androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP cell proliferation. Encouraged by the promising data, the present study aims to investigate the relationships between the core structure of 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and their antiproliferative activities towards AR-positive (LNCaP) and AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). The structure-activity relationships among the four different core structures (including flavanonol-type flavonolignan (silibinin), flavone-type flavonolignan (hydnocarpin D), chalcone-type flavonolignan, and taxifolin (a flavonolignan precursor) indicate that 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins are the most promising scaffold to selectively suppress AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation. Further investigation on the antiproliferative potency of their optically enriched versions of the most promising 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins led to the conclusion that (10R,11R) derivatives (silybin A series) are more potent than (10S,11S) derivatives (silybin B series) in suppressing AR positive LNCaP cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Eva Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Leyla S. Farshidpour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, 2555 E. San Ramon Avenue, M/S SB70, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bergsten TM, Li K, Lantvit DD, Murphy BT, Burdette JE. Kaempferol, a Phytoprogestin, Induces a Subset of Progesterone-Regulated Genes in the Uterus. Nutrients 2023; 15:1407. [PMID: 36986136 PMCID: PMC10051346 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Progesterone functions as a steroid hormone involved in female reproductive physiology. While some reproductive disorders manifest with symptoms that can be treated by progesterone or synthetic progestins, recent data suggest that women also seek botanical supplements to alleviate these symptoms. However, botanical supplements are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and therefore it is important to characterize and quantify the inherent active compounds and biological targets of supplements within cellular and animal systems. In this study, we analyzed the effect of two natural products, the flavonoids, apigenin and kaempferol, to determine their relationship to progesterone treatment in vivo. According to immunohistochemical analysis of uterine tissue, kaempferol and apigenin have some progestogenic activity, but do not act in exactly the same manner as progesterone. More specifically, kaempferol treatment did not induce HAND2, did not change proliferation, and induced ZBTB16 expression. Additionally, while apigenin treatment did not appear to dramatically affect transcripts, kaempferol treatment altered some transcripts (44%) in a similar manner to progesterone treatment but had some unique effects as well. Kaempferol regulated primarily unfolded protein response, androgen response, and interferon-related transcripts in a similar manner to progesterone. However, the effects of progesterone were more significant in regulating thousands of transcripts making kaempferol a selective modifier of signaling in the mouse uterus. In summary, the phytoprogestins, apigenin and kaempferol, have progestogenic activity in vivo but also act uniquely.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ortiz NR, Guy N, Garcia YA, Sivils JC, Galigniana MD, Cox MB. Functions of the Hsp90-Binding FKBP Immunophilins. Subcell Biochem 2023; 101:41-80. [PMID: 36520303 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-14740-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Hsp90 chaperone is known to interact with a diverse array of client proteins. However, in every case examined, Hsp90 is also accompanied by a single or several co-chaperone proteins. One class of co-chaperone contains a tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain that targets the co-chaperone to the C-terminal region of Hsp90. Within this class are Hsp90-binding peptidylprolyl isomerases, most of which belong to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family. Despite the common association of FKBP co-chaperones with Hsp90, it is abundantly clear that the client protein influences, and is often influenced by, the particular FKBP bound to Hsp90. Examples include Xap2 in aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexes and FKBP52 in steroid receptor complexes. In this chapter, we discuss the known functional roles played by FKBP co-chaperones and, where possible, relate distinctive functions to structural differences between FKBP members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Ortiz
- Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Naihsuan Guy
- Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yenni A Garcia
- Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Sivils
- Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mario D Galigniana
- Departamento de Química Biológica/IQUIBICEN, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marc B Cox
- Border Biomedical Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu C, Yuan Y, Pang P, Yang H, Zhang Q, Yuan D, Qi W. Urinary excretion of silibinin diastereoisomers and their conjugated metabolites in rat and human at different dosages. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5480. [PMID: 35962523 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is a mixture of two flavonoid lignan silibinins A and B from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Using UPLC/Q-TOFMS, a total of 18 metabolites were identified in rat and human urine samples after oral administration of Silibinin Capsule. Furthermore, nine glucuronides and/or sulfated metabolites and two prototype compounds were simultaneously quantified in rat urine after oral administration of Silibinin Capsule at 50 and 100 mg/kg. Over a 72-h period, 27.6% and 23.3% of the silibinin were excreted in the forms of eleven metabolites in urine, among which, 5 major metabolites, including silibinin A-7-O-β-glucuronide (SA-7G), silibinin B-7-O-β-glucuronide (SB-7G), silibinin A-5-O-β-glucuronide (SA-5G), silibinin B-5-O-β-glucuronide (SB-5G) and silibinin A-20-O-glucuronide (SA-20G), accounted for 20.5% and 15.5% of the dosages separatively at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. These results suggested that glucuronidation at the C7-, C5- and C20- hydroxyls was the primary metabolic pathway of silibinin diastereoisomers in vivo. The present results provide helpful information for in vivo metabolism and clinical usage of Silibinin Capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Outpatient Department of Emergency Science, Sichuan Armed Police Corps Hospital, Leshan, China
| | - Ping Pang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Yuan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Koltai T, Fliegel L. Role of Silymarin in Cancer Treatment: Facts, Hypotheses, and Questions. J Evid Based Integr Med 2022; 27:2515690X211068826. [PMID: 35018864 PMCID: PMC8814827 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211068826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The flavonoid silymarin extracted from the seeds of Sylibum marianum is a mixture of 6 flavolignan isomers. The 3 more important isomers are silybin (or silibinin), silydianin, and silychristin. Silybin is functionally the most active of these compounds. This group of flavonoids has been extensively studied and they have been used as hepato-protective substances for the mushroom Amanita phalloides intoxication and mainly chronic liver diseases such as alcoholic cirrhosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver. Hepatitis C progression is not, or slightly, modified by silymarin. Recently, it has also been proposed for SARS COVID-19 infection therapy. The biochemical and molecular mechanisms of action of these substances in cancer are subjects of ongoing research. Paradoxically, many of its identified actions such as antioxidant, promoter of ribosomal synthesis, and mitochondrial membrane stabilization, may seem protumoral at first sight, however, silymarin compounds have clear anticancer effects. Some of them are: decreasing migration through multiple targeting, decreasing hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression, inducing apoptosis in some malignant cells, and inhibiting promitotic signaling among others. Interestingly, the antitumoral activity of silymarin compounds is limited to malignant cells while the nonmalignant cells seem not to be affected. Furthermore, there is a long history of silymarin use in human diseases without toxicity after prolonged administration. The ample distribution and easy accessibility to milk thistle-the source of silymarin compounds, its over the counter availability, the fact that it is a weed, some controversial issues regarding bioavailability, and being a nutraceutical rather than a drug, has somehow led medical professionals to view its anticancer effects with skepticism. This is a fundamental reason why it never achieved bedside status in cancer treatment. However, in spite of all the antitumoral effects, silymarin actually has dual effects and in some cases such as pancreatic cancer it can promote stemness. This review deals with recent investigations to elucidate the molecular actions of this flavonoid in cancer, and to consider the possibility of repurposing it. Particular attention is dedicated to silymarin's dual role in cancer and to some controversies of its real effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Hospital del Centro Gallego de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu S, Chen G, Zhang Q, Wang G, Chen QH. 3- O-Carbamoyl-5,7,20- O-trimethylsilybins: Synthesis and Preliminary Antiproliferative Evaluation. Molecules 2021; 26:6421. [PMID: 34770829 PMCID: PMC8588252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To search for novel androgen receptor (AR) modulators for the potential treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), naturally occurring silibinin was sought after as a lead compound because it possesses a moderate potency towards AR-positive prostate cancer cells and its chemical scaffold is dissimilar to all currently marketed AR antagonists. On the basis of the structure-activity relationships that we have explored, this study aims to incorporate carbamoyl groups to the alcoholic hydroxyl groups of silibinin to improve its capability in selectively suppressing AR-positive prostate cancer cell proliferation together with water solubility. To this end, a feasible approach was developed to regioselectively introduce a carbamoyl group to the secondary alcoholic hydroxyl group at C-3 without causing the undesired oxidation at C2-C3, providing an avenue for achieving 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins. The application of the synthetic method can be extended to the synthesis of 3-O-carbamoyl-3',4',5,7-O-tetramethyltaxifolins. The antiproliferative potency of 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and its nine 3-carbamoyl derivatives were assessed in an AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line and two AR-null prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145). Our preliminary bioassay data imply that 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybin and four 3-O-carbamoyl-5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins emerge as very promising lead compounds due to the fact that they can selectively suppress AR-positive LNCaP cell proliferation. The IC50 values of these five 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins against the LNCaP cells fall into the range of 0.11-0.83 µM, which exhibit up to 660 times greater in vitro antiproliferative potency than silibinin. Our findings suggest that carbamoylated 5,7,20-O-trimethylsilybins could serve as a natural product-based scaffold for new antiandrogens for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sitong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; (Q.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA; (Q.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA; (S.W.); (G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Maeda K, Habara M, Kawaguchi M, Matsumoto H, Hanaki S, Masaki T, Sato Y, Matsuyama H, Kunieda K, Nakagawa H, Shimada M. FKBP51 and FKBP52 regulate androgen receptor dimerization and proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:940-956. [PMID: 34057812 PMCID: PMC8847985 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of prostate cancer is dependent on the androgen receptor (AR), which serves as a ligand-specific transcription factor. Although two immunophilins, FKBP51 and FKBP52, are known to regulate AR activity, the precise mechanism remains unclear. We found that depletion of either FKBP51 or FKBP52 reduced AR dimer formation, chromatin binding, and phosphorylation, suggesting defective AR signaling. Furthermore, the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase activity of FKBP51 was found to be required for AR dimer formation and cancer cell growth. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with FK506, which binds to the FK1 domain of FKBPs, or with MJC13, an inhibitor of FKBP52-AR signaling, also inhibited AR dimer formation. Finally, elevated expression of FKBP52 was associated with a higher rate of prostate-specific antigen recurrence in patients with prostate cancer. Collectively, these results suggest that FKBP51 and FKBP52 might be promising targets for prostate cancer treatment through the inhibition of AR dimer formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Makoto Habara
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Hanaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Masaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Matsuyama
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kunieda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Japan
| | - Midori Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hussain Y, Mirzaei S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Khan H, Daglia M. Quercetin and Its Nano-Scale Delivery Systems in Prostate Cancer Therapy: Paving the Way for Cancer Elimination and Reversing Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1602. [PMID: 33807174 PMCID: PMC8036441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most leading and prevalent malignancy around the world, following lung cancer. Prostate cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer morbidity and mortality have grown drastically, and intensive prostate cancer care is unlikely to produce adequate outcomes. The synthetic drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer in clinical practice face several challenges. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. Apart from its beneficial effects, its plays a key role as an anti-cancer agent. Quercetin has shown anticancer potential, both alone and in combination. Therefore, the current study was designed to collect information from the literature regarding its therapeutic significance in the treatment of prostate cancer. Studies performed both in vitro and in vivo have confirmed that quercetin effectively prevents prostate cancer through different underlying mechanisms. Promising findings have also been achieved in clinical trials regarding the pharmacokinetics and human applications of quercetin. In the meantime, epidemiological studies have shown a negative correlation between the consumption of quercetin and the incidence of prostate cancer, and have indicated a chemopreventive effect of quercetin on prostate cancer in animal models. The major issues associated with quercetin are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolism, and these require priority attention. Chemoresistance is another main negative feature concerning prostate cancer treatment. This review highlights the chemotherapeutic effect, chemo preventive effect, and chemoresistance elimination potential of quercetin in prostate cancer. The underlying mechanisms for elimination of prostate cancer and eradication of resistance, either alone or in combination with other agents, are also discussed. In addition, the nanoscale delivery of quercetin is underpinned along with possible directions for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaseen Hussain
- Lab of Control Release and Drug Delivery System, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Mashhadi Akbar Boojar M, Golmohammad S. Overview of Silibinin anti-tumor effects. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
14
|
Jiang Z, Sekhon A, Oka Y, Chen G, Alrubati N, Kaur J, Orozco A, Zhang Q, Wang G, Chen QH. 23- O-Substituted-2,3-Dehydrosilybins Selectively Suppress Androgen Receptor-Positive LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20922326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of our ongoing project to search for natural product-based antiandrogens, nine derivatives of 2,3-dehydrosilybin have been synthesized for the evaluation of its antiproliferative activity in an androgen receptor-positive prostate cancer cell model. Specifically, 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin was synthesized through two approaches, and eight 23- O-substituted-3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybins were achieved from 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin. The antiproliferative potency of 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin and its eight derivatives were assessed in an androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell line, as well as in two AR-negative (PC-3 and DU145) prostate cancer cell models as a comparison. Our WST cell proliferation assay data indicate 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin and most of its 23- O-substituents can selectively inhibit AR-positive LNCaP prostate cancer cell proliferation. Our data suggest that 3,5,7,20- O-tetramethyl-2,3-dehydrosilibins could serve as a natural product-based scaffold for new antiandrogens for lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Arman Sekhon
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Yogeshwari Oka
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Guanglin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Nagat Alrubati
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Alexia Orozco
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Guangdi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, California State University, Fresno, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fontana F, Raimondi M, Marzagalli M, Di Domizio A, Limonta P. Natural Compounds in Prostate Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020460. [PMID: 32085497 PMCID: PMC7072821 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a major cause of cancer mortality among men in developed countries. Patients with recurrent disease initially respond to androgen-deprivation therapy, but the tumor eventually progresses into castration-resistant PCa; in this condition, tumor cells acquire the ability to escape cell death and develop resistance to current therapies. Thus, new therapeutic approaches for PCa management are urgently needed. In this setting, natural products have been extensively studied for their anti-PCa activities, such as tumor growth suppression, cell death induction, and inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. Additionally, numerous studies have shown that phytochemicals can specifically target the androgen receptor (AR) signaling, as well as the PCa stem cells (PCSCs). Interestingly, many clinical trials have been conducted to test the efficacy of nutraceuticals in human subjects, and they have partially confirmed the promising results obtained in vitro and in preclinical models. This article summarizes the anti-cancer mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of different natural compounds in the context of PCa prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Fontana
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Michela Raimondi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Monica Marzagalli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
| | - Alessandro Di Domizio
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- SPILLOproject, 20037 Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.F.); (M.R.); (M.M.); (A.D.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318213
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hosseinabadi T, Lorigooini Z, Tabarzad M, Salehi B, Rodrigues CF, Martins N, Sharifi-Rad J. Silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects: Insights into its clinical impact in various types of cancer. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2849-2861. [PMID: 31407422 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is a complex extract isolated from the plant Silybum marianum, widely known for its prominent antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, although increasing evidences have reported extraordinary antiproliferative and apoptotic abilities. As a result, several signaling pathways involved in cell cycle control, cell proliferation, and cell death have been deconvoluted as critical mechanisms. In this regard, cyclin and cyclin-dependent pathways have been the most studied ones. Following that, apoptotic pathways, such as p53, Akt, STAT-3, Ras, and caspases pathways, have been extensively studied, although other mechanisms involved in inflammation and angiogenesis have also been highlighted as silymarin-likely targets in cancer therapy. Therefore, the main challenge of this review is to discuss the diverse molecular mechanisms for silymarin antiproliferative and apoptotic effects; most of them largely studied in various types of cancers so far. Clinical trials and combination therapies related to silymarin application in cancer prevention and treatment are presented as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinabadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Tabarzad
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Zabol Medicinal Plants Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) has emerged as a key regulator of endocrine stress responses in mammals and as a potential therapeutic target for stress-related disorders (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder), metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes) and chronic pain. Recently, FKBP51 has been implicated in several cellular pathways and numerous interacting protein partners have been reported. However, no consensus on the underlying molecular mechanisms has yet emerged. Here, we review the protein interaction partners reported for FKBP51, the proposed pathways involved, their relevance to FKBP51’s physiological function(s), the interplay with other FKBPs, and implications for the development of FKBP51-directed drugs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lee W, Lee DG. Potential role of potassium and chloride channels in regulation of silymarin-induced apoptosis in Candida albicans. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:197-206. [PMID: 29356280 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin, which is derived from the seeds of Silybum marianum, has been widely used to prevent and treat liver diseases. In our previous study, we reported that at concentrations above the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), silymarin exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans by targeting its plasma membrane. However, the antifungal mechanism at concentration below the MIC remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the underlying mechanism of antifungal effects of silymarin at concentration below the MIC. To evaluate the inhibitory effects on the ion channels, C. albicans cells were separately pretreated with potassium and chloride channel blockers. The antifungal activity of silymarin at sub-MIC was affected by the ion channel blockers. Potassium channel blockade inhibited the antifungal effects, whereas chloride channel blockade slightly enhanced these effects. Subsequently, we found that silymarin induced disturbances in calcium homeostasis via the cytosolic and mitochondrial accumulation of calcium. Furthermore, apoptotic responses, such as phosphatidylserine exposure, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), DNA damage, and caspase activation were induced in response to silymarin treatment. The increases in intracellular calcium level and pro-apoptotic changes were prevented when potassium ion channels were blocked. In contrast, these changes were enhanced upon chloride channels blockade; however, this did not affect the intracellular calcium levels and MMP loss. Thus, we showed that silymarin treatment at concentration below the MIC induced apoptosis in C. albicans; additionally, ion channels contributed these effects. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(3):197-206, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonjong Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gun Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK 21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Bukgu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Amawi H, Ashby CR, Tiwari AK. Cancer chemoprevention through dietary flavonoids: what's limiting? CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017. [PMID: 28629389 PMCID: PMC5477375 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenols that are found in numerous edible plant species. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that specific flavonoids are chemo-preventive and cytotoxic against various cancers via a multitude of mechanisms. However, the clinical use of flavonoids is limited due to challenges associated with their effective use, including (1) the isolation and purification of flavonoids from their natural resources; (2) demonstration of the effects of flavonoids in reducing the risk of certain cancer, in tandem with the cost and time needed for epidemiological studies, and (3) numerous pharmacokinetic challenges (e.g., bioavailability, drug–drug interactions, and metabolic instability). Currently, numerous approaches are being used to surmount some of these challenges, thereby increasing the likelihood of flavonoids being used as chemo-preventive drugs in the clinic. In this review, we summarize the most important challenges and efforts that are being made to surmount these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43560, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11432, USA
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43560, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Prevention and therapeutic intervention by phytochemicals are newer dimensions in the arena of cancer management. In this regard, the cancer chemopreventive role of silymarin (Silybum marianum) has been extensively studied and has shown anticancer efficacy against various cancer sites, especially skin and prostate. In skin cancer, silymarin treatment inhibits ultraviolet B radiation or chemically initiated or promoted carcinogenesis. These effects of silymarin against skin carcinogenesis have been attributed to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action as well as its inhibitory effect on mitogenic signaling. Similarly, silymarin treatment inhibits 3, 2-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl—induced prostate carcinogenesis and retards the growth of advanced prostate tumor xenograft in athymic nude mice. In prostate cancer, silymarin treatment down-regulates androgen receptor—, epidermal growth factor receptor—, and nuclear factor-κB— mediated signaling and induces cell cycle arrest. Extensive preclinical findings have supported the anticancer potential of silymarin, and now its efficacy is being evaluated in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, CO 80262, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Neha, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Silymarin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:25-44. [PMID: 27771919 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silymarin is the active constituent of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) which is a C-25 containing flavonolignan. Milk thistle has a lot of traditional values, being used as a vegetable, as salad, as bitter tonic, and as galactogogue in nursing mothers and in various ailments such as liver complications, depression, dyspepsia, spleenic congestions, varicose veins, diabetes, amenorrhea, uterine hemorrhage, and menstrual problems. In this present chapter, a comprehensive attempt has been made to discuss the potential of silymarin in chronic disorders. An insight into modulation of cellular signaling by silymarin and its implication in various disorders such as liver disorders, inflammatory disorders, cancer, neurological disorders, skin diseases, and hypercholesterolemia is being provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Amteshwar S Jaggi
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lombard AP, Mudryj M. The emerging role of the androgen receptor in bladder cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R265-77. [PMID: 26229034 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Men are three to four times more likely to get bladder cancer than women. The gender disparity characterizing bladder cancer diagnoses has been investigated. One hypothesis is that androgen receptor (AR) signaling is involved in the etiology and progression of this disease. Although bladder cancer is not typically described as an endocrine-related malignancy, it has become increasingly clear that AR signaling plays a role in bladder tumors. This review summarizes current findings regarding the role of the AR in bladder cancer. We discuss work demonstrating AR expression in bladder cancer and its role in promoting formation and progression of tumors. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the AR in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Lombard
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System Mather, California, USA Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology Biochemistry Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall 3147, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nambiar DK, Deep G, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin inhibits aberrant lipid metabolism, proliferation and emergence of androgen-independence in prostate cancer cells via primarily targeting the sterol response element binding protein 1. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10017-33. [PMID: 25294820 PMCID: PMC4259402 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) kills thousands of men every year, demanding additional approaches to better understand and target this malignancy. Recently, critical role of aberrant lipogenesis is highlighted in prostate carcinogenesis, offering a unique opportunity to target it to reduce PCA. Here, we evaluated efficacy and associated mechanisms of silibinin in inhibiting lipid metabolism in PCA cells. At physiologically achievable levels in human, silibinin strongly reduced lipid and cholesterol accumulation specifically in human PCA cells but not in non-neoplastic prostate epithelial PWR-1E cells. Silibinin also decreased nuclear protein levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and 2 (SREBP1/2) and their target genes only in PCA cells. Mechanistically, silibinin activated AMPK, thereby increasing SREBP1 phosphorylation and inhibiting its nuclear translocation; AMPK inhibition reversed silibinin-mediated decrease in nuclear SREBP1 and lipid accumulation. Additionally, specific SREBP inhibitor fatostatin and stable overexpression of SREBP1 further confirmed the central role of SREBP1 in silibinin-mediated inhibition of PCA cell proliferation and lipid accumulation and cell cycle arrest. Importantly, silibinin also inhibited synthetic androgen R1881-induced lipid accumulation and completely abrogated the development of androgen-independent LNCaP cell clones via targeting SREBP1/2. Together, these mechanistic studies suggest that silibinin would be effective against PCA by targeting critical aberrant lipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya K Nambiar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rana P Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, India
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA. University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR), ligand-induced transcription factor, is expressed in primary prostate cancer and in metastases. AR regulates multiple cellular events, proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and differentiation. Its expression in prostate cancer cells is regulated by steroid and peptide hormones. AR downregulation by various compounds which are contained in fruits and vegetables is considered a chemopreventive strategy for prostate cancer. There is a bidirectional interaction between the AR and micro-RNA (miRNA) in prostate cancer; androgens may upregulate or downregulate the selected miRNA, whereas the AR itself is a target of miRNA. AR mutations have been discovered in prostate cancer, and their incidence may increase with tumor progression. AR mutations and increased expression of selected coactivators contribute to the acquisition of agonistic properties of anti-androgens. Expression of some of the coactivators is enhanced during androgen ablation. AR activity is regulated by peptides such as cytokines or growth factors which reduce the concentration of androgen required for maximal stimulation of the receptor. In prostate cancer, variant ARs which exhibit constitutive activity were detected. Novel therapies which interfere with intracrine synthesis of androgens or inhibit nuclear translocation of the AR have been introduced in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria,
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guy NC, Garcia YA, Sivils JC, Galigniana MD, Cox MB. Functions of the Hsp90-binding FKBP immunophilins. Subcell Biochem 2015; 78:35-68. [PMID: 25487015 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11731-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hsp90 functionally interacts with a broad array of client proteins, but in every case examined Hsp90 is accompanied by one or more co-chaperones. One class of co-chaperone contains a tetratricopeptide repeat domain that targets the co-chaperone to the C-terminal region of Hsp90. Within this class are Hsp90-binding peptidylprolyl isomerases, most of which belong to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family. Despite the common association of FKBP co-chaperones with Hsp90, it is now clear that the client protein influences, and is influenced by, the particular FKBP bound to Hsp90. Examples include Xap2 in aryl hydrocarbon receptor complexes and FKBP52 in steroid receptor complexes. In this chapter, we discuss the known functional roles played by FKBP co-chaperones and, where possible, relate distinctive functions to structural differences between FKBP members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naihsuan C Guy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, 79968, El Paso, TX, USA,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fan L, Ma Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Huang G. Silymarin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 743:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
27
|
Bitting RL, Schaeffer D, Somarelli JA, Garcia-Blanco MA, Armstrong AJ. The role of epithelial plasticity in prostate cancer dissemination and treatment resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 33:441-68. [PMID: 24414193 PMCID: PMC4230790 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 30,000 men die annually in the USA of prostate cancer, nearly uniformly from metastatic dissemination. Despite recent advances in hormonal, immunologic, bone-targeted, and cytotoxic chemotherapies, treatment resistance and further dissemination are inevitable in men with metastatic disease. Emerging data suggests that the phenomenon of epithelial plasticity, encompassing both reversible mesenchymal transitions and acquisition of stemness traits, may underlie this lethal biology of dissemination and treatment resistance. Understanding the molecular underpinnings of this cellular plasticity from preclinical models of prostate cancer and from biomarker studies of human metastatic prostate cancer has provided clues to novel therapeutic approaches that may delay or prevent metastatic disease and lethality over time. This review will discuss the preclinical and clinical evidence for epithelial plasticity in this rapidly changing field and relate this to clinical phenotype and resistance in prostate cancer while suggesting novel therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L. Bitting
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daneen Schaeffer
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mariano A. Garcia-Blanco
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Armstrong
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 102002, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Center for RNA Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that is expressed in primary and metastatic prostate cancers. There are advances in endocrine therapy for prostate cancer that are based on improved understanding of AR function. AREAS COVERED PubMed has been used to include most important publications on targeting the AR in prostate cancer. AR expression may be downregulated by agents used for chemoprevention of prostate cancer or, in models of advanced prostate cancer, by antisense oligonucleotides. New drugs that inhibit the steroidogenic enzyme CYP17A1 (abiraterone acetate) or diminish nuclear translocation of the AR (enzalutamide) have been shown to improve patients' survival in prostate cancer. However, it is clear that there is a development of resistance to these novel therapies. They may include increased expression of truncated, constitutively active AR or activation of the signaling pathway of signal transducers and activators of transcription. EXPERT OPINION Although introduction of novel drugs have improved patients' survival, there is a need to investigate the mechanisms of resistance further. The role of truncated AR and compensatory activation of signaling pathways as well as the development of scientifically justified combination therapies seems to be issues of a high priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Culig
- Innsbruck Medical University, Experimental Urology, Department of Urology , Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck , Austria +43 512 504 24717 ; +43 512 504 24817 ;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ting H, Deep G, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. The strategies to control prostate cancer by chemoprevention approaches. Mutat Res 2014; 760:1-15. [PMID: 24389535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States with growing worldwide incidence. Despite intensive investment in improving early detection, PCA often escapes timely detection and mortality remains high; this malignancy being the second highest cancer-associated mortality in American men. Collectively, health care costs of PCA results in an immense financial burden that is only expected to grow. Additionally, even in cases of successful treatment, PCA is associated with long-term and pervasive effects on patients. A proactive alternative to treat PCA is to prevent its occurrence and progression prior to symptomatic malignancy. This may serve to address the issue of burgeoning healthcare costs and increasing number of sufferers. One potential regimen in service of this alternative is PCA chemoprevention. Here, chemical compounds with cancer preventive efficacy are identified on the basis of their potential in a host of categories: their historical medicinal use, correlation with reduced risk in population studies, non-toxicity, their unique chemical properties, or their role in biological systems. PCA chemopreventive agents are drawn from multiple broad classes of chemicals, themselves further subdivided based on source or potential effect, with most derived from natural products. Many such compounds have shown efficacy, varying from inhibiting deregulated PCA cell signaling, proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, tumor growth and angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis. Overall, these chemopreventive agents show great promise in PCA pre-clinical models, though additional work remains to be done in effectively translating these findings into clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States; University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hajighasemlou S, Farajollahi M, Alebouyeh M, Rastegar H, Manzari MT, Mirmoghtadaei M, Moayedi B, Ahmadzadeh M, Kazemi M, Parvizpour F, Gharibzadeh S. Study of the Effect of Silymarin on Viability of Breast Cancer Cell Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/abcr.2014.33015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Ting H, Deep G, Agarwal R. Molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated cancer chemoprevention with major emphasis on prostate cancer. AAPS J 2013; 15:707-16. [PMID: 23588585 PMCID: PMC3691417 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in early detection, prostate cancer remains the second highest cancer mortality in American men, and even successful interventions are associated with enormous health care costs as well as prolonged deleterious effects on quality of patient life. Prostate cancer chemoprevention is one potential avenue to alleviate these burdens. It is a regime whereby long-term treatments are intended to prevent or arrest cancer development, in contrast to more direct intervention upon disease diagnosis. Based on this intention, cancer chemoprevention generally focuses on the use of nontoxic chemical agents which are well-tolerated for prolonged usage that is necessary to address prostate cancer's multistage and lengthy period of progression. One such nontoxic natural agent is the flavonoid silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), which has ancient medicinal usage and potent antioxidant activity. Based on these properties, silibinin has been investigated in a host of cancer models where it exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo without noticeable toxicity. Specifically in prostate cancer models, silibinin has shown the ability to modulate cell signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, which taken together provides strong support for silibinin as a candidate prostate cancer chemopreventive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Room V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, Colorado 80045 USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Androgenic steroids are important for male development in utero and secondary sexual characteristics at puberty. In addition, androgens play a role in non-reproductive tissues, such as bone and muscle in both sexes. The actions of the androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are mediated by a single receptor protein, the androgen receptor. Over the last 60–70 years there has been considerable research interest in the development of inhibitors of androgen receptor for the management of diseases such as prostate cancer. However, more recently, there is also a growing appreciation of the need for selective androgen modulators that would demonstrate tissue-selective agonist or antagonist activity. The chemistry and biology of selective agonists, antagonists and selective androgen receptor modulators will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Choi KW, Um SH, Kwak JH, Park HJ, Kim KH, Moon EY, Kwon ST, Pyo S. Suppression of adhesion molecule expression by phenanthrene-containing extract of bulbils of Chinese Yam in vascular smooth muscle cells through inhibition of MAPK, Akt and NF-κB. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2792-804. [PMID: 22583650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with increased expression of adhesion molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The objective of this study was to examine the in vitro effects of extract from aerial Bulbil of Dioscorea batatas Decne (Db-Ex) on the ability to suppress the expression of adhesion molecules induced by TNF-α. We also identified bioactive components from a methanol extract. VSMCs pre-exposed to Db-Ex (10-100 μg/ml) were stimulated with TNF-α (10 ng/ml). Preincubation of VSMCs for 2 h with Db-Ex dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytic cells and mRNA and protein expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Db-Ex treatment decreased ROS production and the amount of phosphorylated form of p38, ERK, JNK and Akt in TNF-α-stimulated cells, suggesting that Db-Ex inhibits adhesion molecule expression possibly through MAPK and Akt regulation. Db-Ex also suppressed TNF-α-activation NK-κB. This effect was mediated through degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB. These results suggest that Db-Ex inhibits monocyte adhesion and the TNF-α-mediated induction of adhesion molecules in VSMC by downregulating the MAPK/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, which may explain the ability of Db-Ex to suppress inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Woon Choi
- Division of Immunopharmacolgy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ohioensin F suppresses TNF-α-induced adhesion molecule expression by inactivation of the MAPK, Akt and NF-κB pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2012; 90:396-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
36
|
Sanchez ER. Chaperoning steroidal physiology: lessons from mouse genetic models of Hsp90 and its cochaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:722-9. [PMID: 22155719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular chaperone Hsp90 is abundant, ubiquitous, and catholic to biological processes in eukaryotes, controlling phosphorylation cascades, protein stability and turnover, client localization and trafficking, and ligand-receptor interactions. Not surprisingly, Hsp90 does not accomplish these activities alone. Instead, an ever-growing number of cochaperones have been identified, leading to an explosion of reports on their molecular and cellular effects on Hsp90 chaperoning of client substrates. Notable among these clients are many members of the steroid receptor family, such as glucocorticoid, androgen, estrogen and progesterone receptors. Cochaperones typically associated with the mature, hormone-competent states of these receptors include p23, the FK506-binding protein 52 (FKBP52), FKBP51, protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) and cyclophilin 40 (Cyp40). The ultimate relevance of these cochaperones to steroid receptor action depends on their physiological effects. In recent years, the first mouse genetic models of these cochaperones have been developed. This work will review the complex and intriguing phenotypes so far obtained in genetically-altered mice and compare them to the known molecular and cellular impacts of cochaperones on steroid receptors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Sanchez
- Department of Physiologyand Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sulforaphane suppresses vascular adhesion molecule-1 expression in TNF-α-stimulated mouse vascular smooth muscle cells: involvement of the MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. Vascul Pharmacol 2011; 56:131-41. [PMID: 22155163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a long-term inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Increased expression of the cell adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is associated with increased proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), leading to increased neointima or atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, the functional inhibition of adhesion molecules could be a critical therapeutic target of inflammatory disease. In the present study, we investigate the effect of sulforaphane on the expression of VCAM-1 induced by TNF-α in cultured mouse vascular smooth muscle cell lines. Pretreatment of VSMCs for 2h with sulforaphane (1-5μg/ml) dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytic cells and protein expression of VCAM-1. Sulforaphane also suppressed TNF-α-induced production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of p38, ERK and JNK. Furthermore, sulforaphane inhibited NK-κB and AP-1 activation induced by TNF-α. Sulforaphane inhibited TNF-α-induced ΙκΒ kinase activation, subsequent degradation of ΙκΒα and nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB and decreased c-Jun and c-Fos protein level. This study suggests that sulforaphane inhibits the adhesive capacity of VSMC and downregulates the TNF-α-mediated induction of VCAM-1 in VSMC by inhibiting the MAPK, NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways and intracellular ROS production. Thus, sulforaphane may have beneficial effects to suppress inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion.
Collapse
|
38
|
Shukla Y, George J. Combinatorial strategies employing nutraceuticals for cancer development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1229:162-75. [PMID: 21793852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the fight against cancer is one of the most important areas of research in medicine, and one that possibly contributes to the increased interest in chemoprevention as an alternative approach to the control of cancer. Cancer prevention by nutraceuticals present in fruits and vegetables has received considerable attention because of their low cost and wide safety margin. A substantial amount of evidence from human, animal, and cell culture studies has shown cancer chemopreventive effects from these natural products. However, single-agent intervention has failed to produce the expected outcome in clinical trials; therefore, combinations of nutraceuticals are gaining increasing popularity. Thus, combinations of nutraceuticals that mimic real-life situations and are competent in targeting multiple targets with very little or virtually no toxicity are needed. In this review, we summarize the results of those studies that report combinatorial cancer chemopreventive action of various nutraceuticals and their combinations with anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stechschulte LA, Sanchez ER. FKBP51-a selective modulator of glucocorticoid and androgen sensitivity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:332-7. [PMID: 21565552 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is gaining increased recognition for its essential roles in cell biology. Originally discovered as a component of steroid receptor complexes, it is now known to regulate a diverse set of transcription factors, enzymes and structural proteins. Its cellular properties suggest numerous possible functions for FKBP51 in physiology, and the best clue to its potential importance may be the following: FKBP51 is a glucocorticoid-induced negative regulator of the glucocorticoid receptor. Thus, FKBP51 is intricately involved in regulation of the most pleiotropic hormone known to biology. In contrast to glucocorticoid receptor, FKBP51 is a positive regulator of the androgen receptor, suggesting that it functions as a reciprocal modulator of glucocorticoid-mediated and androgen-mediated physiology. In this work, we evaluate this hypothesis by examining recent cellular and physiological evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Stechschulte
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Immunohistochemical analysis of FKBP51 in human cancers. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011; 11:338-47. [PMID: 21530399 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
FKBP51 is a FK506-binding immunophilin involved in the regulation of several fundamental biological processes. A growing body of data indicates that this protein has also a role in the abnormal cell growth of cancers, and could be considered as a promising new marker of tumor progression and response to radio/chemotherapy. However, the data concerning the expression of FKBP51 in cancer are not conclusive, and partially contradictory. They delineate a very complex scenario, in which many molecular FKBP51-related pathways are variously intersected among different tumors. This review reports the available data concerning FKBP51 expression in normal tissues and human malignancies, outlining the role of the immunohistochemical analysis as a fundamental tool for better understanding the role of this immunophilin in cancer biology.
Collapse
|
41
|
Farooqi AA, Mansoor Q, Ismail M, Bhatti S. Therapeutic Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and Silibinin on ATM Dynamics in Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP. World J Oncol 2011; 1:242-246. [PMID: 29147215 PMCID: PMC5649750 DOI: 10.4021/wjon248w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a major ingredient of green tea (GT) and silibinin (SB), the active component of Silymarin presumably hold a potential to prevent pathogenomics. Prostate cancer exacerbation is triggered by fusion transcripts formed because of genomic instability induced by juxtapositioning of two genes. This chimeric transcript is implicated in androgen dependent and independent prostate cancer. Tremendous work is done on the characterization of the mediators involved in the disease refractoriness, yet no study has addressed clinical management of these prostate fusion transcripts impressively. Methods An abolished ATM dynamics challenges integrity of DNA. In agreement with this assumption, ATM and DNA-PK were impaired in LNCaP cell line to confirm a tight interaction of these mediators with the expression profile of TMPRSS2-ERG. Abolished ATM enhanced the expression of the fusion transcript. Similarly blunting of DNA-PK downregulated the expression of the fusion transcript giving a notion that DNA-PK is involved in the chromosomal translocation. LNCaP cell lines were analyzed for the effect of EGCG and SB on the expression profile of TMPRSS2-ERG. Results In this particular unprecedented study, treatment of the LNCaP cell line with EGCG and Silibilin recapitulated ATM expression and activity and downregulated the fusion transcript appearance. Conclusions These results underscore the therapeutic effect of EGCG and SB in mitigating the exacerbation of the disease with reference to the fusion transcripts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Mansoor
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ismail
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Bhatti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Deep G, Agarwal R. Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2010; 29:447-63. [PMID: 20714788 PMCID: PMC3928361 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem around the world. Research efforts in the last few decades have been successful in providing better and effective treatments against both early stage and localized cancer, but clinical options against advanced metastatic stage/s of cancer remain limited. The high morbidity and mortality in most of the cancers are attributed to their metastatic spread to distant organs. Due to its extreme clinical relevance, metastasis has been extensively studied and is now understood as a highly complex biological event that involves multiple steps including acquisition of invasiveness by cancer cells, intravasation into circulatory system, survival in the circulation, arrest in microvasculature, extravasation, and growth at distant organs. The increasing understanding of molecular underpinnings of these events has provided excellent opportunity to target metastasis especially through nontoxic and biologically effective nutraceuticals. Silibinin, a popular dietary supplement isolated from milk thistle seed extracts, is one such natural agent that has shown biological efficacy through pleiotropic mechanisms against a variety of cancers and is currently in clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies have also shown strong efficacy of silibinin to target cancer cell's migratory and invasive characteristics as well as their ability to metastasize to distant organs. Detailed mechanistic analyses revealed that silibinin targets signaling molecules involved in the regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, proteases activation, adhesion, motility, invasiveness as well as the supportive tumor-microenvironment components, thereby inhibiting metastasis. Overall, the long history of human use, remarkable nontoxicity, and preclinical efficacy strongly favor the clinical use of silibinin against advanced metastatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Holownia A, Mroz RM, Kolodziejczyk A, Chyczewska E, Braszko JJ. Increased FKBP51 in induced sputum cells of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after therapy. Eur J Med Res 2010; 14 Suppl 4:108-11. [PMID: 20156738 PMCID: PMC3521382 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-14-s4-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Immunophilin FKBP51 assists polypeptide folding, participates in glucocorticoid actions and may play a role in glucocorticoid resistance. FKBP51 is altered in patients with asthma, but its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by dysregulation of several pro/antiinflammatory genes is less clear. Methods We assessed changes in nuclear/cytosolic FKBP51 protein using SDS-PAGE/WB and FKBP51 mRNA by qRT-PCR in cells isolated from induced sputum of stable COPD patients treated with formoterol/budesonide or formoterol/budesonide/theophylline for 4 wk. Results Expression of FKBP51 was higher in formoterol/budesonide/theophylline-treated patients, compared with formoterol/budesonide group in both cytosolic and nuclear fractions by about 57% and 31%, respectively (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). FKBP51 mRNA was only slightly, but not significantly, higher in patients on formoterol/budesonide/theophylline. Conclusions Increased FKBP51 in COPD patients treated with formoterol/budesonide/theophylline may be important in altering signaling from corticosteroid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Holownia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flaig TW, Glodé M, Gustafson D, van Bokhoven A, Tao Y, Wilson S, Su LJ, Li Y, Harrison G, Agarwal R, Crawford ED, Lucia MS, Pollak M. A study of high-dose oral silybin-phytosome followed by prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70:848-55. [PMID: 20127732 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin is a polyphenolic flavonolignan derived from milk thistle (Silybum marianium) with anti-oxidant properties. The purpose of the current trial was to determine the tissue and blood effects of high-dose silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients. METHODS Subjects with localized prostate cancer planning for a prostatectomy were eligible to enroll. Six patients received 13 g of silybin-phytosome daily with six additional participants serving as control subjects. RESULTS Patients in the treatment arm received silybin-phytosome for 14-31 days (mean was 20 days) prior to surgery. Silibinin blood levels were measured 1 hr after the first silybin-phytosome dose with a mean value of 19.7 microM. Trough silibinin levels were assessed at the end of the trial with an average concentration of 1.2 microM. In contrast to the high peak levels of silibinin observed in blood, the highest silibinin level observed in the harvested prostate tissue was 496.6 pmol/g. There were no significant differences noted in baseline and post-treatment blood levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3. One of the treated patients developed a grade 4 post-operative thromboembolic event. The other observed toxicities in the treatment group were mild: four subjects had diarrhea and one had asymptomatic grade 2 hyperbilirubinemia which was transient. CONCLUSIONS High-dose oral silybin-phytosome achieves high blood concentrations transiently, but low levels of silibinin are seen in prostate tissue. Silibinin's lack of tissue penetration may be explained by its short half-life, the brief duration of therapy in this study or an active process removing silibinin from the prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flaig
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Suppression of the androgen receptor function by quercetin through protein-protein interactions of Sp1, c-Jun, and the androgen receptor in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 339:253-62. [PMID: 20148354 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0388-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that the increase in c-Jun expression induced by quercetin inhibited androgen receptor (AR) transactivation, and Sp1 was involved in quercetin-mediated downregulation of AR activity. Transient transfection assays in this work revealed that co-expression of c-Jun quenched Sp1-induced production of luciferase activity driven by AR promoter or three copies of Sp1 binding elements in the AR promoter. Moreover, c-Jun repressed AR-mediated luciferase activity via androgen-response elements (AREs) of the hK2 gene, while this suppression could be restored partially by cotransfection of Sp1 expression plasmid. The physical associations of c-Jun, Sp1, and AR induced by quercetin were further demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. In addition, quercetin-mediated repression of AR expression and activity was partially reversed by blocking of JNK signaling pathway. These results suggested that c-Jun might play an important role in the suppression of AR expression and activity in the presence of quercetin, and association of a c-Jun/Sp1/AR protein complex induced by quercetin represented a novel mechanism that was involved in down-regulation of the AR function in prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Due to the failure and severe toxicity of cancer chemotherapy, silibinin, a natural flavonoid from the seeds of milk thistle, has recently received more attention for its potential anticancer and nontoxic roles in animals and humans. Silibinin has clearly demonstrated inhibition of multiple cancer cell signaling pathways, including growth inhibition, inhibition of angiogenesis, chemosensitization, and inhibition of invasion and metastasis. Cumulative evidence implicates that silibinin is a potential agent for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to discuss the recent progress of silibinin in regulating multiple anticancer proliferative signaling pathways; the review covers literature mainly from the past 3 - 5 years. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN One of the strategies for tumor therapy is eradication of cancer cells through targeting specific cell-proliferative pathways. This review highlights the current knowledge of silibinin in regulating multiple cellular proliferative pathways in cancer cells, including receptor tyrosine kinases, androgen receptor, STATs, NF-kappaB, cell cycle regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated antiproliferative effects are mainly via receptor tyrosine kinases, androgen receptor, STATs, NF-kappaB, cell cycle regulatory and apoptotic signaling pathways in various cancer cells. Targeting inhibition of proliferative pathways through silibinin treatment may provide a new approach for improving chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Department of Urology, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Periyasamy S, Hinds T, Shemshedini L, Shou W, Sanchez ER. FKBP51 and Cyp40 are positive regulators of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth and the targets of FK506 and cyclosporin A. Oncogene 2009; 29:1691-701. [PMID: 20023700 PMCID: PMC3040472 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) growth is dependent on androgens and the androgen receptor (AR), which acts by modulating gene transcription. Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins (FKBP52, FKBP51 and Cyp40) interact with AR in PCa cells, suggesting roles in AR-mediated gene transcription and cell growth. We report here that FKBP51 and Cyp40, but not FKBP52, are significantly elevated in PCa tissues and in androgen-dependent (AD) and -independent (AI) cell lines. Overexpression of FKBP51 in AD LNCaP cells increased AR transcriptional activity in the presence and absence of androgen, whereas siRNA knockdown of FKBP51 dramatically decreased AD gene transcription and proliferation. Knockdown of Cyp40 also inhibited androgen-mediated transcription and growth in LNCaP cells. However, disruption of FKBP51 and Cyp40 in the AI C4-2 cells caused only a small reduction in proliferation, indicating that Cyp40 and FKBP51 predominantly regulate AD cell proliferation. Under knock-down conditions, the inhibitory effects of TPR ligands, CsA and FK506, on AR activity were not observed, indicating that Cyp40 and FKBP51 are the targets of CsA and FK506, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that FKBP51 and Cyp40 are positive regulators of AR that can be selectively targeted by CsA and FK506 to achieve inhibition of androgen-induced cell proliferation. These proteins and their cognate ligands thus provide new strategies in the treatment of PCa
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Periyasamy
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research (CeDER), Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Echeverria PC, Picard D. Molecular chaperones, essential partners of steroid hormone receptors for activity and mobility. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1803:641-9. [PMID: 20006655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are notorious intracellular travellers, transiting among different cellular compartments as they mature, are subjected to regulation and exert their biological functions. Understanding the processes governing the intracellular traffic of SHRs is important, since their unbalanced or erroneous localization could lead to the development of diseases. In this review, we not only explore the functions of the heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) molecular chaperone machine for the intracellular transport of SHRs, but also for the regulation of their nuclear mobility, for their recycling and for the regulation of their transcriptional output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo C Echeverria
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
After first line hormonal therapy (agonist LHRH), metastasic prostate cancer becomes androgen independent in a period of 18 months on average. After this period and after having verified the castration by blood testosterone level, a few options are possible: either inhibit adrenal androgens by maximum androgen blockage (+anti androgens) or by specific adrenal androgen inhibitors. It is also possible to use estrogen or, in a few cases, to propose chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lebret
- Service d'Urologie, Hôpital Foch, Faculté de médecine Paris-Ile-de-France-Ouest, UVSQ, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Deep G, Raina K, Singh RP, Oberlies NH, Kroll DJ, Agarwal R. Isosilibinin inhibits advanced human prostate cancer growth in athymic nude mice: comparison with silymarin and silibinin. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:2750-8. [PMID: 18798272 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown the cancer chemopreventive efficacy of silymarin and its semi-purified constituent silibinin against prostate cancer (PCa), but the efficacy of other constituents of silymarin is largely unknown. In the present study, we assessed the in vivo growth inhibitory efficacy of one such constituent isosilibinin (a 50:50 mixture of isosilybin A and isosilybin B) in comparison with silymarin and silibinin in human PCa DU145 xenograft in athymic nude mice. Isosilibinin feeding (200 mg/kg body weight per day) significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft after 53 days of treatment (p < or = 0.005), which was equally or slightly better effective than silymarin and silibinin, respectively. Treatment with isosilibinin, silymarin and silibinin was stopped after 53 days and tumor volume was measured till 77 days. After 24 days of treatments withdrawal, tumor volume remain decreased, however, it was statistically significant only with isosilibinin (p < or = 0.05), suggesting its prolonged effect. Biomarker analysis showed that isosilibinin, silymarin and silibinin treatment for 53 days significantly inhibited the immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), microvessel density (CD31) and vascular endothelial growth factor along with significant increase in apoptotic cell population. The PCNA levels in tumors remained significantly low even after 24 days of treatments withdrawal. Western blot analysis of tumor tissue suggested that these flavonolignan formulations differentially alter the expression of cell cycle regulatory molecules, cyclins and Cdks. Overall, the results of present study suggest that isosilibinin has comparatively better efficacy against PCa and should be further analyzed for its clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|