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Reyes-Hernández OD, Figueroa-González G, Quintas-Granados LI, Gutiérrez-Ruíz SC, Hernández-Parra H, Romero-Montero A, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Bernal-Chavez SA, Cortés H, Peña-Corona SI, Kiyekbayeva L, Ateşşahin DA, Goloshvili T, Leyva-Gómez G, Sharifi-Rad J. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and indole-3-carbinol: potential therapeutic molecules for cancer chemoprevention and treatment via regulating cellular signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:180. [PMID: 37633886 PMCID: PMC10464192 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds in cancer prevention have gained significant consideration as a viable method. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are heterocyclic and bioactive chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts. They are synthesized after glycolysis from the glucosinolate structure. Clinical and preclinical trials have evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, effectiveness, antioxidant, cancer-preventing (cervical dysplasia, prostate cancer, breast cancer), and anti-tumor activities of I3C and DIM involved with polyphenolic derivatives created in the digestion showing promising results. However, the exact mechanism by which they exert anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties has yet to be entirely understood. Via this study, we update the existing knowledge of the state of anti-cancer investigation concerning I3C and DIM chemicals. We have also summarized; (i) the recent advancements in the use of I3C/DIM as therapeutic molecules since they represent potentially appealing anti-cancer agents, (ii) the available literature on the I3C and DIM characterization, and the challenges related to pharmacologic properties such as low solubility, and poor bioavailability, (iii) the synthesis and semi-synthetic derivatives, (iv) the mechanism of anti-tumor action in vitro/in vivo, (v) the action in cellular signaling pathways related to the regulation of apoptosis and anoikis as well as the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and PPARγ agonists; SR13668, Akt inhibitor, cyclins regulation, ER-dependent-independent pathways, and their current medical applications, to recognize research opportunities to potentially use these compounds instead chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hector Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Romero-Montero
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, Ciudad de México, 14380, Mexico
| | - Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chavez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sheila I Peña-Corona
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lashyn Kiyekbayeva
- Pharmaceutical School, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculties of Pharmacy, Public Health and Nursing, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, Elazıg, 23100, Turkey
| | - Tamar Goloshvili
- Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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Tucci P, Brown I, Bewick GS, Pertwee RG, Marini P. The Plant Derived 3-3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) Behaves as CB 2 Receptor Agonist in Prostate Cancer Cellular Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043620. [PMID: 36835033 PMCID: PMC9962283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
3-3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) is a biologically active dimer derived from the endogenous conversion of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring glucosinolate found in many cruciferous vegetables (i.e., Brassicaceae). DIM was the first pure androgen receptor antagonist isolated from the Brassicaceae family and has been recently investigated for its potential pharmacological use in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. Interestingly, there is evidence that DIM can also interact with cannabinoid receptors. In this context, by considering the well-known involvement of the endocannabinoid system in prostate cancer, we have pharmacologically characterized the properties of DIM on both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in two human prostate cancer cell lines: PC3 (androgen-independent/androgen receptor negative) and LNCaP (androgen-dependent). In the PC3 cell line, DIM was able to activate CB2 receptors and potentially associated apoptotic pathways. On the other hand, although DIM was also able to activate CB2 receptors in the LNCaP cell line, no apoptotic effects were observed. Our evidence confirms that DIM is a CB2 receptor ligand and, moreover, it has a potential anti-proliferative effect on androgen-independent/androgen receptor-negative prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Iain Brown
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Guy S. Bewick
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Roger G. Pertwee
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Pietro Marini
- Institute of Education in Healthcare and Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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3
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Dan VM, Raveendran RS, Baby S. Resistance to Intervention: Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:1237-1268. [PMID: 33319669 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999201214234421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer stands as the most prevalent cancer in women globally, and contributes to the highest percentage of mortality due to cancer-related deaths in women. Paclitaxel (PTX) is heavily relied on as a frontline chemotherapy drug in breast cancer treatment, especially in advanced metastatic cancer. Generation of resistance to PTX often derails clinical management and adversely affects patient outcomes. Understanding the molecular mechanism of PTX resistance is necessary to device methods to aid in overcoming the resistance. Recent studies exploring the mechanism of development of PTX resistance have led to unveiling of a range novel therapeutic targets. PTX resistance pathways that involve major regulatory proteins/RNAs like RNF8/Twist/ROR1, TLR, ErbB3/ErbB2, BRCA1- IRIS, MENA, LIN9, MiRNA, FoxM1 and IRAK1 have expanded the complexity of resistance mechanisms, and brought newer insights into the development of drug targets. These resistance-related targets can be dealt with synthetic/natural therapeutics in combination with PTX. The present review encompasses the recent understanding of PTX resistance mechanisms in breast cancer and possible therapeutic combinations to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Mohan Dan
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Reji Saradha Raveendran
- Microbiology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sabulal Baby
- Phytochemistry and Phytopharmacology Division, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Pacha-Palode 695562, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Differences between common endothelial cell models (primary human aortic endothelial cells and EA.hy926 cells) revealed through transcriptomics, bioinformatics, and functional analysis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Martín-Ruiz A, Peña L, González-Gil A, Silvan G, Caceres S, Illera JC. Changes in steroid hormone profile and tumour progression after genistein treatment of canine inflammatory mammary cancer xenotransplanted mice. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:87-91. [PMID: 32311590 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones, such as genistein, have been proposed to have beneficial effects on health, including preventive or therapeutic actions in carcinogenesis. Their structural similarity to oestrogens allows them to bind at the cellular level with oestrogen receptors. Therefore, this study attempted to determine the antitumoural effects of genistein administered in a canine inflammatory mammary cancer xenograft model, in terms of tumour proliferation, appearance of metastases and steroid hormone regulation. Using histology and immunohistochemical analyses as well as the EIA technique for hormonal determinations, the antitumoural effects of genistein on an inflammatory mammary cancer xenograft model were assessed for 3 weeks. Mice treated with genistein showed higher Ki-67 levels than the control group. There were significantly more distant metastases in the genistein-treated xenografts versus the control group. Intratumoural and serum progesterone, androstenedione and oestrogen levels in treated mice were elevated, whereas intratumoural testosterone levels were decreased compared to the control group. These results revealed that genistein ingestion promotes tumour proliferation and elevates metastatic rates by increasing intratumoural and circulating oestrogen levels in a mammary cancer xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martín-Ruiz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Gil
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Silvan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Caceres
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J C Illera
- Department of Animal Physiology, Veterinary Medicine School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Chang T, Ho HL, Hsu SJ, Chang CC, Tsai MH, Huo TI, Huang HC, Lee FY, Hou MC, Lee SD. Glucobrassicin Metabolites Ameliorate the Development of Portal Hypertension and Cirrhosis in Bile Duct-Ligated Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174161. [PMID: 31454890 PMCID: PMC6747388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from liver cirrhosis are often complicated with the formation of portosystemic collateral vessels, which is associated with the progression of a splanchnic hyperdynamic circulatory state. Alleviating pathological angiogenesis has thus been proposed to be a feasible treatment strategy. Indole-3-carbinol (C9H9NO, I3C) and 3,3'-diindolymethane (DIM), formed by the breakdown of glucosinolate glucobrassicin, are prevalent in cruciferous vegetables and have anti-angiogenesis properties. We aimed to evaluate their influences on portal hypertension, the severity of mesenteric angiogenesis, and portosystemic collaterals in cirrhosis. Sprague-Dawley rats with common bile duct ligation (CBDL)-induced liver cirrhosis or sham operation (surgical control) were randomly allocated to receive I3C (20 mg/kg/3 day), DIM (5 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 28 days. The systemic and portal hemodynamics, severity of portosystemic shunting, mesenteric angiogenesis, and mesenteric proangiogenic factors protein expressions were evaluated. Compared to vehicle, both DIM and I3C significantly reduced portal pressure, ameliorated liver fibrosis, and down-regulated mesenteric protein expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and phosphorylated Akt. DIM significantly down-regulated pErk, and I3C down-regulated NFκB, pIκBα protein expressions, and reduced portosystemic shunting degree. The cruciferous vegetable byproducts I3C and DIM not only exerted a portal hypotensive effect but also ameliorated abnormal angiogenesis and portosystemic collaterals in cirrhotic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Ho
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lotong Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Lotong Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan 26546, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Hung Tsai
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
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PKG II reverses HGF-triggered cellular activities by phosphorylating serine 985 of c-Met in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34190-200. [PMID: 27147579 PMCID: PMC5085148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG II) could inhibit the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Both c-Met and EGFR belong to family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and have high molecular analogy. However, the effect of PKG II on c-Met activation is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of PKG II on the activation of c-Met and consequent biological activities. The results from CCK8 assay, Transwell assay and TUNEL assay showed that HGF enhanced cell proliferation and migration, and decreased cell apoptosis. Activated PKG II reversed the above changes caused by HGF. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting results showed that PKG II could bind with c-Met and phosphorylate its Ser985, and thereby inhibited HGF-induced activation of c-Met and MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR mediated signal transduction. When Ser985 of c-Met was mutated to Alanine for preventing phosphorylation of this site, the blocking effect of PKG II on c-Met activation was annulled. When Ser985 of c-Met was mutated to Aspartic acid for mimicking phosphorylation of this site, HGF-induced activation of c-Met was prevented. In conclusion, the results indicated that PKG II could block c-Met activation via phosphorylating Ser985 of this RTK.
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Zhu Y, Zhang B, Gong A, Fu H, Zhang X, Shi H, Sun Y, Wu L, Pan Z, Mao F, Zhu W, Qian H, Xu W. Anti-cancer drug 3,3'-diindolylmethane activates Wnt4 signaling to enhance gastric cancer cell stemness and tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16311-24. [PMID: 26918831 PMCID: PMC4941316 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
As a natural health supplement, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) is proposed as a preventive and chemotherapeutic agent for cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. However, we found that in contrary to high level of DIM (30 μM), low level of DIM (1 μM and 10 μM) obviously promoted gastric cancer cell growth and migration. In addition, we found that low level of DIM increased the expression of stemness factors and enhanced the pluripotency of gastric cancer cells. Low level of DIM promoted gastric cancer progression by inducing the PORCN-dependent secretion of Wnt4 and the activation of β-catenin signaling. Wnt4 knockdown reversed the effects of low level of DIM on gastric cancer cells. The results of in vivo studies showed that gastric cancer cells treated with low level of DIM (1 μM) grew faster and expressed higher level of Wnt4 than control cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that low level of DIM activates autocrine Wnt4 signaling to enhance the progression of gastric cancer, which may suggest an adverse aspect of DIM in cancer therapy. Our findings will provide a new aspect for the safety of DIM in its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture People's Hospital, Dali, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hailong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoji Pan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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9
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Su M, Qian C, Hu Y, Lu W, Huang R, Chen M, Chen J. Inhibitory effect of the low-toxic exogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulator 3'3-diindolylmethane on gastric cancer in mice. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:8100-8105. [PMID: 29344254 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
3'3-Diindolylmethane (DIM) has been proved to exhibit anticancer properties in many solid tumors. In our previous study, we demonstrated that DIM inhibited SGC7901 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis and delaying cell cycle progression. Herein, we further explored the anti-tumor effect of DIM on SGC-7901 tumor bearing mice. Tumors were excised, weighed, and tested by western blot and TdT-UTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. The expression levels of AhR and cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1) protein were evaluated by western-blot assay. Our data show that with the increase of DIM dose (0, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/day), AhR protein gradually decreased as CYP1A1 protein increased. The weight of the tumors found in the treated animals was significantly lower than that of the control group (0.845±0.096 vs. 1.275±0.236 g, 0.768±0.161 vs. 1.275±0.236 g, 0.607±0.106 vs. 1.275±0.236 g, P<0.05). TUNEL test showed that DIM induced increased apoptosis in the treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. Blood tests also indicated that DIM showed no toxic effect on animal weight or liver and kidney function. These results indicated that DIM agent could be a safe and potent drug in therapy of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Rongkang Huang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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10
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Islam MS, Segars JH, Castellucci M, Ciarmela P. Dietary phytochemicals for possible preventive and therapeutic option of uterine fibroids: Signaling pathways as target. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 69:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Levitsky DO, Dembitsky VM. Anti-breast Cancer Agents Derived from Plants. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2014; 5:1-16. [PMID: 25466288 PMCID: PMC4327996 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-014-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Upon emergence of modern anticancer therapy, medical community is divided into two opposite camps, one of them claiming absolute necessity of using isolated or synthesized chemical compounds for efficient patient treatment and another one advocating alternative cancer therapies, in particular those based on natural sources, including extracts from plants. It seems, in reality, that the two camps are reconcilable: while natural sources, plant extracts or juices play both curative and protective role, drugs represent the ultimate possibility to inhibit or reverse tumor development. In this paper we tried to analyze anti-breast cancer potencies of quite a few extracts from different plant sources and to compare their anti-proliferative efficiency of crude extracts with actions of their purified ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri O. Levitsky
- Unité Fonctionalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes/CNRS, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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12
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Marques M, Laflamme L, Benassou I, Cissokho C, Guillemette B, Gaudreau L. Low levels of 3,3'-diindolylmethane activate estrogen receptor α and induce proliferation of breast cancer cells in the absence of estradiol. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:524. [PMID: 25048790 PMCID: PMC4223525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is an acid-catalyzed dimer of idole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in cruciferous vegetables that include broccoli, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. DIM is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand and a potential anticancer agent, namely for the treatment of breast cancer. It is also advertised as a compound that regulates sex hormone homeostasis. METHODS Here we make use of RNA expression assays coupled to Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) in breast cancer cell lines to study the effect of DIM on estrogen signaling. We further make use of growth assays, as well as fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assays, to monitor cell growth. RESULTS In this study, we report that 'physiologically obtainable' concentrations of DIM (10 μM) activate the estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling pathway in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF7 and T47D, in a 17β-estradiol (E2)-independent manner. Accordingly, we observe induction of ERα target genes such as GREB1 and TFF1, and an increase in cellular proliferation after treatment with 10 μM DIM in the absence of E2. By using an ERα specific inhibitor (ICI 182 780), we confirm that the transcriptional and proliferative effects of DIM treatment are mediated by ERα. We further show that the protein kinase A signaling pathway participates in DIM-mediated activation of ERα. In contrast, higher concentrations of DIM (e.g. 50 μM) have an opposite and expected effect on cells, which is to inhibit proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We document an unexpected effect of DIM on cell proliferation, which is to stimulate growth by inducing the ERα signaling pathway. Importantly, this proliferative effect of DIM happens with potentially physiological concentrations that can be provided by the diet or by taking caplet supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Gaudreau
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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13
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Zhang WW, Feng Z, Narod SA. Multiple therapeutic and preventive effects of 3,3'-diindolylmethane on cancers including prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. J Biomed Res 2014; 28:339-48. [PMID: 25332705 PMCID: PMC4197384 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.28.20140008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables belong to the plant family that has flowers with four equal-sized petals in the pattern of a crucifer cross. These vegetables are an abundant source of dietary phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products such as indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM). By 2013, the total number of natural glucosinolates that have been documented is estimated to be 132. Recently, cruciferous vegetable intake has garnered great interest for its multiple health benefits such as anticancer, antiviral infections, human sex hormone regulation, and its therapeutic and preventive effects on prostate cancer and high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). DIM is a hydrolysis product of glucosinolates and has been used in various trials. This review is to provide an insight into the latest developments of DIM in treating or preventing both prostate cancer and HGPIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Weiben Zhang
- Division of Urology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Zhenqing Feng
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Steven A Narod
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
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14
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Uddin MI, Buck JR, Schulte ML, Tang D, Saleh SA, Cheung YY, Harp J, Manning HC. Microwave-assisted, one-pot reaction of 7-azaindoles and aldehydes: a facile route to novel di-7-azaindolylmethanes. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.143. [PMID: 24396154 PMCID: PMC3880151 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel and highly efficient synthetic method leveraging microwave-assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) to yield di-7-azaindolylmethanes (DAIMs) is reported. Under MAOS conditions, reaction of 7-azaindole with aldehydes resulted predominantly in DAIMs, as opposed to the expected 7-azaindole addition products that form at ambient temperature. Based upon studies of different indoles and azaindoles with various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, we herein propose a mechanism where rapid and efficient microwave heating promotes nucleophilicity of 7-azaindoles towards the corresponding alkylidene-azaindolene intermediate to form the DAIM. This sequence provides a versatile approach to efficiently synthesize novel DAIMs that may be useful pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Imam Uddin
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Jason R. Buck
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Michael L. Schulte
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Dewei Tang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Samir A. Saleh
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Yiu-Yin Cheung
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
| | - Joel Harp
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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15
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Nicastro HL, Firestone GL, Bjeldanes LF. 3,3'-diindolylmethane rapidly and selectively inhibits hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling in breast cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1882-8. [PMID: 23968581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), an indole derivative from vegetables of the Brassica genus, has antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells. Part of this activity is thought to be due to DIM inhibition of Akt signaling, but an upstream mechanism of DIM-induced Akt inhibition has not been described. The goals of this study were to investigate the kinetics of inhibition of Akt by physiologically relevant concentrations of DIM and to identify an upstream factor that mediates this effect. Here we report that DIM (5-25 μM) inhibited Akt activation from 30 min to 24h in tumorigenic MDA-MB-231 cells but did not inhibit Akt activation in non-tumorigenic preneoplastic MCF10AT cells. DIM inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced Akt activation by up to 46%, cell migration by 66% and cell proliferation by up to 54%, but did not inhibit induction of Akt by epidermal growth factor or insulin-like growth factor-1. DIM decreased phosphorylation of the HGF receptor, c-Met, at tyrosines 1234 and 1235, indicating decreased activation of the receptor. This decrease was reversed by pretreatment with inhibitors of p38 or calcineurin. Our results demonstrate the important role of HGF and c-Met in DIM's anti-proliferative effect on breast cancer cells and suggest that DIM could have preventive or clinical value as an inhibitor of c-Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Nicastro
- Department of Nutritional Science & Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104.
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16
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Beaver LM, Yu TW, Sokolowski EI, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Ho E. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane, but not indole-3-carbinol, inhibits histone deacetylase activity in prostate cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:345-51. [PMID: 22800507 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased consumption of cruciferous vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of developing prostate cancer. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are phytochemicals derived from cruciferous vegetables that have shown promise in inhibiting prostate cancer in experimental models. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition is an emerging target for cancer prevention and therapy. We sought to examine the effects of I3C and DIM on HDACs in human prostate cancer cell lines: androgen insensitive PC-3 cells and androgen sensitive LNCaP cells. I3C modestly inhibited HDAC activity in LNCaP cells by 25% but no inhibition of HDAC activity was detected in PC-3 cells. In contrast, DIM significantly inhibited HDAC activity in both cell lines by as much as 66%. Decreases in HDAC activity correlated with increased expression of p21, a known target of HDAC inhibitors. DIM treatment caused a significant decrease in the expression of HDAC2 protein in both cancer cell lines but no significant change in the protein levels of HDAC1, HDAC3, HDAC4, HDAC6 or HDAC8 was detected. Taken together, these results show that inhibition of HDAC activity by DIM may contribute to the phytochemicals' anti-proliferative effects in the prostate. The ability of DIM to target aberrant epigenetic patterns, in addition to its effects on detoxification of carcinogens, may make it an effective chemopreventive agent by targeting multiple stages of prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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17
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Ferguson LR, Schlothauer RC. The potential role of nutritional genomics tools in validating high health foods for cancer control: broccoli as example. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:126-46. [PMID: 22147677 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional genomics reflects gene/nutrient interactions, utilising high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research. The field also considers the contribution of individual genotypes to wellness and the risk of chronic disease (nutrigenetics), and how such genetic predisposition may be modified by appropriate diets. For example, high consumption of brassicaceous vegetables, including broccoli, has regularly associated with low cancer risk. Bioactive chemicals in broccoli include glucosinolates, plant pigments including kaempferol, quercetin, lutein and carotenoids, various vitamins, minerals and amino acids. Cancer prevention is hypothesised to act through various mechanisms including modulation of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes, NF-E2 p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2)-mediated stress-response mechanisms, and protection against genomic instability. Broccoli and broccoli extracts also regulate the progression of cancer through anti-inflammatory effects, effects on signal transduction, epigenetic effects and modulation of the colonic microflora. Human intervention studies with broccoli and related foods, using standard biomarker methodologies, reveal part of a complex picture. Nutrigenomic approaches, especially transcriptomics, enable simultaneous study of various signalling pathways and networks. Phenotypic, genetic and/or metabolic stratification may identify individuals most likely to respond positively to foods or diets. Jointly, these technologies can provide proof of human efficacy, and may be essential to ensure effective market transfer and uptake of broccoli and related foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, New Zealand.
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18
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Banerjee S, Kong D, Wang Z, Bao B, Hillman GG, Sarkar FH. Attenuation of multi-targeted proliferation-linked signaling by 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM): from bench to clinic. Mutat Res 2011; 728:47-66. [PMID: 21703360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence provide credible support in favor of the potential role of bioactive products derived from ingesting cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower and cabbage. Among many compounds, 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) is generated in the acidic environment of the stomach following dimerization of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) monomers present in these classes of vegetables. Both I3C and DIM have been investigated for their use in preventing, inhibiting, and reversing the progression of cancer - as a chemopreventive agent. In this review, we summarize an updated, wide-ranging pleiotropic anti-tumor and biological effects elicited by DIM against tumor cells. It is unfeasible to point one single target as basis of cellular target of action of DIM. We emphasize key cellular and molecular events that are effectively modulated in the direction of inducing apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation. Collectively, DIM orchestrates signaling through Ah receptor, NF-κB/Wnt/Akt/mTOR pathways impinging on cell cycle arrest, modulation of key cytochrome P450 enzymes, altering angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis and epigenetic behavior of cancer cells. The ability of DIM to selectively induce tumor cells to undergo apoptosis has been observed in preclinical models, and thus it has been speculated in improving the therapeutic efficacy of other anticancer agents that have diverse molecular targets. Consequently, DIM has moved through preclinical development into Phase I clinical trials, thereby suggesting that DIM could be a promising and novel agent either alone or as an adjunct to conventional therapeutics such as chemo-radio and targeted therapies. An important development has been the availability of DIM formulation with superior bioavailability for humans. Therefore, DIM appears to be a promising chemopreventive agent or chemo-radio-sensitizer for the prevention of tumor recurrence and/or for the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Gilda G Hillman
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fazlul H Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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19
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Fowke JH, Gao YT, Chow WH, Cai Q, Shu XO, Li HL, Ji BT, Rothman N, Yang G, Chung FL, Zheng W. Urinary isothiocyanate levels and lung cancer risk among non-smoking women: a prospective investigation. Lung Cancer 2010; 73:18-24. [PMID: 21122939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aside from tobacco carcinogen metabolism, isothiocyanates (ITC) from cruciferous vegetables may induce apoptosis or steroid metabolism to reduce lung cancer risk. To separate the effect of these divergent mechanisms of action, we investigated the association between urinary ITC levels and lung cancer risk among non-smoking women. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control within the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Subjects included 209 incident lung cancer cases who never used tobacco, and 787 individually matched non-smoking controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) summarizing the association between urinary ITC levels and lung cancer. Secondary analyses stratified the ITC-lung cancer analyses by menopausal status, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes. RESULTS Urinary ITC levels were not significantly associated with lower lung cancer risk among non-smoking women, regardless of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or menopausal status. Furthermore, this association was not modified by GSTT1 genotype. However, an inverse association was suggested among women with a GSTM1-positive genotype (Q1: OR=1.0 (reference); Q2: OR=0.35 (0.14, 0.89); Q3: OR=0.47 (0.20, 1.10); Q4: OR=0.63 (0.35, 1.54), p-trend=0.38). In contrast, lung cancer risk was positively associated with urinary ITC levels among women with the GSTM1-null genotype (Q1: OR=1.0 (reference); Q2: OR=1.67 (0.80, 3.50); Q3: OR=1.54 (0.71, 3.33); Q4: OR=2.22 (1.05, 4.67), p-trend=0.06). CONCLUSION Urinary ITC levels were not associated overall with lower lung cancer risk among non-smoking women, but secondary analyses suggested an interaction between urinary ITC levels, GSTM1 genotype, and lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Fowke
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203-1738, United States.
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20
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Firestone GL, Sundar SN. Minireview: modulation of hormone receptor signaling by dietary anticancer indoles. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:1940-7. [PMID: 19837944 DOI: 10.1210/me.2009-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol and its diindole condensation product 3-3'-diindolylmethane are dietary phytochemicals that have striking anticarcinogenic properties in human cancer cells. Molecular, cellular, physiological, and clinical studies have documented that both indole-3-carbinol and 3-3'-diindolylmethane have potent endocrine modulating activities through a myriad of mechanisms. The focus of this review is to discuss the evidence that directly links the anticancer actions of these two indole compounds to the control of steroid receptor and growth factor receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary L Firestone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of California at Berkeley, 94720-3200, USA.
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21
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Kassie F, Kalscheuer S, Matise I, Ma L, Melkamu T, Upadhyaya P, Hecht SS. Inhibition of vinyl carbamate-induced pulmonary adenocarcinoma by indole-3-carbinol and myo-inositol in A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:239-45. [PMID: 19625346 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we reported that indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and myo-inositol (MI) inhibit lung adenoma induced by tobacco smoke carcinogens in A/J mice. In this paper, we extended our work and examined the effects of I3C (70 or 30 micromol/g diet) and MI (56 micromol/g diet) against vinyl carbamate (VC)-induced lung adenocarcinoma by administering the agents from 1 week after the second of two injections of VC until termination of the study at week 18. The higher dose of I3C decreased multiplicities of tumors on the surface of the lung (26%, P = 0.0005), carcinoma incidence (38%), multiplicity (67%, P < 0.0001) and size (complete abolition of carcinoma with an area of >1.0 cm(2)) as well as adenoma with cellular pleomorphism (46%, P < 0.0001). The lower dose of I3C was less effective. MI decreased multiplicities of pulmonary surface tumors (20%, P = 0.0005), adenoma with cellular pleomorphism (40%, P < 0.0001) and lung adenoma (52%, P < 0.0001) and the proportion of the biggest carcinoma (carcinoma with an area of >1.0 cm(2), P < 0.05). Immunoblot analyses of lung tissues for potential target identification showed that I3C (70 micromol/g diet) inhibits IkappaBalpha degradation, nuclear factor-kappaB activation, expression of cyclooxygenase-2, phospho-Akt and fatty acid synthase (FAS) and activates caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. The effect of MI was limited to inhibition of phospho-Akt and FAS expression. Our data show that I3C and MI inhibit lung carcinoma and provide a basis for future evaluation of these compounds in clinical trials as chemopreventive agents for current and former smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center, Mayo Mail Code 806, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Banerjee S, Wang Z, Kong D, Sarkar FH. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane enhances chemosensitivity of multiple chemotherapeutic agents in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5592-600. [PMID: 19531648 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-0838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management of pancreatic cancer is a major problem, which is in part due to both de novo and acquired resistance to conventional therapeutics. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo preclinical evidence in support of chemosensitization of pancreatic cancer cells by 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural compound that can be easily obtained by consuming cruciferous vegetables. DIM pretreatment of pancreatic cancer cells led to a significantly increased apoptosis (P < 0.01) with suboptimal concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin) compared with monotherapy. It is known that resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer is associated with constitutively activated nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which becomes further activated by chemotherapeutic drugs. Our data provide mechanistic evidence for the first time showing that DIM potentiates the killing of pancreatic cancer cells by down-regulation of constitutive as well as drug-induced activation of NF-kappaB and its downstream genes (Bcl-xL, XIAP, cIAP, and survivin). Most importantly, using an orthotopic animal model, we found reduction in tumor size (P < 0.001) when DIM was given in combination with oxaliplatin compared with monotherapy. This was accompanied by loss of phospho-p65 and down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity and its downstream genes (Bcl-xL, survivin, and XIAP), which correlated with reduced cell proliferation (as assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining of tumor specimens) and evidence of apoptosis [as assessed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining]. These results provide strong in vivo evidence in support of our hypothesis that DIM could abrogate chemotherapeutic drug (cisplatin, gemcitabine, and/or oxaliplatin)-induced activation of NF-kappaB, resulting in the chemosensitization of pancreatic tumors to conventional therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Kong D, Li Y, Wang Z, Banerjee S, Sarkar FH. Inhibition of angiogenesis and invasion by 3,3'-diindolylmethane is mediated by the nuclear factor-kappaB downstream target genes MMP-9 and uPA that regulated bioavailability of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3310-9. [PMID: 17409440 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer is believed to be dependent on angiogenesis induced by tumor cells. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM) has been shown to repress neovascularization in a Matrigel plug assay and inhibit cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. However, the molecular mechanism, by which DIM inhibits angiogenesis and invasion, has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we sought to explore the molecular mechanism by which DIM inhibits angiogenesis and invasion, specifically by investigating the role of angiogenic factors secreted by prostate cancer cells which control all steps of angiogenesis. We found that BioResponse DIM (B-DIM), a formulated DIM with higher bioavailability, inhibited angiogenesis and invasion by reducing the bioavailability of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via repressing extracellular matrix-degrading proteases, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), in human prostate cancer cells and reduced vascularity (angiogenesis) in vivo using Matrigel plug assay. We also found that B-DIM treatment inhibited DNA binding activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), which is known to mediate the expression of many NF-kappaB downstream target genes, including VEGF, IL-8, uPA, and MMP-9, all of which are involved in angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Our data suggest that inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding activity by B-DIM contributes to the regulated bioavailability of VEGF by MMP-9 and uPA and, in turn, inhibits invasion and angiogenesis, which could be mechanistically linked with the antitumor activity of B-DIM as observed previously by our laboratory in a prostate cancer animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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