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A Simple and Efficient Method for the Substrate Identification of Amino Acid Decarboxylases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314551. [PMID: 36498879 PMCID: PMC9737665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid decarboxylases convert amino acids into different biogenic amines which regulate diverse biological processes. Therefore, identifying the substrates of amino acid decarboxylases is critical for investigating the function of the decarboxylases, especially for the new genes predicted to be amino acid decarboxylases. In the present work, we have established a simple and efficient method to identify the substrates and enzymatic activity of amino acid decarboxylases based on LC-MS methods. We chose GAD65 and AADC as models to validate our method. GAD65 and AADC were expressed in HEK 293T cells and purified through immunoprecipitation. The purified amino acid decarboxylases were subjected to enzymatic reaction with different substrate mixtures in vitro. LC-MS analysis of the reaction mixture identified depleted or accumulated metabolites, which corresponded to candidate enzyme substrates and products, respectively. Our method successfully identified the substrates and products of known amino acid decarboxylases. In summary, our method can efficiently identify the substrates and products of amino acid decarboxylases, which will facilitate future amino acid decarboxylase studies.
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Rahim AB, Lim HK, Tan CYR, Jia L, Leo VI, Uemura T, Hardman-Smart J, Common JEA, Lim TC, Bellanger S, Paus R, Igarashi K, Yang H, Vardy LA. The Polyamine Regulator AMD1 Upregulates Spermine Levels to Drive Epidermal Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2178-2188.e6. [PMID: 33984347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining tissue homeostasis depends on a balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Within the epidermis, the levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are altered in many different skin conditions, yet their role in epidermal tissue homeostasis is poorly understood. We identify the polyamine regulator, Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 (AMD1), as a crucial regulator of keratinocyte (KC) differentiation. AMD1 protein is upregulated on differentiation and is highly expressed in the suprabasal layers of the human epidermis. During KC differentiation, elevated AMD1 promotes decreased putrescine and increased spermine levels. Knockdown or inhibition of AMD1 results in reduced spermine levels and inhibition of KC differentiation. Supplementing AMD1-knockdown KCs with exogenous spermidine or spermine rescued aberrant differentiation. We show that the polyamine shift is critical for the regulation of key transcription factors and signaling proteins that drive KC differentiation, including KLF4 and ZNF750. These findings show that human KCs use controlled changes in polyamine levels to modulate gene expression to drive cellular behavior changes. Modulation of polyamine levels during epidermal differentiation could impact skin barrier formation or can be used in the treatment of hyperproliferative skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisa B Rahim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Kheng Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christina Yan Ru Tan
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Jia
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vonny Ivon Leo
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jonathan Hardman-Smart
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam Chye Lim
- Division of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sophie Bellanger
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Kazuei Igarashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leah A Vardy
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
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Yamamoto Y, Makino T, Kudo H, Ihn H, Murakami Y, Matsufuji S, Fujiwara K, Shin M. Expression and distribution patterns of spermine, spermidine, and putrescine in rat hair follicle. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 149:161-167. [PMID: 29159700 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No expression and distribution patterns of polyamines (PAs), spermine, spermidine, and their precursor putrescine in mammalian hair follicle are available, although polyamines are known to correlate well with hair growth and epidermal tumor genesis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using our original two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ASPM-29 specific for spermine or spermidine, and APUT-32 specific for putrescine allowed us to detect immunoreactivity for polyamines in hair follicles from normal adult rats. A wide range of immunoreactivity for the total spermine and spermidine was observed in the compartments of hair follicle: The highest degree of immunoreactivity for polyamines was observed in the matrix, in the Huxley's layer, in the deeper Henle's layer, and in the cuticle of the inner root sheath/the hair cuticle, while moderate immunoreactivity existed in the lower-to-mid cortex and the companion layer, followed by lower immunoreactivity in the outer root sheath, including the bulge region and in the deeper medulla, in which the immunoreactivity was also evident in their nuclei. In addition, somewhat surprisingly, with IHC by APUT-32 mAb, we detected significant levels of putrescine in the compartments, in which the immunostaining pattern was the closely similar to that of the total spermine and spermidine. Thus, among these compartments, the cell types of the matrix, the Huxley's layer, the deeper Henle's layer, and the cuticle of the inner root sheath/the hair cuticle seem to have the biologically higher potential in compartments of anagen hair follicle, maybe suggesting that they are involved more critically in the biological event of hair growth. In addition, we noted sharp differences of immunostaining by IHCs between ASPM-29 mAb and APUT-32 mAb in the epidermis cells and fibroblast. ASPM-29 mAb resulted in strong staining in both the cell types, but APUT-32 mAb showed only very light staining in both types. Consequently, the use of the two IHCs could be extremely useful in further studies on hair cycle and epidermal tumor genesis experimentally or clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Makino
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1Honjyo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Kudo
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1Honjyo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hironobu Ihn
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1Honjyo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuko Murakami
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kunio Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Masashi Shin
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan
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Nowotarski SL, Feith DJ, Shantz LM. Skin Carcinogenesis Studies Using Mouse Models with Altered Polyamines. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:17-27. [PMID: 26380554 PMCID: PMC4558889 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a major health concern worldwide. With increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and patients taking photosensitizing medications, the incidence of NMSC continues to rise. Mouse models of NMSC allow us to better understand the molecular signaling cascades involved in skin tumor development in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the models designed to determine the role of the polyamines in NMSC development and maintenance. Elevated polyamines are absolutely required for tumor growth, and dysregulation of their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes has been observed in NMSC. Studies using mice with genetic alterations in epidermal polyamines suggest that they play key roles in tumor promotion and epithelial cell survival pathways, and recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of polyamine metabolism show promise in individuals at high risk for NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Nowotarski
- Department of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University Berks College, Reading, PA, USA
| | - David J Feith
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Hayes CS, DeFeo-Mattox K, Woster PM, Gilmour SK. Elevated ornithine decarboxylase activity promotes skin tumorigenesis by stimulating the recruitment of bulge stem cells but not via toxic polyamine catabolic metabolites. Amino Acids 2013; 46:543-52. [PMID: 23884694 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1559-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated expression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the regulatory enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, targeted to the epidermis is sufficient to promote skin tumor development following a single subthreshold dose of dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Since skin tumor promotion involves recruitment of hair follicle bulge stem cells harboring genetic lesions, we assessed the effect of increased epidermal ODC on recruitment of bulge stem cells in ODC-ER transgenic mice in which ODC activity is induced de novo in adult skin with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT). Bromodeoxyuridine-pulse labeling and use of K15.CrePR1;R26R;ODC-ER triple transgenic mice demonstrated that induction of ODC activity is sufficient to recruit bulge stem cells in quiescent skin. Because increased ODC activity not only stimulates proliferation but also increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation via subsequent induction of polyamine catabolic oxidases, we used an inhibitor of polyamine catabolic oxidase activity, MDL72527, to investigate whether ROS generation by polyamine catabolic oxidases contributes to skin tumorigenesis in DMBA-initiated ODC-ER transgenic skin. Newborn ODC-ER transgenic mice and their normal littermates were initiated with a single topical dose of DMBA. To assess tumor development originating from dormant bulge stem cells that possess DMBA-initiated mutations, epidermal ODC activity was induced in ODC-ER mice with 4OHT 5 weeks after DMBA initiation followed by MDL72527 treatment. MDL72527 treatment resulted in a shorter tumor latency time, increased tumor burden, increased conversion to carcinomas, and lower tumor levels of p53. Thus, elevated epidermal ODC activity promotes tumorigenesis by stimulating the recruitment of bulge stem cells but not via ROS generation by polyamine catabolic oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Hayes
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Avenue, Wynnewood, PA, 19096, USA
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Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e3. [PMID: 23432971 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small organic cations that are essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. Under normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine concentrations are tightly regulated through a dynamic network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes, and a poorly characterised transport system. This precise regulation ensures that the intracellular concentration of polyamines is maintained within strictly controlled limits. It has frequently been observed that the metabolism of, and the requirement for, polyamines in tumours is frequently dysregulated. Elevated levels of polyamines have been associated with breast, colon, lung, prostate and skin cancers, and altered levels of rate-limiting enzymes in both biosynthesis and catabolism have been observed. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumour growth, the polyamine pathway is a rational target for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Here we describe the recent advances made in the polyamine field and focus on the roles of polyamines and polyamine metabolism in neoplasia through a discussion of the current animal models for the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic strategies that target the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic clinical trials for polyamine pathway-specific drugs and ongoing clinical trials targeting polyamine biosynthesis.
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Furihata C. Attempts at Organ-specific In Vivo Short-term Tests for Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens in Rodent Liver and Stomach. Genes Environ 2013. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.35.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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