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Falcucci S, Paolini F, Mileo AM, Franconi R, Massa S, Rinaldi A, Venuti A. ePCL Electrospun Microfibrous Layers for Immune Assays: Sensitive ELISA for the Detection of Serum Antibodies Against HPV16 E7 Oncoprotein. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8778-8783. [PMID: 33842749 PMCID: PMC8028003 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 is the etiologic agent of more than 50% anal/cervical cancers and about 20% oropharyngeal cancers. HPV16 E6 and E7 oncogenes favor the transformation and are essential for maintaining the transformed status. Serum anti-E6 and anti-E7 antibodies appear to have prognostic significance for HPV-associated cancers. However, most of the previous attempts to establish diagnostic tools based on serum detection of E6 and/or E7 antibodies have been unsuccessful, mainly due to the low accuracy of applied tests. This paper reports on a feasibility study to prove the possibility to easily immobilize HPV16 E7 onto electrospun substrates for application in diagnostic tools. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun scaffolds (called ePCL) are used to provide a microstructured substrate with a high surface-to-volume ratio, capable of binding E7 proteins when used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. ePCL functionalized with E7 exhibited superior properties compared to standard polystyrene plates, increasing the detection signal from serum antibodies by 5-6 times. Analysis of the serum samples from mice immunized with HPV16 E7 DNA vaccine showed higher efficiency of this new anti-E7 ePCL-ELISA test vs control in E7-specific antibody detection. In addition, ePCL-E7-ELISA is prepared with a relatively low amount of antigen, decreasing the manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Falcucci
- HPV-Unit
UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy—IRCCS Regina Elena
National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Paolini
- HPV-Unit
UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy—IRCCS Regina Elena
National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- UOSD
Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy—IRCCS Regina Elena National
Cancer Institute, Via
Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Department
of Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National
Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development),
Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese, 301, S. Maria di Galeria, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Massa
- Department
of Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National
Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development),
Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese, 301, S. Maria di Galeria, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rinaldi
- Department
of Sustainability, ENEA (Italian National
Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development),
Casaccia Research Centre, Via Anguillarese, 301, S. Maria di Galeria, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV-Unit
UOSD Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy—IRCCS Regina Elena
National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
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Scarth JA, Patterson MR, Morgan EL, Macdonald A. The human papillomavirus oncoproteins: a review of the host pathways targeted on the road to transformation. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001540. [PMID: 33427604 PMCID: PMC8148304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the causal factor in over 99 % of cervical cancer cases, and a significant proportion of oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers. The key drivers of HPV-mediated transformation are the oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7. Together, they act to prolong cell-cycle progression, delay differentiation and inhibit apoptosis in the host keratinocyte cell in order to generate an environment permissive for viral replication. The oncoproteins also have key roles in mediating evasion of the host immune response, enabling infection to persist. Moreover, prolonged infection within the cellular environment established by the HR-HPV oncoproteins can lead to the acquisition of host genetic mutations, eventually culminating in transformation to malignancy. In this review, we outline the many ways in which the HR-HPV oncoproteins manipulate the host cellular environment, focusing on how these activities can contribute to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Scarth
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Molly R. Patterson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Present address: Tumour Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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3
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Matarrese P, Vona R, Ascione B, Paggi MG, Mileo AM. Physical Interaction between HPV16E7 and the Actin-Binding Protein Gelsolin Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via HIPPO-YAP Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020353. [PMID: 33477952 PMCID: PMC7836002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) exhibits a strong oncogenic potential mainly in cervical, anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. The E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, acting via specific interactions with host cellular targets, are required for cell transformation and maintenance of the transformed phenotype as well. We previously demonstrated that HPV16E7 interacts with the actin-binding protein gelsolin, involved in cytoskeletal F-actin dynamics. Herein, we provide evidence that the E7/gelsolin interaction promotes the cytoskeleton rearrangement leading to epithelial-mesenchymal transition-linked morphological and transcriptional changes. E7-mediated cytoskeletal actin remodeling induces the HIPPO pathway by promoting the cytoplasmic retention of inactive P-YAP. These results suggest that YAP could play a role in the "de-differentiation" process underlying the acquisition of a more aggressive phenotype in HPV16-transformed cells. A deeper comprehension of the multifaceted mechanisms elicited by the HPV infection is vital for providing novel strategies to block the biological and clinical features of virus-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Rosa Vona
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Oncology Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.M.); (R.V.); (B.A.)
| | - Marco G. Paggi
- Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Proteomics Unit, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.P.); (A.M.M.); Tel.: +39-0652662550 (M.G.P. & A.M.M.)
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, IRCCS—Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Rome, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.G.P.); (A.M.M.); Tel.: +39-0652662550 (M.G.P. & A.M.M.)
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Mass Spectrometric Comparison of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061531. [PMID: 32545200 PMCID: PMC7352546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) consist of two distinct biological entities. While the numbers of classical, tobacco-induced HNSCC are declining, tumors caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are increasing in many countries. HPV-positive HNSCC mostly arise in the oropharynx and are characterized by an enhanced sensitivity towards radiotherapy and a favorable prognosis. To identify molecular differences between both entities on the protein level, we conducted a mass spectrometric comparison of eight HPV-positive and nine HPV-negative oropharyngeal tumors (OPSCC). Overall, we identified 2051 proteins, of which 31 were found to be differentially expressed. Seventeen of these can be assorted to three functional groups, namely DNA replication, nuclear architecture and cytoskeleton regulation, with the differences in the last group potentially reflecting an enhanced migratory and invasive capacity. Furthermore, a number of identified proteins have been described to directly impact on DNA double-strand break repair or radiation sensitivity (e.g., SLC3A2, cortactin, RBBP4, Numa1), offering explanations for the differential prognosis. The unequal expression of three proteins (SLC3A2, MCM2 and lamin B1) was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining using a tissue microarray containing 205 OPSCC samples. The expression levels of SLC3A2 and lamin B1 were found be of prognostic relevance in patients with HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCC, respectively.
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Yuan X, Wang W, Li J, Zheng P, Dong P, Chen L, Zhou Y, Xie G, Xu D, Liu Y, Shen L. Gelsolin suppresses gastric cancer metastasis through inhibition of PKR-p38 signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53459-53470. [PMID: 27419625 PMCID: PMC5288199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological function of gelsolin in gastric cancer and its mechanism remained undefined. Here, we demonstrated that gelsolin was down-regulated in human gastric cancer tissues, and lower tumorous gelsolin significantly correlated with gastric cancer metastasis. Functionally, gelsolin suppressed the migration of gastric cancer cells in vitro and inhibited lung metastasis in vivo. In mechanism, gelsolin decreased epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) inducing cytoskeleton remolding through inhibition of p38 signaling to suppress the migration of gastric cancer cell. Moreover, gelsolin bound to and decreased the phosphorylation of PKR, and then inhibited p38 signaling pathway. Finally, similar to the gastric cancer cell lines, PKR-p38 signaling pathway proteins tend to be activated and correlated with low expression of gelsolin in clinical gastric cancer tissues. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of gelsolin in suppression of gastric cancer metastasis through inhibition of PKR-p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangliang Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yunlan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dakang Xu
- MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Matarrese P, Abbruzzese C, Mileo AM, Vona R, Ascione B, Visca P, Rollo F, Benevolo M, Malorni W, Paggi MG. Interaction between the human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein and gelsolin ignites cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Oncotarget 2018; 7:50972-50985. [PMID: 27072581 PMCID: PMC5239452 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral oncoprotein E7 from the “high-risk” Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) strain is able, when expressed in human keratinocytes, to physically interact with the actin severing protein gelsolin (GSN). In a previous work it has been suggested that this protein-protein interaction can hinder GSN severing function, thus leading to actin network remodeling. In the present work we investigated the possible implications of this molecular interaction in cancer cell metastatic potential by analyzing two different human CC cell lines characterized by low or high expression levels of HPV16 DNA (SiHa and CaSki, respectively). In addition, a HPV-null CC cell line (C-33A), transfected in order to express the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein as well as two different deletion mutants, was also analyzed. We found that HPV16 E7 expression level was directly related with cervical cancer migration and invasion capabilities and that these HPV16 E7-related features were associated with Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) processes. These effects appeared as strictly attributable to the physical interaction of HPV16 E7 with GSN, since HPV16 E7 deletion mutants unable to bind to GSN were also unable to modify microfilament assembly dynamics and, therefore, cell movements and invasiveness. Altogether, these data profile the importance of the physical interaction between HPV16 E7 and GSN in the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype by CC cells, underscoring the role of HPV16 intracellular load as a risk factor in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Unit of Cellular Networks and Therapeutic Targets, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Unit of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Vona
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Ascione
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Visca
- Unit of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Rollo
- Unit of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Benevolo
- Unit of Pathology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Istituto San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, Unit of Cellular Networks and Therapeutic Targets, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Wüstenhagen E, Hampe L, Boukhallouk F, Schneider MA, Spoden GA, Negwer I, Koynov K, Kast WM, Florin L. The Cytoskeletal Adaptor Obscurin-Like 1 Interacts with the Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) Capsid Protein L2 and Is Required for HPV16 Endocytosis. J Virol 2016; 90:10629-10641. [PMID: 27654294 PMCID: PMC5110159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01222-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid protein L2 is essential for viral entry. To gain a deeper understanding of the role of L2, we searched for novel cellular L2-interacting proteins. A yeast two-hybrid analysis uncovered the actin-depolymerizing factor gelsolin, the membrane glycoprotein dysadherin, the centrosomal protein 68 (Cep68), and the cytoskeletal adaptor protein obscurin-like 1 protein (OBSL1) as putative L2 binding molecules. Pseudovirus (PsV) infection assays identified OBSL1 as a host factor required for gene transduction by three oncogenic human papillomavirus types, HPV16, HPV18, and HPV31. In addition, we detected OBSL1 expression in cervical tissue sections and noted the involvement of OBSL1 during gene transduction of primary keratinocytes by HPV16 PsV. Complex formation of HPV16 L2 with OBSL1 was demonstrated in coimmunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation studies after overexpression of L2 or after PsV exposure. We observed a strong colocalization of OBSL1 with HPV16 PsV and tetraspanin CD151 at the plasma membrane, suggesting a role for OBSL1 in viral endocytosis. Indeed, viral entry assays exhibited a reduction of viral endocytosis in OBSL1-depleted cells. Our results suggest OBSL1 as a novel L2-interacting protein and endocytosis factor in HPV infection. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia, and the high-risk HPV types account for 5% of cancer cases worldwide. As recently discovered, HPV entry occurs by a clathrin-, caveolin-, and dynamin-independent endocytosis via tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. At present, the cellular proteins involved in the underlying mechanism of this type of endocytosis are under investigation. In this study, the cytoskeletal adaptor OBSL1 was discovered as a previously unrecognized interaction partner of the minor capsid protein L2 and was identified as a proviral host factor required for HPV16 endocytosis into target cells. The findings of this study advance the understanding of a so far less well-characterized endocytic pathway that is used by oncogenic HPV subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Wüstenhagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Hampe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatima Boukhallouk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc A Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gilles A Spoden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Inka Negwer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luise Florin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Mattarocci S, Abbruzzese C, Mileo AM, Carosi M, Pescarmona E, Vico C, Federico A, Vizza E, Corrado G, Arisi I, Felsani A, Paggi MG. Identification of pivotal cellular factors involved in HPV-induced dysplastic and neoplastic cervical pathologies. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:463-70. [PMID: 24105779 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma represents the paradigm of virus-induced cancers, where virtually all cervical cancers come from previous "high-risk" HPV infection. The persistent expression of the HPV viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is responsible for the reprogramming of fundamental cellular functions in the host cell, thus generating a noticeable, yet only partially explored, imbalance in protein molecular networks and cell signaling pathways. Eighty-eight cellular factors, identified as HPV direct or surrogate targets, were chosen and monitored in a retrospective analysis for their mRNA expression in HPV-induced cervical lesions, from dysplasia to cancer. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed by using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded archival samples. Gene expression analysis identified 40 genes significantly modulated in LSIL, HSIL, and squamous cervical carcinoma. Interestingly, among these, the expression level of a panel of four genes, TOP2A, CTNNB1, PFKM, and GSN, was able to distinguish between normal tissues and cervical carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess protein expression of two genes among those up-regulated during the transition between dysplasia and carcinoma, namely E2F1 and CDC25A, and their correlation with clinical parameters. Besides the possibility of significantly enhancing the use of some of these factors in diagnostic or prognostic procedures, these data clearly outline specific pathways, and thus key biological processes, altered in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Deeper insight on how these molecular mechanisms work may help widen the spectrum of novel innovative approaches to these virus-induced cell pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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