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Marcu GM, Dumbravă A, Băcilă IC, Szekely-Copîndean RD, Zăgrean AM. Increasing Value and Reducing Waste of Research on Neurofeedback Effects in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-Art-Review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2024; 49:23-45. [PMID: 38151684 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-023-09610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is often considered challenging to treat due to factors that contribute to its complexity. In the last decade, more attention has been paid to non-pharmacological or non-psychological therapies for PTSD, including neurofeedback (NFB). NFB is a promising non-invasive technique targeting specific brainwave patterns associated with psychiatric symptomatology. By learning to regulate brain activity in a closed-loop paradigm, individuals can improve their functionality while reducing symptom severity. However, owing to its lax regulation and heterogeneous legal status across different countries, the degree to which it has scientific support as a psychiatric treatment remains controversial. In this state-of-the-art review, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and MEDLINE and identified meta-analyses and systematic reviews exploring the efficacy of NFB for PTSD. We included seven systematic reviews, out of which three included meta-analyses (32 studies and 669 participants) that targeted NFB as an intervention while addressing a single condition-PTSD. We used the MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2 and the criteria described by Cristea and Naudet (Behav Res Therapy 123:103479, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103479 ) to identify sources of research waste and increasing value in biomedical research. The seven assessed reviews had an overall extremely poor quality score (5 critically low, one low, one moderate, and none high) and multiple sources of waste while opening opportunities for increasing value in the NFB literature. Our research shows that it remains unclear whether NFB training is significantly beneficial in treating PTSD. The quality of the investigated literature is low and maintains a persistent uncertainty over numerous points, which are highly important for deciding whether an intervention has clinical efficacy. Just as importantly, none of the reviews we appraised explored the statistical power, referred to open data of the included studies, or adjusted their pooled effect sizes for publication bias and risk of bias. Based on the obtained results, we identified some recurrent sources of waste (such as a lack of research decisions based on sound questions or using an appropriate methodology in a fully transparent, unbiased, and useable manner) and proposed some directions for increasing value (homogeneity and consensus) in designing and reporting research on NFB interventions in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mariana Marcu
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Psychology, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, Sibiu, Romania.
| | - Andrei Dumbravă
- George I.M. Georgescu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Iaşi, Romania
- Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Ionuţ-Ciprian Băcilă
- Scientific Research Group in Neuroscience "Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Clinical Psychiatry Hospital, Sibiu, Romania
- Faculty of Medicine, "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Romania, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Raluca Diana Szekely-Copîndean
- Scientific Research Group in Neuroscience "Dr. Gheorghe Preda" Clinical Psychiatry Hospital, Sibiu, Romania
- Department of Social and Human Research, Romanian Academy - Cluj-Napoca Branch, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Zăgrean
- Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Functional Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Proshina E, Martynova O, Portnova G, Khayrullina G, Sysoeva O. Long-range temporal correlations in resting state alpha oscillations in major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Front Neuroinform 2024; 18:1339590. [PMID: 38450096 PMCID: PMC10914983 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2024.1339590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental disorders are a significant concern in contemporary society, with a pressing need to identify biological markers. Long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) of brain rhythms have been widespread in clinical cohort studies, especially in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, research on LRTC in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is severely limited. Given the high co-occurrence of OCD and MDD, we conducted a comparative LRTC investigation. We assumed that the LRTC patterns will allow us to compare measures of brain cortical balance of excitation and inhibition in OCD and MDD, which will be useful in the area of differential diagnosis. Methods In this study, we used the 64-channel resting state EEG of 29 MDD participants, 26 OCD participants, and a control group of 37 volunteers. Detrended fluctuation analyzes was used to assess LRTC. Results Our results indicate that all scaling exponents of the three subject groups exhibited persistent LRTC of EEG oscillations. There was a tendency for LRTC to be higher in disorders than in controls, but statistically significant differences were found between the OCD and control groups in the entire frontal and left parietal occipital areas, and between the MDD and OCD groups in the middle and right frontal areas. Discussion We believe that these results indicate abnormalities in the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter systems, predominantly affecting areas related to executive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshina
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Martynova
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Portnova
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Guzal Khayrullina
- Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Sysoeva
- Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius Center for Cognitive Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
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Askovic M, Soh N, Elhindi J, Harris AW. Neurofeedback for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical and neurophysiological outcomes. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2257435. [PMID: 37732560 PMCID: PMC10515677 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2257435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition affecting millions of people worldwide. Existing treatments often fail to address the complexity of its symptoms and functional impairments resulting from severe and prolonged trauma. Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback (NFB) has emerged as a promising treatment that aims to reduce the symptoms of PTSD by modulating brain activity.Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of ten clinical trials to answer the question: how effective is NFB in addressing PTSD and other associated symptoms across different trauma populations, and are these improvements related to neurophysiological changes?Method: The review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta analyses guidelines. We considered all published and unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs) involving adults with PTSD as a primary diagnosis without exclusion by type of trauma, co-morbid diagnosis, locality, or sex. Ten controlled studies were included; seven RCTs and three NRSIs with a total number of participants n = 293 (128 male). Only RCTs were included in the meta-analysis (215 participants; 88 male).Results: All included studies showed an advantage of NFB over control conditions in reducing symptoms of PTSD, with indications of improvement in symptoms of anxiety and depression and related neurophysiological changes. Meta-analysis of the pooled data shows a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms post-treatment SMD of -1.76 (95% CI -2.69, -0.83), and the mean remission rate was higher in the NFB group (79.3%) compared to the control group (24.4%). However, the studies reviewed were mostly small, with heterogeneous populations and varied quality.Conclusions: The effect of NFB on the symptoms of PTSD was moderate and mechanistic evidence suggested that NFB leads to therapeutic changes in brain functioning. Future research should focus on more rigorous methodological designs, expanded sample size and longer follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Askovic
- New South Wales Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors (STARTTS), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nerissa Soh
- Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Elhindi
- Research and Education Network, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony W.F. Harris
- Specialty of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kearney BE, Lanius RA. The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1015749. [PMID: 36478879 PMCID: PMC9720153 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the manifestation of trauma in the body is a phenomenon well-endorsed by clinicians and traumatized individuals, the neurobiological underpinnings of this manifestation remain unclear. The notion of somatic sensory processing, which encompasses vestibular and somatosensory processing and relates to the sensory systems concerned with how the physical body exists in and relates to physical space, is introduced as a major contributor to overall regulatory, social-emotional, and self-referential functioning. From a phylogenetically and ontogenetically informed perspective, trauma-related symptomology is conceptualized to be grounded in brainstem-level somatic sensory processing dysfunction and its cascading influences on physiological arousal modulation, affect regulation, and higher-order capacities. Lastly, we introduce a novel hierarchical model bridging somatic sensory processes with limbic and neocortical mechanisms regulating an individual's emotional experience and sense of a relational, agentive self. This model provides a working framework for the neurobiologically informed assessment and treatment of trauma-related conditions from a somatic sensory processing perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne E. Kearney
- Department of Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Li Q, Coulson Theodorsen M, Konvalinka I, Eskelund K, Karstoft KI, Bo Andersen S, Andersen TS. Resting-state EEG functional connectivity predicts post-traumatic stress disorder subtypes in veterans. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36250685 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly heterogeneous, and identification of quantifiable biomarkers that could pave the way for targeted treatment remains a challenge. Most previous electroencephalography (EEG) studies on PTSD have been limited to specific handpicked features, and their findings have been highly variable and inconsistent. Therefore, to disentangle the role of promising EEG biomarkers, we developed a machine learning framework to investigate a wide range of commonly used EEG biomarkers in order to identify which features or combinations of features are capable of characterizing PTSD and potential subtypes.Approach. We recorded 5 min of eyes-closed and 5 min of eyes-open resting-state EEG from 202 combat-exposed veterans (53% with probable PTSD and 47% combat-exposed controls). Multiple spectral, temporal, and connectivity features were computed and logistic regression, random forest, and support vector machines with feature selection methods were employed to classify PTSD. To obtain robust results, we performed repeated two-layer cross-validation to test on an entirely unseen test set.Main results. Our classifiers obtained a balanced test accuracy of up to 62.9% for predicting PTSD patients. In addition, we identified two subtypes within PTSD: one where EEG patterns were similar to those of the combat-exposed controls, and another that were characterized by increased global functional connectivity. Our classifier obtained a balanced test accuracy of 79.4% when classifying this PTSD subtype from controls, a clear improvement compared to predicting the whole PTSD group. Interestingly, alpha connectivity in the dorsal and ventral attention network was particularly important for the prediction, and these connections were positively correlated with arousal symptom scores, a central symptom cluster of PTSD.Significance. Taken together, the novel framework presented here demonstrates how unsupervised subtyping can delineate heterogeneity and improve machine learning prediction of PTSD, and may pave the way for better identification of quantifiable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianliang Li
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maya Coulson Theodorsen
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Military Psychology, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research and Knowledge Centre, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Ivana Konvalinka
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kasper Eskelund
- Department of Military Psychology, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Research and Knowledge Centre, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Karen-Inge Karstoft
- Research and Knowledge Centre, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Ringsted, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Bo Andersen
- Research and Knowledge Centre, Danish Veteran Centre, Danish Defence, Ringsted, Denmark
| | - Tobias S Andersen
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Orendáčová M, Kvašňák E. Possible Mechanisms Underlying Neurological Post-COVID Symptoms and Neurofeedback as a Potential Therapy. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:837972. [PMID: 35431842 PMCID: PMC9010738 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.837972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical considerations related to neurological post-COVID complications have become a serious issue in the COVID pandemic. We propose 3 theoretical hypotheses related to neurological post-COVID complications. First, pathophysiological processes responsible for long-term neurological complications caused by COVID-19 might have 2 phases: (1) Phase of acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for the onset of COVID-19-related neurological complications and (2) the phase of post-acute Sars-CoV-2 infection linked with the pathogenesis responsible for long-lasting persistence of post-COVID neurological problems and/or exacerbation of another neurological pathologies. Second, post-COVID symptoms can be described and investigated from the perspective of dynamical system theory exploiting its fundamental concepts such as system parameters, attractors and criticality. Thirdly, neurofeedback may represent a promising therapy for neurological post-COVID complications. Based on the current knowledge related to neurofeedback and what is already known about neurological complications linked to acute COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 conditions, we propose that neurofeedback modalities, such as functional magnetic resonance-based neurofeedback, quantitative EEG-based neurofeedback, Othmer's method of rewarding individual optimal EEG frequency and heart rate variability-based biofeedback, represent a potential therapy for improvement of post-COVID symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Orendáčová
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eugen Kvašňák
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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7
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Perez TM, Mathew J, Glue P, Adhia DB, De Ridder D. Is There Evidence for the Specificity of Closed-Loop Brain Training in the Treatment of Internalizing Disorders? A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:821136. [PMID: 35360168 PMCID: PMC8960197 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.821136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Internalizing disorders (IDs), e.g., major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are the most prevalent psychopathologies experienced worldwide. Current first-line therapies (i.e., pharmacotherapy and/or psychotherapy) offer high failure rates, limited accessibility, and substantial side-effects. Electroencephalography (EEG) guided closed-loop brain training, also known as EEG-neurofeedback (EEG-NFB), is believed to be a safe and effective alternative, however, there is much debate in the field regarding the existence of specificity [i.e., clinical effects specific to the modulation of the targeted EEG variable(s)]. This review was undertaken to determine if there is evidence for EEG-NFB specificity in the treatment of IDs. Methods We considered only randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials. Outcomes of interest included self/parent/teacher reports and clinician ratings of ID-related symptomatology. Results Of the four reports (total participant number = 152) meeting our eligibility criteria, three had point estimates suggesting small to moderate effect sizes favoring genuine therapy over sham, however, due to small sample sizes, all 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were wide and spanned the null. The fourth trial had yet to post results as of the submission date of this review. The limited overall number of eligible reports (and participants), large degree of inter-trial heterogeneity, and restricted span of ID populations with published/posted outcome data (i.e., PTSD and OCD) precluded a quantitative synthesis. Discussion The current literature suggests that EEG-NFB may induce specific effects in the treatment of some forms of IDs, however, the evidence is very limited. Ultimately, more randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trials encompassing a wider array of ID populations are needed to determine the existence and, if present, degree of EEG-NFB specificity in the treatment of IDs. Systematic Review Registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero], identifier [CRD42020159702].
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyson Michael Perez
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerin Mathew
- Centre for Health, Activity, and Rehabilitation Research, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Paul Glue
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Divya B. Adhia
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Huang J, Ahlers E, Bogatsch H, Böhme P, Ethofer T, Fallgatter AJ, Gallinat J, Hegerl U, Heuser I, Hoffmann K, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A, Schöttle D, Unterecker S, Gärtner M, Strauß M. The role of comorbid depressive symptoms on long-range temporal correlations in resting EEG in adults with ADHD. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1421-1435. [PMID: 35781841 PMCID: PMC9653316 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Comorbid depression is commonly observed in ADHD-patients. Psychostimulants are recommended as first-line treatment for ADHD. Aberrant long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs) of neuronal activities in resting-state are known to be associated with disorganized thinking and concentrating difficulties (typical in ADHD) and with maladaptive thinking (typical in depression). It has yet to be examined whether (1) LRTC occur in ADHD-patients, and if so, (2) whether LRTC might be a competent biomarker in ADHD comorbid with current depression and (3) how depression affects psychostimulant therapy of ADHD symptoms. The present study registered and compared LRTCs in different EEG frequency bands in 85 adults with ADHD between groups with (n = 28) and without (n = 57) additional depressive symptoms at baseline. Treatment-related changes in ADHD, depressive symptoms and LRTC were investigated in the whole population and within each group. Our results revealed significant LRTCs existed in all investigated frequency bands. There were, however, no significant LRTC-differences between ADHD-patients with and without depressive symptoms at baseline and no LRTC-changes following treatment. However, depressed ADHD patients did seem to benefit more from the therapy with psychostimulant based on self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Eike Ahlers
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Bogatsch
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Clinical Trial Centre Leipzig, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pierre Böhme
- grid.411091.cDepartment of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health (TüCMH), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hegerl
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isabella Heuser
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Hoffmann
- grid.411091.cDepartment of Psychiatry Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany ,grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- grid.411088.40000 0004 0578 8220Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital of Frankfurt – Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Schöttle
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Unterecker
- grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matti Gärtner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany ,grid.466457.20000 0004 1794 7698MSB Medical School Berlin, 14179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Strauß
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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EEG Neurofeedback for Anxiety Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders: A Blueprint for a Promising Brain-Based Therapy. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:84. [PMID: 34714417 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review provides an overview of current knowledge and understanding of EEG neurofeedback for anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The manifestations of anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) are associated with dysfunctions of neurophysiological stress axes and brain arousal circuits, which are important dimensions of the research domain criteria (RDoC). Even if the pathophysiology of these disorders is complex, one of its defining signatures is behavioral and physiological over-arousal. Interestingly, arousal-related brain activity can be modulated by electroencephalogram-based neurofeedback (EEG NF), a non-pharmacological and non-invasive method that involves neurocognitive training through a brain-computer interface (BCI). EEG NF is characterized by a simultaneous learning process where both patient and computer are involved in modifying neuronal activity or connectivity, thereby improving associated symptoms of anxiety and/or over-arousal. Positive effects of EEG NF have been described for both anxiety disorders and PTSD, yet due to a number of methodological issues, it remains unclear whether symptom improvement is the direct result of neurophysiological changes targeted by EEG NF. Thus, in this work we sought to bridge current knowledge on brain mechanisms of arousal with past and present EEG NF therapies for anxiety and PTSD. In a nutshell, we discuss the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of EEG NF in anxiety disorder and PTSD, the methodological strengths/weaknesses of existing EEG NF randomized controlled trials for these disorders, and the neuropsychological factors that may impact NF training success.
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Orendáčová M, Kvašňák E. Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Neurofeedback on Alpha (EEG) Dynamics: A Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:628229. [PMID: 34305549 PMCID: PMC8297546 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.628229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and neurofeedback (NFB) are two different types of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques, which can modulate brain activity and improve brain functioning. In this review, we compared the current state of knowledge related to the mechanisms of tACS and NFB and their effects on electroencephalogram (EEG) activity (online period/stimulation period) and on aftereffects (offline period/post/stimulation period), including the duration of their persistence and potential behavioral benefits. Since alpha bandwidth has been broadly studied in NFB and in tACS research, the studies of NFB and tACS in modulating alpha bandwidth were selected for comparing the online and offline effects of these two neuromodulation techniques. The factors responsible for variability in the responsiveness of the modulated EEG activity by tACS and NFB were analyzed and compared too. Based on the current literature related to tACS and NFB, it can be concluded that tACS and NFB differ a lot in the mechanisms responsible for their effects on an online EEG activity but they possibly share the common universal mechanisms responsible for the induction of aftereffects in the targeted stimulated EEG band, namely Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity. Many studies of both neuromodulation techniques report the aftereffects connected to the behavioral benefits. The duration of persistence of aftereffects for NFB and tACS is comparable. In relation to the factors influencing responsiveness to tACS and NFB, significantly more types of factors were analyzed in the NFB studies compared to the tACS studies. Several common factors for both tACS and NFB have been already investigated. Based on these outcomes, we propose several new research directions regarding tACS and NFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Orendáčová
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Medical Informatics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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11
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Wairagkar M, Hayashi Y, Nasuto SJ. Dynamics of Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Broadband EEG During Different Motor Execution and Imagery Tasks. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:660032. [PMID: 34121989 PMCID: PMC8193084 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.660032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain activity is composed of oscillatory and broadband arrhythmic components; however, there is more focus on oscillatory sensorimotor rhythms to study movement, but temporal dynamics of broadband arrhythmic electroencephalography (EEG) remain unexplored. We have previously demonstrated that broadband arrhythmic EEG contains both short- and long-range temporal correlations that change significantly during movement. In this study, we build upon our previous work to gain a deeper understanding of these changes in the long-range temporal correlation (LRTC) in broadband EEG and contrast them with the well-known LRTC in alpha oscillation amplitude typically found in the literature. We investigate and validate changes in LRTCs during five different types of movements and motor imagery tasks using two independent EEG datasets recorded with two different paradigms-our finger tapping dataset with single self-initiated asynchronous finger taps and publicly available EEG dataset containing cued continuous movement and motor imagery of fists and feet. We quantified instantaneous changes in broadband LRTCs by detrended fluctuation analysis on single trial 2 s EEG sliding windows. The broadband LRTC increased significantly (p < 0.05) during all motor tasks as compared to the resting state. In contrast, the alpha oscillation LRTC, which had to be computed on longer stitched EEG segments, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) consistently with the literature. This suggests the complementarity of underlying fast and slow neuronal scale-free dynamics during movement and motor imagery. The single trial broadband LRTC gave high average binary classification accuracy in the range of 70.54±10.03% to 76.07±6.40% for all motor execution and imagery tasks and hence can be used in brain-computer interface (BCI). Thus, we demonstrate generalizability, robustness, and reproducibility of novel motor neural correlate, the single trial broadband LRTC, during different motor execution and imagery tasks in single asynchronous and cued continuous motor-BCI paradigms and its contrasting behavior with LRTC in alpha oscillation amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreyee Wairagkar
- Brain Embodiment Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Biomechatronics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Care Research and Technology Centre, The UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshikatsu Hayashi
- Brain Embodiment Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Slawomir J. Nasuto
- Brain Embodiment Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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12
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Fagerholm ED, Foulkes WMC, Gallero-Salas Y, Helmchen F, Friston KJ, Leech R, Moran RJ. Neural Systems Under Change of Scale. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:643148. [PMID: 33967728 PMCID: PMC8099030 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.643148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We derive a theoretical construct that allows for the characterisation of both scalable and scale free systems within the dynamic causal modelling (DCM) framework. We define a dynamical system to be "scalable" if the same equation of motion continues to apply as the system changes in size. As an example of such a system, we simulate planetary orbits varying in size and show that our proposed methodology can be used to recover Kepler's third law from the timeseries. In contrast, a "scale free" system is one in which there is no characteristic length scale, meaning that images of such a system are statistically unchanged at different levels of magnification. As an example of such a system, we use calcium imaging collected in murine cortex and show that the dynamical critical exponent, as defined in renormalization group theory, can be estimated in an empirical biological setting. We find that a task-relevant region of the cortex is associated with higher dynamical critical exponents in task vs. spontaneous states and vice versa for a task-irrelevant region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Fagerholm
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. M. C. Foulkes
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir Gallero-Salas
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritjof Helmchen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl J. Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Leech
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Dagenbach DE, Tegeler CH, Morgan AR, Laurienti PJ, Tegeler CL, Lee SW, Gerdes L, Simpson SL. Effects of an Allostatic Closed-Loop Neurotechnology (HIRREM) on Brain Functional Connectivity Laterality in Military-Related Traumatic Stress. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:287-296. [PMID: 33406294 PMCID: PMC8005452 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Brain asymmetries are reported in posttraumatic stress disorder, but many aspects of laterality and traumatic stress remain underexplored. This study explores lateralization changes in resting state brain network functional connectivity in a cohort with symptoms of military‐related traumatic stress, associated with use of a closed‐loop neurotechnology, HIRREM. METHODS Eighteen participants (17 males, mean age 41 years [SD = 7]) received 19.5 (1.1) HIRREM sessions over 12 days. Whole brain resting magnetic resonance imaging was done pre‐ and post‐HIRREM. Laterality of functional connectivity was assessed on a whole brain basis, and in six predefined networks or regions. Laterality of connectivity within networks or regions was assessed separately from laterality of connections between networks or regions. RESULTS Before HIRREM, significant laterality effects of connection type (ipsilateral for either side, or contralateral in either direction) were observed for the whole brain, within networks or regions, and between networks or regions. Post‐HIRREM, there were significant changes for within‐network or within‐region analysis in the motor network, and changes for between‐network or between‐region analyses for the salience network and the motor cortex. CONCLUSIONS Among military service members and Veterans with symptoms of traumatic stress, asymmetries of network and brain region connectivity patterns were identified prior to usage of HIRREM. A variety of changes in lateralized patterns of brain connectivity were identified postintervention. These laterality findings may inform future studies of brain connectivity in traumatic stress disorders, with potential to point to mechanisms of action for successful intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Dagenbach
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.,Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Charles H Tegeler
- Department of Neurology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Ashley R Morgan
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Paul J Laurienti
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.,Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Sung W Lee
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Lee Gerdes
- Brain State Technologies, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Sean L Simpson
- Laboratory for Complex Brain Networks, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.,Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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14
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Nicholson AA, Ros T, Densmore M, Frewen PA, Neufeld RWJ, Théberge J, Jetly R, Lanius RA. A randomized, controlled trial of alpha-rhythm EEG neurofeedback in posttraumatic stress disorder: A preliminary investigation showing evidence of decreased PTSD symptoms and restored default mode and salience network connectivity using fMRI. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102490. [PMID: 33395981 PMCID: PMC7708928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The default-mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN) have been shown to display altered connectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Restoring aberrant connectivity within these networks with electroencephalogram neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) has been shown previously to be associated with acute decreases in symptoms. Here, we conducted a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trial of alpha-rhythm EEG-NFB in participants with PTSD (n = 36) over 20-weeks. Our aim was to provide mechanistic evidence underlying clinical improvements by examining changes in network connectivity via fMRI. METHODS We randomly assigned participants with a primary diagnosis of PTSD to either the experimental group (n = 18) or sham-control group (n = 18). We collected resting-state fMRI scans pre- and post-NFB intervention, for both the experimental and sham-control PTSD groups. We further compared baseline brain connectivity measures pre-NFB to age-matched healthy controls (n = 36). RESULTS With regard to the primary outcome measure of PTSD severity, we found a significant main effect of time in the absence of a group × time interaction. Nevertheless, we found significantly decreased PTSD severity scores in the experimental NFB group only, when comparing post-NFB (dz = 0.71) and 3-month follow-up scores (dz = 0.77) to baseline measures. Interestingly, we found evidence to suggest a shift towards normalization of DMN and SN connectivity post-NFB in the experimental group only. Both decreases in PTSD severity and NFB performance were correlated to DMN and SN connectivity post-NFB in the experimental group. Critically, remission rates of PTSD were significant higher in the experimental group (61.1%) as compared to the sham-control group (33.3%). CONCLUSION The current study shows mechanistic evidence for therapeutic changes in DMN and SN connectivity that are known to be associated with PTSD psychopathology with no patient dropouts. This preliminary investigation merits further research to demonstrate fully the clinical efficacy of EEG-NFB as an adjunctive therapy for PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Nicholson
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Ros
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Densmore
- Departments of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Paul A Frewen
- Departments of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Richard W J Neufeld
- Departments of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Departments of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Canadian Forces, Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Departments of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Departments of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
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15
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Bruining H, Hardstone R, Juarez-Martinez EL, Sprengers J, Avramiea AE, Simpraga S, Houtman SJ, Poil SS, Dallares E, Palva S, Oranje B, Matias Palva J, Mansvelder HD, Linkenkaer-Hansen K. Measurement of excitation-inhibition ratio in autism spectrum disorder using critical brain dynamics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9195. [PMID: 32513931 PMCID: PMC7280527 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Balance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I) is a key principle for neuronal network organization and information processing. Consistent with this notion, excitation-inhibition imbalances are considered a pathophysiological mechanism in many brain disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, methods to measure E/I ratios in human brain networks are lacking. Here, we present a method to quantify a functional E/I ratio (fE/I) from neuronal oscillations, and validate it in healthy subjects and children with ASD. We define structural E/I ratio in an in silico neuronal network, investigate how it relates to power and long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) of the network's activity, and use these relationships to design the fE/I algorithm. Application of this algorithm to the EEGs of healthy adults showed that fE/I is balanced at the population level and is decreased through GABAergic enforcement. In children with ASD, we observed larger fE/I variability and stronger LRTC compared to typically developing children (TDC). Interestingly, visual grading for EEG abnormalities that are thought to reflect E/I imbalances revealed elevated fE/I and LRTC in ASD children with normal EEG compared to TDC or ASD with abnormal EEG. We speculate that our approach will help understand physiological heterogeneity also in other brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilgo Bruining
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hardstone
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, 435 East 30th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Erika L Juarez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Sprengers
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur-Ervin Avramiea
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Simpraga
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- NBT Analytics BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon J Houtman
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Dallares
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Satu Palva
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bob Oranje
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Matias Palva
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029, Hus, Finland
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Nan W, Yang L, Wan F, Zhu F, Hu Y. Alpha down-regulation neurofeedback training effects on implicit motor learning and consolidation. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:026014. [PMID: 32126528 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab7c1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Implicit motor learning, which is a non-conscious form of learning characterized by motor performance improvement with practice, plays an essential role in various daily activities. Earlier study using neurofeedback training (NFT), a type of brain-computer interaction that enables the user to learn self-regulating his/her own brain activity, demonstrated that down-regulating alpha over primary motor cortex by NFT could immediately facilitate the implicit motor learning in a relatively simple motor task. However, detailed effects on EEG and implicit motor learning due to NFT especially in a more complex motor task are still unclear. APPROACH We designed a single-blind sham-controlled between-subject study to examine whether alpha down-regulation NFT could facilitate implicit motor learning and also its consolidation in a more difficult and motor predominant task. At left primary motor cortex (C3) in two days, the alpha NFT group received alpha down-regulation training through auditory feedback while the sham-control group received random beta NFT. At the end of NFT, all participants performed the continuous tracking task with their dominant (right) hand to evaluate the implicit motor learning immediately. Finally, the continuous tracking task was performed again on the next day to assess consolidation effects. MAIN RESULTS The alpha NFT group successfully decreased alpha amplitude during NFT, whereas the sham-control group maintained alpha at a relatively stable level. There was unfortunately no statistical evidence proving that the alpha NFT group significantly enhanced the implicit motor learning at the end of NFT and the consolidation on the next day compared to the sham-control group. Nevertheless, a significant correlation was found between the alpha change trend during NFT and the implicit motor learning for all participants, suggesting that faster alpha down-regulation was associated with better implicit motor learning. SIGNIFICANCE The findings suggested a close link between implicit motor learning and alpha change induced by NFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Nan
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau. Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Institute of Collaborative Innovation, University of Macau, Macau
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17
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Michela A, van Rooij MMJW, Klumpers F, van Peer JM, Roelofs K, Granic I. Reducing the Noise of Reality. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2019.1693872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abele Michela
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris Klumpers
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobien M. van Peer
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Roelofs
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabela Granic
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Chiba T, Kanazawa T, Koizumi A, Ide K, Taschereau-Dumouchel V, Boku S, Hishimoto A, Shirakawa M, Sora I, Lau H, Yoneda H, Kawato M. Current Status of Neurofeedback for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and the Possibility of Decoded Neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:233. [PMID: 31379538 PMCID: PMC6650780 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a neuropsychiatric affective disorder that can develop after traumatic life-events. Exposure-based therapy is currently one of the most effective treatments for PTSD. However, exposure to traumatic stimuli is so aversive that a significant number of patients drop-out of therapy during the course of treatment. Among various attempts to develop novel therapies that bypass such aversiveness, neurofeedback appears promising. With neurofeedback, patients can unconsciously self-regulate brain activity via real-time monitoring and feedback of the EEG or fMRI signals. With conventional neurofeedback methods, however, it is difficult to induce neural representation related to specific trauma because the feedback is based on the neural signals averaged within specific brain areas. To overcome this difficulty, novel neurofeedback approaches such as Decoded Neurofeedback (DecNef) might prove helpful. Instead of the average BOLD signals, DecNef allows patients to implicitly regulate multivariate voxel patterns of the BOLD signals related with feared stimuli. As such, DecNef effects are postulated to derive either from exposure or counter-conditioning, or some combination of both. Although the exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. DecNef has been successfully applied to reduce fear responses induced either by fear-conditioned or phobic stimuli among non-clinical participants. Methods: Follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to compare DecNef effect with those of conventional EEG/fMRI-based neurofeedback on PTSD amelioration. To elucidate the possible mechanisms of DecNef on fear reduction, we mathematically modeled the effects of exposure-based and counter conditioning separately and applied it to the data obtained from past DecNef studies. Finally, we conducted DecNef on four PTSD patients. Here, we review recent advances in application of neurofeedback to PTSD treatments, including the DecNef. This review is intended to be informative for neuroscientists in general as well as practitioners planning to use neurofeedback as a therapeutic strategy for PTSD. Results: Our mathematical model suggested that exposure is the key component for DecNef effects in the past studies. Following DecNef a significant reduction of PTSD severity was observed. This effect was comparable to those reported for conventional neurofeedback approach. Conclusions: Although a much larger number of participants will be needed in future, DecNef could be a promising therapy that bypasses the unpleasantness of conscious exposure associated with conventional therapies for fear related disorders, including PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Chiba
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Kanazawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ai Koizumi
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentarou Ide
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,Flower of Light Clinic for Mind and Body, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Vincent Taschereau-Dumouchel
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hakwan Lau
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Hiroshi Yoneda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kawato
- Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Department of Decoded Neurofeedback, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Kyoto, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Lee SW. A Copernican Approach to Brain Advancement: The Paradigm of Allostatic Orchestration. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:129. [PMID: 31105539 PMCID: PMC6499026 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There are two main paradigms for brain-related science, with different implications for brain-focused intervention or advancement. The paradigm of homeostasis (“stability through constancy,” Walter Cannon), originating from laboratory-based experimental physiology pioneered by Claude Bernard, shows that living systems tend to maintain system functionality in the direction of constancy (or similitude). The aim of physiology is to elucidate the factors that maintain homeostasis, and therapeutics aim to correct abnormal factor functions. The homeostasis paradigm does not formally recognize influences outside its controlled experimental frames and it is variable in its modeling of neural contributions. The paradigm of allostatic orchestration (PAO) extends the principle of allostasis (“stability through change”) as originally put forth by Peter Sterling. The PAO originates from an evolutionary perspective and recognizes that biological set points change in anticipation of changing environments. The brain is the organ of central command, orchestrating cross-system operations to support optimal behavior at the level of the whole organism. Alternative views of blood pressure regulation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) illustrate differences between the paradigms. For the PAO, complexities of top-down neural effects and environmental context are foundational (not to be “factored out”), and anticipatory regulation is the principle of their interface. The allostatic state represents the integrated totality of brain-body interactions. Health itself is an allostatic state of optimal anticipatory oscillation, hypothesized to relate to the state of criticality, a mathematical point of poise between phases, on the border between order and disorder (or the “edge of chaos”). Diseases are allostatic states of impaired anticipatory oscillations, demonstrated as rigidifications of set points across the brain and body (disease comorbidity). Conciliation of the paradigms is possible, with “reactive homeostasis” resolved as an illusion stemming from the anticipation of environmental monotony. Considerations are presented with respect to implications of the two paradigms for brain-focused intervention or advancement; the hypothesis that the state of criticality is a vehicle for evolutionary processes; concordance with a philosophy of freedom based on ethical individualism as well as self-creativity, non-obsolescence, empowerment, and citizenship; and concluding reflections on the science and ethics of the placebo, and the potential for virtuous cycles of brain-Anthropocene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung W Lee
- Scholarly Projects Unit, Department of Academic Affairs, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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20
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Nan W, Wan F, Tang Q, Wong CM, Wang B, Rosa A. Eyes-Closed Resting EEG Predicts the Learning of Alpha Down-Regulation in Neurofeedback Training. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1607. [PMID: 30210419 PMCID: PMC6121215 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback training, which enables the trainee to learn self-control of the EEG activity of interest based on online feedback, has demonstrated benefits on cognitive and behavioral performance. Nevertheless, as a core mechanism of neurofeedback, learning of EEG regulation (i.e., EEG learning) has not been well understood. Moreover, a substantial number of non-learners who fail to achieve successful EEG learning have often been reported. This study investigated the EEG learning in alpha down-regulation neurofeedback, aiming to better understand the alpha learning and to early predict learner/non-learner. Twenty-nine participants received neurofeedback training to down-regulate alpha in two days, while eight of them were identified as non-learners who failed to reduce their alpha within sessions. Through a stepwise linear discriminant analysis, a prediction model was built based on participant's eyes-closed resting EEG activities in broad frequency bands including lower alpha, theta, sigma and beta 1 measured before training, which was validated in predicting learners/non-learners. The findings would assist in the early identification of the individuals who would not likely reduce their alpha during neurofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Nan
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chi Man Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Boyu Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Agostinho Rosa
- Department of Bioengineering, LaSEEB-System and Robotics Institute, Instituto Superior Tecnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Ahmed H, Howton TC, Sun Y, Weinberger N, Belkhadir Y, Mukhtar MS. Network biology discovers pathogen contact points in host protein-protein interactomes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2312. [PMID: 29899369 PMCID: PMC5998135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04632-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In all organisms, major biological processes are controlled by complex protein-protein interactions networks (interactomes), yet their structural complexity presents major analytical challenges. Here, we integrate a compendium of over 4300 phenotypes with Arabidopsis interactome (AI-1MAIN). We show that nodes with high connectivity and betweenness are enriched and depleted in conditional and essential phenotypes, respectively. Such nodes are located in the innermost layers of AI-1MAIN and are preferential targets of pathogen effectors. We extend these network-centric analyses to Cell Surface Interactome (CSILRR) and predict its 35 most influential nodes. To determine their biological relevance, we show that these proteins physically interact with pathogen effectors and modulate plant immunity. Overall, our findings contrast with centrality-lethality rule, discover fast information spreading nodes, and highlight the structural properties of pathogen targets in two different interactomes. Finally, this theoretical framework could possibly be applicable to other inter-species interactomes to reveal pathogen contact points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadia Ahmed
- Department of Computer Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 115A Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - T C Howton
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 464 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Yali Sun
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 464 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Natascha Weinberger
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 464 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1675 University Blvd, WEBB 568, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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22
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Gärtner M, Irrmischer M, Winnebeck E, Fissler M, Huntenburg JM, Schroeter TA, Bajbouj M, Linkenkaer-Hansen K, Nikulin VV, Barnhofer T. Aberrant Long-Range Temporal Correlations in Depression Are Attenuated after Psychological Treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:340. [PMID: 28701943 PMCID: PMC5488389 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous oscillatory activity in the human brain shows long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) that extend over time scales of seconds to minutes. Previous research has demonstrated aberrant LRTC in depressed patients; however, it is unknown whether the neuronal dynamics normalize after psychological treatment. In this study, we recorded EEG during eyes-closed rest in depressed patients (N = 71) and healthy controls (N = 25), and investigated the temporal dynamics in depressed patients at baseline, and after attending either a brief mindfulness training or a stress reduction training. Compared to the healthy controls, depressed patients showed stronger LRTC in theta oscillations (4-7 Hz) at baseline. Following the psychological interventions both groups of patients demonstrated reduced LRTC in the theta band. The reduction of theta LRTC differed marginally between the groups, and explorative analyses of separate groups revealed noteworthy topographic differences. A positive relationship between the changes in LRTC, and changes in depressive symptoms was observed in the mindfulness group. In summary, our data show that aberrant temporal dynamics of ongoing oscillations in depressive patients are attenuated after treatment, and thus may help uncover the mechanisms with which psychotherapeutic interventions affect the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Gärtner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlin, Germany
| | - Mona Irrmischer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emilia Winnebeck
- Dahlem Center for Neuroimaging of Emotions, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Maria Fissler
- Dahlem Center for Neuroimaging of Emotions, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Julia M Huntenburg
- Dahlem Center for Neuroimaging of Emotions, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Titus A Schroeter
- Dahlem Center for Neuroimaging of Emotions, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlin, Germany.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscow, Russia.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin FranklinBerlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Barnhofer
- Dahlem Center for Neuroimaging of Emotions, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Although the first experiments on alpha-neurofeedback date back nearly six decades ago, when Joseph Kamiya reported successful operant conditioning of alpha-rhythm in humans, the effectiveness of this paradigm in various experimental and clinical settings is still a matter of debate. Here, we investigated the changes in EEG patterns during a continuously administered neurofeedback of P4 alpha activity. Two days of neurofeedback training were sufficient for a significant increase in the alpha power to occur. A detailed analysis of these EEG changes showed that the alpha power rose because of an increase in the incidence rate of alpha episodes, whereas the amplitude and the duration of alpha oscillations remained unchanged. These findings suggest that neurofeedback facilitates volitional control of alpha activity onset, but alpha episodes themselves appear to be maintained automatically with no volitional control – a property overlooked by previous studies that employed continuous alpha-power neurofeedback. We propose that future research on alpha neurofeedback should explore reinforcement schedules based on detection of onsets and offsets of alpha waves, and employ these statistics for exploration and quantification of neurofeedback induced effects.
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24
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Zhigalov A, Arnulfo G, Nobili L, Palva S, Palva JM. Modular co-organization of functional connectivity and scale-free dynamics in the human brain. Netw Neurosci 2017; 1:143-165. [PMID: 29911674 PMCID: PMC5988393 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Scale-free neuronal dynamics and interareal correlations are emergent characteristics of spontaneous brain activity. How such dynamics and the anatomical patterns of neuronal connectivity are mutually related in brain networks has, however, remained unclear. We addressed this relationship by quantifying the network colocalization of scale-free neuronal activity-both neuronal avalanches and long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs)-and functional connectivity (FC) by means of intracranial and noninvasive human resting-state electrophysiological recordings. We found frequency-specific colocalization of scale-free dynamics and FC so that the interareal couplings of LRTCs and the propagation of neuronal avalanches were most pronounced in the predominant pathways of FC. Several control analyses and the frequency specificity of network colocalization showed that the results were not trivial by-products of either brain dynamics or our analysis approach. Crucially, scale-free neuronal dynamics and connectivity also had colocalized modular structures at multiple levels of network organization, suggesting that modules of FC would be endowed with partially independent dynamic states. These findings thus suggest that FC and scale-free dynamics-hence, putatively, neuronal criticality as well-coemerge in a hierarchically modular structure in which the modules are characterized by dense connectivity, avalanche propagation, and shared dynamic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zhigalov
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland.,BioMag laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriele Arnulfo
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Lino Nobili
- Claudio Munari Epilepsy Surgery Centre, Niguarda Hospital, Italy
| | - Satu Palva
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Finland
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25
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Jiang Y, Abiri R, Zhao X. Tuning Up the Old Brain with New Tricks: Attention Training via Neurofeedback. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:52. [PMID: 28348527 PMCID: PMC5346575 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback (NF) is a form of biofeedback that uses real-time (RT) modulation of brain activity to enhance brain function and behavioral performance. Recent advances in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) and cognitive training (CT) have provided new tools and evidence that NF improves cognitive functions, such as attention and working memory (WM), beyond what is provided by traditional CT. More published studies have demonstrated the efficacy of NF, particularly for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. In contrast, there have been fewer studies done in older adults with or without cognitive impairment, with some notable exceptions. The focus of this review is to summarize current success in RT NF training of older brains aiming to match those of younger brains during attention/WM tasks. We also outline potential future advances in RT brainwave-based NF for improving attention training in older populations. The rapid growth in wireless recording of brain activity, machine learning classification and brain network analysis provides new tools for combating cognitive decline and brain aging in older adults. We optimistically conclude that NF, combined with new neuro-markers (event-related potentials and connectivity) and traditional features, promises to provide new hope for brain and CT in the growing older population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- Aging Brain and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Reza Abiri
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA
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26
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Enriquez-Geppert S, Huster RJ, Herrmann CS. EEG-Neurofeedback as a Tool to Modulate Cognition and Behavior: A Review Tutorial. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:51. [PMID: 28275344 PMCID: PMC5319996 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback is attracting renewed interest as a method to self-regulate one’s own brain activity to directly alter the underlying neural mechanisms of cognition and behavior. It not only promises new avenues as a method for cognitive enhancement in healthy subjects, but also as a therapeutic tool. In the current article, we present a review tutorial discussing key aspects relevant to the development of electroencephalography (EEG) neurofeedback studies. In addition, the putative mechanisms underlying neurofeedback learning are considered. We highlight both aspects relevant for the practical application of neurofeedback as well as rather theoretical considerations related to the development of new generation protocols. Important characteristics regarding the set-up of a neurofeedback protocol are outlined in a step-by-step way. All these practical and theoretical considerations are illustrated based on a protocol and results of a frontal-midline theta up-regulation training for the improvement of executive functions. Not least, assessment criteria for the validation of neurofeedback studies as well as general guidelines for the evaluation of training efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - René J Huster
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Christoph S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Faculty VI Medical and Health Sciences, University of Oldenburg Oldenburg, Germany
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27
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Collura TF. Quantitative EEG and Live Z-Score Neurofeedback—Current Clinical and Scientific Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5298/1081-5937-45.1.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses the relevance of quantitative EEG (QEEG) and live z-score training (LZT) to the field of mental health in general, and to neurofeedback in particular. We examine what practitioners might learn about clients when QEEG is used for assessment, and the relevance of LZT as a treatment modality. Clinicians can benefit from viewing the brain as a dynamic system, and this point of view can provide a foundation for QEEG and LZT. This approach emphasizes understanding the value of brain activation as a basis for observed symptoms and behaviors. Of paramount importance are localization and frequency information, as well as connectivity metrics. The brain can be viewed as a complex self-controlled system operating with various identifiable networks and frequencies that, when dysregulated, produce what we commonly refer to as “disorders.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F. Collura
- The Brain Enrichment Center and BrainMaster Technologies, Inc., Bedford, OH
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28
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Sitaram R, Ros T, Stoeckel L, Haller S, Scharnowski F, Lewis-Peacock J, Weiskopf N, Blefari ML, Rana M, Oblak E, Birbaumer N, Sulzer J. Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 18:86-100. [PMID: 28003656 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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29
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Nicholson AA, Ros T, Frewen PA, Densmore M, Théberge J, Kluetsch RC, Jetly R, Lanius RA. Alpha oscillation neurofeedback modulates amygdala complex connectivity and arousal in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:506-516. [PMID: 27672554 PMCID: PMC5030332 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electroencephalogram (EEG) neurofeedback aimed at reducing the amplitude of the alpha-rhythm has been shown to alter neural networks associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), leading to symptom alleviation. Critically, the amygdala is thought to be one of the central brain regions mediating PTSD symptoms. In the current study, we compare directly patterns of amygdala complex connectivity using fMRI, before and after EEG neurofeedback, in order to observe subcortical mechanisms associated with behavioural and alpha oscillatory changes among patients. METHOD We examined basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA), and superficial (SFA) amygdala complex resting-state functional connectivity using a seed-based approach via SPM Anatomy Toolbox. Amygdala complex connectivity was measured in twenty-one individuals with PTSD, before and after a 30-minute session of EEG neurofeedback targeting alpha desynchronization. RESULTS EEG neurofeedback was associated with a shift in amygdala complex connectivity from areas implicated in defensive, emotional, and fear processing/memory retrieval (left BLA and left SFA to the periaqueductal gray, and left SFA to the left hippocampus) to prefrontal areas implicated in emotion regulation/modulation (right CMA to the medial prefrontal cortex). This shift in amygdala complex connectivity was associated with reduced arousal, greater resting alpha synchronization, and was negatively correlated to PTSD symptom severity. CONCLUSION These findings have significant implications for developing targeted non-invasive treatment interventions for PTSD patients that utilize alpha oscillatory neurofeedback, showing evidence of neuronal reconfiguration between areas highly implicated in the disorder, in addition to acute symptom alleviation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomas Ros
- Laboratory of Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul A. Frewen
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Maria Densmore
- Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Théberge
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Medial Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Joseph's Healthcare, London, ON, Canada
| | - Rosemarie C. Kluetsch
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Canadian Forces, Health Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Imaging, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
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