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Rucksaken R, Kaewchot S, Jarudecha T, Vitithumakhun N, Niyomdham J, Ngamkala S, Sricharern W. Molecular Detection and Characterization of Hemotropic Mycoplasma in Assamese Macaques ( Macaca assamensis) of Northern Thailand. Vet Med Int 2024; 2024:5539938. [PMID: 38770529 PMCID: PMC11105957 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5539938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemotropic mycoplasmas, also known as hemoplasmas, are parasitic bacteria that infect red blood cells, potentially leading to varying degrees of anemia across numerous mammalian species, including nonhuman primates. The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of hemoplasma infection and identify the species involved among free-ranging Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) inhabiting northern Thailand. A total of 133 blood samples were collected from Assamese macaques in Chiang Rai province, Thailand, and subjected to screening for hemoplasma infection utilizing nested PCR amplification targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Positive samples were subsequently analyzed through nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for putative species identification. Current study results revealed that 17.3% (23/133; 95% CI 11.29-24.81) of Assamese macaques tested positive for hemoplasma infection using the nested PCR assay. Partial 16S rRNA sequences derived from hemoplasma isolates in Assamese macaques exhibited 99% homology, forming a cluster within the same phylogenetic clade as "Candidatus Mycoplasma haematomacacae," previously identified in long-tailed macaques, rhesus macaques, and Japanese macaques. These findings suggest the presence of "Ca. M. haematomacacae" not only in long-tailed macaques and rhesus macaques but also in Assamese macaques in Thailand. To our knowledge, this marks the first molecular detection of "Ca. M. haematomacacae" in Assamese macaques in Thailand. These results hold significance as they enhance our understanding of hemoplasma infection distribution among macaque populations in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucksak Rucksaken
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supakarn Kaewchot
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitichai Jarudecha
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Netnapa Vitithumakhun
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jira Niyomdham
- Department of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suchanit Ngamkala
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanat Sricharern
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Sabat AJ, Durfee T, Baldwin S, Akkerboom V, Voss A, Friedrich AW, Bathoorn E. The complete genome sequence of unculturable Mycoplasma faucium obtained through clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1368923. [PMID: 38694516 PMCID: PMC11062135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1368923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diagnosing Mycoplasma faucium poses challenges, and it's unclear if its rare isolation is due to infrequent occurrence or its fastidious nutritional requirements. Methods This study analyzes the complete genome sequence of M. faucium, obtained directly from the pus of a sternum infection in a lung transplant patient using metagenomic sequencing. Results Genome analysis revealed limited therapeutic options for the M. faucium infection, primarily susceptibility to tetracyclines. Three classes of mobile genetic elements were identified: two new insertion sequences, a new prophage (phiUMCG-1), and a species-specific variant of a mycoplasma integrative and conjugative element (MICE). Additionally, a Type I Restriction-Modification system was identified, featuring 5'-terminally truncated hsdS pseudogenes with overlapping repeats, indicating the potential for forming alternative hsdS variants through recombination. Conclusion This study represents the first-ever acquisition of a complete circularized bacterial genome directly from a patient sample obtained from invasive infection of a primary sterile site using culture-independent, PCR-free clinical metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur J. Sabat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Tim Durfee
- DNASTAR, Inc., Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Viktoria Akkerboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Voss
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Erik Bathoorn
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Murugesan AC, Kumaragurubaran K, Gunasekaran K, Murugasamy SA, Arunachalam S, Annamalai R, Ragothaman V, Ramaswamy S. Molecular Detection of Hemoplasma in animals in Tamil Nadu, India and Hemoplasma genome analysis. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:955-968. [PMID: 38032521 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemoplasma are small pleomorphic wall-less Gram-positive bacteria that infect erythrocytes of various mammalian hosts. They generally cause asymptomatic or chronic anaemia but occasionally causes overt life-threatening hemolytic anaemia. In the present study, 316 cattle, 115 sheep, 61 goats and 6 buffalo blood samples were collected from various villages or organized farms located in nine districts of Tamil Nadu to detect the hemoplasma by PCR. Overall prevalence of 43.04%, 65.22%, and 44.26% hemoplasma DNA was observed in cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. In total, 21 hemoplasma positive samples were sequenced for 16S rRNA gene which revealed 8 Mycoplasma wenyonii, 11 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' and one Mycoplasma ovis infection. Sheep blood samples from Chennai district were infected with 'Ca. M. haemobos' whereas sheep sample from Thiruvannamalai district was infected with M. wenyonii. At least 50% genes in the hemoplasma genomes were paralogous genes whose functions were not known. Only 'Ca. M. haemolamae' genome contained one primitive CRISPR system without any cas genes. Antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) could not be identified in any of the hemoplasma genomes but homologous ARG were identified in all the genomes. Adhesion related gene EF-Tu was detected in all 14 hemoplasma genomes but enolase gene was detected only in 'Ca. M. haemohominis' SWG34-3 genome. This is the first report on the prevalence of hemoplasma infection in cattle, sheep and goat in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Chitra Murugesan
- Central University Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600051, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Karthik Kumaragurubaran
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Udumalpet, 642126, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - Raman Annamalai
- Animal Disease Intelligent Unit, Thiruvannamalai, 606601, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Central University Laboratory, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600051, Tamil Nadu, India
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Narapakdeesakul D, Kaewparuehaschai M, Thongsahuan S, Lekcharoen P, Pengsakul T, Pattaradilokrat S, Kaewthamasorn M. Multi-locus sequence analysis of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematomacacae' in free-ranging macaques from Thailand suggestive of a closer relationship to hemotropic mycoplasmas in capuchins and potential origin from bats. Acta Trop 2024; 252:107156. [PMID: 38387771 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Although 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematomacacae' (formerly known as 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomacaque') has been reported on extensively in macaques from Thailand, the USA, Japan, and Brazil, its genetic characterization has primarily been restricted to the 16S rRNA sequences with no exploration on multi-locus sequence analysis. The primary goal of this study was to characterize 'Ca. M. haematomacacae' among Thai macaques based on multiple genetic markers. Between April 2018 and November 2021, blood samples were taken from 580 free-ranging macaques (560 Macaca fascicularis and 20 Macaca nemestrina) in 15 locations encompassing 10 provinces throughout Thailand. Using the conventional PCR assay targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene, 338 out of 580 macaques (58.27 %) tested hemoplasma-positive. Of these, 40 positive samples were further subjected to DNA sequencing, and all were identified as 'Ca. M. haematomacacae'. Subsequently, the partial nucleotide sequences of 23S ribosomal RNA (23S rRNA) and RNase P RNA (rnpB) genes of this particular hemoplasma species were amplified through nested PCR assay. The analysis of multi-locus genetic markers revealed that the 23S rRNA and rnpB sequences exhibited higher levels of genetic diversity than the 16S rRNA sequences. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA analyses demonstrated that 'Ca. M. haematomacacae' infecting Old World monkeys (Macaca spp.) was most closely related to hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in black-capped capuchins (Sapajus apella) and Marcgrave's capuchins (Sapajus flavius) from Brazil, as well as establishing a common ancestor clade with hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. from the Neotropical bats in Belize and Peru and an Old World bat in Spain. The 23S rRNA analyses likewise evidenced that 'Ca. M. haematomacacae' formed a sister clade with hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. in Neotropical bats from Belize and Panama. Thus, the present findings, based on multi-locus sequence analysis, suggest a potential origin of 'Ca. M. haematomacacae' from Neotropical and Old World bats. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study provided the largest dataset so far of multi-locus genetic sequences of 'Ca. M. haematomacacae' isolated from Thai macaques and enhanced the accuracy of phylogenetic analyses, providing insights into their origins among hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. discovered worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duriyang Narapakdeesakul
- Veterinary Pathobiology Graduate Program, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Salintorn Thongsahuan
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Paisin Lekcharoen
- Veterinary Public Health Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Theerakamol Pengsakul
- Health and Environmental Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | | | - Morakot Kaewthamasorn
- Veterinary Parasitology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Millán J, Martín-Maldonado B, Rodríguez-Pastor R, Martínez-Padilla J, Esperón F. High diversity, novel genotypes, and vertical transmission of hemotropic Mycoplasma in micromammals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 107:102151. [PMID: 38387227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Hemotropic mycoplasmas (hemoplasmas) are emerging zoonotic pathogens. Micromammals have received little attention as hosts for hemoplasmas despite their ubiquitous presence, high population abundances, and close association with humans. A PCR protocol targeting a fragment of the 16 S rRNA gene and direct sequencing in blood samples of 189 adult specimens and 35 fetuses belonging to three species of Eulipotyphla (shrews) and seven species of Rodentia, captured in three ecologically diverse habitats in North-Eastern Spain (Steppe, High Mountain, Mediterranean) yielded and occurrence of 26%, including 36% of 39 shrews and 23% of 150 rodents. Sequencing revealed the presence of 14 nucleotide sequence types (ntST) among the 56 readable sequences. In general, each ntST was associated with a given host species, although in some cases, the same ntST was sequenced in different species (chiefly rodents). Most ntST were closely related to rodent and/or bat hemoplasmas, but one was identical with Mycoplasma haemocanis/haemofelis, and others can be considered novel genotypes. High sequence diversity was detected in rodents, whereas in the white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula), 9/11 sequences from two distant areas were identical. Phylogenetic and network analyses classified our sequences in different clades including hemoplasmas of rodents, carnivores, bats, and humans. Twelve of the fetuses (34.2%) of 9/12 litters (75.0%) of shrews and rodents were hemoplasma-positive, indicating frequent vertical transmission. Our study contributes to expanding our knowledge about the distribution, diversity, and transmission of hemoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza 50013, Spain; Fundación ARAID, Avda. Ranillas 1, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Bárbara Martín-Maldonado
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid) 28670, Spain
| | - Ruth Rodríguez-Pastor
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza 50013, Spain; Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, c/Miguel Servet 177, Zaragoza 50013, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Padilla
- IPE, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), 22700, Avda. Nuestra Señora de la Victoria 16, Jaca, Spain
| | - Fernando Esperón
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, c/ Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid) 28670, Spain
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Beus K, Goudarztalejerdi A, Sazmand A. Molecular detection and identification of hemotropic Mycoplasma species in dogs and their ectoparasites in Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:580. [PMID: 38182649 PMCID: PMC10770070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemotropic Mycoplasma species are vector-borne bacteria that attach and grow on the surface of erythrocytes in various mammals, yet reports of canine hemoplasmosis in Iran are scarce. The aim of this study was molecular detection and identification of hemoplasmas in the blood of dogs (n = 370) from five provinces of Iran and ectoparasites infesting them including Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans fleas, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks, Heterodoxus spiniger lice and Hippobosca longipennis keds. Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. pathogens were detected using genus-specific conventional PCRs, and subsequently identified using species-specific PCRs for Mycoplasma haemocanis (Mhc), and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (CMhp). Sanger sequencing was then performed to confirm the species. Correlation of infection and risk factors (geographical area, keeping condition, body condition, sex, age, ectoparasite infestation) were analyzed. In total, 210 dogs (56.7%) were tested PCR-positive for hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. Species-specific PCR and sequencing revealed infection with Mhc in 17.8%, with CMhp in 7.02% and co-infection in 31.9% of dogs. Flea infestation, poor body condition, and being older than 3-years-old correlated with hemoplasmosis. In ectoparasites, DNA of hemoplasmas were detected only in fleas i.e. Mhc in P. irritans, CMhp in P. irritans and C. canis, and co-infection in C. canis. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale molecular epidemiology study of canine hemoplasmosis in Iran. Considering the high prevalence of canine hemoplasmosis all over the country including potentially zoonotic CMhp, effective ectoparasite control strategies, regular examination of dogs, successful chemoprophylaxis and public awareness strategies are advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Beus
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Ali Goudarztalejerdi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
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Corduneanu A, Zając Z, Kulisz J, Wozniak A, Foucault-Simonin A, Moutailler S, Wu-Chuang A, Peter Á, Sándor AD, Cabezas-Cruz A. Detection of bacterial and protozoan pathogens in individual bats and their ectoparasites using high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0153123. [PMID: 37606379 PMCID: PMC10581248 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01531-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the most studied mammals in terms of their role in the spread of various pathogens with possible zoonotic effects are bats. These are animals with a very complex lifestyle, diet, and behavior. They are able to fly long distances, thus maintaining and spreading the pathogens they may be carrying. These pathogens also include vector-borne parasites and bacteria that can be spread by ectoparasites such as ticks and bat flies. In the present study, high-throughput screening was performed and we detected three bacterial pathogens: Bartonella spp., Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Mycoplasma spp., and a protozoan parasite: Theileria spp. in paired samples from bats (blood and ectoparasites). In the samples from the bat-arthropod pairs, we were able to detect Bartonella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. which also showed a high phylogenetic diversity, demonstrating the importance of these mammals and the arthropods associated with them in maintaining the spread of pathogens. Previous studies have also reported the presence of these pathogens, with one exception, Neoehrlichia mikurensis, for which phylogenetic analysis revealed less genetic divergence. High-throughput screening can detect more bacteria and parasites at once, reduce screening costs, and improve knowledge of bats as reservoirs of vector-borne pathogens. IMPORTANCE The increasing number of zoonotic pathogens is evident through extensive studies and expanded animal research. Bats, known for their role as reservoirs for various viruses, continue to be significant. However, new findings highlight the emergence of Bartonella spp., such as the human-infecting B. mayotimonensis from bats. Other pathogens like N. mikurensis, Mycoplasma spp., and Theileria spp. found in bat blood and ectoparasites raise concerns, as their impact remains uncertain. These discoveries underscore the urgency for heightened vigilance and proactive measures to understand and monitor zoonotic pathogens. By deepening our knowledge and collaboration, we can mitigate these risks, safeguarding human and animal well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Corduneanu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Production, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Zbigniew Zając
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Kulisz
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aneta Wozniak
- Department of Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angélique Foucault-Simonin
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alejandra Wu-Chuang
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Áron Peter
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila D. Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ÁTE Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Chen H, Tang M, Yao L, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Xia H, Chen T, Zheng J. Early application of metagenomics next-generation sequencing may significantly reduce unnecessary consumption of antibiotics in patients with fever of unknown origin. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:478. [PMID: 37464295 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is a novel nucleic acid method for the detection of unknown and difficult pathogenic microorganisms, and its application in the etiological diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO) is less reported. We aimed to comprehensively assess the value of mNGS in the etiologic diagnosis of FUO by the pathogen spectrum and diagnostic performance, and to investigate whether it is different in the time to diagnosis, length of hospitalization, antibiotic consumption and cost between FUO patients with and without early application of mNGS. METHODS A total of 149 FUO inpatients underwent both mNGS and routine pathogen detection was retrospectively analyzed. The diagnostic performance of mNGS, culture and CMTs for the final clinical diagnosis was evaluated by using sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and total conforming rate. Patients were furtherly divided into two groups: the earlier mNGS detection group (sampling time: 0 to 3 days of the admission) and the later mNGS detection group (sampling time: after 3 days of the admission). The length of hospital stay, time spent on diagnosis, cost and consumption of antibiotics were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Compared with the conventional microbiological methods, mNGS detected much more species and had the higher negative predictive (67.6%) and total conforming rate (65.1%). Patients with mNGS sampled earlier had a significantly shorter time to diagnosis (6.05+/-6.23 vs. 10.5+/-6.4 days, P < 0.001) and days of hospital stay (13.7+/-20.0 vs. 30.3 +/-26.9, P < 0.001), as well as a significantly less consumption (13.3+/-7.8 vs. 19.5+/-8.0, P < 0.001) and cost (4543+/-7326 vs. 9873 +/- 9958 China Yuan [CNY], P = 0.001) of antibiotics compared with the patients sampled later. CONCLUSIONS mNGS could significantly improve the detected pathogen spectrum, clinical conforming rate of pathogens while having good negative predictive value for ruling out infections. Early mNGS detection may shorten the diagnosis time and hospitalization days and reduce unnecessary consumption of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingze Tang
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Lemeng Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingren Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Xia
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Hugobiotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianyan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jie Zheng
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Huggins LG, Baydoun Z, Mab R, Khouri Y, Schunack B, Traub RJ, Colella V. Transmission of haemotropic mycoplasma in the absence of arthropod vectors within a closed population of dogs on ectoparasiticides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10143. [PMID: 37349533 PMCID: PMC10287653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog-infecting haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas), such as Mycoplasma haemocanis and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum are common blood-borne pathogens of canines that can potentially inflict a substantial burden of disease, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals. Nonetheless, the transmission of these pathogens remains debated as more evidence emerges that they may not be transmitted by vectors, but instead use alternative methods such as aggressive interactions and vertical transmission. Here, we treated forty dogs with two different topically-acting ectoparasiticide products able to prevent vector-borne pathogen infections during an 8-month community trial in Cambodia. A total absence of ectoparasites were observed at all time points, and no new infections caused by pathogens confirmed as being vectorially-transmitted were detected, i.e., Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, and Hepatozoon canis. Conversely, the number of haemoplasma infections in dogs on both ectoparasiticides rose significantly, with an incidence of 26 infections per 100 dogs at risk per year, providing strong evidence of non-vectorial transmission. Over the study period, dog aggression and fighting were frequently observed, highlighting a different potential mode of transmission. This study presents the first robust evidence that canine haemoplasmas may be transmitted without arthropod vectors drawing attention to the need for new methods to prevent their transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Huggins
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - Zahida Baydoun
- Animal Mama Veterinary Hospital, Phnom Penh, 12312, Cambodia
| | - Ron Mab
- Animal Mama Veterinary Hospital, Phnom Penh, 12312, Cambodia
| | - Yulia Khouri
- Animal Mama Veterinary Hospital, Phnom Penh, 12312, Cambodia
| | | | - Rebecca J Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
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de Mello VVC, Placa AJV, Lee DAB, Franco EO, Lima L, Teixeira MMG, Hemsley C, Titball RW, Machado RZ, André MR. Molecular detection of blood-borne agents in vampire bats from Brazil, with the first molecular evidence of Neorickettsia sp. in Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata. Acta Trop 2023; 244:106945. [PMID: 37207993 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bats (Mammalia, Chiroptera) represent the second largest group of mammals. Due to their ability to fly and adapt and colonize different niches, bats act as reservoirs of several potentially zoonotic pathogens. In this context, the present work aimed to investigate, using molecular techniques, the occurrence of blood-borne agents (Anaplasmataceae, Coxiella burnetii, hemoplasmas, hemosporidians and piroplasmids) in 198 vampire bats sampled in different regions of Brazil and belonging to the species Desmodus rotundus (n=159), Diphylla ecaudata (n=31) and Diaemus youngii (n=8). All vampire bats liver samples were negative in PCR assays for Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., piroplasmids, hemosporidians and Coxiella burnetii. However, Neorickettsia sp. was detected in liver samples of 1.51% (3/198) through nested PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene in D. rotundus and D. ecaudata. This is the first study to report Neorickettsia sp. in vampire bats. Hemoplasmas were detected in 6.06% (12/198) of the liver samples using a PCR based on the 16S rRNA gene. The two 16S rRNA sequences obtained from hemoplasmas were closely related to sequences previously identified in vampire and non-hematophagous bats from Belize, Peru and Brazil. The genotypic analysis identified a high diversity of bat-associated hemoplasma genotypes from different regions of the world, emphasizing the need for studies on this subject, in order to better understand the mechanisms of co-evolution between this group of bacteria and their vertebrate hosts. The role of neotropical bat-associated Neorickettsia sp. and bats from Brazilian in the biological cycle of such agent warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victória Valente Califre de Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Agricultural Microbiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Julia Vidal Placa
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Antonio Braga Lee
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliz Oliveira Franco
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lima
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatids Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences II, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatids Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences II, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Hemsley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Richard W Titball
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences - Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Vector-Borne Bioagents Laboratory (VBBL), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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11
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Klement-Frutos E, Mediannikov O, Fournier PE, Haroche J, Leblond V, Caumes E. Mycoplasma haemohominis as a cause of fever of unknown origin in a traveller. J Travel Med 2023; 30:6798399. [PMID: 36331263 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Candidatus mycoplasma haemohominis (cMh) is the most human-adapted and lethal haemoplasma. Bats are the common reservoir worldwide. cMh should be suspected in fever of unknown origin associated with splenomegaly, and haemolytic anaemia or haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, above all in Asia Pacific travellers. Doxycycline should be started preemptively as diagnosis can be retrospectively confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Klement-Frutos
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Agen Hospital, Agen, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Edouard Fournier
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, IRD, APHM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Haroche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Leblond
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, AP-HP, Paris, France
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12
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Wang R, Li ZM, Peng QM, Gu XL, Zhou CM, Xiao X, Han HJ, Yu XJ. High prevalence and genetic diversity of hemoplasmas in bats and bat ectoparasites from China. One Health 2023; 16:100498. [PMID: 36844977 PMCID: PMC9947411 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoplasmas can cause severe hemolytic anemia in humans. To explore the genetic diversity and the potential transmission routes of hemoplasmas among bat population, bats and bat-ectoparasites including bat-flies, bat-mites, and bat-ticks were collected in Eastern and Central China from 2015 to 2021, and tested with PCR for hemoplasmas 16S rRNA gene. Based on 16S rRNA PCR, 18.0% (103/572) adult bats were positive for hemoplasmas, but none of 11 fetuses from hemoplasmas-positive pregnant bats was positive for hemoplasmas. These results indicated that adult bats had a high prevalence of hemoplasma, but vertical transmission of hemoplasmas did not occurr in the bats. Based on the 16S rRNA gene PCR, the minimum infection rate of bat-ectoparasite for hemoplasmas was 4.0% (27/676), suggesting that bat-ectoparasite also had a high prevalence for hemoplasmas. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that bat hemoplasmas from this study clustered into 4 genotypes (I-IV). Genotype I clustered together with hemoplasmas identified in bats from America. Genotype II shared high similarity with a human-pathogenic hemoplasma Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis. Genotype III and IV were unique, representing 2 new hemoplasma genotypes. Only genotype I was identified in both bats and all bat-ectoparasites including bat-flies, bat-mites, and bat-ticks. In conclusion, bats and bat-ectoparasites from China harbored abundant genetically diverse hemoplasmas including potential human-pathogenic hemoplasmas, indicating bats and bat-ectoparasites may play important roles in the maintenance and transmission of hemoplasmas in the natural foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ze-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiu-Ming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuan-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Epidemiology Research, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui-Ju Han
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong, Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Xue-Jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Corresponding authors.
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13
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Barbosa AD, Long M, Lee W, Austen JM, Cunneen M, Ratchford A, Burns B, Kumarasinghe P, Ben-Othman R, Kollmann TR, Stewart CR, Beaman M, Parry R, Hall R, Tabor A, O’Donovan J, Faddy HM, Collins M, Cheng AC, Stenos J, Graves S, Oskam CL, Ryan UM, Irwin PJ. The Troublesome Ticks Research Protocol: Developing a Comprehensive, Multidiscipline Research Plan for Investigating Human Tick-Associated Disease in Australia. Pathogens 2022; 11:1290. [PMID: 36365042 PMCID: PMC9694322 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In Australia, there is a paucity of data about the extent and impact of zoonotic tick-related illnesses. Even less is understood about a multifaceted illness referred to as Debilitating Symptom Complexes Attributed to Ticks (DSCATT). Here, we describe a research plan for investigating the aetiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes of human tick-associated disease in Australia. Our approach focuses on the transmission of potential pathogens and the immunological responses of the patient after a tick bite. The protocol is strengthened by prospective data collection, the recruitment of two external matched control groups, and sophisticated integrative data analysis which, collectively, will allow the robust demonstration of associations between a tick bite and the development of clinical and pathological abnormalities. Various laboratory analyses are performed including metagenomics to investigate the potential transmission of bacteria, protozoa and/or viruses during tick bite. In addition, multi-omics technology is applied to investigate links between host immune responses and potential infectious and non-infectious disease causations. Psychometric profiling is also used to investigate whether psychological attributes influence symptom development. This research will fill important knowledge gaps about tick-borne diseases. Ultimately, we hope the results will promote improved diagnostic outcomes, and inform the safe management and treatment of patients bitten by ticks in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. Barbosa
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, DF, Brazil
| | - Michelle Long
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Wenna Lee
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Jill M. Austen
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Mike Cunneen
- The App Workshop Pty Ltd., Perth, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Andrew Ratchford
- Emergency Department, Northern Beaches Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia
- School of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Brian Burns
- Emergency Department, Northern Beaches Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2086, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Prasad Kumarasinghe
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Western Dermatology, Hollywood Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | | | | | - Cameron R. Stewart
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Miles Beaman
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Rhys Parry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Roy Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Global Virus Network Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ala Tabor
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre of Animal Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Justine O’Donovan
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Sydney, NSW 2015, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, QLD 4502, Australia
| | - Marjorie Collins
- School of Psychology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Allen C. Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Charlotte L. Oskam
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Una M. Ryan
- Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Peter J. Irwin
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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14
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Haemoplasma Prevalence and Diversity in Three Invasive Rattus Species from Gauteng Province, South Africa. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081632. [PMID: 36014050 PMCID: PMC9413481 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Rattus species are carriers of haemotropic Mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) globally, but data from Africa are lacking. Using a PCR-sequencing approach, we assessed haemoplasma prevalence and diversity in kidney and buccal swabs collected from three invasive Rattus species (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi) in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Whilst the overall sequence-confirmed haemoplasma prevalence was 38.4%, infection rates in R. rattus (58.3%) were significantly higher (χ2 = 12.96; df = 2; n = 99 p < 0.05) than for R. tanezumi (14.3%). Differences between host sex (χ2 = 3.59 × 10−31; df = 1; n = 99; p = 1.00) and age (χ2 = 4.28; df = 2; n = 99; p = 0.12) were not significant. Whilst buccal (1.01%) and ectoparasite positivity (2.13%) were low, these results suggest that multiple transmission routes are possible. Three phylogenetically distinct lineages, consistent with global rat-associated strains described to date, were detected, namely, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris subsp. Ratti’, and two Rattus-specific haemoplasmas that are yet to be formally described. These results expand the known distribution of invasive rat-associated haemoplasmas and highlight the potential for pathogen co-invasion of new territories together with invading rodent hosts.
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15
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Wright WF, Simner PJ, Carroll KC, Auwaerter PG. Progress Report: Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and Broad-Range Molecular Assays as Diagnostic Tools for Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) Investigations in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 74:924-932. [PMID: 33606012 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even well into the 21st century, infectious diseases still account for most causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO). Advances in molecular technologies, including broad-range PCR of the 16S rRNA gene followed by Sanger sequencing, multiplex PCR assays, and more recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications, have transitioned from research methods to more commonplace in some clinical microbiology laboratories. They have the potential to supplant traditional microbial identification methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Despite the remaining challenges with these technologies, publications in the past decade justify excitement about the potential to transform FUO investigations. We discuss available evidence using these molecular methods for FUO evaluations, including potential cost-benefits and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Wright
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Patricia J Simner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Paul G Auwaerter
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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16
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Millán J, Di Cataldo S, Volokhov DV, Becker DJ. Worldwide occurrence of haemoplasmas in wildlife: Insights into the patterns of infection, transmission, pathology and zoonotic potential. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:3236-3256. [PMID: 33210822 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemotropic mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) have increasingly attracted the attention of wildlife disease researchers due to a combination of wide host range, high prevalence and genetic diversity. A systematic review identified 75 articles that investigated haemoplasma infection in wildlife by molecular methods (chiefly targeting partial 16S rRNA gene sequences), which included 131 host genera across six orders. Studies were less common in the Eastern Hemisphere (especially Africa and Asia) and more frequent in the Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Meta-analysis showed that infection prevalence did not vary by geographic region nor host order, but wild hosts showed significantly higher prevalence than captive hosts. Using a taxonomically flexible machine learning algorithm, we also found vampire bats and cervids to have greater prevalence, whereas mink, a subclade of vesper bats, and true foxes all had lower prevalence compared to the remaining sampled mammal phylogeny. Haemoplasma genotype and nucleotide diversity varied little among wild mammals but were marginally lower in primates and bats. Coinfection with more than one haemoplasma species or genotype was always confirmed when assessed. Risk factors of infection identified were sociality, age, males and high trophic levels, and both prevalence and diversity were often higher in undisturbed environments. Haemoplasmas likely use different and concurrent transmission routes and typically display enzootic dynamics when wild populations are studied longitudinally. Haemoplasma pathology is poorly known in wildlife but appears subclinical. Candidatus Mycoplasma haematohominis, which causes disease in humans, probably has it natural host in bats. Haemoplasmas can serve as a model system in ecological and evolutionary studies, and future research on these pathogens in wildlife must focus on increasing the geographic range and taxa of studies and elucidating pathology, transmission and zoonotic potential. To facilitate such work, we recommend using universal PCR primers or NGS protocols to detect novel haemoplasmas and other genetic markers to differentiate among species and infer cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Millán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Fundación ARAID, Zaragoza, Spain.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sophia Di Cataldo
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dmitriy V Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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17
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Becker DJ, Speer KA, Brown AM, Fenton MB, Washburne AD, Altizer S, Streicker DG, Plowright RK, Chizhikov VE, Simmons NB, Volokhov DV. Ecological and evolutionary drivers of haemoplasma infection and bacterial genotype sharing in a Neotropical bat community. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1534-1549. [PMID: 32243630 PMCID: PMC8299350 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Most emerging pathogens can infect multiple species, underlining the importance of understanding the ecological and evolutionary factors that allow some hosts to harbour greater infection prevalence and share pathogens with other species. However, our understanding of pathogen jumps is based primarily around viruses, despite bacteria accounting for the greatest proportion of zoonoses. Because bacterial pathogens in bats (order Chiroptera) can have conservation and human health consequences, studies that examine the ecological and evolutionary drivers of bacterial prevalence and barriers to pathogen sharing are crucially needed. Here were studied haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. (i.e., haemoplasmas) across a species-rich bat community in Belize over two years. Across 469 bats spanning 33 species, half of individuals and two-thirds of species were haemoplasma positive. Infection prevalence was higher for males and for species with larger body mass and colony sizes. Haemoplasmas displayed high genetic diversity (21 novel genotypes) and strong host specificity. Evolutionary patterns supported codivergence of bats and bacterial genotypes alongside phylogenetically constrained host shifts. Bat species centrality to the network of shared haemoplasma genotypes was phylogenetically clustered and unrelated to prevalence, further suggesting rare-but detectable-bacterial sharing between species. Our study highlights the importance of using fine phylogenetic scales when assessing host specificity and suggests phylogenetic similarity may play a key role in host shifts not only for viruses but also for bacteria. Such work more broadly contributes to increasing efforts to understand cross-species transmission and the epidemiological consequences of bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Becker
- Department of BiologyIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Kelly A. Speer
- Richard Gilder Graduate SchoolAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of Invertebrate ZoologyNational Museum of Natural HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonDCUSA
- Center for Conservation GenomicsSmithsonian Conservation Biology InstituteNational Zoological ParkWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Alexis M. Brown
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNYUSA
| | | | - Alex D. Washburne
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious DiseaseUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Odum School of EcologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
- MRC–University of Glasgow Centre for Virus ResearchGlasgowUK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative MedicineUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Raina K. Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMontana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | - Vladimir E. Chizhikov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Richard Gilder Graduate SchoolAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MammalogyDivision of Vertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Dmitriy V. Volokhov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMDUSA
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