1
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Nurses' Perception of Patient Safety Culture in Primary Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Preliminary Results. J Ambul Care Manage 2022; 45:299-309. [PMID: 36006388 DOI: 10.1097/jac.0000000000000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of nurses' perceptions of patient safety culture (PSC) might be beneficial in identifying safety areas that need improvement, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study reports on the PSC in primary care from the nurses' perspective during the pandemic. Nurses (n = 117) evaluated teamwork (87.3%) and staff training (80.9%) positively but work pressure and pace (26.1%) and patient care tracking (45.3%) concerning PSC dimensions negatively. Limited care coordination and continuity lead to patient hospitalizations and care fragmentation. However, regular assessment of PSC can lead to adopting the necessary strategies to reinforce weaknesses and thus improve patient safety in primary care.
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2
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Mondal SK, Mukhoty S, Kundu H, Ghosh S, Sen MK, Das S, Brogi S. In silico analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic potential of existing antiviral drugs. Comput Biol Med 2021; 135:104591. [PMID: 34216889 PMCID: PMC8220294 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The continued sustained threat of the SARS-CoV-2 virus world-wide, urgently calls for far-reaching effective therapeutic strategies for treating this emerging infection. Accordingly, this study explores mode of action and therapeutic potential of existing antiviral drugs. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses indicate that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 was mutable and similar to bat coronavirus RaTG13. Successive interactions between RdRp (nsp12 alone or in complex with cofactors nsp7-8) and viral RNA demonstrated that the binding affinity values remained the same, but the sites of interaction of RdRp (highly conserved for homologous sequences from different organisms) were altered in the presence of selected antiviral drugs such as Remdesivir, and Sofosbuvir. The antiviral drug Sofosbuvir reduced the number of hydrogen bonds formed between RdRp and RNA. Remdesivir bound more tightly to viral RNA than viral RdRp alone or the nsp12-7-8 hexadecameric complex, resulting in a significant number of hydrogen bonds being formed in the uracil-rich region. The interaction between nsp12-7-8 complex and RNA was mediated by specific interaction sites of nsp7-8. Therefore, the conserved nature of RdRp interaction sites, and alterations due to drug intervention indicate the therapeutic potential of the selected drugs. In this article, we provide additional focus on the interacting amino acids of the nsp7-8 complex and highlight crucial regions that could be targeted for precluding a correct recognition of subunits involved in the hexadecameric assembly, to rationally design molecules endowed with a significant antiviral profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kanti Mondal
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India.
| | - Samyabrata Mukhoty
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Himangsu Kundu
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhajit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Madhab Kumar Sen
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Suvankar Das
- Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy.
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3
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Jayamohan H, Lambert CJ, Sant HJ, Jafek A, Patel D, Feng H, Beeman M, Mahmood T, Nze U, Gale BK. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a review of molecular diagnostic tools including sample collection and commercial response with associated advantages and limitations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:49-71. [PMID: 33073312 PMCID: PMC7568947 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented global pandemic known as SARS-CoV-2 has exercised to its limits nearly all aspects of modern viral diagnostics. In doing so, it has illuminated both the advantages and limitations of current technologies. Tremendous effort has been put forth to expand our capacity to diagnose this deadly virus. In this work, we put forth key observations in the functionality of current methods for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing. These methods include nucleic acid amplification-, CRISPR-, sequencing-, antigen-, and antibody-based detection methods. Additionally, we include analysis of equally critical aspects of COVID-19 diagnostics, including sample collection and preparation, testing models, and commercial response. We emphasize the integrated nature of assays, wherein issues in sample collection and preparation could impact the overall performance in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Jayamohan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Christopher J Lambert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Himanshu J Sant
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alexander Jafek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Haidong Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael Beeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Tawsif Mahmood
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ugochukwu Nze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Bruce K Gale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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4
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Dehghannezhad J, Zamanzadeh V, Heydarpoor D, Hassankhani H, Boyle M, Dadashzadeh A. Review on home care recommendations for patients with suspected COVID-19 presenting with mild symptoms. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai38-30415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Caring for COVID-19 patients at home is a global challenge. This study aimed to review recommendations put forward on home care for patients with suspected COVID-19 presenting with mild clinical features. This is a review of the scientific literature covering COVID-19 and home care from the medical electronic databases such as PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and CINAHL. The electronic databases were searched from the beginning of 2019 to the end of August 2020. The search terms included home care, COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019, caring, and nursing care. Articles were included if they reported on aspects of home care for managing patients with mild clinical features of COVID-19. Articles were excluded if they reported on management within healthcare facilities, were about therapeutic management not possible in home care, and non-study type articles. Reference lists of retrieved journals were also reviewed. There was a total of 1,970 identified articles; 950 studies were duplicates and were removed, after which 500 titles and abstracts remained for review. Review of the title and abstracts found 60 articles which met the inclusion criteria. After analysis of the full text articles, 12 articles were included in this study. The main areas covering home care can be summarized as home-based quarantine, management of contacts, early diagnosis at home, control of clinical features (i.e. fever and cough), appropriate nutrition and adequate fluid intake, establishment of a monitoring center, psychological support, and telemedicine. The use of home quarantine for people with mild clinical features of COVID-19 is possible with support services and will assist in reducing the demand on hospitals.
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5
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Amoo OS, Ohihoin AG, Musa AZ, Idighe I, Ige F, Giwa-Tubosun T, Oloko S, Abiola A, Ohihoin EN, David AN, Salako A, Oladele D, Gab-Okafor CM, Bamidele TA, Aina OO, Chukwu E, Odunukwe NN, Ezechi OC, Audu RA, Salako BL. Implementation of a modified drive-through sampling strategy for SARS-CoV-2-the Nigerian experience. Pan Afr Med J 2020; 35:107. [PMID: 33282062 PMCID: PMC7687503 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.24319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: effective and safe means of sample collection is a crucial component of testing for Covid-19. Uptake of testing is key to containing and controlling the spread of the virus. Scientists have been working on various strategies that will increase the uptake of testing for COVID-19. One such method involves the use of the drive-through sampling strategy. Methods: data was collected by both qualitative and quantitative methods. An eligibility form was filled online. While in-depth interviews were conducted for the qualitative aspect of the study. Results: 2,600 visits were recorded at the website, 2300 (88.46%) participants successfully registered for the test. 57.4% were found eligible of which 78.0% presented for the test. This Consisted of 78.0% drive-through and 22.0% walk-in. The average time for transiting through the drive-through site was 19.2 ± 4.6minutes while that of the walk-in was 28 ± 9.2min. This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). In the qualitative component, respondents opined that maximum safety measures were deployed to protect both participants and health workers. Most said that the turnaround time for the sampling process was short. Conclusion: the sampling strategy although largely successful, is largely dependent on Internet penetrability, thus this sampling modality will be best utilized as an adjunct to established models of sample collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Samuel Amoo
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Adesola Zaidat Musa
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma Idighe
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Fehintola Ige
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Agatha Ngozi David
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abideen Salako
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - David Oladele
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Emelda Chukwu
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Rosemary Ajuma Audu
- Nigerian Institute of Medical Research 6 Edmund Crescent, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
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6
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Maxwell DN, Perl TM, Cutrell JB. "The Art of War" in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2215-2217. [PMID: 32147715 PMCID: PMC7108175 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Maxwell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Trish M Perl
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James B Cutrell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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7
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Tan C, Gao C, Zhou Q, Van Driel W, Ye H, Zhang G. The inactivation mechanism of chemical disinfection against SARS-CoV-2: from MD and DFT perspectives. RSC Adv 2020; 10:40480-40488. [PMID: 35520849 PMCID: PMC9057723 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06730j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring effective disinfection methods and understanding their mechanisms on the new coronavirus is becoming more active due to the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By combining molecular dynamics and first-principles calculations, we investigate the interaction mechanism of chemical agents with 3CL hydrolase of SARS-CoV-2. The radial distribution functions indicate that the biocidal ingredients are sensitive to the unsaturated oxygen atoms of 3CL hydrolase and their interactions remarkably depend on the concentration of the biocidal ingredients. Besides, we find that the adsorption performance of the active ingredients for the unsaturated oxygen atoms is superior to other styles of atoms. These computational results not only decipher the inactivation mechanism of chemical agents against SARS-CoV-2 from the molecule-level perspective, but also provide a theoretical basis for the development and application of new chemical methods with a high disinfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Tan
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Chenshan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Quan Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems, Education Ministry of China, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Willem Van Driel
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong China
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands
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8
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Tohidinia M, Sefid F. Identification B and T-Cell epitopes and functional exposed amino acids of S protein as a potential vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104459. [PMID: 32835775 PMCID: PMC7441888 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus that it disease spreads in over the world. Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses with a genome of approximately 30 KD, the largest genome among RNA viruses. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. So, there is an emergency need for vaccines and antiviral strategies. The spike protein is the major surface protein that it uses to bind to a receptor of another protein that acts as a doorway into a human cell. The putative antigenic epitopes may prove effective as novel vaccines for eradication and combating of COV19 infection. A combination of available bioinformatics tools are used to synthesis of such peptides that are important for the development of a vaccine. In conclusion, amino acids 250-800 were selected as effective B cell epitopes, T cell epitopes, and functional exposed amino acids in order to a recombinant vaccine against coronavirus.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Drug Design
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tohidinia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sefid
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Art University, Yazd, Iran.
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9
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Kim CS, Lynch JB, Cohen S, Neme S, Staiger TO, Evans L, Pergam SA, Liu C, Bryson-Cahn C, Dellit TH. One Academic Health System's Early (and Ongoing) Experience Responding to COVID-19: Recommendations From the Initial Epicenter of the Pandemic in the United States. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:1146-1148. [PMID: 32282371 PMCID: PMC7176258 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
On January 19, 2020, the first case of a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States was reported in Washington State. On February 29, 2020, a patient infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) passed away in a hospital in Seattle-King County, the first reported COVID-19-related death in the United States. That same day, a skilled nursing and rehabilitation facility in the county reported that several of its residents tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and that many staff had symptoms compatible with COVID-19.The University of Washington Medicine health system (UW Medicine), which is based in Seattle-King County and provides quaternary care for the region, was one of several health care organizations called upon to address this growing crisis. What ensued was a series of swiftly enacted decisions and activities at UW Medicine, in partnership with local, state, and national public health agencies, to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tapping into the multipronged mission areas of academic medicine, UW Medicine worked to support the community, innovate in science and clinical practice; lead policy and practice guideline development; and adopt changes as the crisis unfolded. In doing so, health system leaders had to balance their commitments to students, residents and fellows, researchers, faculty, staff, and hospital and health center entities, while ensuring that patients continued to receive cutting-edge, high-quality, safe care. In this Invited Commentary, the authors highlight the work and challenges UW Medicine has faced in responding to the global COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Kim
- C.S. Kim is associate medical director, Quality, Patient Safety, and Clinical Efficiency, University of Washington Medical Center, and associate professor, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - John B. Lynch
- J.B. Lynch is medical director, Infection Prevention and Control, Harborview Medical Center, and associate professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Seth Cohen
- J.B. Lynch is medical director, Infection Prevention and Control, Harborview Medical Center, and associate professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Santiago Neme
- S. Cohen is medical director, Infection Prevention and Employee Health, University of Washington Medical Center, and clinical assistant professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas O. Staiger
- S. Neme is medical director, University of Washington Medical Center, Northwest Campus, and clinical assistant professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura Evans
- T.O. Staiger is medical director, University of Washington Medical Center, and professor, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Steven A. Pergam
- L. Evans is associate medical director, Critical Care, University of Washington Medical Center, and associate professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Liu
- S.A. Pergam is medical director, Infection Prevention, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, and associate professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chloe Bryson-Cahn
- C. Liu is medical director, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, and associate professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Timothy H. Dellit
- C. Bryson-Cahn is associate medical director, Infection Prevention and Control, Harborview Medical Center, and assistant professor, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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10
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Purabdollah M, Ghasempour M. Tele-Nursing New Opportunity for Nursing Care in COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 49:130-131. [PMID: 34268221 PMCID: PMC8266018 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v49is1.3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article is a Letter to the Editor and does not include an Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Purabdollah
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghasempour
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Killeen GF, Kiware SS. Why lockdown? Why national unity? Why global solidarity? Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the 2019 novel coronavirus. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5:442-458. [PMID: 32691016 PMCID: PMC7342051 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As every country in the world struggles with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential that as many people as possible understand the epidemic containment, elimination and exclusion strategies required to tackle it. Simplified arithmetic models of COVID-19 transmission, control and elimination are presented in user-friendly Shiny and Excel formats that allow non-specialists to explore, query, critique and understand the containment decisions facing their country and the world at large. Although the predictive model is broadly applicable, the simulations presented are based on parameter values representative of the United Republic of Tanzania, which is still early enough in its epidemic cycle and response to avert a national catastrophe. The predictions of these models illustrate (1) why ambitious lock-down interventions to crush the curve represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into outright catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so stringently and for such extended periods, (3) why high prevalence of other pathogens causing similar symptoms to mild COVID-19 precludes the use of contact tracing as a substitute for lock down interventions to contain and eliminate epidemics, (4) why partial containment strategies intended to merely flatten the curve, by maintaining epidemics at manageably low levels, are grossly unrealistic, and (5) why local elimination may only be sustained after lock down ends if imported cases are comprehensively excluded, so international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries certified as free of COVID-19 represents the best strategy for motivating progress towards pandemic eradication at global level. The three sequential goals that every country needs to emphatically embrace are contain, eliminate and exclude. As recently emphasized by the World Health Organization, success will require widespread genuine national unity and unprecedented global solidarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerry F Killeen
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Samson S Kiware
- Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Morogoro, United Republic of Tanzania
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12
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Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, Kanjilal S, Quach C, Libman M, Dittrich S, Yansouni CP. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med 2020; 172:726-734. [PMID: 32282894 PMCID: PMC7170415 DOI: 10.7326/m20-1301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic testing to identify persons infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is central to control the global pandemic of COVID-19 that began in late 2019. In a few countries, the use of diagnostic testing on a massive scale has been a cornerstone of successful containment strategies. In contrast, the United States, hampered by limited testing capacity, has prioritized testing for specific groups of persons. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based assays performed in a laboratory on respiratory specimens are the reference standard for COVID-19 diagnostics. However, point-of-care technologies and serologic immunoassays are rapidly emerging. Although excellent tools exist for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients in well-equipped laboratories, important gaps remain in screening asymptomatic persons in the incubation phase, as well as in the accurate determination of live viral shedding during convalescence to inform decisions to end isolation. Many affluent countries have encountered challenges in test delivery and specimen collection that have inhibited rapid increases in testing capacity. These challenges may be even greater in low-resource settings. Urgent clinical and public health needs currently drive an unprecedented global effort to increase testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, the authors review the current array of tests for SARS-CoV-2, highlight gaps in current diagnostic capacity, and propose potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Cheng
- McGill University Health Centre and McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.P.C.)
| | - Jesse Papenburg
- McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity and Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.P.)
| | - Michaël Desjardins
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.D.)
| | - Sanjat Kanjilal
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (S.K.)
| | - Caroline Quach
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (C.Q.)
| | - Michael Libman
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.L., C.P.Y.)
| | - Sabine Dittrich
- Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics, Malaria and Fever Program, Geneva, Switzerland, and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (S.D.)
| | - Cedric P Yansouni
- McGill University Health Centre, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.L., C.P.Y.)
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Weissman
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marie A de Perio
- Office of the Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lewis J Radonovich
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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14
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Desjardins MR, Hohl A, Delmelle EM. Rapid surveillance of COVID-19 in the United States using a prospective space-time scan statistic: Detecting and evaluating emerging clusters. APPLIED GEOGRAPHY (SEVENOAKS, ENGLAND) 2020; 118:102202. [PMID: 32287518 PMCID: PMC7139246 DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2020.102202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is a pandemic with an estimated death rate between 1% and 5%; and an estimatedR 0 between 2.2 and 6.7 according to various sources. As of March 28th, 2020, there were over 649,000 confirmed cases and 30,249 total deaths, globally. In the United States, there were over 115,500 cases and 1891 deaths and this number is likely to increase rapidly. It is critical to detect clusters of COVID-19 to better allocate resources and improve decision-making as the outbreaks continue to grow. Using daily case data at the county level provided by Johns Hopkins University, we conducted a prospective spatial-temporal analysis with SaTScan. We detect statistically significant space-time clusters of COVID-19 at the county level in the U.S. between January 22nd-March 9th, 2020, and January 22nd-March 27th, 2020. The space-time prospective scan statistic detected "active" and emerging clusters that are present at the end of our study periods - notably, 18 more clusters were detected when adding the updated case data. These timely results can inform public health officials and decision makers about where to improve the allocation of resources, testing sites; also, where to implement stricter quarantines and travel bans. As more data becomes available, the statistic can be rerun to support timely surveillance of COVID-19, demonstrated here. Our research is the first geographic study that utilizes space-time statistics to monitor COVID-19 in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Desjardins
- Department of Epidemiology & Spatial Science for Public Health Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - A Hohl
- Department of Geography, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - E M Delmelle
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences & Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
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15
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Grange ES, Neil EJ, Stoffel M, Singh AP, Tseng E, Resco-Summers K, Fellner BJ, Lynch JB, Mathias PC, Mauritz-Miller K, Sutton PR, Leu MG. Responding to COVID-19: The UW Medicine Information Technology Services Experience. Appl Clin Inform 2020; 11:265-275. [PMID: 32268390 PMCID: PMC7141898 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background
UW Medicine was one of the first health systems to encounter and treat COVID-19 patients in the United States, starting in late February 2020.
Objective
Here we describe the rapid rollout of capabilities by UW Medicine Information Technology Services (ITS) to support our clinical response to the COVID-19 pandemic and provide recommendations for health systems to urgently consider, as they plan their own response to this and potentially other future pandemics.
Methods
Our recommendations include establishing a hospital incident command structure that includes tight integration with IT, creating automated dashboards for incident command, optimizing emergency communication to staff and patients, and preparing human resources, security, other policies, and equipment to support the transition of all nonessential staff to telework.
We describe how UW Medicine quickly expanded telemedicine capabilities to include most primary care providers and increasing numbers of specialty providers. We look at how we managed expedited change control processes to quickly update electronic health records (EHR) with new COVID-19 laboratory and clinical workflows. We also examine the integration of new technology such as tele–intensive care (ICU) equipment and improved integration with teleconferencing software into our EHR. To support the rapid preparation for COVID-19 at other health systems, we include samples of the UW Medicine's COVID-19 order set, COVID-19 documentation template, dashboard metric categories, and a list of the top 10 things your health care IT organization can do now to prepare. Conclusion
The COVID-19 response requires new and expedited ways of approaching ITS support to clinical needs. UW Medicine ITS leadership hope that by quickly sharing our nimble response to clinical and operational requests, we can help other systems prepare to respond to this public health emergency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha S Grange
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Eric J Neil
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Michelle Stoffel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Angad P Singh
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ethan Tseng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Kelly Resco-Summers
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - B Jane Fellner
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - John B Lynch
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Patrick C Mathias
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Kristal Mauritz-Miller
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Paul R Sutton
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Michael G Leu
- Department of Information Technology Services, UW Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.,Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States
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16
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Tolia VM, Chan TC, Castillo EM. Preliminary Results of Initial Testing for Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the Emergency Department. West J Emerg Med 2020; 21:503-506. [PMID: 32223871 PMCID: PMC7234708 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2020.3.47348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On March 10, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic due to widespread infection of the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). We report the preliminary results of a targeted program of COVID-19 infection testing in the ED in the first 10 days of its initiation at our institution. METHODS We conducted a review of prospectively collected data on all ED patients who had targeted testing for acute COVID-19 infection at two EDs during the initial 10 days of testing (March 10-19, 2020). During this initial period with limited resources, testing was targeted toward high-risk patients per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. Data collected from patients who were tested included demographics, clinical characteristics, and test qualifying criteria. We present the data overall and by test results with descriptive statistics. RESULTS During the 10-day study period, the combined census of the study EDs was 2157 patient encounters. A total of 283 tests were ordered in the ED. The majority of patients were 18-64 years of age, male, non-Hispanic white, had an Emergency Severity Index score of three, did not have a fever, and were discharged from the ED. A total of 29 (10.2%) tested positive. Symptoms-based criteria most associated with COVID-19 were the most common criteria identified for testing (90.6%). All other criteria were reported in 5.51-43.0% of persons being tested. Having contact with a person under investigation was significantly more common in those who tested positive compared to those who tested negative (63% vs 24.5%, respectively). The majority of patients in both results groups had at least two qualifying criteria for testing (75.2%). CONCLUSION In this review of prospectively collected data on all ED patients who had targeted testing for acute COVID-19 infection at two EDs in the first 10 days of testing, we found that 10.2% of those tested were identified as positive. The continued monitoring of testing and results will help providers understand how COVID-19 is progressing in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishal M Tolia
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Theodore C Chan
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
| | - Edward M Castillo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Diego, California
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17
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Gupta P, Goyal K, Kanta P, Ghosh A, Singh MP. Novel 2019-coronavirus on new year's Eve. Indian J Med Microbiol 2019; 37:459-477. [PMID: 32436867 PMCID: PMC7836853 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing apocalyptic outbreak of a new virus causing pneumonia-like clusters in Wuhan city, China, has gleamed the world. The outbreak, confirmed on the New Year's Eve 2020, has known no boundaries since then. The number has surpassed that of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and is uninterruptedly escalating. Being an RNA virus, it has a propensity to mutate due to the low proofreading capacity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Step-wise mutations have led to the gradual spillover of virus and after crossing the inter-species interface, the virus has adapted itself for a stable human-to-human transmission. The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (CoV)-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can prove deadlier if the so-called 'super-spreading events' emerge with time. Recent research has shown the maximum homology of 99% of SARS-CoV-2 to pangolins associated coronavirus, owing to which these can serve as potential intermediate host. India is responding swiftly to the emergency situation, and the whole of the country is under lockdown since 25 March 2020, to ensure social distancing. All the international flights are padlocked and the travellers are being screened at airports and seaports via thermal sensors, and quarantine for a period of 14 days is recommended. Three hundred and forty-five patients across the country tested positive with six fatalities as of 22 March 2020. No specific anti-CoV drugs are currently available. Patients are being treated with protease drugs are inhibitors, remdesivir, chloroquine, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors, ivermectin, sarilumab and tocilizumab, though none of these is Food and Drug Administration approved and are undergoing trials. Preventive measures such as social distancing, quarantine, cough etiquettes, proper hand washing, cleaning and decontaminating the surfaces are the mainstay for curbing the transmission of this virus. The present review highlights the update of novel SARS-CoV-2 in context to the Indian scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parakriti Gupta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kapil Goyal
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Poonam Kanta
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mini P. Singh
- Department of Virology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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