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Huang H, Zhang J, Gui F, Liu S, Zhong C, Wang T, Du H, He X, Cao L. Development of a Simple Single-Acupoint Electroacupuncture Frame and Evaluation of the Acupuncture Effect in Rabbits. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100217. [PMID: 34679047 PMCID: PMC8540568 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce the circulation path of the output current of traditional electroacupuncture (TEA) process in the body, a simple single-acupoint electroacupuncture (SEA) frame was designed and the acupuncture effect of SEA was evaluated through Hou-san-li (ST-36) and Qian-san-li (LI-10) acupoints. Forty-two healthy New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into seven groups and underwent acupuncture for 20 min in an awake state. Blood samples aseptically collected from the ear vein 3 h before acupuncture and 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h after acupuncture were used for the detection of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) and motilin (MTL) in serum. The simple SEA frame was developed successfully, and the acupuncture results showed that the serum AST and ALT levels were significantly higher at 3 h after TEA with high frequency (p < 0.01) compared with the control group. Regarding serum CK-MB levels, no significant differences were found after SEA or TEA stimulation (p > 0.05). Serum MTL levels were significantly increased at 0 h after SEA and TEA (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences at other time points after SEA and TEA treatment (p > 0.05). SEA not only maintains the effect of TEA but also shortens the circulation loop of the electroacupuncture (EA) current in the body, which effectively avoids body injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Jianrong Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Fuxing Gui
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Chonghua Zhong
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Engineering, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Hongxu Du
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Medicine, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chi Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xianlin He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou District, Chongqing 404155, China
| | - Liting Cao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China; (H.H.); (J.Z.); (F.G.); (S.L.); (T.W.); (H.D.); (X.H.)
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Medicine, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China
- Chi Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang District, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-46751547
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Llewellyn HP, Vaidya VS, Wang Z, Peng Q, Hyde C, Potter D, Wang J, Zong Q, Arat S, Martin M, Masek-Hammerman K, Warner R, Johnson K, Kullak-Ublick GA, Aithal GP, Dear JW, Ramaiah SK. Evaluating the Sensitivity and Specificity of Promising Circulating Biomarkers to Diagnose Liver Injury in Humans. Toxicol Sci 2021; 181:23-34. [PMID: 33483742 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) continues to be a major hurdle during drug development and postmarketing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of promising biomarkers of liver injury-glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), cytokeratin-18 (K18), caspase-cleaved K18 (ccK18), osteopontin (OPN), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCSF), MCSF receptor (MCSFR), and microRNA-122 (miR-122) in comparison to the traditional biomarker alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Biomarkers were evaluated individually and as a multivariate model in a cohort of acetaminophen overdose (n = 175) subjects and were further tested in cohorts of healthy adults (n = 135), patients with liver damage from various causes (n = 104), and patients with damage to the muscle (n = 74), kidney (n = 40), gastrointestinal tract (n = 37), and pancreas (n = 34). In the acetaminophen cohort, a multivariate model with GLDH, K18, and miR-122 was able to detect DILI more accurately than individual biomarkers alone. Furthermore, the three-biomarker model could accurately predict patients with liver injury compared with healthy volunteers or patients with damage to muscle, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney. Expression of K18, GLDH, and miR-122 was evaluated using a database of transcriptomic profiles across multiple tissues/organs in humans and rats. K18 mRNA (Krt18) and MiR-122 were highly expressed in liver whereas GLDH mRNA (Glud1) was widely expressed. We performed a comprehensive, comparative performance assessment of 7 promising biomarkers and demonstrated that a 3-biomarker multivariate model can accurately detect liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Qinghai Peng
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121 USA
| | - Craig Hyde
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - David Potter
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jianying Wang
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121 USA
| | - Qing Zong
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121 USA
| | - Seda Arat
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Matt Martin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | | | - Roscoe Warner
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kent Johnson
- Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Mechanistic Safety, CMO & Patient Safety, Global Drug Development, Novartis, Basel 4056, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
| | - Guruprasad P Aithal
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - James W Dear
- Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Shashi K Ramaiah
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Xu Y, Gu J. Cardiac and Muscle Injury Might Partially Contribute to Elevated Aminotransferases in COVID-19 Patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2847-2848. [PMID: 32407784 PMCID: PMC7213965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianwen Gu
- The Leading Group on COVID-19 Prevention and Control, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
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Zhang J, Wang J, Yu H, Wang G, Zhang J, Zhu R, Liu X, Li J. Comparison between Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin on Secondary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Rate and the Risk Factors in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:818-828. [PMID: 32156233 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200310110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim is to compare atorvastatin versus rosuvastatin on secondary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) rate and explore risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. METHODS A cohort study with 283 CHD subjects was launched from 2011 to 2015. Cox proportional hazards regression model, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and nomogram were used to compare the effect of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on secondary PCI rate and disease risk factors. Even why the two statins had different effects based on gene expression profile analysis has been explored. RESULTS Gene FFA (Freely fatty acid), AST (Aspartate Transaminase) and ALT (Alanine transaminase) showed the statistical difference between the four statin groups (P<0.05). In the AA group (Continuous Atorvastatin usage), albumin was a risk factor (Hazard Ratio (HR):1.076, 95%CI (1.001, 1.162), p<0.05). In the AR group (Start with Atorvastatin usage, then change to Rosuvastatin usage), ApoA was a protective factor (HR:0.004, 95%CI (0.001, 0.665), p<0.05). GLB (Galactosidase Beta) was a risk factor (HR:1.262, 95%CI (1.010, 1.576), p<0.05). In RR group (Continuous Rosuvastatin usage), ApoE was a protective factor (HR:0.943, 95%CI (0.890, 1.000), <0.05). ALT was a risk factor (HR:1.030, 95%CI (1.000, 1.060), p<0.05). CONCLUSION Patients in the RA group had the lowest secondary PCI rate. ALT was a risk factor in the RR group. Gene Gpt (Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase) encoded for one subtype of ALT had a significantly different expression in different statin groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Junfang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Jue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
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Pannala VR, Wall ML, Estes SK, Trenary I, O'Brien TP, Printz RL, Vinnakota KC, Reifman J, Shiota M, Young JD, Wallqvist A. Metabolic network-based predictions of toxicant-induced metabolite changes in the laboratory rat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11678. [PMID: 30076366 PMCID: PMC6076258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to provide timely treatment for organ damage initiated by therapeutic drugs or exposure to environmental toxicants, we first need to identify markers that provide an early diagnosis of potential adverse effects before permanent damage occurs. Specifically, the liver, as a primary organ prone to toxicants-induced injuries, lacks diagnostic markers that are specific and sensitive to the early onset of injury. Here, to identify plasma metabolites as markers of early toxicant-induced injury, we used a constraint-based modeling approach with a genome-scale network reconstruction of rat liver metabolism to incorporate perturbations of gene expression induced by acetaminophen, a known hepatotoxicant. A comparison of the model results against the global metabolic profiling data revealed that our approach satisfactorily predicted altered plasma metabolite levels as early as 5 h after exposure to 2 g/kg of acetaminophen, and that 10 h after treatment the predictions significantly improved when we integrated measured central carbon fluxes. Our approach is solely driven by gene expression and physiological boundary conditions, and does not rely on any toxicant-specific model component. As such, it provides a mechanistic model that serves as a first step in identifying a list of putative plasma metabolites that could change due to toxicant-induced perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkat R Pannala
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Martha L Wall
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Shanea K Estes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Irina Trenary
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Tracy P O'Brien
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Richard L Printz
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Kalyan C Vinnakota
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Masakazu Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Jamey D Young
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Thulin P, Hornby RJ, Auli M, Nordahl G, Antoine DJ, Starkey Lewis P, Goldring CE, Park BK, Prats N, Glinghammar B, Schuppe-Koistinen I. A longitudinal assessment of miR-122 and GLDH as biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury in the rat. Biomarkers 2016; 22:461-469. [PMID: 27978773 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2016.1269131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT There is an ongoing search for specific and translational biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) has previously shown potential as a sensitive, specific, and translational biomarker of DILI in both rodent, and human studies. OBJECTIVE To build on previous work within the field, we examined biomarker kinetics in a rat model of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury to confirm the sensitivity, and specificity of miR-122 and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS qRT-PCR and a standard enzymatic assay were used for biomarker analysis. RESULTS Both miR-122 and GLDH were demonstrated to be more readily-detectable biomarkers of APAP-DILI than alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Peak levels for all biomarkers were detected at 2 days after APAP. At day 3, miR-122 had returned to baseline; however, other biomarkers remained elevated between 3 and 4 days. We were also able to demonstrate that, although miR-122 is present in greater quantities in exosome-free form, both exosome-bound and non-vesicle bound miR-122 are released in a similar profile throughout the course of DILI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Together, this study demonstrates that both GLDH and miR-122 could be used during preclinical drug-development as complementary biomarkers to ALT to increase the chance of early detection of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Thulin
- a Drug Safety & Metabolism , Discovery Safety, AstraZeneca , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Robert J Hornby
- b MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Mariona Auli
- c Pathology and Predictive Toxicology Section , Almirall , Barcelona , Spain
| | | | - Daniel J Antoine
- b MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science , University of Liverpool , Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Starkey Lewis
- e MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | | | - B Kevin Park
- e MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Neus Prats
- c Pathology and Predictive Toxicology Section , Almirall , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Björn Glinghammar
- f Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , Karolinska Institutet , Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Ina Schuppe-Koistinen
- g Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Science for Life Laboratory , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
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Okubo S, Miyamoto M, Ito D, Takami K, Ashida K. Albumin and apolipoprotein H mRNAs in human plasma as potential clinical biomarkers of liver injury: analyses of plasma liver-specific mRNAs in patients with liver injury. Biomarkers 2016; 21:353-62. [PMID: 26901698 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2016.1141987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plasma liver-specific mRNAs are useful biomarkers of hepatotoxicity in rats. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential application of liver-specific mRNAs as biomarkers for liver injury in humans. METHODS We determined the plasma levels of liver-specific mRNAs by real-time qRT-PCR in healthy donors and patients with liver injury. RESULTS Plasma levels of albumin (ALB) and apolipoprotein H (APOH) mRNAs increased in patients with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase. These mRNAs also increased in plasma after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, which induces specific injury to liver. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the potential application of plasma ALB and APOH mRNAs as clinical biomarkers for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Okubo
- a Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa , Japan and
| | - Makoto Miyamoto
- a Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa , Japan and
| | - Dai Ito
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Osakafu Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kenji Takami
- a Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited , Fujisawa , Japan and
| | - Kiyoshi Ashida
- b Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Osakafu Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital , Osaka , Japan
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Prognostic significance of transaminases after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: insights from a cardiac magnetic resonance study. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2015; 127:843-850. [PMID: 26443690 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-015-0868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the relationship between transaminases and myocardial damage detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is unknown and the prognostic value incompletely investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS CMR imaging was performed in 167 STEMI patients 2.3 [1.6-3.9] days after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Blood samples for transaminase measurement (aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT)) were obtained serially from day 1 to day 4 after PPCI. Patients were followed for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) for 2.7 [1.1-3.3] years. RESULTS Admission and peak concentrations of AST and ALT were significantly associated with ejection fraction (p < 0.001), infarct size (p < 0.001), and the presence of microvascular obstruction (p < 0.01). Peak values of both transaminases showed a stronger correlation with CMR parameters than admission values (all p < 0.05). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, a high peak AST or high peak ALT was associated with reduced MACE-free survival (both p < 0.01), whereas admission values were not (both p > 0.05). Peak AST (hazard ratio (HR): 4.93 [1.70-14.32], p = 0.003) and peak ALT (HR: 5.67 [1.94-16.56], p = 0.002) were independent predictors of MACE after adjusting for clinical risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Transaminases measured in the acute phase after PPCI for STEMI are associated with systolic dysfunction, more extensive myocardial necrosis and microvascular injury with subsequent prognostic information on MACE at long-term follow-up.
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Zeng X, Xu C, He D, Zhang H, Xia J, Shi D, Kong L, He X, Wang Y. Influence of Hepatic Inflammation on FibroScan Findings in Diagnosing Fibrosis in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:1538-1544. [PMID: 25724309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic inflammation may affect the performance of FibroScan. This prospective study investigated the influence of hepatic inflammation on liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values by assessing FibroScan and liver biopsy findings in 325 patients with chronic hepatitis B. Liver fibrosis and inflammation were classified into five stages (S0-S4) and grades (G0-G4) according to the Scheuer scoring system. LSM values were correlated with fibrosis stage and inflammation grade (r = 0.479, p < 0.001, and r = 0.522, p < 0.001, respectively). Although LSM values increased in parallel with inflammation grade, no significant differences were found between patients with significant fibrosis (S2-S4) (p > 0.05). For inflammation grades G0, G1, G2 and G3, areas under receiver operating characteristic curves of FibroScan for significant fibrosis were 0.8267 (p < 0.001), 0.6956 (p < 0.001), 0.709 (p = 0.0012) and 0.6947 (p = 0.137), respectively. Inflammation has a significant influence on LSM values in patients with chronic hepatitis B with mild fibrosis, but not in those with significant fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Dengming He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China; Liver Diagnosis and Treatment Center, 88th Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Dairong Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory for Research on Infectious Diseases, Chongqing, China.
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Verma M, Metgud R, Madhusudan AS, Verma N, Saxena M, Soni A. A comparative study of glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) levels in the saliva of diabetic and normal patients. Biotech Histochem 2014; 89:529-34. [PMID: 24849491 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2014.905705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes has been reported to affect salivary glands adversely in humans and experimental models. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are salivary enzymes that also are widely distributed in animal tissues. We determined GOT and GPT levels in saliva samples of 100 type 1 and 30 type 2 diabetic patients using reflectance spectrophotometry and compared them to 30 age and sex matched healthy controls. Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of GOT and GPT in type 1 diabetics compared to type 2 and control groups. Significantly higher GOT levels were found in the 1-20 year age group of type 1 diabetics. Our findings suggest that salivary gland damage is due to the same immunological attack that affects pancreatic β cells and results in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verma
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Darshan Dental College and Hospital , Udaipur , India
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Okubo S, Miyamoto M, Takami K, Kanki M, Ono A, Nakatsu N, Yamada H, Ohno Y, Urushidani T. Identification of novel liver-specific mRNAs in plasma for biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury and quantitative evaluation in rats treated with various hepatotoxic compounds. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:21-31. [PMID: 23288050 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating liver-specific mRNAs such as albumin (Alb) and α-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (Ambp) have been reported to be potential biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). We identified novel circulating liver-specific mRNAs and quantified them, together with the two previously reported mRNAs, in plasma from rats treated with various hepatotoxicants to validate circulating liver-specific mRNAs as biomarkers for DILI. Among six genes selected from the database, high liver specificity of apolipoprotein h (Apoh) and group-specific component (Gc) mRNAs were confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and the copy numbers of these mRNAs elevated in plasma from rats treated with thioacetamide. Liver-specific mRNAs (Alb, Ambp, Apoh, and Gc) were quantified by real-time RT-PCR in plasma from rats with single dosing of seven hepatotoxicants. There were noticeable interindividual and intercompound variabilities in the severity of liver injury. The levels of four mRNAs increased almost in parallel and correlated with changes in the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values and the hepatocellular necrosis scores at 24h after dosing. It was noteworthy that the magnitude of the increases in mRNA levels was greater than that in the ALT value. Time course analysis within 24h after dosing revealed that the timing of the increase was different among mRNA species, and the plasma levels of Alb and Gc mRNAs increased substantially earlier than the ALT values, suggesting that patterns of changes in circulating liver-specific mRNAs indicate the progression of liver injury. These results strongly support the reliability and usefulness of the four circulating liver-specific mRNAs as biomarkers for DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Okubo
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Rafter I, Gråberg T, Kotronen A, Strömmer L, Mattson CM, Kim RW, Ehrenborg E, Andersson HB, Yki-Järvinen H, Schuppe-Koistinen I, Ekblom B, Cotgreave I, Glinghammar B. Isoform-specific alanine aminotransferase measurement can distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury in humans. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:1241-9. [PMID: 22922605 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used as a clinical marker to detect hepatic damage and hepatoxicity. Two isoforms of ALT have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2, which have identical enzymatic capacities and are detected simultaneously in human serum/plasma using classical clinical chemical assays. Differences exist in the expression patterns of the ALT1 and ALT2 proteins in different organs which suggest that changes in the proportion of ALT1 and ALT2 in plasma may arise and reflect damage to different human organs. However, this has not been previously studied due to the lack of a selective methodology that can quantify both ALT1 and ALT2 isoforms in the total ALT activity normally measured in clinical samples. To the best of our knowledge, our current study reveals for the first time, that under 3 different conditions of liver damage (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C and during liver surgery) the leakage of ALT1 activity into plasma greatly exceeds that of ALT2, and that the measurement of ALT1 during liver damage is equal to the measurement of total ALT activity. By contrast, during skeletal muscle injury, induced in volunteers by physical exertion, the leakage of ALT2 exceeds that of ALT1 and the proportion of circulating ALT isoforms changes accordingly. The ALT isoform changes occurring in plasma reflect previously demonstrated relative contents of ALT1 and ALT2 activities in human liver and skeletal muscle. These data suggest that assessing the percentage contribution of ALT1 and ALT2 activities to total ALT activity in plasma may distinguish hepatic from extrahepatic injury using the same standard analytical platform.
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Ootsuji H, Honda M, Kaneko S, Usui S, Okajima M, Okada H, Sakai Y, Takamura T, Horimoto K, Takamura M. Altered hepatic gene expression profiles associated with myocardial ischemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:68-77. [PMID: 20160198 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.108.795484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary syndrome is sometimes accompanied by accelerated coagulability, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory responses, which are not attributable to the cardiac events alone. We hypothesized that the liver plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome. We simultaneously analyzed the gene expression profiles of the liver and heart during acute myocardial ischemia in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS -Mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: sham operation, ischemia/reperfusion, and myocardial infarction. Mice with liver ischemia/reperfusion were included as additional controls. Marked changes in hepatic gene expression were observed after 24 hours, despite the lack of histological changes in the liver. Genes related to tissue remodeling, adhesion molecules, and morphogenesis were significantly upregulated in the livers of mice with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion or infarction but not in those with liver ischemia/reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia, but not changes in the hemodynamic state, was postulated to significantly alter hepatic gene expression. Moreover, detailed analysis of the signaling pathway suggested the presence of humoral factors that intervened between the heart and liver. To address these points, we used isolated primary hepatocytes and showed that osteopontin released from the heart actually altered the signaling pathways of primary hepatocytes to those observed in the livers of mice under myocardial ischemia. Moreover, osteopontin stimulated primary hepatocytes to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which is important for tissue remodeling. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic gene expression is potentially regulated by cardiac humoral factors under myocardial ischemia. These results provide new insights into the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ootsuji
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Lindblom P, Rafter I, Copley C, Andersson U, Hedberg JJ, Berg AL, Samuelsson A, Hellmold H, Cotgreave I, Glinghammar B. Isoforms of alanine aminotransferases in human tissues and serum--differential tissue expression using novel antibodies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 466:66-77. [PMID: 17826732 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is used as a clinical marker of hepatotoxicity. Two forms of ALT have been identified, ALT1 and ALT2, encoded by separate genes. The cellular and tissue distribution of the different ALT proteins has not been characterized in humans, and their relative contribution to serum is unknown. Here, we describe the development of novel isoenzyme specific ALT1 and ALT2 antibodies and the expression of the enzymes in human cells and organs. In normal human tissue, high expression of ALT1 was found in liver, skeletal muscle and kidney and low levels in heart muscle and not detectable in pancreas. High ALT2 reactivity was detected in heart and skeletal muscle, while no ALT2 expression was found in liver or kidney. Using immunohistochemistry, strong ALT1 reactivity was found in hepatocytes, renaltubular epithelial cells and in salivary gland epithelial cells, while ALT2 was expressed in adrenal gland cortex, neuronal cell bodies, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle fibers and endocrine pancreas. Immunoprecipitation using ALT antibodies on normal human serums showed ALT1 to be mainly responsible for basal ALT activity. Together, the results points to a differential expression of ALT1 and ALT2 in human organs and substantiate a need for investigations regarding the possible impacts on ALT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Lindblom
- Safety Assessment, Molecular Toxicology, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, S-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden.
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SHORT COMMUNICATION. Clin Chem Lab Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1996.34.6.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Maclennan AC, Ahmad N, Lawrence JR. Activities of aminotransferases after treatment with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1990; 301:321-2. [PMID: 2203494 PMCID: PMC1663645 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.301.6747.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Maclennan
- Department of Medicine, Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary
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Fonseca V, Wakeling A, Havard CW. Hyperthyroidism and eating disorders. BMJ (CLINICAL RESEARCH ED.) 1990; 301:322-3. [PMID: 2393739 PMCID: PMC1663651 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.301.6747.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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