1
|
Lingyu M, Hongguang L, Mingdong Z, Na L, Yahui L. Aminotransferases as causal factors for metabolic syndrome: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302209. [PMID: 38662679 PMCID: PMC11045112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating aminotransferases (ALT and AST) have been used as biomarkers for liver injury. The causal relationships between aminotransferases and metabolic syndrome remain ambiguous. METHODS We conducted bidirectional and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses between aminotransferases and traits related to metabolic syndrome using genetic variants obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs). MR-PRESSO tests were adopted to remove outliers and eliminate pleiotropy. MR steiger tests were conducted to ensure the correct direction of the causal effects. RESULTS Both aminotransferases were risk factors for essential hypertension. ALT is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. The bidirectional causal relationship between ALT and hyperglycemia, serum lipids, and obesity was demonstrated. The effect of fasting glucose on AST was demonstrated, while type 2 diabetes did not affect AST. The effect of HDL-C on ALT and the effect of triglycerides on AST were found in multivariable MR analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our bidirectional MR analyses suggest that ALT and AST are causally associated with several metabolic syndrome-related traits, especially hypertension and type 2 diabetes. These findings highlight the potential role of aminotransferases as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lingyu
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Hongguang
- Office of Hospital Infection Control, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhang Mingdong
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Na
- Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Liu Yahui
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department, General Surgery Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Zhou Q, Wang M, Pang B. Interleukin-37 suppresses the cytotoxicity of hepatitis B virus peptides-induced CD8+ T cells in patients with acute hepatitis B. Biomol Biomed 2023; 23:527-534. [PMID: 36326182 PMCID: PMC10171447 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2022.8260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is a newly identified anti-inflammatory cytokine, owning immunosuppressive activity in infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory function of IL-37 on CD8+ T cells during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Eighteen acute hepatitis B (AHB) patients, thirty-nine chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, and twenty controls were enrolled. IL-37 concentration was measured by ELISA. IL-37 receptor subunits expressions on CD8+ T cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Purified CD8+ T cells were stimulated with HBV peptides and recombinant IL-37. Perforin and granzyme B secretion was investigated by ELISPOT. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) mRNA expressions were semi-quantified by real-time PCR. CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity was assessed in direct contact and indirect contact coculture with HepG2.2.15 cells. Plasma IL-37 level was down-regulated and negatively correlated with aminotransferase levels in AHB patients. There were no significant differences of IL-37 receptor subunits among AHB patients, CHB patients, and controls. Exogenous IL-37 stimulation suppressed HBV peptides-induced perforin and granzyme B secretion by CD8+ T cells in AHB patients, but not in CHB patients. Exogenous IL-37 stimulation did not affect proinflammatory cytokines secretion as well as PD-1/CTLA-4 mRNA expressions in CD8+ T cells in AHB and CHB patients. Exogenous IL-37 stimulation dampened HBV peptide-induced CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity in a cell-to-cell contact manner. The current data indicated that acute HBV infection might induce down-regulation of IL-37, which might be associated with enhanced CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity and liver damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Mingrui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaisson LH, Semitala FC, Mwebe S, Katende J, Asege L, Nakaye M, Andama AO, Atuhumuza E, Kamya M, Cattamanchi A, Yoon C. Transaminitis prevalence among HIV-infected adults eligible for tuberculosis preventive therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:1591-1595. [PMID: 35730395 PMCID: PMC9391292 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of severe transaminitis precluding tuberculosis (TB) preventive therapy (TPT) initiation for people with HIV (PWH) in a high TB/HIV burden setting. DESIGN/METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study of PWH with pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) CD4 + counts 350 cells/μl or less undergoing systematic TB screening from two HIV clinics in Uganda. For this analysis, we excluded patients with culture-confirmed TB and patients without aspartate transaminase (AST) or alanine transaminase (ALT) levels measured within three months of enrollment. We compared the proportion of patients with any transaminitis (AST or ALT greater than one times the upper limit of normal ULN) and severe transaminitis (AST or ALT >3 times ULN) for patients screening negative for TB by symptoms and for those screening negative by C-reactive protein (CRP). We also assessed the proportion of patients with transaminitis by self-reported alcohol consumption. RESULTS Among 313 participants [158 (50%) women, median age 34 years (IQR 27-40)], 75 (24%) had any transaminitis and six (2%) had severe transaminitis. Of 32 of 313 (10%) who screened negative for TB by symptoms, none had severe transaminitis. In contrast, six-times more PWH screened negative for TB by CRP (194 of 313; 62%), of whom only four (2.1%) had severe transaminitis. Differences in the proportion with any and severe transaminitis according to alcohol consumption were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Prevalence of severe transaminitis was low among PWH without culture-confirmed TB in this setting, and is therefore, unlikely to be a major barrier to scaling-up TPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lelia H Chaisson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine
- Center for Global Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fred C Semitala
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
- Makerere University Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Jane Katende
- Makerere University Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lucy Asege
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
| | | | - Alfred O Andama
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
| | | | - Moses Kamya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
- Makerere University Joint AIDS Program, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adithya Cattamanchi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital
- Center for Tuberculosis, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abdel-Rahman RF, Fayed HM, Asaad GF, Ogaly HA, Hessin AF, Salama AAA, Abd El-Rahman SS, Arbid MS, Mohamed MAE. The involvement of TGF-β1 /FAK/α-SMA pathway in the antifibrotic impact of rice bran oil on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260130. [PMID: 34965258 PMCID: PMC8716044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of rice bran oil (RBO) on hepatic fibrosis as a characteristic response to persistent liver injuries. Rats were randomly allocated into five groups: the negative control group, thioacetamide (TAA) group (thioacetamide 100 mg/kg thrice weekly for two successive weeks, ip), RBO 0.2 and 0.4 groups (RBO 0.2mL and 0.4 mL/rat/day, po) and standard group (silymarin 100 mg/kg/day, po) for two weeks after TAA injection. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected for biochemical, molecular, and histological analyses. Liver functions, oxidative stress, inflammation, liver fibrosis markers were assessed. The obtained results showed that RBO reduced TAA-induced liver fibrosis and suppressed the extracellular matrix formation. Compared to the positive control group, RBO dramatically reduced total bilirubin, AST, and ALT blood levels. Furthermore, RBO reduced MDA and increased GSH contents in the liver. Simultaneously RBO downregulated the NF-κβ signaling pathway, which in turn inhibited the expression of some inflammatory mediators, including Cox-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α. RBO attenuated liver fibrosis by suppressing the biological effects of TGF-β1, α-SMA, collagen I, hydroxyproline, CTGF, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). RBO reduced liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and modulating the interplay among the TGF-β1 and FAK signal transduction. The greater dosage of 0.4 mL/kg has a more substantial impact. Hence, this investigation presents RBO as a promising antifibrotic agent in the TAA model through inhibition of TGF-β1 /FAK/α-SMA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehab F. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hany M. Fayed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gihan F. Asaad
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan A. Ogaly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alyaa F. Hessin
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Abeer A. A. Salama
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud S. Arbid
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marawan Abd Elbaset Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Maroun M Sfeir
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
| | - Mary Snayd
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Annus Á, Tömösi F, Rárosi F, Fehér E, Janáky T, Kecskeméti G, Toldi J, Klivényi P, Sztriha L, Vécsei L. Kynurenic acid and kynurenine aminotransferase are potential biomarkers of early neurological improvement after thrombolytic therapy: A pilot study. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2021; 30:1225-1232. [PMID: 34637198 DOI: 10.17219/acem/141646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers for predicting treatment response to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke are currently lacking. Both, animal models and clinical studies have provided evidence that the kynurenine (KYN) pathway is activated in ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES In our pilot study, we aimed to investigate whether KYN pathway enzymes and metabolites could serve as potential biomarkers for treatment response in the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 48 acute ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolysis. Blood samples were taken both before and 12 h after treatment. Concentrations of 11 KYN metabolites were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To assess the treatment response, we used early neurological improvement (ENI), calculated as the difference between the admission and discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for KYN pathway metabolites and enzymes that showed a correlation with ENI. RESULTS In the samples taken before thrombolysis, significantly lower concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) activity were found in patients who had ENI (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). According to the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value to predict ENI for KYNA was 37.80 nM (sensitivity (SN) 69.2%, specificity (SP) 68.4%) and 0.0127 for KAT activity (SN 92.3%, SP 73.7%). CONCLUSIONS Our research is the first clinical pilot study to analyze changes in the KYN pathway in ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolytic treatment. Based on our results, baseline KYNA concentration and KAT activity could serve as potential biomarkers to predict early treatment response to thrombolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Annus
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Tömösi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Rárosi
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Evelin Fehér
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Janáky
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - József Toldi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Sztriha
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Centre, University of Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Li Y, Zou Y, Zhang X, Shi X, Yin Z, Lin Y. Influence of miRNA-30a-5p on Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection through Regulation of Autophagy by Beclin-1. Biomed Res Int 2021; 2021:9963700. [PMID: 34604389 PMCID: PMC8486528 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9963700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study is aimed at observing the influence of microribonucleic acid- (miRNA-) 30a-50p on the pulmonary fibrosis in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection through the regulation of autophagy by Beclin-1. Specific pathogen-free mice were instilled with Streptococcus pneumoniae through the trachea to establish the pulmonary fibrosis model. Then, they were divided into the miRNA-30a-50p mimics group (mimics group, n = 10) and miRNA-30a-5p inhibitors group (inhibitors group, n = 10), with the control group (n = 10) also set. Pulmonary tissue wet weight/dry weight (W/D) was detected. The content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin- (IL-) 6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, the changes in the pulmonary function index dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn), plateau pressure (Pplat), and peak airway pressure (Ppeak) were monitored, and the gene and protein expression levels were measured via quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting. The expression level of miRNA-30a-5p was substantially raised in the mimics group (p < 0.05), but extremely low in the inhibitors group (p < 0.05). The mimics group had obviously raised levels of serum aminotransferase (AST), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and pulmonary tissue W/D (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and MPO were notably elevated in the mimics group, while their expression levels showed the opposite conditions in the inhibitors group (p < 0.05). According to the HE staining results, the inhibitors group had arranged orderly cells, while the mimics group exhibited lung injury, pulmonary edema, severe inflammatory response, and alveolar congestion. In the inhibitors group, Cdyn was remarkably elevated, but Pplat and Ppeak declined considerably (p < 0.05). Besides, the inhibitors group exhibited elevated messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Beclin-1 and LC3, lowered mRNA levels of α-SMA and p62, a raised protein level of Beclin-1, and a markedly decreased protein level of p62 (p < 0.05). Silencing miRNA-30a-5p expression can promote the expression of Beclin-1 to accelerate the occurrence of autophagy, thereby treating pulmonary fibrosis in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Liu
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yabo Li
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yingdong Zou
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Xingzong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Xiongfei Shi
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Zhiping Yin
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Laboratory, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650021, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu F, Yu S, Han J, Zong M, Tan Q, Zeng X, Fan L. Detection of Circulating Tumor DNA Methylation in Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00386. [PMID: 34382948 PMCID: PMC8367071 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence has demonstrated the potential of the circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) methylation in the application of cancer diagnosis. METHODS Three genes including Septin9, Syndecan-2 (SDC2), and branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 (BCAT1), which have been well demonstrated to have aberrant expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) as tumor suppressors, were selected for detection. A total of 234 peripheral plasma samples from 104 patients with CRC and 130 patients with colorectal polyps, and 60 plasma samples from healthy controls, were collected before any treatment. A real-time polymerase chain reaction-based gene panel was used to detect the methylation of Septin9, SDC2, and BCAT1. The composite score (P) was calculated according to the cycle threshold values of the 3 methylated genes using the logistic regression equation. RESULTS The ctDNA methylation of the 3 genes had a significantly higher level in patients with CRC, compared with patients with colorectal polyps and healthy controls. The composite score (P) showed association with tumor stages in CRC but not with the tumor location (colon or rectum). In addition, BCAT1 and Septin9 showed better performance for CRC diagnosis, by which CRC was able to distinguish from polyps with sensitivity of 83.7%, specificity of 93.9%, and area under the curve of 0.908. The diagnostic efficiency was significantly improved by combining composite score (P), carcinoembryonic antigen, and fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin (area under the curve = 0.962). DISCUSSION The composite score (P) derived from the ctDNA methylation levels of Septin9, SDC2, and BCAT1 can be used for CRC diagnosis with high sensitivity and high specificity. A combination of ctDNA methylation, carcinoembryonic antigen, and fecal immunochemical test for hemoglobin was proved to be the most effective approach to diagnose CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| | - Junyi Han
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| | - Xin Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| | - Lieying Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Matye DJ, Li Y, Chen C, Chao X, Wang H, Ni H, Ding WX, Li T. Gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor attenuates alcohol-induced liver steatosis and injury in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1188-1199. [PMID: 33885179 PMCID: PMC8717856 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that human and experimental alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is robustly associated with dysregulation of bile acid homeostasis, which may in turn modulate disease severity. Pharmacological agents targeting bile acid metabolism and signaling may be potential therapeutics for ALD. METHODS The potential beneficial effects of a gut-restricted apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) inhibitor were studied in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. RESULTS Blocking intestinal bile acid reabsorption by the gut-restricted ASBT inhibitor GSK2330672 attenuated hepatic steatosis and liver injury in a chronic-plus-binge ALD mouse model. Alcohol feeding is associated with intestinal bile acid accumulation but paradoxically impaired ileal farnesoid × receptor (FXR) function, and repressed hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydrolase (CYP7A1) expression despite decreased hepatic small heterodimer partner (SHP) and ileal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreased intestinal bile acid accumulation and increased hepatic CYP7A1 expression, but further decreased ileal FXR activity. Alcohol feeding induces serum bile acid concentration that strongly correlates with a liver injury marker. However, alcohol-induced serum bile acid elevation is not due to intrahepatic bile acid accumulation but is strongly and positively associated with hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP4) and MRP4 induction but poorly associated with sodium-taurocholate cotransporting peptide (NTCP) expression. ASBT inhibitor treatment decreases serum bile acid concentration without affecting hepatocyte basolateral bile acid uptake and efflux transporters. CONCLUSION ASBT inhibitor treatment corrects alcohol-induced bile acid dysregulation and attenuates liver injury in experimental ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Matye
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Cheng Chen
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Huaiwen Wang
- Laboratory For Molecular Biology and Cytometry Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hongmin Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Tiangang Li
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hoofnagle JH, Bonkovsky HL, Phillips EJ, Li YJ, Ahmad J, Barnhart H, Durazo F, Fontana RJ, Gu J, Khan I, Kleiner DE, Koh C, Rockey DC, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Stolz A, Tillmann HL, Vuppalanchi R, Navarro VJ. HLA-B*35:01 and Green Tea-Induced Liver Injury. Hepatology 2021; 73:2484-2493. [PMID: 32892374 PMCID: PMC8052949 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Herbal supplements, and particularly multi-ingredient products, have become increasingly common causes of acute liver injury. Green tea is a frequent component in implicated products, but its role in liver injury is controversial. The aim of this study was to better characterize the clinical features, outcomes, and pathogenesis of green tea-associated liver injury. APPROACH AND RESULTS Among 1,414 patients enrolled in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network who underwent formal causality assessment, 40 cases (3%) were attributed to green tea, 202 to dietary supplements without green tea, and 1,142 to conventional drugs. The clinical features of green tea cases and representation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II alleles in cases and control were analyzed in detail. Patients with green tea-associated liver injury ranged in age from 17 to 69 years (median = 40) and developed symptoms 15-448 days (median = 72) after starting the implicated agent. The liver injury was typically hepatocellular (95%) with marked serum aminotransferase elevations and only modest increases in alkaline phosphatase. Most patients were jaundiced (83%) and symptomatic (88%). The course was judged as severe in 14 patients (35%), necessitating liver transplantation in 3 (8%), but rarely resulting in chronic injury (3%). In three instances, injury recurred upon re-exposure to green tea with similar clinical features, but shorter time to onset. HLA typing revealed a high prevalence of HLA-B*35:01, found in 72% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58-87) of green tea cases, but only 15% (95% CI, 10-20) caused by other supplements and 12% (95% CI, 10-14) attributed to drugs, the latter rate being similar to population controls (11%; 95% CI, 10.5-11.5). CONCLUSIONS Green tea-related liver injury has distinctive clinical features and close association with HLA-B*35:01, suggesting that it is idiosyncratic and immune mediated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay H Hoofnagle
- Liver Disease Research Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Yi-Ju Li
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Huiman Barnhart
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Francisco Durazo
- University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert J Fontana
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jiezhun Gu
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Ikhlas Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MI
| | - David E Kleiner
- The Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christopher Koh
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, MD
| | - Don C Rockey
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Leonard B Seeff
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jose Serrano
- Liver Disease Research Branch, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrew Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hans L Tillmann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Victor J Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tariq S, Koloko BL, Malik A, Rehman S, Ijaz B, Shahid AA. Tectona grandis leaf extract ameliorates hepatic fibrosis: Modulation of TGF- β /Smad signaling pathway and upregulating MMP3/TIMP1 ratio. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 272:113938. [PMID: 33610708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOBOTANICAL RELEVANCE Tectona grandis L.f (or syn: Jatus grandis (L.f.) Kuntze Revis), from family Lamiaceae, also known as Teak, is widely recognized in ayurvedic system of medicine and confer curative potential against inflammation, liver disorders, biliousness, diabetes, bronchitis, leprosy and dysentery. Its leaves are rich source of edible food colorant and reported nontoxic for liver and various organs. AIM OF STUDY Hepatic injury progression to liver cirrhosis and cancer is a serious health issue across the world. Currently, anti-fibrotic therapeutic options are limited and expensive with no FDA approved direct anti-hepato-fibrotic drug validated in clinic. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand ameliorative effect of Tectona grandis L.f, leaves in early liver fibrosis. METHOD AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice suffering from CCl4 induced liver injury, were orally administered at three different doses (50, 100 & 200 mg/kg) of Tectona grandis L.f, leaf extract, thrice a week, up to 4 and 8 weeks. Anti-fibrotic effect was evaluated through animal body/liver weight measurements, serological tests (AST, ALT, GSH, MDA and LDH assays), tissue hydroxyproline content, and histochemical analysis (H&E, Masson trichrome, Sirius red and αSMA localization). Moreover, transcriptional and post-transcriptional expression of fibrosis associated biomarkers and TGF-β/Smad cascade were analyzed. It was observed that 100 mg/kg dose optimally downregulated TGF-β1/Smad2 with upregulation of Smad7 and regulated αSMA, Col 1, PDGF, TIMP1 and MMP3 expression, post 8 weeks of treatment. In addition, MMP3/TIMP1 ratio was upregulated to 0.7, 2.5 and 1.7 fold at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg & 200 mg/kg treatments respectively, in comparison to untreated liver fibrosis models. The extract contains gallic acid, caffeic acid, sinapinic acid and myricetin when analyzed through high performance liquid chromatography. CONCLUSION Tectona grandis L.f, leaves have potential to ameliorate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway and upregulated MMP3/TIMP1 ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayya Tariq
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Brice Landry Koloko
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ayesha Malik
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sidra Rehman
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Bushra Ijaz
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Ali Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Combs DJ, Gray KJ, Schulman S, Bateman BT. Associations of thrombocytopenia, transaminase elevations, and transfusion with laboratory coagulation tests in women with preeclampsia: a cross-sectional study. Int J Obstet Anesth 2021; 46:102972. [PMID: 33798794 PMCID: PMC8144064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2021.102972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women with preeclampsia may develop coagulopathy, predisposing to bleeding complications. Although guidelines and prior studies conflict, we hypothesized that in preeclampsia, abnormal coagulation test results are more common in women with thrombocytopenia or transaminase elevations and increase the transfusion risk. Our objectives were to investigate: 1. patterns of coagulation testing; 2. relationships between platelet count, transaminase level, and the risk of abnormal coagulation tests; 3. risk of bleeding complications; and 4. characteristics of patients with markedly abnormal coagulation parameters. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of deliveries of women with preeclampsia who had undergone activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or international normalized ratio (INR) testing at one of two hospitals between 1994 and 2018. RESULTS Of 10 699 women with preeclampsia, 3359 (32.7%) had coagulation testing performed and aPTT or INR elevations were present in 124 (3.7 %). Coagulation abnormalities were more common in women with thrombocytopenia or transaminase elevations (n=82) compared with those without (n=42) (6.7%, 95% CI 5.5 to 8.2 vs 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.5). Transfusion was more common among women with abnormal coagulation parameters (n=124) compared with those without (n=39) (33.1 vs 7.0%, P <0.001). Among 26 patients with an aPTT ≥40 s or an INR ≥1.4, six required transfusion (all had placental abruption and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). CONCLUSIONS Coagulation testing was inconsistently performed in this cohort. Platelet counts and transaminase levels inadequately detected abnormal coagulation test results. Abnormal coagulation test results were associated with a markedly higher risk for red blood cell transfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Combs
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - K J Gray
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Schulman
- Divisions of Hemostasis and Thrombosis and Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B T Bateman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang J, Sun F, Xu P, Zhang Y, Sun X, Deng H. Transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia with jaundice: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25697. [PMID: 33907148 PMCID: PMC8084070 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Transient infantile hypertriglyceridemia (HTGTI) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease caused by inactivating mutations in the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 gene. To date, only a few patients have been reported worldwide. The symptoms of the affected individuals present a certain degree of transient hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, persistent fatty liver and hepatic fibrosis in early infancy. However, the clinical characteristics and pathogenesis of this disease are remain unclear. PATIENT CONCERNS A one month and twenty-five days old girl was admitted to hospital because of persisted jaundice and hepatomegaly for fifty days. DIAGNOSE The girl was diagnosed with HTGTI coincident with a noval mutation in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1. INTERVENTION She was advised to take low-fat diet and supplement of medium-chain fatty acids. OUTCOMES Her jaundice was gradually normal at the age of 4 months without any treatment, and hypertriglyceridemia were normal at the age of 13 months, but still had elevated transaminases and hepatic steatosis. LESSONS Jaundice may be a novel phenotype in HTGTI. The report contributes to the expansion of HTGTI's gene mutation spectrum and its clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Second Department of Infectious Diseases
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Respiratory, Xi’an Children's Hospital
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Second Department of Infectious Diseases
| | | | | | - Huiling Deng
- Second Department of Infectious Diseases
- Xi’an Central Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic abnormalities and clinical manifestations of Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS). PATIENT CONCERNS A Chinese infant with elevated transaminase and a novel mutation at of sbdsc.258 +2T>C and c.184a>Tc.292G>A. DIAGNOSES The female patient was 5 months' old at onset, with elevated transaminase as the first manifestation accompanied by restricted growth and development and oily stool. After sequencing the blood samples from patients and their parents, the heterozygous mutations of sbdsc.258 +2T>C and c.184a>T were detected. INTERVENTIONS After admission, the patient was provided compound glycyrrhizin, Newtide formula milk supplemented with probiotics, fat-soluble vitamins, oral medication to adjust the spleen and stomach, and other symptomatic treatments. OUTCOMES The stool traits improved, and the levels of liver function transaminases decreased compared with before. LESSONS SDS is a rare disease with a variety of clinical manifestations. Pancreatic exocrine dysfunction, blood system manifestations, and bone abnormalities are common clinical manifestations, and genetic testing is helpful for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhiqiang Zhuo
- Infectious Department, Xiamen Children's Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saluja H, Young GP, Kholmurodova F, Symonds EL. Variables Associated with Detection of Methylated BCAT1 or IKZF1 in Blood from Patients Without Colonoscopically Evident Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:774-781. [PMID: 33500319 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylated in BCAT1 and IKZF1 are promising circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) biomarkers for colorectal cancer detection. This study tested for variables that might be associated with their detection in patients without colonoscopically evident colorectal cancer so-called false positives. METHODS A retrospective review of demographic and clinical variables was conducted on patients who were assayed for these biomarkers prior to a colonoscopy for any indication. Potential relationships between detection of these biomarkers and patient variables in patients without colorectal cancer were identified by logistic regression. An age- and sex-matched case-control study was undertaken to identify additional associations. RESULTS A total of 196 of 1,593 patients undergoing colonoscopy were positive for BCAT1 and/or IKZF1 methylation; 70 (35.7%) had confirmed diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Of the 126 false positives, biomarker levels were significantly lower than in those with colorectal cancer (P < 0.05), with the total cell-free circulating DNA concentration associated with biomarker detection (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.22), and 83 (65.9%) of the non-colorectal cancer cases positive for methylated BCAT1 only. Age ≥70 years was the only demographic variable associated with biomarker detection (OR, 4.31; 95% CI, 1.50-12.41). No significant associations were seen with medications or comorbidities (P > 0.05). Four cases without colonoscopically evident colorectal cancer but with biomarker levels above the median for patients with colorectal cancer were diagnosed with metastatic adenocarcinoma within 1 year. CONCLUSIONS False-positive results were most commonly associated with detection of methylated BCAT1 only, as well as age ≥70 years. IMPACT In the absence of colonoscopically evident colorectal cancer, a high level of circulating methylated DNA warrants investigations for cancers at other sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hariti Saluja
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Graeme P Young
- Cancer Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Feruza Kholmurodova
- Flinders Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia
| | - Erin L Symonds
- Cancer Research, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia.
- Bowel Health Service, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Background: Considering transaminase more than the upper limit of normal value as liver injury might overestimate the prevalence of liver involvement in COVID-19 patients. No meta-analysis has explored the impact of varied definitions of liver injury on the reported prevalence of liver injury. Moreover, few studies reported the extent of hypertransaminasemia stratified by COVID-19 disease severity. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed and Embase. The pooled prevalence of liver injury and hypertransaminasemia was estimated. Results: In total, 60 studies were included. The overall prevalence of liver injury was 25%. Compared to subgroups with the non-strict definition of liver injury (33%) and subgroups without giving detailed definition (26%), the subgroup with a strict definition had a much lower prevalence of liver injury (9%). The overall prevalence of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) elevation was 19% and 22%. The prevalence of elevated ALT and AST were significantly higher in severe COVID-19 cases compare to non-severe cases (31% vs 16% and 44% vs 11%). In critically ill and fatal cases, no difference was found in the prevalence of elevated ALT (24% vs 30%) or AST (54% vs 49%). Sensitivity analyses indicated that the adjusted prevalence of ALT elevation, AST elevation, and liver injury decreased to 14%, 7%, and 12%. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of liver injury and hypertransaminasemia in COVID-19 patients might be overestimated. Only a small fraction of COVID-19 patients have clinically significant liver injury. The prevalence of hypertransaminasemia was significantly higher in severe COVID-19 cases compare to non-severe cases. Hence, in severe COVID-19 patients, more attention should be paid to liver function tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yitian Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Danyang Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yongxing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwen Gu
- The Leading Group on COVID-19 Prevention and Control, People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing 100038, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hamadé A, Woehl B, Talbot M, Bensalah N, Michel P, Obringer G, Lehn-Hogg M, Buschenrieder N, Issa M, Tousch J, Stephan D, Jambert L. Aminotransferases disorders associated with venous thromboembolic events in patients infected with COVID-19. Ann Hepatol 2021; 21:100274. [PMID: 33130333 PMCID: PMC7833905 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing evidence suggests that infected patients present a high incidence of venous thromboembolic (VTE) events and elevated aminotransferases (AT).The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of aminotransferases disorders in patients infected with COVID-19 and to manage the VTE events associated with elevated AT. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS We report a retrospective study of 46 patients admitted for COVID-19 infection. Venous duplex ultrasound of lower limbs was performed in all patients at Day 0 and Day 5. All patients had antithrombotic-prophylaxis upon admission using low molecular weight heparin with Enoxaparin. Demographics, comorbidities and laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Elevated AT were reported in 28 patients (61%). 10 had acute VTE events of which eight (17.4%) had aminotransferases disorders. They had been treated with curative Enoxaparin. After a follow-up of 15 and/or 30 days, six of them were controlled, and treated with direct oral anticoagulant (DOACs) after normalization of aminotransferases. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of aminotransferases disorders associated with acute VTE events in patients infected with COVID-19 is significant. The use of DOACs appear pertinent in these patients. Monitoring of the liver balance should therefore be considered at a distance from the acute episode in the perspective of DOACs relay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amer Hamadé
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France.
| | - Bastien Woehl
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Marjolaine Talbot
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Naouel Bensalah
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Pierre Michel
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Golnaz Obringer
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Michèle Lehn-Hogg
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Nathalie Buschenrieder
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Mahdi Issa
- Service de Chirurgie Digestive, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, Mulhouse, France
| | - Jonathan Tousch
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| | - Dominique Stephan
- Service d'Hypertension et de Maladies Vasculaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lucas Jambert
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, GHRMSA, Hôpital Emile Muller, 20, Rue du Dr Laennec, 68051 Mulhouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
El-Sayed MH, Thabet RA, Hamza MT, Hussein MS, El Saeed MM. Liver disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A link between glycemic control and hepatopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 170:108458. [PMID: 32979416 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of liver disease in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) by detection of elevated liver transaminases, confirmed by fibroscan and ultrasound. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of glycemic control on improvement of liver functions. METHODS One hundred and seven children and adolescents with T1DM were investigated by liver transaminases, mean HbA1c and pelviabdominal ultrasound while fibroscan was done for those with elevated liver transaminases only. Patients with elevated liver enzymes were reassessed after one year. RESULTS Only nine (8.4%) of the studied patients have exhibited liver dysfunction in the form of elevated liver transaminases with median ALT 140 U/L and AST 191 U/L and hepatomegaly by ultrasound; The HbA1c (median = 10.8%) and fibroscan abnormalities (median fibrosis score 1) were significantly higher in patients with elevated liver transaminases (p < 0.001). Adequate glycemic control resulted in a significant decrease in liver transaminases (median ALT = 25 U/L and AST = 29 U/L), fibroscan fibrosis score (median = 0) and HbA1c (median = 9%) (p = 0.003), (p = 0.01) and (p = 0.003) respectively. CONCLUSION Adequate glycemic control was associated with improvement of liver disease in children and adolescents with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manal H El-Sayed
- The Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Reinhart EH, Nguyen A, An S, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Ghrelin reverses ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in a rodent model of cholestasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16024. [PMID: 32994489 PMCID: PMC7525536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexigenic peptide ghrelin (Ghr) stimulates hunger signals in the hypothalamus via growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R1a). Gastric Ghr is synthetized as a preprohormone which is proteolytically cleaved, and acylated by a membrane-bound acyl transferase (MBOAT). Circulating Ghr is reduced in cholestatic injuries, however Ghr's role in cholestasis is poorly understood. We investigated Ghr's effects on biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2KO) mice, a recognized model of cholestasis. Serum, stomach and liver were collected from Mdr2KO and FVBN control mice treated with Ghr, des-octanoyl-ghrelin (DG) or vehicle. Mdr2KO mice had lower expression of Ghr and MBOAT in the stomach, and lower levels of circulating Ghr compared to WT-controls. Treatment of Mdr2KO mice with Ghr improved plasma transaminases, reduced biliary and fibrosis markers. In the liver, GHS-R1a mRNA was expressed predominantly in cholangiocytes. Ghr but not DG, decreased cell proliferation via AMPK activation in cholangiocytes in vitro. AMPK inhibitors prevented Ghr-induced FOXO1 nuclear translocation and negative regulation of cell proliferation. Ghr treatment reduced ductular reaction and hepatic fibrosis in Mdr2KO mice, regulating cholangiocyte proliferation via GHS-R1a, a G-protein coupled receptor which causes increased intracellular Ca2+ and activation of AMPK and FOXO1, maintaining a low rate of cholangiocyte proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Elaina Williams
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX, 76513, USA
| | - Suyeon An
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, TX, 76504, USA.
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (iCIs) have been used to treat cancers. Once some of the iCIs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are certified in clinical trials, they are likely be administered to HCC patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the immunopathogenesis of HCV after the administration of iCIs has not been clarified. We experienced a lung cancer patient with HCV infection treated by nivolumab, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody. HCV-RNA gradually decreased after the start of nivolumab treatment. However, no increase in transaminase was observed during the decline of HCV-RNA. It was thought that HCV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were activated by iCIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Fukuda
- Department of Hepatology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Japan
- Treatment Center for Liver Cancer, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Yasuteru Kondo
- Department of Hepatology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Japan
- Treatment Center for Liver Cancer, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nkeih C, Sisti G, Schiattarella A. Elevated transaminases in a COVID-19 positive patient at term of gestation: a case report. Acta Biomed 2020; 91:e2020002. [PMID: 32921751 PMCID: PMC7717025 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i3.9796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and it is spreading worldwide with an alarming high transmission rate. SARS-CoV-2 usually attacks the lungs causing a wide range of symptoms ranging from mild dyspnea to severe shortness of breath requiring intubation. Elevation of liver transaminases in the patients' sera has been described in up to 53% of the COVID-19 positive patients. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms of the virus on the liver cells are unclear and only few hypotheses are currently available. Data on COVID-19 in pregnant women are lacking and the management of COVID-19 pregnant women is challenging. An elevation of the transaminases during pregnancies infected by SARS-CoV-2 has never been described before. METHODS Here we presented the case of a 29 years-old patient at 38 weeks of gestation COVID-19 positive with elevated transaminases. RESULTS The patient showed a progressive decrease of transaminases after the delivery of the fetus. We provided details about the daily transaminases trend, the therapy used and the maternal/neonatal outcomes. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that in our case the delivery of the fetus contributed to the normalization of the liver enzymes. In patients affected by COVID-19, at term of gestation, with elevated transaminases, delivery of the fetus is an appealing option. If confirmed by larger studies, our proposed management might be incorporated in the obstetrical management guidelines for COVID-19 positive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nkeih
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. John's Episcopal Hospital, Far Rockaway, NY 11692, USA.
| | - Giovanni Sisti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York Health and Hospitals/Lincoln, Bronx, 10451, NY USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Drilon A, Oxnard GR, Tan DSW, Loong HHF, Johnson M, Gainor J, McCoach CE, Gautschi O, Besse B, Cho BC, Peled N, Weiss J, Kim YJ, Ohe Y, Nishio M, Park K, Patel J, Seto T, Sakamoto T, Rosen E, Shah MH, Barlesi F, Cassier PA, Bazhenova L, De Braud F, Garralda E, Velcheti V, Satouchi M, Ohashi K, Pennell NA, Reckamp KL, Dy GK, Wolf J, Solomon B, Falchook G, Ebata K, Nguyen M, Nair B, Zhu EY, Yang L, Huang X, Olek E, Rothenberg SM, Goto K, Subbiah V. Efficacy of Selpercatinib in RET Fusion-Positive Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:813-824. [PMID: 32846060 PMCID: PMC7506467 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2005653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RET fusions are oncogenic drivers in 1 to 2% of non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). In patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC, the efficacy and safety of selective RET inhibition are unknown. METHODS We enrolled patients with advanced RET fusion-positive NSCLC who had previously received platinum-based chemotherapy and those who were previously untreated separately in a phase 1-2 trial of selpercatinib. The primary end point was an objective response (a complete or partial response) as determined by an independent review committee. Secondary end points included the duration of response, progression-free survival, and safety. RESULTS In the first 105 consecutively enrolled patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC who had previously received at least platinum-based chemotherapy, the percentage with an objective response was 64% (95% confidence interval [CI], 54 to 73). The median duration of response was 17.5 months (95% CI, 12.0 to could not be evaluated), and 63% of the responses were ongoing at a median follow-up of 12.1 months. Among 39 previously untreated patients, the percentage with an objective response was 85% (95% CI, 70 to 94), and 90% of the responses were ongoing at 6 months. Among 11 patients with measurable central nervous system metastasis at enrollment, the percentage with an objective intracranial response was 91% (95% CI, 59 to 100). The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were hypertension (in 14% of the patients), an increased alanine aminotransferase level (in 12%), an increased aspartate aminotransferase level (in 10%), hyponatremia (in 6%), and lymphopenia (in 6%). A total of 12 of 531 patients (2%) discontinued selpercatinib because of a drug-related adverse event. CONCLUSIONS Selpercatinib had durable efficacy, including intracranial activity, with mainly low-grade toxic effects in patients with RET fusion-positive NSCLC who had previously received platinum-based chemotherapy and those who were previously untreated. (Funded by Loxo Oncology and others; LIBRETTO-001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03157128.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Drilon
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Herbert H F Loong
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Melissa Johnson
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Justin Gainor
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Caroline E McCoach
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Oliver Gautschi
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Benjamin Besse
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Byoung C Cho
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Nir Peled
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Jared Weiss
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Yu-Jung Kim
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Yuichiro Ohe
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Makoto Nishio
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Keunchil Park
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Jyoti Patel
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Takashi Seto
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Tomohiro Sakamoto
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Ezra Rosen
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Manisha H Shah
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Philippe A Cassier
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Filippo De Braud
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Elena Garralda
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Miyako Satouchi
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Kadoaki Ohashi
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Nathan A Pennell
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Grace K Dy
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Jürgen Wolf
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Gerald Falchook
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Kevin Ebata
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Michele Nguyen
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Binoj Nair
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Edward Y Zhu
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Luxi Yang
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Xin Huang
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Olek
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - S Michael Rothenberg
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Koichi Goto
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- From Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College (A.D., E.R.) and New York University Langone Medical Center (V.V.), New York, and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo (G.K.D.) - all in New York; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (G.R.O.) and Massachusetts General Hospital (J.G.), Boston; National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (H.H.F.L.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville (M.J.); University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (C.E.M.), University of California, San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla (L.B.), and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte (K.L.R.) - all in California; University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (B.B.), Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), and Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (P.A.C.) - all in France; Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System (B.C.C.), and Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine (K.P.), Seoul, and Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam (Y.J.K.) - all in South Korea; Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel (N.P.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J. Weiss); National Cancer Center Hospital (Y.O.) and Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (M. Nishio), Tokyo, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka (T. Seto), Tottori University Hospital, Tottori (T. Sakamoto), Hyogo Cancer Center, Akashi (M.S.), Okayama University Hospital, Okayama (K.O.), and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba (K.G.) - all in Japan; University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.), and Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland (N.A.P.); Istituto Nazionale Tumori-National Cancer Institute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan (F.D.B.); Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona (E.G.); Center for Integrated Oncology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J. Wolf); Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (B.S.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute at HealthONE, Denver (G.F.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M. Nguyen, B.N., E.Y.Z., L.Y., X.H., E.O., S.M.R.); and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wirth LJ, Sherman E, Robinson B, Solomon B, Kang H, Lorch J, Worden F, Brose M, Patel J, Leboulleux S, Godbert Y, Barlesi F, Morris JC, Owonikoko TK, Tan DSW, Gautschi O, Weiss J, de la Fouchardière C, Burkard ME, Laskin J, Taylor MH, Kroiss M, Medioni J, Goldman JW, Bauer TM, Levy B, Zhu VW, Lakhani N, Moreno V, Ebata K, Nguyen M, Heirich D, Zhu EY, Huang X, Yang L, Kherani J, Rothenberg SM, Drilon A, Subbiah V, Shah MH, Cabanillas ME. Efficacy of Selpercatinib in RET-Altered Thyroid Cancers. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:825-835. [PMID: 32846061 PMCID: PMC10777663 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2005651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RET mutations occur in 70% of medullary thyroid cancers, and RET fusions occur rarely in other thyroid cancers. In patients with RET-altered thyroid cancers, the efficacy and safety of selective RET inhibition are unknown. METHODS We enrolled patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer with or without previous vandetanib or cabozantinib treatment, as well as those with previously treated RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer, in a phase 1-2 trial of selpercatinib. The primary end point was an objective response (a complete or partial response), as determined by an independent review committee. Secondary end points included the duration of response, progression-free survival, and safety. RESULTS In the first 55 consecutively enrolled patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who had previously received vandetanib, cabozantinib, or both, the percentage who had a response was 69% (95% confidence interval [CI], 55 to 81), and 1-year progression-free survival was 82% (95% CI, 69 to 90). In 88 patients with RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who had not previously received vandetanib or cabozantinib, the percentage who had a response was 73% (95% CI, 62 to 82), and 1-year progression-free survival was 92% (95% CI, 82 to 97). In 19 patients with previously treated RET fusion-positive thyroid cancer, the percentage who had a response was 79% (95% CI, 54 to 94), and 1-year progression-free survival was 64% (95% CI, 37 to 82). The most common adverse events of grade 3 or higher were hypertension (in 21% of the patients), increased alanine aminotransferase level (in 11%), increased aspartate aminotransferase level (in 9%), hyponatremia (in 8%), and diarrhea (in 6%). Of all 531 patients treated, 12 (2%) discontinued selpercatinib owing to drug-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS In this phase 1-2 trial, selpercatinib showed durable efficacy with mainly low-grade toxic effects in patients with medullary thyroid cancer with and without previous vandetanib or cabozantinib treatment. (Funded by Loxo Oncology and others; LIBRETTO-001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03157128.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori J Wirth
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Eric Sherman
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Bruce Robinson
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Hyunseok Kang
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jochen Lorch
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Francis Worden
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Marcia Brose
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jyoti Patel
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Sophie Leboulleux
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Yann Godbert
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Fabrice Barlesi
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - John C Morris
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Daniel S W Tan
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Oliver Gautschi
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jared Weiss
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Christelle de la Fouchardière
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Mark E Burkard
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Janessa Laskin
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Matthew H Taylor
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jacques Medioni
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jonathan W Goldman
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Todd M Bauer
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Benjamin Levy
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Viola W Zhu
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Nehal Lakhani
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Victor Moreno
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Kevin Ebata
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Michele Nguyen
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Dana Heirich
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Edward Y Zhu
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Xin Huang
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Luxi Yang
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Jennifer Kherani
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - S Michael Rothenberg
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Alexander Drilon
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Manisha H Shah
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| | - Maria E Cabanillas
- From Massachusetts General Hospital (L.J.W.) and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (J. Lorch), Boston; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York (E.S., A.D.); Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW (B.R.), and Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, VIC (B.S.) - both in Australia; University of California, San Francisco-Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco (H.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles (J.W.G.), and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange (V.W.Z.) - all in California; University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (F.W.), and START Midwest, Grand Rapids (N.L.) - both in Michigan; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.B.); University of Chicago, Chicago (J.P.); Gustave Roussy, Villejuif (S.L.), Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux (Y.G.), Aix Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Early Phase Cancer Trial Center CLIP2, Hospital La Timone, Marseille (F.B.), Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon (C.D.L.F.), and Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Descartes, Paris (J.M.) - all in France; Mayo Clinic-Rochester, Rochester, MN (J.C.M.); Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta (T.K.O.); National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore (D.S.W.T.); University of Bern, Bern, and Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne - both in Switzerland (O.G.); University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (J.W.); University of Wisconsin-Carbone Cancer Center, Madison (M.E.B.); British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada (J. Laskin); Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.H.T.); Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Würzburg, Germany (M.K.); Sarah Cannon Research Institute-Tennessee Oncology, Nashville (T.M.B.); Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Washington, DC (B.L.); Fundación Jimenez Diaz, START-Madrid, Madrid (V.M.); Loxo Oncology, Stamford, CT (K.E., M.N., D.H., E.Y.Z., X.H., L.Y., J.K., S.M.R.); University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (V.S., M.E.C.); and Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus (M.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Antinori S, Cossu MV, Ridolfo AL, Rech R, Bonazzetti C, Pagani G, Gubertini G, Coen M, Magni C, Castelli A, Borghi B, Colombo R, Giorgi R, Angeli E, Mileto D, Milazzo L, Vimercati S, Pellicciotta M, Corbellino M, Torre A, Rusconi S, Oreni L, Gismondo MR, Giacomelli A, Meroni L, Rizzardini G, Galli M. Compassionate remdesivir treatment of severe Covid-19 pneumonia in intensive care unit (ICU) and Non-ICU patients: Clinical outcome and differences in post-treatment hospitalisation status. Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104899. [PMID: 32407959 PMCID: PMC7212963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is causing an increasing number of deaths worldwide because no effective treatment is currently available. Remdesivir has shown in vitro activity against coronaviruses and is a possible antiviral treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This prospective (compassionate), open-label study of remdesivir, which was conducted at Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy, between February 23 and March 20, 2020, involved patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia aged ≥18 years undergoing mechanical ventilation or with an oxygen saturation level of ≤94 % in air or a National Early Warning Score 2 of ≥4. The primary outcome was the change in clinical status based on a 7-category ordinal scale (1 = not hospitalised, resuming normal daily activities; 7 = deceased). The 35 patients enrolled from February 23 to March 20, 2020, included 18 in intensive care unit (ICU), and 17 in our infectious diseases ward (IDW). The 10-day course of remdesivir was completed by 22 patients (63 %) and discontinued by 13, of whom eight (22.8 %) discontinued because of adverse events. The median follow-up was 39 days (IQR 25-44). At day 28, 14 (82.3 %) patients from IDW were discharged, two were still hospitalized and one died (5.9 %), whereas in ICU 6 (33.3 %) were discharged, 8 (44.4 %) patients died, three (16.7 %) were still mechanically ventilated and one (5.6 %) was improved but still hospitalized. Hypertransaminasemia and acute kidney injury were the most frequent severe adverse events observed (42.8 % and 22.8 % of the cases, respectively). Our data suggest that remdesivir can benefit patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia hospitalised outside ICU where clinical outcome was better and adverse events are less frequently observed. Ongoing randomised controlled trials will clarify its real efficacy and safety, who to treat, and when.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spinello Antinori
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Rech
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pagani
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Gubertini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Coen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Magni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Borghi
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Giorgi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Angeli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Mileto
- Diagnostic Services, Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergence Diagnostics, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Milazzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Corbellino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Torre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Rusconi
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Oreni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Diagnostic Services, Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergence Diagnostics, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Meroni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cheng K, Ji S, Jia P, Zhang H, Wang T, Song Z, Zhang L, Wang T. Resveratrol Improves Hepatic Redox Status and Lipid Balance of Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Retardation in a Piglet Model. Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020:7402645. [PMID: 32733952 PMCID: PMC7383311 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7402645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress (OS), and inflammation play a pivotal role in the increased susceptibility to neonatal fatty liver diseases associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). This study was firstly conducted to investigate whether resveratrol could alleviate IUGR-induced hepatic lipid accumulation, alteration of redox and immune status in a sucking piglet model and explore the possible mechanisms at transcriptional levels. A total of 36 pairs of 7 d old male normal birth weight (NBW) and IUGR piglets were orally fed with either 80 mg resveratrol/kg body weight/d or 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium for a period of 14 days, respectively. Compared with the NBW piglets, the IUGR piglets displayed compromised growth performance and liver weight, reduced plasma free fatty acid (FFA) level, increased hepatic OS, abnormal hepatic lipid accumulation and weakened hepatic immune function, and hepatic aberrant transcriptional expression of some genes such as heme oxygenase 1, superoxide dismutase 1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, liver fatty acid-binding proteins 1, toll-like receptor 4, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Oral administration of resveratrol to piglets decreased the levels of FFA and total triglycerides (TG) in the plasma and hepatic TNF-α concentration, and increased glutathione reductase activity and reduced glutathione level in the liver. Resveratrol restored the increased alanine aminotransferase activity in the plasma of IUGR piglets. Treatment with resveratrol ameliorated the increased hepatic malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, TG, and FFA concentrations induced by IUGR. Resveratrol treatment alleviated the reduced lipoprotein lipase activity and its mRNA expression as well as TNF-α gene expression in the liver of IUGR piglets. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase 1 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 genes expression of piglets was upregulated by oral resveratrol administration. In conclusion, resveratrol administration plays a beneficial role in hepatic redox status and lipid balance of the IUGR piglets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuli Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peilu Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Balwani M, Sardh E, Ventura P, Peiró PA, Rees DC, Stölzel U, Bissell DM, Bonkovsky HL, Windyga J, Anderson KE, Parker C, Silver SM, Keel SB, Wang JD, Stein PE, Harper P, Vassiliou D, Wang B, Phillips J, Ivanova A, Langendonk JG, Kauppinen R, Minder E, Horie Y, Penz C, Chen J, Liu S, Ko JJ, Sweetser MT, Garg P, Vaishnaw A, Kim JB, Simon AR, Gouya L. Phase 3 Trial of RNAi Therapeutic Givosiran for Acute Intermittent Porphyria. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:2289-2301. [PMID: 32521132 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1913147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up-regulation of hepatic delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase 1 (ALAS1), with resultant accumulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen, is central to the pathogenesis of acute attacks and chronic symptoms in acute hepatic porphyria. Givosiran, an RNA interference therapy, inhibits ALAS1 expression. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned symptomatic patients with acute hepatic porphyria to receive either subcutaneous givosiran (2.5 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo monthly for 6 months. The primary end point was the annualized rate of composite porphyria attacks among patients with acute intermittent porphyria, the most common subtype of acute hepatic porphyria. (Composite porphyria attacks resulted in hospitalization, an urgent health care visit, or intravenous administration of hemin at home.) Key secondary end points were levels of ALA and porphobilinogen and the annualized attack rate among patients with acute hepatic porphyria, along with hemin use and daily worst pain scores in patients with acute intermittent porphyria. RESULTS A total of 94 patients underwent randomization (48 in the givosiran group and 46 in the placebo group). Among the 89 patients with acute intermittent porphyria, the mean annualized attack rate was 3.2 in the givosiran group and 12.5 in the placebo group, representing a 74% lower rate in the givosiran group (P<0.001); the results were similar among the 94 patients with acute hepatic porphyria. Among the patients with acute intermittent porphyria, givosiran led to lower levels of urinary ALA and porphobilinogen, fewer days of hemin use, and better daily scores for pain than placebo. Key adverse events that were observed more frequently in the givosiran group were elevations in serum aminotransferase levels, changes in serum creatinine levels and the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and injection-site reactions. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with acute intermittent porphyria, those who received givosiran had a significantly lower rate of porphyria attacks and better results for multiple other disease manifestations than those who received placebo. The increased efficacy was accompanied by a higher frequency of hepatic and renal adverse events. (Funded by Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; ENVISION ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03338816.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Balwani
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Eliane Sardh
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Paolo Ventura
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Paula Aguilera Peiró
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - David C Rees
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Ulrich Stölzel
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - D Montgomery Bissell
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Herbert L Bonkovsky
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Jerzy Windyga
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Karl E Anderson
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Charles Parker
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Samuel M Silver
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Siobán B Keel
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Jiaan-Der Wang
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Penelope E Stein
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Pauline Harper
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Daphne Vassiliou
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Bruce Wang
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - John Phillips
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Aneta Ivanova
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Janneke G Langendonk
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Raili Kauppinen
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Elisabeth Minder
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Yutaka Horie
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Craig Penz
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Jihong Chen
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Shangbin Liu
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - John J Ko
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Marianne T Sweetser
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Pushkal Garg
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Akshay Vaishnaw
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Jae B Kim
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Amy R Simon
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| | - Laurent Gouya
- From the Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (M.B.); Porphyria Center Sweden, Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm (E.S., P.H., D.V.); the Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences for Children and Adults, Internal Medicine Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy (P.V.); Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (P.A.P.); King's College London, King's College Hospital, London (D.C.R., P.E.S.); Klinikum Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany (U.S.); the Liver Center and Porphyria Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (D.M.B., B.W.); the Section on Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wake Forest University-North Carolina Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem (H.L.B.); the Department of Hemostatic Disorders and Internal Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (J.W.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (K.E.A.); the University of Utah, Salt Lake City (C. Parker, J.P.); the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.M.S.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle (S.B.K.); the Center for Rare Disease and Hemophilia, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan (J.-D.W.); St. Ivan Rilski University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (A.I.); Porphyria Center Rotterdam, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (J.G.L.); the Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (R.K.); Stadtspital Triemli, Zentrallabor, Zurich, Switzerland (E.M.); Tottori University School of Medicine, Tottori, Japan (Y.H.); Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA (C. Penz, J.C., S.L., J.J.K., M.T.S., P.G., A.V., J.B.K., A.R.S.); and the University of Paris and the Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, and Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Porphyries, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Colombes - all in France (L.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Najjar YG, Navrazhina K, Ding F, Bhatia R, Tsai K, Abbate K, Durden B, Eroglu Z, Bhatia S, Park S, Chowdhary A, Chandra S, Kennedy J, Puzanov I, Ernstoff M, Vachhani P, Drabick J, Singh A, Xu T, Yang J, Carvajal R, Manson D, Kirkwood JM, Cohen J, Sullivan R, Johnson D, Funchain P, Shoushtari A. Ipilimumab plus nivolumab for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma: a multicenter, retrospective study. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:e000331. [PMID: 32581057 PMCID: PMC7319717 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common intraocular malignancy in adults. In contrast to cutaneous melanoma (CM), there is no standard therapy, and the efficacy and safety of dual checkpoint blockade with nivolumab and ipilimumab is not well defined. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with metastatic UM (mUM) who received treatment with ipilimumab plus nivolumab across 14 academic medical centers. Toxicity was graded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.5.0. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. RESULTS 89 eligible patients were identified. 45% had received prior therapy, which included liver directed therapy (29%), immunotherapy (21%), targeted therapy (10%) and radiation (16%). Patients received a median 3 cycles of ipilimumab plus nivolumab. The median follow-up time was 9.2 months. Overall response rate was 11.6%. One patient achieved complete response (1%), 9 patients had partial response (10%), 21 patients had stable disease (24%) and 55 patients had progressive disease (62%). Median OS from treatment initiation was 15 months and median PFS was 2.7 months. Overall, 82 (92%) of patients discontinued treatment, 34 due to toxicity and 27 due to progressive disease. Common immune-related adverse events were colitis/diarrhea (32%), fatigue (23%), rash (21%) and transaminitis (21%). CONCLUSIONS Dual checkpoint inhibition yielded higher response rates than previous reports of single-agent immunotherapy in patients with mUM, but the efficacy is lower than in metastatic CM. The median OS of 15 months suggests that the rate of clinical benefit may be larger than the modest response rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yana G Najjar
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristina Navrazhina
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fei Ding
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roma Bhatia
- Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Katy Tsai
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kelly Abbate
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Durden
- USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Song Park
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Akansha Chowdhary
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sunandana Chandra
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Igor Puzanov
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Marc Ernstoff
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Arun Singh
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tan Xu
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica Yang
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard Carvajal
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Justine Cohen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas Johnson
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Alexander Shoushtari
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oh PC, Eom YS, Moon J, Jang HJ, Kim TH, Suh J, Kong MG, Park SD, Kwon SW, Choe JY, Suh SY, Lee K, Han SH, Ahn T, Kang WC. Prognostic impact of the combination of serum transaminase and alkaline phosphatase determined in the emergency room in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233286. [PMID: 32442225 PMCID: PMC7244093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated serum transaminase or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been proposed as a novel prognosticator for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We evaluated the combined prognostic impact of elevated serum transaminases and ALP on admission in STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A total of 1176 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI were retrospectively enrolled from the INTERSTELLAR registry. Hypoxic liver injury (HLI) was defined as serum transaminase > twice the upper limit of normal. The cut-off value of high ALP was set at the median level (73 IU/L). Patients were divided into four groups according to their serum transaminase and ALP levels. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE), defined as the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, non-fatal stroke, and ischemia-driven revascularization. Results Median follow-up duration was 25 months (interquartile range, 10–39 months). The rate of MACCE was highest in patients with HLI (+) and high ALP (25.9%), compared to those in the other groups (8.2% in HLI [-] and low ALP, 11.8% in HLI [-] and high ALP, and 15.0% in HLI [+] and low ALP). Each of HLI or high ALP was an independent predictor for MACCE (HR 1.807, 95% CI 1.191–2.741; HR 1.721, 95% CI 1.179–2.512, respectively). Combined HLI and high ALP was associated with the worst prognosis (HR 3.145, 95% CI 1.794–5.514). Conclusions Combined HLI and high ALP on admission is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with STEMI who have undergone primary PCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Chun Oh
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sil Eom
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonggeun Moon
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jun Jang
- Cardiology, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Cardiology, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jon Suh
- Cardiology, Soon Chun Hyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Kong
- Cardiology, Soon Chun Hyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Don Park
- Cardiology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kwon
- Cardiology, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Choe
- Department of Medicine, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Yong Suh
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyounghoon Lee
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Han
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Ahn
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Chol Kang
- Cardiology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liang X, Zhong H, Xiao L. The effect of community hypertension management on blood pressure control and its determinants in southwest China. Int Health 2020; 12:203-212. [PMID: 32176766 PMCID: PMC7320421 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of community healthcare in controlling blood pressure (BP) and mitigating related risk factors after 5 y of follow-up. METHODS Hierarchical clustering sampling was employed to choose a representative sample of 10 rural and 10 urban community populations (N=4235). The 5y prospective cohort study was completed by the medical group in the community clinical centre. RESULTS The study included 4235 patients, median age 69 y (range 61-76), with hypertension in 2009; 2533 (59.81%) were female. The rate of BP control increased from 28.33% in 2009 to 64.05% in 2014. The BP control rate was higher in patients with CVD and kidney disease and lower in those with obesity than in those without. Comparing 2009 and 2014 values, the intervention resulted in median systolic BP and diastolic BP reductions of 7.0 mmHg and 6.5 mmHg, respectively. Age, medication treatment, antihypertensive agents, BP at baseline and follow-up, complications of diabetes, CVD, obesity and kidney disease, the aspartate aminotransferase:aminotransferase ratio and smoking were identified as risk factors for BP control. CONCLUSIONS Community management of hypertension by general practitioners achieved significant BP control over 5 y of intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Liang
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 136 2nd Zhongshan Avenue, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Corresponding author: Tel: +86 23 63638270; Fax: +86 23 63638270; E-mail: ,
| | - Haiying Zhong
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, 136 2nd Zhongshan Avenue, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lun Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and characteristics of exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) in a population-based cohort. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 2003 to 2015. Incident ER cases were ascertained through the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system through electronic searches of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes and clinical note text. Population incidence rate was calculated using the corresponding Rochester Epidemiology Project census populations specific to calendar year and sex. Descriptive statistics were used. RESULTS Of the 430 patients, 431 cases met the inclusion criteria for rhabdomyolysis; 4.9% of cases (n = 20; males n = 18; Caucasian n = 17) were ER, with one recurrence. There were no deaths secondary to ER. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of ER was 1.06 ± 0.24 (95% confidence interval = 0.59-1.52) per 100,000 person-years. Endurance activity (n = 7), manual labor (n = 5), and weight lifting (n = 4) were common causes. Complications included kidney injury (n = 5), mild electrolyte abnormalities (n = 10), elevated transaminases (n = 12), and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities (n = 4). A majority of patients were hospitalized (n = 16) for a median of 2 d, had mild abnormalities in renal and liver function and electrolytes, and were discharged without sequelae. CONCLUSION ER in the civilian population occurs at a much lower incidence than the military population. The most common causes were endurance exercise, manual labor, and weight lifting. The majority of cases were treated conservatively with intravenous fluid resuscitation during a brief hospital stay, and all were discharged without sequela. Only one case of recurrence occurred in this cohort, indicating the recurrence rate was low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne T Luetmer
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Jacob H Reisner
- Sports Medicine Fellow, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Andrea L Cheville
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Jonathan T Finnoff
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Johari SA, Sarkheil M, Asghari S, Haghighat F, Dekani L, Keyvanshokooh S. Comparative toxicity of nanoparticulate and ionic copper following dietary exposure to common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 229:108680. [PMID: 31794874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential element for the normal growth and survival of all organisms including fish. However, its excessive presence in the environment can cause bioaccumulation and aquatic toxicology. The aim of the present study was to compare the dietary toxicity effects of two different Cu compounds, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and ionic copper (CuSO4) in juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio. To prepare experimental diets, two nominal concentrations of 100 and 1000 mg Cu kg-1 diet were added to a basal diet. Carp (n = 450, average initial weight of 35.94 ± 5.35 g) were fed on the Cu-supplemented diets and basal diets for two 21-day courses as dietary exposure and recovery periods, respectively. The growth performance, survival rate and blood biochemical indices as well as copper accumulation in target organs of fish were investigated at the end of each exposure period. The results showed that the weight gain (WG) of carp significantly decreased coincident with increasing concentration of the both dietary Cu forms (P = 0.00). Both Cu sources at concentrations of 100 mg kg-1 diet decreased the survival rate of fish (P = 0.003), likely due to more feed intake and thus increased copper toxicity. The both forms of dietary Cu at two different concentrations significantly decreased the plasma glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) level compared to the control group (P = 0.008). Fish exposed to diets containing Cu sources except 100 mg Cu kg-1 of CuO-NPs showed the lower glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) activity in comparison to the control (P = 0.00). The plasma sodium level in1000 mg CuO-NPs kg-1 diet was significantly lower than the control (P = 0.001). The plasma potassium level increased in the all Cu-supplemented groups except 100 mg kg-1 of CuO-NPs after the dietary exposure period (P = 0.035). The copper accumulation was dose-dependent in all target organs. In 100 mg Cu kg-1 dietary groups, the liver showed the highest Cu accumulation (P = 0.00), while in 1000 mg Cu kg-1 dietary groups, the highest Cu content was observed in the intestine (P = 0.00). The results demonstrated the enhanced toxicological responses in fish after 21 days of dietary exposure, but the levels of most of biochemical indices and tissues Cu content decreased or returned to the control values after the recovery period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ali Johari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Sarkheil
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saba Asghari
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Haghighat
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Leila Dekani
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Saeed Keyvanshokooh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Khouzestan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anderson DR, Viau K, Botto LD, Pasquali M, Longo N. Clinical and biochemical outcomes of patients with medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 129:13-19. [PMID: 31836396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency is a fatty acid oxidation disorder that can have variable clinical severity. There is still limited information on its clinical presentation and longitudinal history by genotype, and effectiveness of newborn screening (NBS). METHODS Retrospective data were collected from 90 patients (44 female, 46 male) to compare biochemical data with clinical outcomes. The frequency of adverse events (number of hypoglycemia-related ER visits and admissions) was assessed by genotype (homozygosity or not for the common pathogenic variant, p.Lys329Glu, in the ACADM gene), and method of diagnosis (NBS vs. clinical). RESULTS MCAD deficiency in Utah was more frequent compared to the United States average (1: 9266 versus 1:17,759 newborns). With age, C8-carnitine did not change significantly whereas C2-carnitine decreased (p < .001), possibly reflecting reduced carnitine supplementation typically seen with age. Children with MCAD deficiency had normal growth. p.Lys329Glu homozygotes had higher NBS C8-carnitine (23.4 ± 19.6 vs. 6.6 ± 3.0 μmol/L) and lifetime plasma C8-carnitine levels (6.2 ± 5 vs. 3.6 ± 1.9 μmol/L) compared to patients with at least one other pathogenic variant (p < .001 for both) and higher transaminases compared to compound heterozygotes (ALT 41.9 ± 6.2 vs. 31.5 ± 3.7 U/L, AST 63.9 ± 5.8 vs. 45.7 ± 1.8 U/L, p < .05 for both). On average, p.Lys329Glu homozygotes had more hypoglycemic events than compound heterozygotes (1.44 versus 0.49 events/patient) as did patients diagnosed clinically compared to those diagnosed by NBS (2.15 versus 0.62 events/patient), though these differences were not statistically significant. Neonatal death was observed before results of newborn screening were available in one patient homozygous for the common p.Lys329Glu pathogenic variant, but severe neonatal complications (hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia) were also seen in patients with other mutations. No irreversible complications were observed after diagnosis in any patient with MCAD deficiency. DISCUSSION Homozygosity for the common ACADM p.Lys329Glu pathogenic variant was associated with increased levels of C8-carnitine and transaminases. Newborn screening provides the opportunity to reduce morbidity and post-neonatal mortality in all patients with MCAD deficiency, regardless of genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela R Anderson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Krista Viau
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lorenzo D Botto
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marzia Pasquali
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Olga S, Natalia S, Igor B, Alena C, Ekaterina Z, Oksana R, Zhanna M, Nadezhda S, Aleksander P. A novel splice site mutation in OTC gene of a female with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and her asymptomatic mosaic father. J Genet 2020; 99:29. [PMID: 32482918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an X-linked disease with a wide range of clinical severity and manifestation age both in males and females. Here, we describe a case which is caused by a novel c.78-1G[A splice site mutation, which on mRNA level leads to a 1-bp deletion and a frameshift (c.78delG (p.C27Vfs*11)) in OTC exon 2 in a young girl. The same mutation has been detected in a mosaicstate in her asymptomatic father.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shchagina Olga
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow 115522, Russia. ,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Patel A, Shah K, Dharsandiya M, Patel K, Patel T, Patel M, Reljic T, Kumar A. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pneumonia: A retrospective cohort study. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:117-123. [PMID: 32719218 PMCID: PMC7706820 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytokine release storm (CRS) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) is thought to be the cause for organ damage and death which is independent of the actual viral burden. Tocilizumab (TCZ), an interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, is approved for the treatment of CRS. We describe the efficacy and safety of TCZ in SARS CoV-2 pneumonia. Methods This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from April 20 2020 to May 21 2020. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of a composite of either need for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) with invasive mechanical ventilation or death. Safety outcomes included an increase in liver transaminases and/or evidence of infection. Results A total of 20 patients received TCZ during the study period. The median age was 54 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 47-63). About 85% of the patients were male. Nearly 70% of the patients had at least one comorbidity. About 55% required ICU admission. The median duration of ICU stay was 11 days (95% CI: 3-13 days). The cumulative incidence of the requirement for mechanical ventilation, clinical improvement and mortality was 11% (95% CI: 0.03%-1%), 74% (95% CI 37%-89%) and 25% (95% CI: 11%-63%), respectively. There was no difference in outcomes according to age, gender or computed tomography severity score. Asymptomatic transaminitis was the most common drug reaction (55%), and one patient developed bacteraemia. Conclusions TCZ is likely a safe and effective modality of treatment for improving clinical and laboratory parameters of SARS CoV-2 patients with a reduction in ICU stay and ventilatory care need.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Kinjal Shah
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Ketan Patel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tushar Patel
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mukesh Patel
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Tea Reljic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Ambuj Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Groen MT, Drenth JPH, Voermans N. [Elevated liver enzyme levels; not exclusive to liver disease]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2019; 163:D3943. [PMID: 32073783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Underlying liver disease is usually, quite rightly, suspected in patients with raised liver enzyme levels. Thesecan, however, actually have a different cause, such as a muscular disease. CASE DESCRIPTION A 41-year-old woman was referred to a gastroenterology clinic with unexplained elevated liver enzymelevels and fatigue. She had experienced mildly raised liver enzyme levels 10 years previously; following analysis these were interpreted as due to 'non-alcoholic fatty liver disease'. Further questioning revealed that the patient had also recently been experiencing muscular pain and had difficulty with rising from a sitting position. Laboratory investigation revealed elevated aminotransferase and creatinine kinase (CK) levels. The symptoms and the abnormal laboratory results were found to be due to a mutation of the ANO5 gene. CONCLUSION A mild liver enzyme disorder can indicate a muscular disease. It is sensible to measure CK levels early, in order to distinguish between a muscular disease and other causes of the raised liver enzyme level. This may prevent unnecessary, invasive and expensive diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Te Groen
- Radboudumc, Afd. Maag-, Darm- en Leverziekten, Nijmegen
- Contact: M. te Groen
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kallwitz ER, Tayo BO, Kuniholm MH, Cai J, Daviglus M, Cooper RS, Cotler SJ. American Ancestry Is a Risk Factor for Suspected Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Hispanic/Latino Adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2301-2309. [PMID: 30743004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) disproportionally affects Hispanic/Latino populations. However, the magnitude varies among Hispanic/Latino ethnic groups. We investigated the mechanisms of these disparities. METHODS We examined associations of NAFLD-associated genetic variants and continental ancestry with suspected NAFLD, levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and liver fibrosis using data from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos-a population-based study of Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States. We evaluated data from 16,415 Hispanic/Latino adults in 4 cities from 2008 through 2011. Subjects suspected of having NAFLD or liver fibrosis were identified based on unexplained increases in levels of aminotransferases and FIB-4 score, respectively. RESULTS Among the 9342 participants with available genetic and aminotransferase data, the PNPLA3 G allele (odds ratio [OR], 1.53; 95% CI, 1.41-1.66), TM6SF2 T allele (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.20-1.67), and PPP1R3B G allele (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.28) were associated with suspected NAFLD. PNPLA3 G was also associated with increased levels of ALT, except in participants with Dominican and South American backgrounds, and with liver fibrosis. The frequency of PNPLA3 G was high (41%) and TM6SF2 T (5%) was low in Hispanic/Latinos. PNPLA3 G frequency differed among Hispanic background groups with the highest proportion in Mexicans (52%) and the lowest proportion in Dominicans (23%). After adjustment for demographic, clinical, and behavioral factors, as well as PNPLA3 G, TM6SF2 T, and PPP1R3B G, American ancestry had a positive association with level of ALT (r = 6.61%; P < .001), whereas African (r = -3.84%; P < .001) and European (r = -4.31%; P < .001) ancestry were inversely associated with level of ALT. CONCLUSIONS American ancestry and PNPLA3 G are independent predictors of ALT levels in US Hispanic/Latinos and may in part explain NAFLD disparities in US Hispanic/Latinos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Kallwitz
- Division of Hepatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois.
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | | | - Jianwen Cai
- UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Martha Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Scott J Cotler
- Division of Hepatology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pape S, Gevers TJG, Belias M, Mustafajev IF, Vrolijk JM, van Hoek B, Bouma G, van Nieuwkerk CMJ, Hartl J, Schramm C, Lohse AW, Taubert R, Jaeckel E, Manns MP, Papp M, Stickel F, Heneghan MA, Drenth JPH. Predniso(lo)ne Dosage and Chance of Remission in Patients With Autoimmune Hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:2068-2075.e2. [PMID: 30625402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) commonly receive induction therapy with predniso(lo)ne followed by maintenance therapy with azathioprine. European Association for Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines advise a predniso(lo)ne dose range of 0.50-1 mg/kg/day, which leaves room for practice variation. We performed a multicenter study to determine the efficacy of different dose ranges of predniso(lo)ne induction therapy in a large European cohort of patients with AIH. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using a comparative effectiveness design. We collected data from 451 adults with AIH who began treatment from 1978 through 2017 at 9 centers in 5 European countries. We assigned patients to a high-dose group (initial predniso(lo)ne dose ≥0.50 mg/kg/day; n = 281) or a low-dose group (<0.50 mg/kg/day; n = 170). Logistic regression was performed to determine difference in outcomes between the groups. The primary outcome was normal serum levels of transaminases at 6 months after initiation of therapy. RESULTS There was no significant difference in rates of normalization of transaminases between the high-dose predniso(lo)ne group and the low-dose group (70.5% vs 64.7%; P = .20). After multivariable logistic regression with correction for confounders, there was no difference in the likelihood of normalization of transaminases between the groups (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.78-1.87; P = .38). Patients given an initial high dose of predniso(lo)ne received more predniso(lo)ne over time than patients started on a lower dose (median doses over 6 months: 3780 mg vs 2573 mg) (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In a retrospective study of patients with AIH in Europe, we found that the dose of predniso(lo)ne to induce remission in patients with AIH is less relevant than assumed. An initial predniso(lo)ne dose below 0.50 mg/kg/day substantially decreases unnecessary exposure to predniso(lo)ne in patients with AIH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pape
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J G Gevers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michail Belias
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilyas F Mustafajev
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten Vrolijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Hoek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerd Bouma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carin M J van Nieuwkerk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Hartl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Schramm
- 1(st) Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Martin Zeitz Centre for Rare Diseases, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- 1(st) Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Richard Taubert
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Papp
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joost P H Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Penberthy K, Mendoza J, Mendoza M, Harrison G, Lancaster L, Belyea B, Zeichner SL. Abdominal Pain and Intermittent Fevers in a 16-Year-Old Girl. Pediatrics 2019; 144:e20190093. [PMID: 31375532 PMCID: PMC6855813 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A 16-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with intermittent fevers and worsening abdominal pain of 5 weeks duration. She had a history of travel to a less developed country and exposure to possible infectious diseases. Abdominal imaging and blood tests revealed diffuse mesenteric lymphadenopathy, elevated transaminases, and elevation of inflammatory markers. Gastroesophageal and colon endoscopies revealed gastric ulcers, and the patient was discharged with a presumptive diagnosis of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis given the lymphadenopathy seen on imaging, serositis, sacroiliac joint stiffness noted on physical examination, and pain relief with celecoxib. She presented again 4 days later with worsening abdominal tenderness, elevated transaminases, and new-onset abdominal distention. Tissue biopsy yielded the diagnosis and directed appropriate treatment.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Abdominal Pain/etiology
- Adolescent
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnosis
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biopsy
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Emergency Service, Hospital
- Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal
- Enterobiasis/diagnosis
- Female
- Fever/etiology
- Humans
- Inflammation/diagnosis
- Lymphadenopathy/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/diagnostic imaging
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic/pathology
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography
- Stomach Ulcer/chemically induced
- Stomach Ulcer/diagnosis
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Transaminases/blood
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Penberthy
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven L Zeichner
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Departments of
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang X, Wang G, Shang J, Pan H, Zhang XA, Zhou F. Immunosuppressive therapies adversely affect blood biochemical parameters in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:3534-3549. [PMID: 31364448 PMCID: PMC6726787 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519864800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to investigate whether a definite correlation exists between alteration of blood biochemical parameters and immunosuppressive therapies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Data on alterations in white blood cells, platelets, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, and liver enzymes in patients with IBD treated with immunomodulators were extracted. Results Data from 1141 patients were included. The relative risk (RR) of leukopenia was significantly higher in the immunosuppressive therapies group than in the placebo group (RR, 12.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.28–31.57). A statistically significant risk of leukocytosis during immunosuppressive therapies was observed (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.05–2.23). Patients taking immunomodulators had increased risks of serum creatinine elevation (RR, 10.68; 95% CI, 2.07–55.12) and serum aminotransferase elevation (RR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.24–8.17). Conclusion Immunosuppressive therapies might have an impact on variations in blood biochemical parameters in patients with IBD. Although the conclusion regarding leukopenia was reliable in this study, some confounding factors might reduce the reliability of the conclusions about leukocytosis, creatinine elevation, and aminotransferase elevation. Close monitoring is recommended during immunosuppressive therapies for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Ge Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Huaqin Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xin A Zhang
- Stephenson Cancer Center and Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- Feng Zhou, Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Montalban X, Arnold DL, Weber MS, Staikov I, Piasecka-Stryczynska K, Willmer J, Martin EC, Dangond F, Syed S, Wolinsky JS. Placebo-Controlled Trial of an Oral BTK Inhibitor in Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:2406-2417. [PMID: 31075187 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1901981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates the functions of B cells and myeloid cells that are implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Evobrutinib is a selective oral BTK inhibitor that has been shown to inhibit B-cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized, phase 2 trial, we assigned patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis to one of five groups: placebo, evobrutinib (at a dose of 25 mg once daily, 75 mg once daily, or 75 mg twice daily), or open-label dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as a reference. The primary end point was the total (cumulative) number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions identified on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at weeks 12, 16, 20, and 24. Key secondary end points included the annualized relapse rate and change from baseline in the score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). RESULTS A total of 267 patients were randomly assigned to a trial group. The mean (±SD) total number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions during weeks 12 through 24 was 3.85±5.44 in the placebo group, 4.06±8.02 in the evobrutinib 25-mg group, 1.69±4.69 in the evobrutinib 75-mg once-daily group, 1.15±3.70 in the evobrutinib 75-mg twice-daily group, and 4.78±22.05 in the DMF group. The baseline adjusted rate ratios for the total number of lesions over time as compared with placebo were 1.45 in the evobrutinib 25-mg group (P = 0.32), 0.30 in the evobrutinib 75-mg once-daily group (P = 0.005), and 0.44 in the evobrutinib 75-mg twice-daily group (P = 0.06). The unadjusted annualized relapse rate at week 24 was 0.37 in the placebo group, 0.57 in the evobrutinib 25-mg group, 0.13 in the evobrutinib 75-mg once-daily group, 0.08 in the evobrutinib 75-mg twice-daily group, and 0.20 in the DMF group. There was no significant effect of trial group on the change from baseline in the EDSS score. Elevations in liver aminotransferase values were observed with evobrutinib. CONCLUSIONS Patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis who received 75 mg of evobrutinib once daily had significantly fewer enhancing lesions during weeks 12 through 24 than those who received placebo. There was no significant difference with placebo for either the 25-mg once-daily or 75-mg twice-daily dose of evobrutinib, nor in the annualized relapse rate or disability progression at any dose. Longer and larger trials are required to determine the effect and risks of evobrutinib in patients with multiple sclerosis. (Funded by EMD Serono; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02975349.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Montalban
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Douglas L Arnold
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Martin S Weber
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Ivan Staikov
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Karolina Piasecka-Stryczynska
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Jonathan Willmer
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Emily C Martin
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Fernando Dangond
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Sana Syed
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| | - Jerry S Wolinsky
- From Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (X.M.); St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (X.M.), and Montreal Neurological Institute and NeuroRx Research, Montreal (D.L.A.) - both in Canada; the Institute of Neuropathology and the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany (M.S.W.); the Department of Neurology, Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria (I.S.); the Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Poznan, Poland (K.P.-S.); the Global Clinical Development Center, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA (J.W., E.M., F.D., S.S.); and McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholestatic jaundice in early infancy is a complex diagnostic challenge. Cholestasis caused by endocrine disease is rare and poorly recognized. The aim of this paper is to report patients with liver dysfunctions resulting from hypopituitarism. METHODS Six patients with liver dysfunction diagnosed as hypopituitarism were studied and followed up at Uludag University Faculty of Medicine. RESULTS The median age of the patients at first presentation was 2.5 mo. Three patients were diagnosed with congenital hypopituitarism at the first visit, and the other three were diagnosed during follow-up. Serum aminotransferase levels were very high in two patients and only moderately elevated in the others. Combined adrenal, thyroid, and growth hormone deficiencies were diagnosed in two patients, while remaining 4 patients had various combinations of adrenal, thyroid, and growth hormone deficiencies. Liver function abnormalities resolved between 10 d and 2 mo follow-up after hormone replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal liver biochemical test results due to hormonal deficiencies in infants should be considered in the differential diagnosis by pediatricians. Hormone replacement therapy is the basis of treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Altay
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Eren
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Tanju Basarır Ozkan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Taner Ozgur
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Omer Tarım
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Uludag University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), as the most widely used biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), was correlated with ongoing liver damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of inflammatory correction-based AFP to identify HCC from other liver diseases.From March 2012 to March 2017, among 926 participants, a total of 501 patients whose transaminases were higher than the upper limit of normal range, including 166 treatment-naïve HCC patients were enrolled in our retrospective study. The liver function, white blood cell (WBC) count and serum AFP level of all patients were collected at the initial stage of admission. The area under the receiver-operating curve (AUROC) of AFP, AFP/(Aspartate aminotransferase*Alanine aminotransferase) [AFP/(AST*ALT)] and AFP/WBC were compared between the HCC group and the control groups for the quantifying diagnostic efficacy.AUROCs of our novel index AFP/(AST*ALT) were up to 0.853 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.818-0.887, P < .001) and 0.825 (95% CI 0.782-0.868, P < .001), respectively, when differentiating HCC from non-HCC patients and from cirrhosis patients, which was superior to AFP and AFP/WBC. Diagnostic performance of AFP/(AST*ALT) could be verified in hepatitis B virus (HBV)- or hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated HCC patients as well. What's more, AFP/(AST*ALT) had a significant positive and moderate correlation with tumor diameter and presence of cancerous emboli or not (Spearman correlation coefficients were 0.323 and 0.305, respectively; both P < .001). For predicting HCC, the optimal cut-off value of AFP/(AST*ALT) is 1.603, and the sensitivity and specificity were 82.8% and 72.7%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the AFP and AFP/WBC.The serum AFP levels based on correction of liver inflammation can effectively improve the diagnostic performance of HCC, providing a new indicator that is simple, economical and pervasive for clinic.
Collapse
|
43
|
Kularatnam GAM, Jasinge E, Gunasena S, Samaranayake D, Senanayake MP, Wickramasinghe VP. Evaluation of biochemical and haematological changes in dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Sri Lankan children: a prospective follow up study. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:87. [PMID: 30935373 PMCID: PMC6442420 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1451-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Series of biochemical and haematological changes occur during the course of dengue infection, which vary depending on the clinical disease. The patterns of change are not well documented and identifying these patterns in children with dengue infection would help to anticipate the progression to different clinical stages thus enabling effective management. METHODS A prospective follow up study was conducted during the period of July 2013 - April 2014 at Professorial Pediatric unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Children (5-12 years) admitted within the first 84 h of fever, with a clinical diagnosis of dengue infection were recruited. Children who became positive for dengue IgM were included in the final analysis. Blood was collected on admission for complete blood count, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, cholesterol and corrected calcium. These tests were repeated at 12 hourly intervals during the hospital stay. RESULTS Data of 130-subjects were analyzed (Dengue fever /Dengue hemorrhagic fever: 100/30). There was a significant difference in the pattern of white cell counts, platelets and haematocrit in the two clinical groups. Both transaminase rose initially in both dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever and a steep rise were seen between 8th and 9th days in hemorrhagic fever. Both albumin and cholesterol decreased significantly at the time of entering into the critical phase. According to Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, albumin level crossing 37.5g/L (sensitivity 86.7%, specificity 77.8%) and a 0.38 mmol/L reduction in cholesterol level (sensitivity 77.3%, specificity 71.9%) between day 3 and 4 were the best predictors of entering into critical phase. Calcium levels did not show any distinct pattern. CONCLUSIONS There is a clear difference in the pattern of change of both hematological and biochemical parameters in dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. Reduction in albumin and cholesterol levels seen between the completion of day 3 and day 4 were highly valid predictors of entering into critical phase in dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eresha Jasinge
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for children, Colombo, 08 Sri Lanka
| | - Sunethra Gunasena
- Department of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Colombo, 08 Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nieradko-Iwanicka B, Pietraszek D, Pośnik K, Borzęcki A. Prolonged exposure to transdermal nicotine improves memory in male mice, but impairs biochemical parameters in male and female mice. Ann Agric Environ Med 2019; 26:62-66. [PMID: 30922031 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/89599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine is an alkaloid that affects the functioning of the central nervous system and produces dependence. In low doses, it acts as a stimulant and relaxant. Nicotine was reported to have pro-cognitive effects in humans and animals. However, high doses of nicotine are harmful for many organs.The aim of the study was to check whether a 30-day exposure to transdermal nicotine affects memory and biochemical parameters in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 32 mice (16 males and 16 females) were used in the experiment. Mice were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: I control-females receiving placebo patches for 30 days, II females receiving nicotine patches for 30 days, III control-males receiving placebo patches, IV males receiving nicotine patches. Spontaneous alternation and locomotor activity were examined weekly in a Y-maze. Body mass was recorded daily. On day 30, venous blood samples were obtained and the animals were anaesthetized with CO2. Their blood was used to measure alanine transaminase (ALT), asparagine transaminase (AST), cholesterol, creatinine and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). RESULTS Nicotine significantly improved memory in male mice on day 8. It increased ALT and AST activities in males and females, as well as the concentration of cholesterol in their blood sera. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, transdermal nicotine may produce transient improvement in fresh spatial memory in male mice, but it is not a long-term effect and therefore nicotine does not seem to be appropriate for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. It elevates blood cholesterol level and thus may increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events; moreover, it negatively affects liver enzymes. Nicotine use is therefore not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorota Pietraszek
- Students' Scientific Association at the Chair and Department of Hygiene, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Pośnik
- Students' Scientific Association at the Chair and Department of Hygiene, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Borzęcki
- Chair and Department of Hygiene Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Di N, Zhou X, Chen Y, Zhao X, Li L, Jiang L, Luo B, Chen X, Yang D. Could semiquantitative analysis of real-time ultrasound elastography distinguish more liver parenchyma alterations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome? Arch Endocrinol Metab 2019; 63:128-136. [PMID: 30916169 PMCID: PMC10522130 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the commonest diffuse liver disease, of which women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at an increased risk. The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic value of the semiquantitative strain parameters of real-time ultrasound elastography for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-five polycystic ovary syndrome patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 70 polycystic ovary syndrome patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 70 healthy female controls of reproductive age were included. All participants underwent ultrasonic examination and semiquantitative analysis of real-time ultrasound elastography of the liver. RESULTS Main semi quantitative strain parameters, such as average strain value, differed significantly among groups polycystic ovary syndrome with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and control (87.02 ± 10.16 vs. 96.31 ± 11.44 vs. 104.49 ± 7.28, p < 0.001). Clinical and laboratory parameters differed significantly between the two subgroups with low or high average strain value. For diagnostic value of average strain value for elevated aminotransferase, the area under the curve was 0.808 (range 0.721-0.895). In multiple linear regression analysis, polycystic ovary syndrome, waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome were stand-alone independent factors associated with average strain value among subjects without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION Semiquantitative real-time ultrasound elastography analysis could distinguish liver parenchyma alterations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome more sensitively. The diagnostic value of the proposed method for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease need further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Di
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchuan Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxiao Chen
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomiao Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoming Luo
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongzi Yang
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ridker PM, Everett BM, Pradhan A, MacFadyen JG, Solomon DH, Zaharris E, Mam V, Hasan A, Rosenberg Y, Iturriaga E, Gupta M, Tsigoulis M, Verma S, Clearfield M, Libby P, Goldhaber SZ, Seagle R, Ofori C, Saklayen M, Butman S, Singh N, Le May M, Bertrand O, Johnston J, Paynter NP, Glynn RJ. Low-Dose Methotrexate for the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Events. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:752-762. [PMID: 30415610 PMCID: PMC6587584 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1809798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 790] [Impact Index Per Article: 158.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is causally related to atherothrombosis. Treatment with canakinumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits inflammation by neutralizing interleukin-1β, resulted in a lower rate of cardiovascular events than placebo in a previous randomized trial. We sought to determine whether an alternative approach to inflammation inhibition with low-dose methotrexate might provide similar benefit. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of low-dose methotrexate (at a target dose of 15 to 20 mg weekly) or matching placebo in 4786 patients with previous myocardial infarction or multivessel coronary disease who additionally had either type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome. All participants received 1 mg of folate daily. The primary end point at the onset of the trial was a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. Near the conclusion of the trial, but before unblinding, hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization was added to the primary end point. RESULTS The trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 2.3 years. Methotrexate did not result in lower interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, or C-reactive protein levels than placebo. The final primary end point occurred in 201 patients in the methotrexate group and in 207 in the placebo group (incidence rate, 4.13 vs. 4.31 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79 to 1.16). The original primary end point occurred in 170 patients in the methotrexate group and in 167 in the placebo group (incidence rate, 3.46 vs. 3.43 per 100 person-years; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.25). Methotrexate was associated with elevations in liver-enzyme levels, reductions in leukocyte counts and hematocrit levels, and a higher incidence of non-basal-cell skin cancers than placebo. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable atherosclerosis, low-dose methotrexate did not reduce levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, or C-reactive protein and did not result in fewer cardiovascular events than placebo. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; CIRT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01594333.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Ridker
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Brendan M Everett
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Aruna Pradhan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Jean G MacFadyen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Daniel H Solomon
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Elaine Zaharris
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Virak Mam
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Ahmed Hasan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Yves Rosenberg
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Erin Iturriaga
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Milan Gupta
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Michelle Tsigoulis
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Subodh Verma
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Michael Clearfield
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Samuel Z Goldhaber
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Roger Seagle
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Cyril Ofori
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Mohammad Saklayen
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Samuel Butman
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Narendra Singh
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Michel Le May
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Olivier Bertrand
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - James Johnston
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Nina P Paynter
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| | - Robert J Glynn
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Division of Preventive Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., A.P., J.G.M., E.Z., V.M., N.P.P., R.J.G.), and the Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M.R., B.M.E., P.L., S.Z.G.) and Rheumatology (D.H.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (A.H., Y.R., E.I.); McMaster University, Hamilton (M.G.), the Canadian Collaborative Research Network, Brampton (M.T.), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto (S.V.), the University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa (M.L.M.), and KMH Cardiology, Diagnostic and Research Centres, Mississauga (J.J.), ON, and Laval University, Quebec City, QB (O.B.) - all in Canada; Touro University, Vallejo, CA (M.C.); Cardiology Associates Carolina, Morganton, NC (R.S.); Wooster Community Hospital, Wooster (C.O.), and Dayton Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Dayton (M.S.) - both in Ohio; Verde Valley Medical Center, Cottonwood, AZ (S.B.); and Atlanta Heart Specialists, Atlanta (N.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Chu H, Park C, Kim C, Sung KK, Lee S. Effectiveness and safety of Injinoryung-San-Gagambang (Yinchen Wuling powder) decoction on stroke patients with elevated serum liver enzymes: Three case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13577. [PMID: 30572459 PMCID: PMC6320019 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Injinoryung-San-Gagambang (IJORS) effectively improves hepatic dysfunction caused by polypharmacy in stroke patients. PATIENT CONCERNS We present 3 cases of hepatic dysfunction caused by polypharmacy, one of which was a 51-year-old man with cerebellum infarction and pneumonia as a complication of stroke. He took multiple medications because of baseline diseases. After recurrence of pneumonia, his laboratory tests showed abnormal aminotransferase levels. Another patient was an 81-year-old woman with cerebral infarction at the right-middle cerebral artery. She was also taking >5 medications. Her laboratory tests conducted on admission showed abnormally elevated aminotransferase levels. The last patient was 77-year-old man with cerebral infarction at the left-middle cerebral artery. He also had an abdominal aneurysm, a thoracic aortic aneurysm, and a myocardial infarction. After taking multiple medications including healthy functional foods, his laboratory tests showed abnormally elevated aminotransferase levels. DIAGNOSIS Diagnosis is conducted with the result of laboratory test including blood count, chemistry test. INTERVENTIONS All 3 patients received the same herbal treatment (IJORS decoction) for 1 to 3 weeks. OUTCOMES All 3 patients' abnormal serum aminotransferase level were significantly improved by IJORS decoction treatment while keeping other medicines. LESSONS IJORS can be considered as an effective treatment for hepatic dysfunction induced by numerous medications in stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju
| | - Chanran Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju
| | - Cheolhyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju
| | - Kang-Keyng Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk
- Internal Medicine & Neuroscience, Jangheung Integrative Medical Hospital, Wonkwang University, Jangheung, Jeonnam
| | - Sangkwan Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Neuroscience, College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University Gwangju Korean Medicine Hospital, Gwangju
- Clinical Trial Center, Wonkwang University Gwangju Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sonavane A, Saigal S. An enigmatic case of undiagnosed severe diarrhoea post living donor liver transplant. Transpl Immunol 2018; 54:17-19. [PMID: 30472392 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Graft versus Host Disease (GVHD) after orthotopic liver transplant (OLT), although rare, carries >80% mortality. Early diagnosis, prompt treatment, and aggressive supportive care are imperative to potentially reverse this otherwise fatal ailment. We describe a case of severe diarrhoea post living donor OLT who was diagnosed with acute GVHD. Addition of oral budesonide therapy to systemic corticosteroid therapy controlled the symptoms of diarrhoea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amey Sonavane
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta-the Medicity, Gurugram, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Medanta-the Medicity, Gurugram, India.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
DeGroat AR, Fleming CK, Dunlay SM, Hagood KL, Moorman JP, Peterson JM. The sex specific effect of alcohol consumption on circulating levels of CTRP3. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207011. [PMID: 30403751 PMCID: PMC6221322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this project was to establish the effect of alcohol consumption on the circulating levels of the adipose tissue derived protein C1q TNF Related Protein 3 (CTRP3). Adipose tissue secretes several adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, which exert a multitude of biological effects important for human health. However, adipose tissue is extremely sensitive to alcohol consumption, leading not only to disrupted fat storage, but also to disruptions in adipokine production. Changes to adipokine secretion could have widespread biological effects and potentially contribute to alcohol-induced ailments, such as alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD). CTRP3 has been previously demonstrated to attenuate fatty liver disease, and suppression of CTRP3 with alcohol consumption could contribute to development of and progression to alcoholic fatty liver disease. To examine the effect of ethanol consumption on circulating adipokine levels, male and female mice were fed an ethanol containing diet (Lieber-DeCarli 5% (v/v) ethanol diet) for 10-days followed by a single gavage of 5 g/kg ethanol (the NIAAA model), or for 6-weeks with no binge added (chronic model). In female mice, adiponectin levels increased ~2-fold in both models of ethanol feeding, but in male mice increased adiponectin levels were only observed after chronic ethanol feeding. On the other hand, in female mice, circulating CTRP3 levels decreased by ~75% and ~50% in the NIAAA and chronic model, respectively, with no changes observed in the male mice in either feeding model. Leptin levels were unchanged with ethanol feeding regardless of model or sex of mice. Lastly, chronic ethanol feeding led to a significant increase in mortality (~50%) in female mice, with no difference in relative ethanol consumption. These findings indicate that ethanol consumption can dysregulate adipokine secretion, but that the effects vary by sex of animal, method of ethanol consumption, and adipokine examined. These findings also indicate that female mice are more sensitive to the chronic effects of ethanol than male mice. Notably, this is the first study to document the effects of ethanol consumption on the circulating levels of CTRP3. Understanding the impact of excessive alcohol consumption on adipokine production and secretion could identify novel mechanisms of alcohol-induced human disease. However, the mechanism responsible for the increased sensitivity remains elusive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. DeGroat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christina K. Fleming
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Samantha M. Dunlay
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kendra L. Hagood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HIV) Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|