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Ballester-Servera C, Alonso J, Taurón M, Rotllán N, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. Lysyl oxidase expression in smooth muscle cells determines the level of intima calcification in hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2024:S0214-9168(24)00007-X. [PMID: 38402026 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular calcification is an important public health issue with an unmeet therapeutic need. We had previously shown that lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity critically influences vascular wall smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and valvular interstitial cells (VICs) calcification by affecting extracellular matrix remodeling. We have delved into the participation of LOX in atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, as well as in the mineralization of the aortic valve. METHODS Immunohistochemical and expression studies were carried out in human atherosclerotic lesions and experimental models, valves from patients with aortic stenosis, VICs, and in a genetically modified mouse model that overexpresses LOX in CMLV (TgLOXCMLV). Hyperlipemia and atherosclerosis was induced in mice through the administration of adeno-associated viruses encoding a PCSK9 mutated form (AAV-PCSK9D374Y) combined with an atherogenic diet. RESULTS LOX expression is increased in the neointimal layer of atherosclerotic lesions from human coronary arteries and in VSMC-rich regions of atheromas developed both in the brachiocephalic artery of control (C57BL/6J) animals transduced with PCSK9D374Y and in the aortic root of ApoE-/- mice. In TgLOXCMLV mice, PCSK9D374Y transduction did not significantly alter the enhanced aortic expression of genes involved in matrix remodeling, inflammation, oxidative stress and osteoblastic differentiation. Likewise, LOX transgenesis did not alter the size or lipid content of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery and aortic root, but exacerbated calcification. Among lysyl oxidase isoenzymes, LOX is the most expressed member of this family in highly calcified human valves, colocalizing with RUNX2 in VICs. The lower calcium deposition and decreased RUNX2 levels triggered by the overexpression of the nuclear receptor NOR-1 in VICs was associated with a reduction in LOX. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that LOX expression is increased in atherosclerotic lesions, and that overexpression of this enzyme in VSMC does not affect the size of the atheroma or its lipid content, but it does affect its degree of calcification. Further, these data suggest that the decrease in calcification driven by NOR-1 in VICs would involve a reduction in LOX. These evidences support the interest of LOX as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Ballester-Servera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España; Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, España
| | - Judith Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España; Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, España
| | - Manel Taurón
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España; Departamento de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (HSCSP-UAB), Barcelona, España
| | - Noemí Rotllán
- Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España; Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, España
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud CarlosIII, Madrid, España; Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, España.
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Ballester-Servera C, Alonso J, Cañes L, Vázquez-Sufuentes P, Puertas-Umbert L, Fernández-Celis A, Taurón M, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, López-Andrés N, Rodríguez C, Martínez-González J. Lysyl oxidase-dependent extracellular matrix crosslinking modulates calcification in atherosclerosis and aortic valve disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115469. [PMID: 37729730 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an active player in cardiovascular calcification (CVC), a major public health issue with an unmet need for effective therapies. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) conditions ECM biomechanical properties; thus, we hypothesized that LOX might impact on mineral deposition in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and atherosclerosis. LOX was upregulated in calcified valves from two cohorts of CAVD patients. Strong LOX immunostaining was detected surrounding calcified foci in calcified human valves and atherosclerotic lesions colocalizing with RUNX2 on valvular interstitial cells (VICs) or vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Both LOX secretion and organized collagen deposition were enhanced in calcifying VICs exposed to osteogenic media. β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of LOX, attenuated collagen deposition and calcification. VICs seeded onto decellularized matrices from BAPN-treated VICs calcified less than cells cultured onto control scaffolds; instead, VICs exposed to conditioned media from cells over-expressing LOX or cultured onto LOX-crosslinked matrices calcified more. Atherosclerosis was induced in WT and transgenic mice that overexpress LOX in VSMC (TgLOXVSMC) by AAV-PCSK9D374Y injection and high-fat feeding. In atherosclerosis-challenged TgLOXVSMC mice both atherosclerosis burden and calcification assessed by near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging were higher than in WT mice. These animals also exhibited larger calcified areas in atherosclerotic lesions from aortic arches and brachiocephalic arteries. Moreover, LOX transgenesis exacerbated plaque inflammation, and increased VSMC cellularity, the rate of RUNX2-positive cells and both connective tissue content and collagen cross-linking. Our findings highlight the relevance of LOX in CVC and postulate this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target for CVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Ballester-Servera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Vázquez-Sufuentes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amaya Fernández-Celis
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA, UPNA, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manel Taurón
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía Cardíaca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (HSCSP-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia López-Andrés
- Cardiovascular Translational Research, Navarrabiomed, IdiSNA, UPNA, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (IRHSCSP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.
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Kelly L, Sharp MM, Thomas I, Brown C, Schrag M, Antunes LV, Solopova E, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Rodríguez C, Carare RO. Targeting lysyl-oxidase (LOX) may facilitate intramural periarterial drainage for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 5:100171. [PMID: 37457664 PMCID: PMC10338210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the commonest form of dementia. It is likely that a lack of clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) results in its accumulation in the parenchyma as Aβ oligomers and insoluble plaques, and within the walls of blood vessels as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The drainage of Aβ along the basement membranes of blood vessels as intramural periarterial drainage (IPAD), could be improved if the driving force behind IPAD could be augmented, therefore reducing Aβ accumulation. There are alterations in the composition of the vascular basement membrane in Alzheimer's disease. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme involved in the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and its expression and function is altered in various disease states. The expression of LOX is increased in Alzheimer's disease, but it is unclear whether this is a contributory factor in the impairment of IPAD in Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacological inhibition of LOX may be a strategy to improve IPAD and reduce the accumulation of Aβ in the parenchyma and within the walls of blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Kelly
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher Brown
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Matthew Schrag
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lissa Ventura Antunes
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elena Solopova
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - José Martinez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
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Henein MY, Vancheri S, Longo G, Vancheri F. The Role of Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12906. [PMID: 36361701 PMCID: PMC9658900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, in which the immune system has a prominent role in its development and progression. Inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction results in an increased permeability to lipoproteins and their subendothelial accumulation, leukocyte recruitment, and platelets activation. Recruited monocytes differentiate into macrophages which develop pro- or anti-inflammatory properties according to their microenvironment. Atheroma progression or healing is determined by the balance between these functional phenotypes. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells secrete inflammatory cytokines including interleukins IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-6. Within the arterial wall, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol undergoes an oxidation. Additionally, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and remnant lipoproteins exert pro-inflammatory effects. Macrophages catabolize the oxidized lipoproteins and coalesce into a lipid-rich necrotic core, encapsulated by a collagen fibrous cap, leading to the formation of fibro-atheroma. In the conditions of chronic inflammation, macrophages exert a catabolic effect on the fibrous cap, resulting in a thin-cap fibro-atheroma which makes the plaque vulnerable. However, their morphology may change over time, shifting from high-risk lesions to more stable calcified plaques. In addition to conventional cardiovascular risk factors, an exposure to acute and chronic psychological stress may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease through inflammation mediated by an increased sympathetic output which results in the release of inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation is also the link between ageing and cardiovascular disease through increased clones of leukocytes in peripheral blood. Anti-inflammatory interventions specifically blocking the cytokine pathways reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, although they increase the risk of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Henein
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, 90187 Umea, Sweden
- Institute of Environment & Health and Societies, Brunel University, Middlesex SW17 0RE, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George’s University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Sergio Vancheri
- Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Giovanni Longo
- Cardiovascular and Interventional Department, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Federico Vancheri
- Department of Internal Medicine, S.Elia Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
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5
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Effect of Anti-Hypertensive Medication on Plasma Concentrations of Lysyl Oxidase: Evidence for Aldosterone-IL-6-Dependent Regulation of Lysyl Oxidase Blood Concentration. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071748. [PMID: 35885053 PMCID: PMC9313098 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is a secretory protein that catalyzes elastin and collagen cross-linking. Lowering LOX expression and activity in endothelial cells is associated with a high risk of aneurysms and vascular malformation. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), elevated in hypertension, is known to suppress LOX expression. The influence of anti-hypertensive medication on the plasma LOX concentration is currently unknown. In a cohort of 34 patients diagnosed with resistant hypertension and treated with up to nine different drugs, blood concentration of LOX was analyzed to identify drugs that have an impact on plasma LOX concentration. Key findings were confirmed in a second independent patient cohort of 37 patients diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy. Blood concentrations of aldosterone and IL-6 were analyzed. In vitro, the effect of IL-6 on LOX expression was analyzed in endothelial cells. Patients receiving aldosterone antagonists had the highest plasma LOX concentration in both cohorts. This effect was independent of sex, age, blood pressure, body mass index, and co-medication. Blood aldosterone concentration correlates with plasma IL-6 concentration. In vitro, IL-6 decreased the expression of LOX in endothelial cells but not fibroblasts. Aldosterone was identified as a factor that affects blood concentration of LOX in an IL-6-dependent manner.
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Capuana F, Phinikaridou A, Stefania R, Padovan S, Lavin B, Lacerda S, Almouazen E, Chevalier Y, Heinrich-Balard L, Botnar RM, Aime S, Digilio G. Imaging of Dysfunctional Elastogenesis in Atherosclerosis Using an Improved Gadolinium-Based Tetrameric MRI Probe Targeted to Tropoelastin. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15250-15261. [PMID: 34661390 PMCID: PMC8558862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional elastin turnover plays a major role in the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Failure of tropoelastin cross-linking into mature elastin leads to the accumulation of tropoelastin within the growing plaque, increasing its instability. Here we present Gd4-TESMA, an MRI contrast agent specifically designed for molecular imaging of tropoelastin within plaques. Gd4-TESMA is a tetrameric probe composed of a tropoelastin-binding peptide (the VVGS-peptide) conjugated with four Gd(III)-DOTA-monoamide chelates. It shows a relaxivity per molecule of 34.0 ± 0.8 mM-1 s-1 (20 MHz, 298 K, pH 7.2), a good binding affinity to tropoelastin (KD = 41 ± 12 μM), and a serum half-life longer than 2 h. Gd4-TESMA accumulates specifically in atherosclerotic plaques in the ApoE-/- murine model of plaque progression, with 2 h persistence of contrast enhancement. As compared to the monomeric counterpart (Gd-TESMA), the tetrameric Gd4-TESMA probe shows a clear advantage regarding both sensitivity and imaging time window, allowing for a better characterization of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Capuana
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Alkystis Phinikaridou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rachele Stefania
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, Turin 10126, Italy
| | - Sergio Padovan
- Institute for Biostructures and Bioimages (CNR) c/o Molecular Biotechnology Center, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Begoña Lavin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Complutense University, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sara Lacerda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, UPR 4301, Université d'Orléans, Rue Charles Sadron, Orléans Cedex 2 45071, France
| | - Eyad Almouazen
- CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 43 boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Laurence Heinrich-Balard
- INSA Lyon, CNRS, MATEIS, UMR5510, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne 69100, France
| | - René M Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom.,Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna, Santiago 4860, Chile
| | | | - Giuseppe Digilio
- Department of Science and Technologic Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale ″Amedeo Avogadro″, Viale T. Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
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Lavin B, Lacerda S, Andia ME, Lorrio S, Bakewell R, Smith A, Rashid I, Botnar RM, Phinikaridou A. Tropoelastin: an in vivo imaging marker of dysfunctional matrix turnover during abdominal aortic dilation. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:995-1005. [PMID: 31282949 PMCID: PMC7104357 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Dysfunctional matrix turnover is present at sites of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and leads to the accumulation of monomeric tropoelastin rather than cross-linked elastin. We used a gadolinium-based tropoelastin-specific magnetic resonance contrast agent (Gd-TESMA) to test whether quantifying regional tropoelastin turnover correlates with aortic expansion in a murine model. The binding of Gd-TESMA to excised human AAA was also assessed. Methods and results We utilized the angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused apolipoprotein E gene knockout (ApoE-/-) murine model of aortic dilation and performed in vivo imaging of tropoelastin by administering Gd-TESMA followed by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and T1 mapping at 3 T, with subsequent ex vivo validation. In a cross-sectional study (n = 66; control = 11, infused = 55) we found that Gd-TESMA enhanced MRI was elevated and confined to dilated aortic segments (control: LGE=0.13 ± 0.04 mm2, control R1= 1.1 ± 0.05 s-1 vs. dilated LGE=1.0 ± 0.4 mm2, dilated R1 =2.4 ± 0.9 s-1) and was greater in segments with medium (8.0 ± 3.8 mm3) and large (10.4 ± 4.1 mm3) compared to small (3.6 ± 2.1 mm3) vessel volume. Furthermore, a proof-of-principle longitudinal study (n = 19) using Gd-TESMA enhanced MRI demonstrated a greater proportion of tropoelastin: elastin expression in dilating compared to non-dilating aortas, which correlated with the rate of aortic expansion. Treatment with pravastatin and aspirin (n = 10) did not reduce tropoelastin turnover (0.87 ± 0.3 mm2 vs. 1.0 ± 0.44 mm2) or aortic dilation (4.86 ± 2.44 mm3 vs. 4.0 ± 3.6 mm3). Importantly, Gd-TESMA-enhanced MRI identified accumulation of tropoelastin in excised human aneurysmal tissue (n = 4), which was confirmed histologically. Conclusion Tropoelastin MRI identifies dysfunctional matrix remodelling that is specifically expressed in regions of aortic aneurysm or dissection and correlates with the development and rate of aortic expansion. Thus, it may provide an additive imaging marker to the serial assessment of luminal diameter for surveillance of patients at risk of or with established aortopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Lavin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Lacerda
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK.,Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Orléans, France
| | - Marcelo E Andia
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvia Lorrio
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Bakewell
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Alberto Smith
- Cardiovascular Division, Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Imran Rashid
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - René M Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering Center, King's College London, London, UK.,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alkystis Phinikaridou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, 3rd Floor, Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK.,Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Holm Nielsen S, Jonasson L, Kalogeropoulos K, Karsdal MA, Reese-Petersen AL, Auf dem Keller U, Genovese F, Nilsson J, Goncalves I. Exploring the role of extracellular matrix proteins to develop biomarkers of plaque vulnerability and outcome. J Intern Med 2020; 287:493-513. [PMID: 32012358 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. One underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease characterized by plaques of retained lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the arterial wall. The biologic composition of an atherosclerotic plaque determines whether the plaque is more or less vulnerable, that is prone to rupture or erosion. Here, the ECM and tissue repair play an important role in plaque stability, vulnerability and progression. This review will focus on ECM remodelling in atherosclerotic plaques, with focus on how ECM biomarkers might predict plaque vulnerability and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Holm Nielsen
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - M A Karsdal
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - U Auf dem Keller
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - F Genovese
- From the, Biomarkers and Research, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - J Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - I Goncalves
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Martínez-González J, Varona S, Cañes L, Galán M, Briones AM, Cachofeiro V, Rodríguez C. Emerging Roles of Lysyl Oxidases in the Cardiovascular System: New Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100610. [PMID: 31615160 PMCID: PMC6843517 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOX and LOX-likes (LOXLs) isoenzymes) belong to a family of copper-dependent enzymes classically involved in the covalent cross-linking of collagen and elastin, a pivotal process that ensures extracellular matrix (ECM) stability and provides the tensile and elastic characteristics of connective tissues. Besides this structural role, in the last years, novel biological properties have been attributed to these enzymes, which can critically influence cardiovascular function. LOX and LOXLs control cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, oxidative stress, and transcriptional regulation and, thereby, their dysregulation has been linked to a myriad of cardiovascular pathologies. Lysyl oxidase could modulate virtually all stages of the atherosclerotic process, from endothelial dysfunction and plaque progression to calcification and rupture of advanced and complicated plaques, and contributes to vascular stiffness in hypertension. The alteration of LOX/LOXLs expression underlies the development of other vascular pathologies characterized by a destructive remodeling of the ECM, such as aneurysm and artery dissections, and contributes to the adverse myocardial remodeling and dysfunction in hypertension, myocardial infarction, and obesity. This review examines the most recent advances in the study of LOX and LOXLs biology and their pathophysiological role in cardiovascular diseases with special emphasis on their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Saray Varona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Galán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departmento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Hospital La Paz, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Recerca Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Varona S, Orriols M, Galán M, Guadall A, Cañes L, Aguiló S, Sirvent M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) limits VSMC proliferation and neointimal thickening through its extracellular enzymatic activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13258. [PMID: 30185869 PMCID: PMC6125287 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in extracellular matrix maturation and limits VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling. We have investigated whether this anti-proliferative effect relies on the extracellular catalytically active LOX or on its biologically active propeptide (LOX-PP). High expression levels of both LOX and LOX-PP were detected in the vascular wall from transgenic mice over-expressing the full-length human LOX cDNA under the control of SM22α promoter (TgLOX), which targets the transgene to VSMC without affecting the expression of mouse LOX isoenzymes. TgLOX VSMC also secrete high amounts of both mature LOX and LOX-PP. Wild-type (WT) mouse VSMC exposed to VSMC supernatants from transgenic animals showed reduced proliferative rates (low [3H]-thymidine uptake and expression of PCNA) than those incubated with conditioned media from WT cells, effect that was abrogated by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), an inhibitor of LOX activity. Lentiviral over-expression of LOX, but not LOX-PP, decreased human VSMC proliferation, effect that was also prevented by BAPN. LOX transgenesis neither impacted local nor systemic inflammatory response induced by carotid artery ligation. Interestingly, in this model, BAPN normalized the reduced neointimal thickening observed in TgLOX mice. Therefore, extracellular enzymatically active LOX is required to limit both VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Varona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Orriols
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Galán
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Guadall
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Cañes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Aguiló
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sirvent
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain. .,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Programa ICCC, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Phinikaridou A, Lacerda S, Lavin B, Andia ME, Smith A, Saha P, Botnar RM. Tropoelastin: A novel marker for plaque progression and instability. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11. [PMID: 30214669 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.007303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Elastolysis and ineffective elastogenesis favor the accumulation of tropoelastin, rather than cross-linked elastin, in atherosclerotic plaques. We developed gadolinium-labeled tropoelastin-specific magnetic resonance contrast agents (Gd-TESMAs) for tropoelastin imaging in animal models. Methods and Results Two peptides, VVGSPSAQDEASPLS and YPDHVQYTHY were selected to target tropoelastin. In vitro binding, relaxivity, and biodistribution experiments enabled characterization of the probes and selecting the best candidate for in vivo MRI. MRI was performed in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice and New Zealand white rabbits with stable and rupture-prone plaques using Gd-TESMA. Additionally, human carotid endarterectomy specimens were imaged ex vivo. The VVGSPSAQDEASPLS-based probe discriminated between tropoelastin and cross-linked elastin (64±7% vs 1±2%, P=0.001), had high in vitro relaxivity in solution (r1-free=11.7±0.6mM-1s-1, r1-bound to tropoelastin = 44±1mM-1s-1) and favorable pharmacokinetics. In vivo mice vascular enhancement (4wks=0.13±0.007mm2, 8wks=0.22±0.01mm2, 12wks=0.33±0.01mm2, P<0.001) and R1 relaxation rate (4wks=0.90±0.01 s-1, 8wks=1.40±0.03 s-1, 12wks=1.87±0.04s-1, P<0.001) increased with atherosclerosis progression after Gd-TESMA injection. Conversely, statin-treated (0.13±0.01mm2, R1 =1.37±0.03s-1) and control (0.10±0.005mm2, R1 =0.87±0.05s-1) mice showed less enhancement. Rupture-prone rabbit plaques had higher R1 relaxation rate compared with stale plaques (R1=2.26±0.1s-1vs R1=1.43±0.02s-1, P=0.001), after administration of Gd-TESMA that allowed detection of rupture-prone plaques with high sensitivity (84.4%) and specificity (92.3%). Increased vascular R1 relaxation rate was observed in carotid endarterectomy plaques after soaking (R1pre= 1.1±0.26 s-1 vs R1post= 3.0±0.1s-1, P=0.01). Ex vivo analyses confirmed the MRI findings and showed uptake of the contrast agent to be specific for tropoelastin. Conclusions MRI of tropoelastin provides a novel biomarker for atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkystis Phinikaridou
- School of Biomedical Engineering Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,BHF Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Lacerda
- School of Biomedical Engineering Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,BHF Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Begoña Lavin
- School of Biomedical Engineering Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,BHF Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marcelo E Andia
- School of Biomedical Engineering Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Smith
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Prakash Saha
- Academic Department of Vascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - René M Botnar
- School of Biomedical Engineering Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,BHF Centre of Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering Center, King's College London, UK.,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Basyoni MMA, Fouad SA, Amer MF, Amer AF, Ismail DI. Atorvastatin: In-Vivo Synergy with Metronidazole as Anti- Blastocystis Therapy. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:105-112. [PMID: 29742864 PMCID: PMC5976012 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteric Straminopile in tropical, subtropical and developing countries. Metronidazole has been a chemotheraputic for blastocystosis. Failures in its regimens were reported and necessitate new studies searching for alternative therapeutic agents. Aim of current study is to investigate potential effects of Atorvastatin (AVA) compared to the conventional chemotherapeutic MTZ in experimentally Blastocystis-infected mice. Anti-Blastocystis efficacy of AVA was evaluated parasitologically, histopathologically and by transmission electron microscopy using MTZ (10 mg/kg) as a control. Therapeutic efficacy of AVA was apparently dose-dependent. Regimens of AVA (20 and 40 mg/kg) proved effective against Blastocystis infections with high reduction in Blastocystis shedding (93.4–97.9%) compared to MTZ (79.3%). The highest reductions (98.1% and 99.4%) were recorded in groups of combination treatments AVA 20–40 mg/kg and MTZ 10 mg/kg. Blastocystis was nearly eradicated by the 20th day post infection. Genotype analysis revealed that genotype I was most susceptible, genotype III was less. Histopathologic and ultrastructural studies revealed apoptotic changes in Blastocystis and significant improvement of intestinal histopathological changes more remarkable in combinational therapy groups. Thus, the present study offers AVA as a potential candidate for Blastocystis therapy combined with MTZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M A Basyoni
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Shawky A Fouad
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Marwa F Amer
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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13
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Martínez-Revelles S, García-Redondo AB, Avendaño MS, Varona S, Palao T, Orriols M, Roque FR, Fortuño A, Touyz RM, Martínez-González J, Salaices M, Rodríguez C, Briones AM. Lysyl Oxidase Induces Vascular Oxidative Stress and Contributes to Arterial Stiffness and Abnormal Elastin Structure in Hypertension: Role of p38MAPK. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:379-397. [PMID: 28010122 PMCID: PMC5563924 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Vascular stiffness, structural elastin abnormalities, and increased oxidative stress are hallmarks of hypertension. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an elastin crosslinking enzyme that produces H2O2 as a by-product. We addressed the interplay between LOX, oxidative stress, vessel stiffness, and elastin. RESULTS Angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused hypertensive mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) showed increased vascular LOX expression and stiffness and an abnormal elastin structure. Mice over-expressing LOX in vascular smooth muscle cells (TgLOX) exhibited similar mechanical and elastin alterations to those of hypertensive models. LOX inhibition with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) attenuated mechanical and elastin alterations in TgLOX mice, Ang II-infused mice, and SHR. Arteries from TgLOX mice, Ang II-infused mice, and/or SHR exhibited increased vascular H2O2 and O2.- levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. BAPN prevented the higher oxidative stress in hypertensive models. Treatment of TgLOX and Ang II-infused mice and SHR with the mitochondrial-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic mito-TEMPO, the antioxidant apocynin, or the H2O2 scavenger polyethylene glycol-conjugated catalase (PEG-catalase) reduced oxidative stress, vascular stiffness, and elastin alterations. Vascular p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation was increased in Ang II-infused and TgLOX mice and this effect was prevented by BAPN, mito-TEMPO, or PEG-catalase. SB203580, the p38MAPK inhibitor, normalized vessel stiffness and elastin structure in TgLOX mice. INNOVATION We identify LOX as a novel source of vascular reactive oxygen species and a new pathway involved in vascular stiffness and elastin remodeling in hypertension. CONCLUSION LOX up-regulation is associated with enhanced oxidative stress that promotes p38MAPK activation, elastin structural alterations, and vascular stiffness. This pathway contributes to vascular abnormalities in hypertension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 379-397.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martínez-Revelles
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
| | - Ana B. García-Redondo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
| | - María S. Avendaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saray Varona
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Palao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Orriols
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernanda R. Roque
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Fortuño
- Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Martínez-González
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana M. Briones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Spain
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14
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Varona S, García-Redondo AB, Martínez-González J, Salaices M, Briones AM, Rodríguez C. Vascular lysyl oxidase over-expression alters extracellular matrix structure and induces oxidative stress. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2017. [PMID: 28624291 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase (LOX) participates in the assembly of collagen and elastin fibres. The impact of vascular LOX over-expression on extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and its contribution to oxidative stress has been analysed. METHODS Studies were conducted on mice over-expressing LOX (Tg), specifically in smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR analysis. Sirius Red staining, H2O2 production and NADPH oxidase activity were analysed in different vascular beds. The size and number of fenestra of the internal elastic lamina were determined by confocal microscopy. RESULTS LOX activity was up-regulated in VSMC of transgenic mice compared with cells from control animals. At the same time, transgenic cells deposited more organised elastin fibres and their supernatants induced a stronger collagen assembly in in vitro assays. Vascular collagen cross-linking was also higher in Tg mice, which showed a decrease in the size of fenestrae and an enhanced expression of Fibulin-5. Interestingly, higher H2O2 production and NADPH oxidase activity was detected in the vascular wall from transgenic mice. The H2O2 scavenger catalase attenuated the stronger deposition of mature elastin fibres induced by LOX transgenesis. CONCLUSIONS LOX over-expression in VSMC was associated with a change in the structure of collagen and elastin fibres. LOX could constitute a novel source of oxidative stress that might participate in elastin changes and contribute to vascular remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Varona
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC). IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España
| | - Ana B García-Redondo
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España; Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, España
| | - Jose Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC). IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España; Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, España
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España; Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, España.
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC). IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, España; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, España.
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15
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Miana M, Galán M, Martínez-Martínez E, Varona S, Jurado-López R, Bausa-Miranda B, Antequera A, Luaces M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C, Cachofeiro V. The lysyl oxidase inhibitor β-aminopropionitrile reduces body weight gain and improves the metabolic profile in diet-induced obesity in rats. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:543-51. [PMID: 26035864 PMCID: PMC4457038 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling of the adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of obesity. The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of amine oxidases, including LOX and LOX-like (LOXL) isoenzymes, controls ECM maturation, and upregulation of LOX activity is essential in fibrosis; however, its involvement in adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity is unclear. In this study, we observed that LOX is the main isoenzyme expressed in human adipose tissue and that its expression is strongly upregulated in samples from obese individuals that had been referred to bariatric surgery. LOX expression was also induced in the adipose tissue from male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Interestingly, treatment with β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN), a specific and irreversible inhibitor of LOX activity, attenuated the increase in body weight and fat mass that was observed in obese animals and shifted adipocyte size toward smaller adipocytes. BAPN also ameliorated the increase in collagen content that was observed in adipose tissue from obese animals and improved several metabolic parameters – it ameliorated glucose and insulin levels, decreased homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index and reduced plasma triglyceride levels. Furthermore, in white adipose tissue from obese animals, BAPN prevented the downregulation of adiponectin and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), as well as the increase in suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) levels, triggered by the HFD. Likewise, in the TNFα-induced insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocyte model, BAPN prevented the downregulation of adiponectin and GLUT4 and the increase in SOCS3 levels, and consequently normalised insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Therefore, our data provide evidence that LOX plays a pathologically relevant role in the metabolic dysfunction induced by obesity and emphasise the interest of novel pharmacological interventions that target adipose tissue fibrosis and LOX activity for the clinical management of this disease. Highlighted Article: Lysyl oxidase (LOX) could play a role in the metabolic dysfunction induced by obesity, and consequently the inhibition of LOX activity could be a valuable strategy to ameliorate obesity-related metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Miana
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid 28007, Spain
| | - María Galán
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Ernesto Martínez-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid 28007, Spain Cardiovascular Translational Research, NavarraBiomed (Fundación Miguel Servet), Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Saray Varona
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Raquel Jurado-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid 28007, Spain
| | - Belén Bausa-Miranda
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid 28007, Spain
| | - Alfonso Antequera
- Upper Gastroenterology & Bariatric Surgery Department, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Madrid 28942, Spain
| | - María Luaces
- Cardiology Department, Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Victoria Cachofeiro
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid 28040, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid 28007, Spain
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16
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Inhibition of the mevalonate pathway affects epigenetic regulation in cancer cells. Cancer Genet 2015; 208:241-52. [PMID: 25978957 PMCID: PMC4503872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway provides metabolites for post-translational modifications such as farnesylation, which are critical for the activity of RAS downstream signaling. Subsequently occurring regulatory processes can induce an aberrant stimulation of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT1) as well as changes in histone deacetylases (HDACs) and microRNAs in many cancer cell lines. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway are increasingly recognized as anticancer drugs. Extensive evidence indicates an intense cross-talk between signaling pathways, which affect growth, differentiation, and apoptosis either directly or indirectly via epigenetic mechanisms. Herein, we show data obtained by novel transcriptomic and corresponding methylomic or proteomic analyses from cell lines treated with pharmacologic doses of respective inhibitors (i.e., simvastatin, ibandronate). Metabolic pathways and their epigenetic consequences appear to be affected by a changed concentration of NADPH. Moreover, since the mevalonate metabolism is part of a signaling network, including vitamin D metabolism or fatty acid synthesis, the epigenetic activity of associated pathways is also presented. This emphasizes the far-reaching epigenetic impact of metabolic therapies on cancer cells and provides some explanation for clinical observations, which indicate the anticancer activity of statins and bisphosphonates.
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Xu J, Shi GP. Vascular wall extracellular matrix proteins and vascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2106-2119. [PMID: 25045854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins form the basic structure of blood vessels. Along with providing basic structural support to blood vessels, matrix proteins interact with different sets of vascular cells via cell surface integrin or non-integrin receptors. Such interactions induce vascular cell de novo synthesis of new matrix proteins during blood vessel development or remodeling. Under pathological conditions, vascular matrix proteins undergo proteolytic processing, yielding bioactive fragments to influence vascular wall matrix remodeling. Vascular cells also produce alternatively spliced variants that induce vascular cell production of different matrix proteins to interrupt matrix homeostasis, leading to increased blood vessel stiffness; vascular cell migration, proliferation, or death; or vascular wall leakage and rupture. Destruction of vascular matrix proteins leads to vascular cell or blood-borne leukocyte accumulation, proliferation, and neointima formation within the vascular wall; blood vessels prone to uncontrolled enlargement during blood flow diastole; tortuous vein development; and neovascularization from existing pathological tissue microvessels. Here we summarize discoveries related to blood vessel matrix proteins within the past decade from basic and clinical studies in humans and animals - from expression to cross-linking, assembly, and degradation under physiological and vascular pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, varicose veins, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Orriols M, Guadall A, Galán M, Martí-Pàmies I, Varona S, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Briones AM, Navarro MA, de Diego A, Osada J, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) in vascular remodelling. Insight from a new animal model. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:812-24. [PMID: 24990180 DOI: 10.1160/th14-01-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme that seems to play a critical role in vascular remodelling. However, the lack of viable LOX-deficient animal models has been an obstacle to deep in LOX biology. In this study we have developed a transgenic mouse model that over-expresses LOX in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to clarify whether LOX could regulate VSMC phenotype and vascular remodelling. The SM22α proximal promoter drove the expression of a transgene containing the human LOX cDNA. Two stable transgenic lines, phenotypically indistinguishable, were generated by conventional methods (TgLOX). Transgene expression followed the expected SMC-specific pattern. In TgLOX mice, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry evidenced a strong expression of LOX in the media from aorta and carotid arteries, coincident with a higher proportion of mature collagen. VSMC isolated from TgLOX mice expressed high levels of LOX pro-enzyme, which was properly secreted and processed into mature and bioactive LOX. Interestingly, cell proliferation was significantly reduced in cells from TgLOX mice. Transgenic VSMC also exhibited low levels of Myh10 (marker of SMC phenotypic switching), PCNA (marker of cell proliferation) and MCP-1, and a weak activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in response to mitogenic stimuli. Accordingly, neointimal thickening induced by carotid artery ligation was attenuated in TgLOX mice that also displayed a reduction in PCNA and MCP-1 immunostaining. Our results give evidence that LOX plays a critical role in vascular remodelling. We have developed a new animal model to study the role of LOX in vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Rodríguez
- José Martínez-González or Cristina Rodríguez, Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau (pabellón Nº 11), Avda. Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain, Tel.: +34 93 5565897, Fax: +34 93 5565559, E-mail: ;
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Ward ST, Weston CJ, Hepburn E, Damery S, Hejmadi RK, Morton DG, Middleton G, Ismail T, Adams DH. Evaluation of serum lysyl oxidase as a blood test for colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2013; 40:731-8. [PMID: 24246612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression is elevated in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and associated with disease progression. A blood test may form a more acceptable diagnostic test for CRC although LOX has not previously been measured in the serum. We therefore sought to determine the clinical usefulness of a serum LOX test for CRC in a symptomatic population. METHODS Adult patients referred to a hospital colorectal clinic with bowel symptoms completed a questionnaire and provided a blood sample for serum LOX measurement. Associations between presenting symptoms, serum LOX concentrations and outcomes of investigations were tested by univariate and multivariate analyses to determine if serum LOX was clinically useful in the prediction of CRC. LOX expression in CRC and adjacent colon biopsies was evaluated by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Thirty-one cases of colorectal cancer and 16 high-risk polyps were identified from a total of 962 participants. There was no association between serum LOX concentration and the presence of CRC, high-risk polyps or cancers at any site. LOX expression was significantly increased in CRC tissue compared to adjacent colon. CONCLUSION Despite overexpression of LOX in CRC tissue, elevated serum levels could not be demonstrated. Serum LOX measurement is therefore not a clinically useful test for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ward
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK.
| | - C J Weston
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - E Hepburn
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - S Damery
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - R K Hejmadi
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - D G Morton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - G Middleton
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - T Ismail
- University Hospitals Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - D H Adams
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Mirza H, Wu Z, Teo JDW, Tan KSW. Statin pleiotropy prevents rho kinase-mediated intestinal epithelial barrier compromise induced by Blastocystis cysteine proteases. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:1474-84. [PMID: 22587300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2012.01814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Blastocystis is an enteric parasite that causes acute and chronic intestinal infections, often non-responsive to conventional antibiotics. The effects of Blastocystis infections on human epithelial permeability are not known, and molecular mechanisms of Blastocystis-induced intestinal pathology remain unclear. This study was conducted to determine whether Blastocystis species alters human intestinal epithelial permeability, to assess whether these abnormalities are rho kinase (ROCK)-dependent, and to investigate the therapeutic potential of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor Simvastatin in altered intestinal epithelial barrier function. The effect of metronidazole resistant (Mz(r)) Blastocystis isolated from a symptomatic patient on human colonic epithelial monolayers (Caco-2) was assessed. Modulation of enterocyte myosin light chain phosphorylation, transepithelial fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran fluxes, transepithelial resistance, cytoskeletal F-actin and tight junctional zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) by parasite cysteine proteases were measured in the presence or absence of HMG-CoA reductase and ROCK inhibition. Blastocystis significantly decreased transepithelial resistance, increased epithelial permeability, phosphorylated myosin light chain and reorganized epithelial actin cytoskeleton and ZO-1. These alterations were abolished by inhibition of enterocyte ROCK, HMG-CoA reductase and parasite cysteine protease. Our findings suggest that cysteine proteases of Mz(r) Blastocystis induce ROCK-dependent disruption of intestinal epithelial barrier function and correlates with reorganization of cytoskeletal F-actin and tight junctional ZO-1. Simvastatin prevented parasite-induced barrier-compromise, suggesting a therapeutic potential of statins in intestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Mirza
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biomedical Sciences Institutes, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
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Sevin G, Akcay YD, Ozsarlak-Sozer G, Yasa M. Low-Dose Fluvastatin Prevents the Functional Alterations of Endothelium Induced by Short-Term Cholesterol Feeding in Rabbit Carotid Artery. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:671728. [PMID: 22547992 PMCID: PMC3324041 DOI: 10.1100/2012/671728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, are the medical treatment of choice for hypercholesterolemia. In addition to lowering serum-cholesterol levels, statins appear to promote pleiotropic effects that are independent of changes in serum cholesterol. In this study, we investigated the effects of low-dose fluvastatin on antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase), total nitrite/nitrate levels, and vascular reactivity in 2% cholesterol-fed rabbits. This diet did not generate any fatty streak lesions on carotid artery wall. However, SOD activity significantly increased with cholesterol feeding whereas the catalase activities decreased. The levels of nitrite/nitrate, stable products of NO degradation, diminished. Moreover, dietary cholesterol reduced vascular responses to acetylcholine, but contractions to serotonin were augmented. Fluvastatin treatment abrogated the cholesterol-induced increase in SOD, increased the levels of nitric oxide metabolites in tissue, and restored both the impaired vascular responses to acetylcholine and the augmented contractile responses to serotonin without affecting plasma-cholesterol levels. Phenylephrine contractions and nitroglycerine vasodilatations did not change in all groups. This study indicated that fluvastatin treatment performed early enough to improve impaired vascular responses may delay cardiovascular complications associated with several cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnur Sevin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Delen Akcay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gonen Ozsarlak-Sozer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mukadder Yasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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ZHANG YJ, JIANG JH, XIE J, YANG L, Paul SUNGKL. Lysyl Oxidases Related to Human Diseases*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2010.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Atorvastatin exerts its anti-atherosclerotic effects by targeting the receptor for advanced glycation end products. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1130-7. [PMID: 21651980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated the beneficial role of atorvastatin in reducing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or metabolic syndrome. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the anti-atheroscleroic action of atorvastatin, we examined the expression of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its downstream target gene, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) using real-time PCR. In in vitro studies, exposure to high glucose or AGE induced oxidative stress and activation of the AGE/RAGE system in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Treatment of the cells with atorvastatin significantly released the oxidative stress by restoring the levels of glutathione and inhibited the RAGE upregulation. In diabetic Goto Kakisaki (GK) rats fed with a high-fat diet for 12weeks, RAGE and MCP-1 were upregulated in the aortas, and there was a significant correlation between RAGE and MCP-1 mRNA abundance (r=0.482, P=0.031). Treatment with atorvastatin (20mg/kg qd) significantly downregulated the expression of RAGE and MCP-1. These data thus demonstrate a novel "pleiotropic" activity of atorvastatin in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases by targeting RAGE expression.
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Guadall A, Orriols M, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Calvayrac O, Crespo J, Aledo R, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Fibulin-5 is up-regulated by hypoxia in endothelial cells through a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α)-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:7093-103. [PMID: 21193390 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia modulates gene expression and affects multiple aspects of endothelial cell biology. Fibulin-5 (FBLN5) is an extracellular matrix protein essential for elastic fiber assembly and vasculogenesis that participates in vascular remodeling and controls endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation. In this context, we aimed to analyze FBLN5 regulation by hypoxia in endothelial cells. Hypoxia (1% O(2)) increased FBLN5 mRNA levels in endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. Maximal induction (∼2.5-fold) was achieved after 24 h of hypoxia. This effect paralleled an increase in both intracellular and extracellular FBLN5 protein levels. The increase in FBLN5 mRNA levels observed in hypoxic cells was blocked by inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway (LY294002 and rapamycin) and mimicked by dimethyl oxal glycine, which prevents proline hydroxylase-mediated degradation of HIF-1α. Silencing of HIF-1α completely prevented hypoxia-induced FBLN5 up-regulation. Accordingly, both hypoxia and HIF-1α overexpression increased FBLN5 transcriptional activity. Serial promoter deletion and mutagenesis studies revealed the involvement of a putative hypoxia response element (HRE) located at -78 bp. In fact, EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated increased HIF-1 binding to this site in hypoxic cells. Interestingly, the rate of endothelial cells undergoing apoptosis in cultures exposed to hypoxia increased in FBLN5 knockdown cells, suggesting that hypoxia-induced FBLN5 expression contributes to preserve cell survival. These results provide evidence that HIF-1 signaling underlies the increase of FBLN5 expression elicited by hypoxia in endothelial cells and suggest that FBLN5 induction could be involved in the adaptive survival response of endothelial cells to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Guadall
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Institut Català de Ciències Cardiovasculars, Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Antoni Maria Claret 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Lysyl oxidase: a potential target for cancer therapy. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 19:117-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Singh M, Singh S, Arora R, Khosla S. Cardiac syndrome X: current concepts. Int J Cardiol 2010; 142:113-9. [PMID: 20138677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac syndrome X is a heterogeneous entity, both clinically and pathophysiologically, encompassing a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Management of this syndrome represents a major challenge to the treating physician. They often seek medical care because of recurring and disabling chest pain, which may imply repetitive and costly invasive and non-invasive investigations. A careful patient evaluation for underlying pathophysiologic mechanism and exclusion of other causes of chest pain along with attention to various psychological aspects is helpful in reducing the stress and suffering of these patients. This article reviews the available literature on the pathophysiology and current controversies surrounding the management of this difficult to treat condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Singh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL-60064, United States.
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27
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Lysyl oxidase resolves inflammation by reducing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:366-9. [PMID: 19683237 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme critical for the stability of extracellular matrix and also known to have diverse biological functions. Little is known, however, about the role of LOX in regulating inflammation. Here we demonstrate that LOX suppresses secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, enhancement of LOX activity reduces MCP-1 in a mouse model of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), thereby preventing macrophage infiltration and AAA progression. These findings suggest that LOX has a novel function in resolving inflammation by reducing MCP-1 in AAA.
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