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Ran X, Li X, Xie X, Lei J, Yang F, Chen D. Effects of Probiotic Enterococcus faecium from Yak on the Intestinal Microflora and Metabolomics of Mice with Salmonella Infection. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024; 16:1036-1051. [PMID: 37273089 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are pathogenic bacteria that cause diarrhea, abortion, and death in yak and severely harm livestock breeding. Therefore, it is vital to identify a probiotic that effectively antagonizes Salmonella. To the best of our knowledge, few prior studies have investigated the efficacy of Enterococcus faecium against Salmonella. Here, we evaluated the enteroprotective mechanism of E. faecium in a mouse Salmonella infection model using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) technology, microbial diversity sequencing, and metabonomics. Enterococcus faecium inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ and promoted the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidota (F/B) ratio and the abundances of Firmicutes and Akkermansia were significantly higher in the E. faecium than in the Salmonella group. Metabonomics and microbial diversity sequencing disclosed five different metabolites with variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 3 that were characteristic of both the Salmonella and E. faecium groups. Combined omics revealed that Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were negatively and positively correlated, respectively, with cholic acid, while Desulfovibrio was positively correlated with lipids in both the control and Salmonella groups. Desulfovibrio was also positively correlated with lipids in both the Salmonella and E. faecium groups. Enterococcus faecium antagonizes Salmonella by normalizing the abundance of the intestinal microorganisms and modulating their metabolic pathways. Hence, it may efficaciously protect the host intestine against Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ran
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianhui Li
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueer Xie
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangying Lei
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Falong Yang
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest University for Nationalities), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dechun Chen
- College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization (Southwest University for Nationalities), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Zhang L, Zou W, Hu Y, Wu H, Gao Y, Zhang J, Zheng J. Maternal high-calorie diet feeding programs hepatic cholesterol metabolism and Abca1 promoter methylation in the early life of offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 122:109449. [PMID: 37748622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Maternal high-calorie diet feeding can dramatically increase the susceptibility of metabolic diseases in offspring. However, whether maternal high-calorie diet feeding can program hepatic cholesterol metabolism in the early life of offspring is less understood, and the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this intergenerational effect, especially during the early life of offspring, are unknown. Female C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a high-calorie diet or control diet before and during gestation, and lactation. Lipid metabolism was evaluated in male offspring at weaning. Gene expressions and quantitative methylation levels of key genes associated with hepatic cholesterol metabolism were further evaluated in offspring at weaning age. We found that maternal high-calorie diet feeding resulted in higher body weight, hypercholesterolemia, elevated total cholesterol in liver homogenates, and fat deposits in the liver in offspring at weaning. For key genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism in liver, we showed lower Hmgcr and Ldlr, and higher Abca1 mRNA and protein expressions in offspring from dams fed with high-calorie diet at weaning age. We further found that maternal high-calorie diet feeding significantly decreased Abca1 methylation level in offspring, with lower methylation levels of both CpG 11 and CpG 22 sites. Interestingly, we found that Abca1 methylation level was negatively associated with hepatic Abca1 mRNA expression in offspring from dams fed with high-calorie diet and controls. However, the expressions of key genes associated with hepatic cholesterol metabolism were not significant between fetuses of dams fed with high-calorie diet and control diet. In conclusion, our results indicate that maternal high-calorie diet feeding results in aberrant lipid metabolism, including hypercholesterolemia and fat deposits in the liver of offspring as early as weaning age. Furthermore, maternal high-calorie feeding can program hepatic cholesterol metabolism and Abca1 methylation in the early life of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyu Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyan Hu
- Laboratory Animal Facility, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghua Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Jia Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Xiao X, Kennelly JP, Ferrari A, Clifford BL, Whang E, Gao Y, Qian K, Sandhu J, Jarrett KE, Brearley-Sholto MC, Nguyen A, Nagari RT, Lee MS, Zhang S, Weston TA, Young SG, Bensinger SJ, Villanueva CJ, de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Tontonoz P. Hepatic nonvesicular cholesterol transport is critical for systemic lipid homeostasis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:165-181. [PMID: 36646756 PMCID: PMC9995220 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In cell models, changes in the 'accessible' pool of plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol are linked with the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum sterol synthesis and metabolism by the Aster family of nonvesicular transporters; however, the relevance of such nonvesicular transport mechanisms for lipid homeostasis in vivo has not been defined. Here we reveal two physiological contexts that generate accessible PM cholesterol and engage the Aster pathway in the liver: fasting and reverse cholesterol transport. During fasting, adipose-tissue-derived fatty acids activate hepatocyte sphingomyelinase to liberate sequestered PM cholesterol. Aster-dependent cholesterol transport during fasting facilitates cholesteryl ester formation, cholesterol movement into bile and very low-density lipoprotein production. During reverse cholesterol transport, high-density lipoprotein delivers excess cholesterol to the hepatocyte PM through scavenger receptor class B member 1. Loss of hepatic Asters impairs cholesterol movement into feces, raises plasma cholesterol levels and causes cholesterol accumulation in peripheral tissues. These results reveal fundamental mechanisms by which Aster cholesterol flux contributes to hepatic and systemic lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John Paul Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bethan L Clifford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Whang
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yajing Gao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sandhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey E Jarrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rohith T Nagari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Sub Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claudio J Villanueva
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Karl M, Hasselwander S, Zhou Y, Reifenberg G, Kim YO, Park KS, Ridder DA, Wang X, Seidel E, Hövelmeyer N, Straub BK, Li H, Schuppan D, Xia N. Dual roles of B lymphocytes in mouse models of diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2022; 76:1135-1149. [PMID: 35218234 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growing evidence suggests an important role of B cells in the development of NAFLD. However, a detailed functional analysis of B cell subsets in NAFLD pathogenesis is lacking. APPROACH AND RESULTS In wild-type mice, 21 weeks of high fat diet (HFD) feeding resulted in NAFLD with massive macrovesicular steatosis, modest hepatic and adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and incipient fibrosis. Remarkably, Bnull (JHT) mice were partially protected whereas B cell harboring but antibody-deficient IgMi mice were completely protected from the development of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. The common feature of JHT and IgMi mice is that they do not secrete antibodies, whereas HFD feeding in wild-type mice led to increased levels of serum IgG2c. Whereas JHT mice have no B cells at all, regulatory B cells were found in the liver of both wild-type and IgMi mice. HFD reduced the number of regulatory B cells and IL-10 production in the liver of wild-type mice, whereas these increased in IgMi mice. Livers of patients with advanced liver fibrosis showed abundant deposition of IgG and stromal B cells and low numbers of IL-10 expressing cells, compatible with our experimental data. CONCLUSIONS B lymphocytes have both detrimental and protective effects in HFD-induced NAFLD. The lack of secreted pathogenic antibodies protects partially from NAFLD, whereas the presence of certain B cell subsets provides additional protection. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells may represent such a protective B cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Karl
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Solveig Hasselwander
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gisela Reifenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yong Ook Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kyoung-Sook Park
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Basic Medicine, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Eric Seidel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Hövelmeyer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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5
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HDL, cholesterol efflux, and ABCA1: Free from good and evil dualism. J Pharmacol Sci 2022; 150:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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6
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Esobi I, Olanrewaju O, Echesabal-Chen J, Stamatikos A. Utilizing the LoxP-Stop-LoxP System to Control Transgenic ABC-Transporter Expression In Vitro. Biomolecules 2022; 12:679. [PMID: 35625607 PMCID: PMC9138957 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCA1 and ABCG1 are two ABC-transporters well-recognized to promote the efflux of cholesterol to apoAI and HDL, respectively. As these two ABC-transporters are critical to cholesterol metabolism, several studies have assessed the impact of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression on cellular cholesterol homeostasis through ABC-transporter ablation or overexpressing ABCA1/ABCG1. However, for the latter, there are currently no well-established in vitro models to effectively induce long-term ABC-transporter expression in a variety of cultured cells. Therefore, we performed proof-of-principle in vitro studies to determine whether a LoxP-Stop-LoxP (LSL) system would provide Cre-inducible ABC-transporter expression. In our studies, we transfected HEK293 cells and the HEK293-derived cell line 293-Cre cells with ABCA1-LSL and ABCG1-LSL-based plasmids. Our results showed that while the ABCA1/ABCG1 protein expression was absent in the transfected HEK293 cells, the ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression was detected in the 293-Cre cells transfected with ABCA1-LSL and ABCG1-LSL, respectively. When we measured cholesterol efflux in transfected 293-Cre cells, we observed an enhanced apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux in 293-Cre cells overexpressing ABCA1, and an HDL2-mediated cholesterol efflux in 293-Cre cells constitutively expressing ABCG1. We also observed an appreciable increase in HDL3-mediated cholesterol efflux in ABCA1-overexpressing 293-Cre cells, which suggests that ABCA1 is capable of effluxing cholesterol to small HDL particles. Our proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that the LSL-system can be used to effectively regulate ABC-transporter expression in vitro, which, in turn, allows ABCA1/ABCG1-overexpression to be extensively studied at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexis Stamatikos
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (I.E.); (O.O.); (J.E.-C.)
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7
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Li H, Yu XH, Ou X, Ouyang XP, Tang CK. Hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101109. [PMID: 34097928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a quickly emerging global health problem representing the most common chronic liver disease in the world. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease represents the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Cholesterol metabolism has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both NAFLD and atherosclerosis. The liver is the major organ for cholesterol metabolism. Abnormal hepatic cholesterol metabolism not only leads to NAFLD but also drives the development of atherosclerotic dyslipidemia. The cholesterol level in hepatocytes reflects the dynamic balance between endogenous synthesis, uptake, esterification, and export, a process in which cholesterol is converted to neutral cholesteryl esters either for storage in cytosolic lipid droplets or for secretion as a major constituent of plasma lipoproteins, including very-low-density lipoproteins, chylomicrons, high-density lipoproteins, and low-density lipoproteins. In this review, we describe decades of research aimed at identifying key molecules and cellular players involved in each main aspect of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances regarding the biological processes of hepatic cholesterol transport and its role in NAFLD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 460106, China
| | - Xiang Ou
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xin-Ping Ouyang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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8
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Stamatikos A, Dronadula N, Ng P, Palmer D, Knight E, Wacker BK, Tang C, Kim F, Dichek DA. ABCA1 Overexpression in Endothelial Cells In Vitro Enhances ApoAI-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux and Decreases Inflammation. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:236-248. [PMID: 30079772 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a disease of blood vessels, is driven by cholesterol accumulation and inflammation. Gene therapy that removes cholesterol from blood vessels and decreases inflammation is a promising approach for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. In previous work, we reported that helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) overexpression of apolipoprotein A-I (apoAI) in endothelial cells (ECs) increases cholesterol efflux in vitro and reduces atherosclerosis in vivo. However, the effect of HDAdApoAI on atherosclerosis is partial. To improve this therapy, we considered concurrent overexpression of ATP-binding cassette subfamily A, member 1 (ABCA1), a protein that is required for apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux. Before attempting combined apoAI/ABCA1 gene therapy, we tested whether an HDAd that expresses ABCA1 (HDAdABCA1) increases EC cholesterol efflux, whether increased cholesterol efflux alters normal EC physiology, and whether ABCA1 overexpression in ECs has anti-inflammatory effects. HDAdABCA1 increased EC ABCA1 protein (∼3-fold; p < 0.001) and apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux (2.3-fold; p = 0.007). Under basal culture conditions, ABCA1 overexpression did not alter EC proliferation, metabolism, migration, apoptosis, nitric oxide production, or inflammatory gene expression. However, in serum-starved, apoAI-treated EC, ABCA1 overexpression had anti-inflammatory effects: decreased inflammatory gene expression (∼50%; p ≤ 0.02 for interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1); reduced lipid-raft Toll-like receptor 4 (80%; p = 0.001); and a trend towards increased nitric oxide production (∼55%; p = 0.1). In ECs stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, ABCA1 overexpression markedly decreased inflammatory gene expression (∼90% for IL-6 and TNF-α; p < 0.001). Therefore, EC ABCA1 overexpression has no toxic effects and counteracts the two key drivers of atherosclerosis: cholesterol accumulation and inflammation. In vivo testing of HDAdABCA1 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Stamatikos
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nagadhara Dronadula
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Philip Ng
- 2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna Palmer
- 2 Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ethan Knight
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bradley K Wacker
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chongren Tang
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Francis Kim
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David A Dichek
- 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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9
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Linton MF, Tao H, Linton EF, Yancey PG. SR-BI: A Multifunctional Receptor in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:461-472. [PMID: 28259375 PMCID: PMC5438771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) plays crucial roles in cholesterol homeostasis, lipoprotein metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Hepatic SR-BI mediates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by the uptake of HDL cholesterol for routing to the bile. Through the selective uptake of HDL lipids, hepatic SR-BI modulates HDL composition and preserves HDL's atheroprotective functions of mediating cholesterol efflux and minimizing inflammation and oxidation. Macrophage and endothelial cell SR-BI inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by mediating cholesterol trafficking to minimize atherosclerotic lesion foam cell formation. SR-BI signaling also helps limit inflammation and cell death and mediates efferocytosis of apoptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions thereby preventing vulnerable plaque formation. SR-BI is emerging as a multifunctional therapeutic target to reduce atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA; Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
| | - Huan Tao
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA
| | - Edward F Linton
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Jordan Medical Education Center, 6th Floor, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6055, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6300, USA.
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10
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Wu BJ, Shrestha S, Ong KL, Johns D, Hou L, Barter PJ, Rye KA. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition enhances endothelial repair and improves endothelial function in the rabbit. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:628-36. [PMID: 25633313 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) can potentially protect against atherosclerosis by multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of endothelial repair and improvement of endothelial function. This study asks if increasing HDL levels by inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity with the anacetrapib analog, des-fluoro-anacetrapib, enhances endothelial repair and improves endothelial function in New Zealand White rabbits with balloon injury of the abdominal aorta. APPROACH AND RESULTS New Zealand White rabbits received chow or chow supplemented with 0.07% or 0.14% (wt/wt) des-fluoro-anacetrapib for 8 weeks. Endothelial denudation of the abdominal aorta was carried out after 2 weeks. The animals were euthanized 6 weeks postinjury. Treatment with 0.07% and 0.14% des-fluoro-anacetrapib reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity by 81±4.9% and 92±12%, increased plasma apolipoprotein A-I levels by 1.4±0.1-fold and 1.5±0.1-fold, increased plasma HDL-cholesterol levels by 1.8±0.2-fold and 1.9±0.1-fold, reduced intimal hyperplasia by 37±11% and 51±10%, and inhibited vascular cell proliferation by 25±6.1% and 35±6.7%, respectively. Re-endothelialization of the injured aorta increased from 43±6.7% (control) to 69±6.6% and 76±7.7% in the 0.07% and 0.14% des-fluoro-anacetrapib-treated animals, respectively. Aortic ring relaxation and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate production in response to acetylcholine were also improved. Incubation of HDLs from the des-fluoro-anacetrapib-treated animals with human coronary artery endothelial cells increased cell proliferation and migration relative to control. These effects were abolished by knockdown of scavenger receptor-B1 and PDZ domain-containing protein 1 and by pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt. CONCLUSIONS Increasing HDL levels by inhibiting cholesteryl ester transfer protein reduces intimal thickening and regenerates functional endothelium in damaged New Zealand White rabbit aortas in an scavenger receptor-B1-dependent and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/Akt-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Wu
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.).
| | - Sudichhya Shrestha
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Kwok L Ong
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Douglas Johns
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Liming Hou
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Philip J Barter
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.)
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- From the Centre for Vascular Research, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); Merck & Co, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ (D.J.); Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., K.L.O., P.J.B., K.-A.R.); and Lipid Research Group, Heart Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (B.J.W., S.S., K.L.O., L.H., P.J.B., K.-A.R.).
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11
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The Impact of Lipoproteins on Wound Healing: Topical HDL Therapy Corrects Delayed Wound Healing in Apolipoprotein E Deficient Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:419-32. [PMID: 24705596 PMCID: PMC4014700 DOI: 10.3390/ph7040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. Pleiotropic effects of high density lipoproteins (HDL) may beneficially affect wound healing. The objectives of this murine study were: (1) to investigate the hypothesis that hypercholesterolemia induces impaired wound healing and (2) to study the effect of topical HDL administration in a model of delayed wound healing. A circular full thickness wound was created on the back of each mouse. A silicone splint was used to counteract wound contraction. Coverage of the wound by granulation tissue and by epithelium was quantified every 2 days. Re-epithelialization from day 0 till day 10 was unexpectedly increased by 21.3% (p < 0.05) in C57BL/6 low density lipoprotein (LDLr) deficient mice with severe hypercholesterolemia (489 ± 14 mg/dL) compared to C57BL/6 mice and this effect was entirely abrogated following cholesterol lowering adenoviral LDLr gene transfer. In contrast, re-epithelialization in hypercholesterolemic (434 ± 16 mg/dL) C57BL/6 apolipoprotein (apo) E−/− mice was 22.6% (p < 0.0001) lower than in C57BL/6 mice. Topical HDL gel administered every 2 days increased re-epithelialization by 25.7% (p < 0.01) in apo E−/− mice. In conclusion, topical HDL application is an innovative therapeutic strategy that corrects impaired wound healing in apo E−/− mice.
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Kuhla A, Hahn S, Butschkau A, Lange S, Wree A, Vollmar B. Lifelong Caloric Restriction Reprograms Hepatic Fat Metabolism in Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2013; 69:915-22. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glt160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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13
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High density lipoprotein cholesterol promotes the proliferation of bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells via binding scavenger receptor-B type I and activation of PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 371:55-64. [PMID: 22886428 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) possesses protective properties in cardiovascular diseases. However, the effect of HDL on the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which could be mobilized to the damaged myocardial tissue, has not been well elucidated yet. In the current study, we investigated the effect of HDL on the proliferation of MSCs so as to reveal its molecular mechanisms. MSCs derived from rats were treated with HDL in different concentrations and for different periods. The proliferation of MSCs was measured with MTT and BrdU cell proliferation assay. The phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2 and the expression of p21 were evaluated by Western blotting. After the activity of respective pathways was down-regulated by the specific inhibitor and the gene of scavenger receptor-B type I (SR-BI) was knocked down by RNA interference, BrdU assay was performed to examine this effect of HDL on MSCs. We found that the proliferation of MSCs induced by HDL, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, was the phosphorylation of Akt- and ERK1/2-dependent, which was significantly attenuated by the specific inhibitor to respective pathways. Moreover, MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway exerted a more dominating effect on this process. SR-BI contributed to HDL-induced proliferation of MSCs, which was effectively abolished by the silencing of SR-BI. The results suggested that HDL was capable of improving MSCs proliferation, in which MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways involved and SR-BI played a critical role as well.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Elevated plasma triglyceride and reduced HDL concentrations are prominent features of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Individuals with Tangier disease also have elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations and very low HDL, resulting from mutations in ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), an integral membrane protein that facilitates nascent HDL particle assembly. Past studies attributed the inverse relationship between plasma HDL and triglyceride to intravascular lipid exchange and catabolic events. However, recent studies also suggest that hepatic signaling and lipid mobilization and secretion may explain how HDL affects plasma triglyceride concentrations. RECENT FINDINGS Hepatocyte-specific ABCA1 knockout mice have markedly reduced plasma HDL and a two-fold increase in triglyceride due to failure to assemble nascent HDL particles by hepatocytes, causing increased catabolism of HDL apolipoprotein A-I and increased hepatic production of triglyceride-enriched VLDL. In-vitro studies suggest that nascent HDL particles may induce signaling to decrease triglyceride secretion. Inhibition of microRNA 33 expression in nonhuman primates augments hepatic ABCA1, genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, and decreases expression of lipogenic genes, causing increased plasma HDL and decreased triglyceride levels. SUMMARY New evidence suggests potential mechanisms by which hepatic ABCA1-mediated nascent HDL formation regulates VLDL-triglyceride production and contributes to the inverse relationship between plasma HDL and triglyceride.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Parks
- Department of Pathology/Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Soonkyu Chung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory S. Shelness
- Department of Pathology/Section on Lipid Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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15
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Besler C, Lüscher TF, Landmesser U. Molecular mechanisms of vascular effects of High-density lipoprotein: alterations in cardiovascular disease. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:251-68. [PMID: 22431312 PMCID: PMC3376856 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction, which has triggered the hypothesis that HDL, in contrast to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), acts as an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein. Moreover, experimental studies have identified potential anti-atherogenic properties of HDL, including promotion of macrophage cholesterol efflux and direct endothelial-protective effects of HDL, such as stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide production and repair, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties. Studies in gene-targeted mice, however, have also indicated that increasing HDL-cholesterol plasma levels can either limit (e.g. apolipoprotein A-I) or accelerate (e.g. Scavenger receptor class B type I) atherosclerosis. Moreover, vascular effects of HDL have been observed to be heterogenous and are altered in patients with CAD or diabetes, a condition that has been termed 'HDL dysfunction'. These alterations in biological functions of HDL may need to be taken into account for HDL-targeted therapies and considering raising of HDL-cholesterol levels alone is likely not sufficient in this respect. It will therefore be important to further determine, which biological functions of HDL are critical for its anti-atherosclerotic properties, as well as how these can be measured and targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Besler
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kuhla A, Blei T, Jaster R, Vollmar B. Aging is associated with a shift of fatty metabolism toward lipogenesis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 66:1192-200. [PMID: 21835806 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is steadily increasing among the elderly population. Lipid metabolism is transcriptionally controlled by the nuclear receptors retinoid acid receptor alpha, liver-X-receptor alpha, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and their target genes ABCA1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, and fatty acid synthase. Using senescence-accelerated prone mice (SAMP8), we addressed the question as to whether age-related increase of oxidative stress affects nuclear receptor gene expression. In contrast to SAMR1 control mice, young SAMP8 mice exhibit hepatic steatosis with increased hepatic cholesterol content, plasma triglyceride, and aspartate aminotransferase levels. This is accompanied by an increase of liver-X-receptor alpha and retinoid acid receptor alpha expression, whereas peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression is found diminished. SAMP8 mice further reveal a lower expression of ABCA1 as well as of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and higher expression of fatty acid synthase. The dysbalance between the nuclear receptors and their target genes most probably mediates hepatic steatosis and underlines the pathological relevance of nuclear receptor shift toward lipogenesis in fat metabolism of the elderly patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kuhla
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 69a, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
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Correction of endothelial dysfunction after selective homocysteine lowering gene therapy reduces arterial thrombogenicity but has no effect on atherogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:1051-8. [PMID: 21688073 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0778-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular diseases, but its causal role in atherothrombosis remains controversial. Proatherogenic and/or prothrombotic effects may underlie the potential causal relation between hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular events. Here, the effects of selective lowering of plasma homocysteine, plasma cholesterol, or both on endothelial function and on atherogenesis in male hyperlipidemic and hyperhomocysteinemic C57BL/6 low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)(-/-)/cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)(+/-)-deficient mice were investigated. Second, we evaluated whether selective homocysteine lowering has anti-thrombotic effects in a model of arterial thrombosis. A hyperhomocysteinemic and atherogenic diet was started at the age of 12 weeks. Three weeks later, gene transfer was performed with E1E3E4-deleted adenoviral vectors for hepatocyte-restricted overexpression of CBS (AdCBS) or of the LDLr (AdLDLr), or with the control vector Adnull. In a fourth group, AdCBS and AdLDLr were co-administered. Selective homocysteine lowering but not selective cholesterol lowering restored endothelial function at 6 weeks after gene transfer. Intimal area in the aortic root and in the brachiocephalic artery at 13 weeks was more than 100-fold (p < 0.001) smaller in AdLDLr and AdCBS/AdLDLr mice than in control mice and AdCBS mice. No differences in intimal area were observed between control mice and AdCBS mice. In a model of carotid artery thrombosis, the average time to first occlusion and to stable occlusion were 1.9-fold (p < 0.01) and 2.1-fold longer (p < 0.01), respectively, in AdCBS-treated mice than in control mice. Taken together, these data show that correction of endothelial dysfunction following selective homocysteine lowering has anti-thrombotic but no anti-atherogenic effects.
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Aviram M. Atherosclerosis: cell biology and lipoproteins--inflammation and oxidative stress in atherogenesis: protective role for paraoxonases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:243-4. [PMID: 21562389 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e3283474beb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Regression and stabilization of advanced murine atherosclerotic lesions: a comparison of LDL lowering and HDL raising gene transfer strategies. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:555-67. [PMID: 21249329 PMCID: PMC3098380 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Both reductions in atherogenic lipoproteins and increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels may affect atherosclerosis regression. Here, the relative potential of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) lowering and HDL raising gene transfer strategies to induce regression of complex murine atherosclerotic lesions was directly compared. Male C57BL/6 LDL receptor (LDLr)−/− mice were fed an atherogenic diet (1.25% cholesterol and 10% coconut oil) to induce advanced atherosclerotic lesions. A baseline group was killed after 6 months and remaining mice were randomized into a control progression (Adnull or saline), an apolipoprotein (apo) A-I (AdA-I), an LDLr (AdLDLr), or a combined apo A-I/LDLr (AdA-I/AdLDLr) adenoviral gene transfer group and followed-up for another 12 weeks with continuation of the atherogenic diet. Gene transfer with AdLDLr decreased non-HDL cholesterol levels persistently by 95% (p < 0.001) compared with baseline. This drastic reduction of non-HDL cholesterol levels induced lesion regression by 28% (p < 0.001) in the aortic root and by 25% (p < 0.05) in the brachiocephalic artery at 12 weeks after transfer. Change in lesion size was accompanied by enhanced plaque stability, as evidenced by increased collagen content, reduced lesional macrophage content, a drastic reduction of necrotic core area, and decreased expression of inflammatory genes. Elevated HDL cholesterol following AdA-I transfer increased collagen content in lesions, but did not induce regression. Apo A-I gene transfer on top of AdLDLr transfer resulted in additive effects, particularly on inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, drastic lipid lowering induced by a powerful gene transfer strategy leads to pronounced regression and stabilization of advanced murine atherosclerosis.
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Kassim SH, Wilson JM, Rader DJ. Gene therapy for dyslipidemia: a review of gene replacement and gene inhibition strategies. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:793-809. [PMID: 22505953 PMCID: PMC3324780 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous technological and pharmacological advances and more detailed knowledge of molecular etiologies, cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide claiming over 17 million lives a year. Abnormalities in the synthesis, processing and catabolism of lipoprotein particles can result in severe hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia or low HDL-C. Although a plethora of antidyslipidemic pharmacological agents are available, these drugs are relatively ineffective in many patients with Mendelian lipid disorders, indicating the need for new and more effective interventions. In vivo somatic gene therapy is one such intervention. This article summarizes current strategies being pursued for the development of clinical gene therapy for dyslipidemias that cannot effectively be treated with existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadik H Kassim
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 125 South 31st Street (Suite 2000), PA 19104, USA
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