1
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Zhao J, Yoshizumi M. A Comprehensive Retrospective Study on the Mechanisms of Cyclic Mechanical Stretch-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Death Underlying Aortic Dissection and Potential Therapeutics for Preventing Acute Aortic Aneurysm and Associated Ruptures. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2544. [PMID: 38473793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection (AAD) and associated ruptures are the leading causes of death in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Hypertension is a prime risk factor for AAD. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying AAD remain poorly understood. We previously reported that cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS) leads to the death of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs). This review focuses on the mechanisms of CMS-induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death. Moreover, we have also discussed the potential therapeutics for preventing AAD and aneurysm ruptures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan
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2
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Joshi I, Devine AJ, Joshi R, Smith NJ, Varisco BM. A titratable murine model of progressive emphysema using tracheal porcine pancreatic elastase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15259. [PMID: 37709810 PMCID: PMC10502133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive emphysema often leads to end-stage lung disease. Most mouse models of emphysema are typically modest (i.e. cigarette smoke exposure), and changes over time are difficult to quantify. The tracheal porcine pancreatic elastase model (PPE) produces severe injury, but the literature is conflicted as to whether emphysema improves, is stable, or progresses over time. We hypothesized a threshold of injury below which repair would occur and above which emphysema would be stable or progress. We treated 8-week-old C57BL6 mixed sex mice with 0, 0.5, 2, or 4 activity units of PPE in 100 µL PBS and performed lung stereology at 21 and 84 days. There were no significant differences in weight gain or mouse health. Despite minimal emphysema at 21-days in the 0.5 units group (2.8 µm increased mean linear intercept, MLI), MLI increased by 4.6 µm between days 21 and 84 (p = 0.0007). In addition to larger MLI at 21 days in 2- and 4-unit groups, MLI increases from day 21 to 84 were 17.2 and 34 µm respectively (p = 0.002 and p = 0.0001). Total lung volume increased, and alveolar surface area decreased with time and injury severity. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found no evidence of alveolar repair over time. Airspace destruction was both progressive and accelerative. Future mechanistic studies in lung immunity, mechano-biology, senescence, and cell-specific changes may lead to novel therapies to slow or halt progressive emphysema in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imani Joshi
- College of Arts and Sciences, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Devine
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rashika Joshi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Noah J Smith
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian M Varisco
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 1 Children's Way Slot 663, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA.
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3
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Jin R, Yang R, Cui C, Zhang H, Cai J, Geng B, Chen Z. Ferroptosis due to Cystathionine γ Lyase/Hydrogen Sulfide Downregulation Under High Hydrostatic Pressure Exacerbates VSMC Dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:829316. [PMID: 35186934 PMCID: PMC8850391 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.829316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrostatic pressure, stretch, and shear are major biomechanical forces of vessels and play critical roles in genesis and development of hypertension. Our previous work demonstrated that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) promoted vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) two novel subsets: inflammatory and endothelial function inhibitory VSMCs and then exacerbated VSMC dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we first identified that aortic GPX4 (a core regulator of ferroptosis) significantly downregulated association with VSMC novel phenotype elevation in SHR rats and hypertension patients. In primary VSMCs, HHP (200 mmHg) increased iron accumulation, ROS production, and lipid peroxidation compared with normal pressure (100 mmHg). Consistently, the ferroptosis-related gene (COX-2, TFRC, ACSL4, and NOX-1) expression was also upregulated. The ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) administration blocked HHP-induced VSMC inflammatory (CXCL2 expression) and endothelial function inhibitory (AKR1C2 expression) phenotyping switch association with elevation in the GPX4 expression, reduction in the reactive oxygen species (ROS), and lipid peroxidation production. In contrast, the ferroptosis inducer RLS3 increased HHP-induced CXCL2 and AKR1C2 expressions. These data indicate HHP-triggering ferroptosis contributes to VSMC inflammatory and endothelial function inhibitory phenotyping switch. In mechanism, HHP reduced the VSMC GSH content and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE)/hydrogen sulfide (H2S)—an essential system for GSH generation. Supplementation of the H2S donor-NaHS increased the VSMC GSH level, alleviated iron deposit, ROS and lipid peroxidation production. NaHS administration rescues both HHP- and RLS3-induced ferroptosis. Collectively, HHP downregulated VSMC CSE/H2S triggering GSH level reduction, resulting in ferroptosis, which contributed to the genesis of VSMC inflammation and endothelial function inhibitory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Geng
- *Correspondence: Bin Geng, ; Zhenzhen Chen,
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4
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Karakaya C, van Asten JGM, Ristori T, Sahlgren CM, Loerakker S. Mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling in the context of cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2021; 21:5-54. [PMID: 34613528 PMCID: PMC8807458 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-021-01521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CVTE) aims to create living tissues, with the ability to grow and remodel, as replacements for diseased blood vessels and heart valves. Despite promising results, the (long-term) functionality of these engineered tissues still needs improvement to reach broad clinical application. The functionality of native tissues is ensured by their specific mechanical properties directly arising from tissue organization. We therefore hypothesize that establishing a native-like tissue organization is vital to overcome the limitations of current CVTE approaches. To achieve this aim, a better understanding of the growth and remodeling (G&R) mechanisms of cardiovascular tissues is necessary. Cells are the main mediators of tissue G&R, and their behavior is strongly influenced by both mechanical stimuli and cell-cell signaling. An increasing number of signaling pathways has also been identified as mechanosensitive. As such, they may have a key underlying role in regulating the G&R of tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. A more detailed understanding of mechano-regulated cell-cell signaling may thus be crucial to advance CVTE, as it could inspire new methods to control tissue G&R and improve the organization and functionality of engineered tissues, thereby accelerating clinical translation. In this review, we discuss the organization and biomechanics of native cardiovascular tissues; recent CVTE studies emphasizing the obtained engineered tissue organization; and the interplay between mechanical stimuli, cell behavior, and cell-cell signaling. In addition, we review past contributions of computational models in understanding and predicting mechano-regulated tissue G&R and cell-cell signaling to highlight their potential role in future CVTE strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Karakaya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jordy G M van Asten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Tommaso Ristori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cecilia M Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biosciences, Åbo Akademi, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra Loerakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. .,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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5
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Jensen LF, Bentzon JF, Albarrán-Juárez J. The Phenotypic Responses of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Mechanical Cues. Cells 2021; 10:2209. [PMID: 34571858 PMCID: PMC8469800 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of atherosclerosis and other vascular diseases, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) located in the intima and media of blood vessels shift from a contractile state towards other phenotypes that differ substantially from differentiated SMCs. In addition, these cells acquire new functions, such as the production of alternative extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and signal molecules. A similar shift in cell phenotype is observed when SMCs are removed from their native environment and placed in a culture, presumably due to the absence of the physiological signals that maintain and regulate the SMC phenotype in the vasculature. The far majority of studies describing SMC functions have been performed under standard culture conditions in which cells adhere to a rigid and static plastic plate. While these studies have contributed to discovering key molecular pathways regulating SMCs, they have a significant limitation: the ECM microenvironment and the mechanical forces transmitted through the matrix to SMCs are generally not considered. Here, we review and discuss the recent literature on how the mechanical forces and derived biochemical signals have been shown to modulate the vascular SMC phenotype and provide new perspectives about their importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Filt Jensen
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
| | - Jacob Fog Bentzon
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
- Experimental Pathology of Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julian Albarrán-Juárez
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (L.F.J.); (J.F.B.)
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6
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Hinton M, Eltayeb E, Ghavami S, Dakshinamurti S. Effect of pulsatile stretch on unfolded protein response in a new model of the pulmonary hypertensive vascular wall. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 27:101080. [PMID: 34368469 PMCID: PMC8326203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is characterized by hypoxemia and arterial remodeling. Dynamic stretch and recoil of the arterial wall during pulsation (in normal conduit arteries, stretch 20% above diastolic diameter) maintains homeostasis; a static arterial wall is associated with remodeling. PPHN is diagnosed by echocardiography as decreased pulmonary artery wall displacement during systole, causing decreased pulmonary arterial pressure acceleration time in a stiff artery. We hypothesized that a ‘normal’ amplitude of pulsatile stretch is protective against ER stress, while the loss of stretch is a trigger for hypoxia-induced stress responses. Using a novel in vitro model of pulmonary arterial myocytes subject to repetitive stretch-relaxation cycles within a normoxic or hypoxic environment, we examined the relative impact of hypoxia (pulmonary circuit during unresolved PPHN) and cyclic mechanical stretch (diminished in PPHN) on myocyte homeostasis, specifically on signaling proteins for autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Stretch induced autophagosome abundance under electron microscopy. Hypoxia, in presence or absence of pulsatile stretch, decreased unfolded protein response (UPR) hallmark BIP (GRP78) in contractile phenotype pulmonary arterial myocytes. Inositol requiring enzyme-1 α (IRE1α) was not activated; but hypoxia induced eif2α phosphorylation, increasing expression of ATF4 (activating transcription factor-4). This was sensitive to inhibition by autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1. We conclude that in the pulmonary circuit, hypoxia induces one arm of the UPR pathway and causes ER stress. Pulsatile stretch ameliorates the hypoxic UPR response, and while increasing presence of autophagosomes, does not activate canonical autophagy signaling pathways. We propose that simultaneous application of hypoxia and graded levels of cyclic stretch can be used to distinguish myocyte signaling in the deformable pulmonary artery of early PPHN, versus the inflexible late stage PPHN artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Hinton
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 513 - 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 3P4.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 0J9
| | - Elwasila Eltayeb
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Canada, R3A 1R9
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 513 - 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 3P4.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, 130 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 0J9
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 513 - 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 3P4.,Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, 820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, Canada, R3A 1R9.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, 432 Basic Medical Sciences Building, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, Canada, R3E 0J9
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7
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Liu X, Liu X, Li M, Zhang Y, Chen W, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang M. Mechanical Stretch Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Dysfunction by Regulating ACE2 via P38/ATF3 and Post-transcriptional Regulation by miR-421. Front Physiol 2021; 11:540591. [PMID: 33536929 PMCID: PMC7848200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.540591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stretch promotes deregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) functions during hypertension-induced vascular remodeling. ACE2 has a wide range of cardiovascular and renal protective effects. Loss of ACE2 is associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression, especially by abnormal mechanical stretch during hypertension. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of ACE2 to vascular remodeling under mechanical stretch and to assess the possible underlying mechanisms. The abdominal aortic constriction model was established to mimic the environment in vivo. FX-5000T Strain Unit provided mechanical stretch in vitro. Overexpression was used to analyze the role of ACE2 played in the proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and collagen metabolism of the VSMCs. RT-qPCR, Western blot, luciferase assay, and ChIP assay were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of ACE2 expression regulated by stretch. We found that mechanical stretch modulated the expression of the ACE2/Ang-(1–7) and ACE/AngII axis. ACE2 was mechanically sensitive and was involved in the stretch-induced dysfunction of VSMCs. The p38 MAPK/ATF3 pathway and miR-421 participated in the regulation of ACE2. Thus, ACE2 may contribute to the development of vascular remodeling under conditions of mechanical stretch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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8
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Chen J, Zhou Y, Liu S, Li C. Biomechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 14:357-376. [PMID: 32780323 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical stresses are closely associated with cardiovascular development and diseases. In vivo, vascular smooth muscle cells are constantly stimulated by biomechanical factors caused by increased blood pressure leading to the non-specific activation of cell transmembrane proteins. Thus, various intracellular signal molecules are simultaneously activated via signaling cascades, which are closely related to alterations in the differentiation, phenotype, inflammation, migration, pyroptosis, calcification, proliferation, and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Meanwhile, mechanical stress-induced miRNAs and epigenetics modification on vascular smooth muscle cells play critical roles as well. Eventually, the overall pathophysiology of the cells is altered, resulting in the development of many major clinical diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, grafted venous atherosclerosis, and aneurysm, among others. In this paper, important advances in mechanical signal communication in vascular smooth muscle cells are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chaohong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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9
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Closer to Nature Through Dynamic Culture Systems. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090942. [PMID: 31438519 PMCID: PMC6769584 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanics in the human body are required for normal cell function at a molecular level. It is now clear that mechanical stimulations play significant roles in cell growth, differentiation, and migration in normal and diseased cells. Recent studies have led to the discovery that normal and cancer cells have different mechanosensing properties. Here, we discuss the application and the physiological and pathological meaning of mechanical stimulations. To reveal the optimal conditions for mimicking an in vivo microenvironment, we must, therefore, discern the mechanotransduction occurring in cells.
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10
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He Y, Xu H, Xiang Z, Yu H, Xu L, Guo Y, Tian Y, Shu R, Yang X, Xue C, Zhao M, He Y, Han X, Bai D. YAP regulates periodontal ligament cell differentiation into myofibroblast interacted with RhoA/ROCK pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5086-5096. [PMID: 30341888 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
During orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) receive the mechanical stimuli and transform it into myofibroblasts (Mfbs). Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that mechanical stimuli can promote the expression of Mfb marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in PDLCs. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), as the target gene of yes-associated protein (YAP), has been proven to be involved in this process. Here, we sought to assess the role of YAP in Mfbs differentiation from PDLCs. The time-course expression of YAP and α-SMA was manifested in OTM model in vivo as well as under tensional stimuli in vitro. Inhibition of RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway using Y27632 significantly reduced tension-induced Mfb differentiation and YAP expression. Moreover, overexpression of YAP with lentiviral transfection in PDLCs rescued the repression effect of Mfb differentiation induced by Y27632. These data together suggest a crucial role of YAP in regulating tension-induced Mfb differentiation from PDLC interacted with RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao He
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zichao Xiang
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyou Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Medicine, Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology affiliated to Medical College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongwen Guo
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Shu
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianrui Yang
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaoran Xue
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhao
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiruo He
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- Orthodontic Centre, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Abstract
Objective: Invasive coronary interventions can fail due to intimal hyperplasia and restenosis.
Endothelial cell (EC) seeding to the vessel lumen, accelerating re-endothelialization,
or local release of mTOR pathway inhibitors have helped reduce intimal hyperplasia after
vessel injury. While animal models are powerful tools, they are complex and expensive,
and not always reflective of human physiology. Therefore, we developed an in
vitro 3D vascular model validating previous in vivo animal
models and utilizing isolated human arteries to study vascular remodeling after injury.
Approach: We utilized a bioreactor that enables the control of intramural
pressure and shear stress in vessel conduits to investigate the vascular response in
both rat and human arteries to intraluminal injury. Results: Culturing rat aorta segments in vitro, we show that vigorous removal
of luminal ECs results in vessel injury, causing medial proliferation by Day-4 and
neointima formation, with the observation of SCA1+ cells (stem cell
antigen-1) in the intima by Day-7, in the absence of flow. Conversely, when
endothelial-denuded rat aortae and human umbilical arteries were subjected to arterial
shear stress, pre-seeding with human umbilical ECs decreased the number and
proliferation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) significantly in the media of both rat and
human vessels. Conclusion: Our bioreactor system provides a novel platform for correlating ex
vivo findings with vascular outcomes in vivo. The present
in vitro human arterial injury model can be helpful in the study of
EC-SMC interactions and vascular remodeling, by allowing for the separation of
mechanical, cellular, and soluble factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet H Kural
- 1 Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- 3 Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Niklason
- 1 Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,4 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Liqiong Gui
- 1 Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,2 Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Huang X, Yue Z, Wu J, Chen J, Wang S, Wu J, Ren L, Zhang A, Deng P, Wang K, Wu C, Ding X, Ye P, Xia J. MicroRNA-21 Knockout Exacerbates Angiotensin II–Induced Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection in Mice With Abnormal Transforming Growth Factor-β–SMAD3 Signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are severe vascular conditions. Dysfunctional transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and elevated angiotensin II (AngII) levels are implicated in the development of TAAD. In this study, we investigated whether these 2 factors lead to TAAD in a mouse model and explored the possibility of using microRNA-21 (
miR-21
) for the treatment of TAAD.
Approach and Results—
TAAD was developed in
Smad3
(mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) heterozygous (S3
+/−
) mice infused with AngII. We found that p-ERK (phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases)– and p-JNK (phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase)–associated
miR-21
was higher in TAAD lesions. We hypothesize that downregulation of
miR-21
mitigate TAAD formation. However,
Smad3
+/−
:miR-21
−/−
(S3
+/−
21
−/−
) mice exhibited conspicuous TAAD formation after AngII infusion. The vascular wall was dilated, and aortic rupture occurred within 23 days during AngII infusion. We then examined canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling and found that
miR-21
knockout in S3
+/−
mice increased SMAD7 and suppressed canonical TGF-β signaling. Vascular smooth muscle cells lacking TGF-β signals tended to switch from a contractile to a synthetic phenotype. The silencing of
Smad7
with lentivirus prevented AngII-induced TAAD formation in S3
+/−
21
−/−
mice.
Conclusions—
Our study demonstrated that
miR-21
knockout exacerbated AngII-induced TAAD formation in mice, which was associated with TGF-β signaling dysfunction. Therapeutic strategies targeting TAAD should consider unexpected side effects associated with alterations in TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Huang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Zhang Yue
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Jia Wu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, Central Hospital of Wuhan (J.W.)
| | - Jiuling Chen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Sihua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital (S.W.)
| | - Jie Wu
- Central Laboratory, Central Hospital of Wuhan (J.W.)
| | - Linyun Ren
- Department of Anesthesia, Central Hospital of Wuhan (L.R.), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anchen Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Hospital of Wuhan (A.Z., P.Y.)
| | - Peng Deng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Ke Wang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Chuangyan Wu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Xiangchao Ding
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Central Hospital of Wuhan (A.Z., P.Y.)
| | - Jiahong Xia
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (X.H., Z.Y., J.C., J.W., P.D., K.W., C.W., X.D., J.X.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Central Hospital of Wuhan (J.X.)
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13
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Rysä J, Tokola H, Ruskoaho H. Mechanical stretch induced transcriptomic profiles in cardiac myocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4733. [PMID: 29549296 PMCID: PMC5856749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are able to activate hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes in the overloaded myocardium. However, the transcriptional profiles triggered by mechanical stretch in cardiac myocytes are not fully understood. Here, we performed the first genome-wide time series study of gene expression changes in stretched cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM)s, resulting in 205, 579, 737, 621, and 1542 differentially expressed (>2-fold, P < 0.05) genes in response to 1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours of cyclic mechanical stretch. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to predict functional pathways and upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes in order to identify regulatory networks that may lead to mechanical stretch induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. We also performed micro (miRNA) expression profiling of stretched NRVMs, and identified that a total of 8 and 87 miRNAs were significantly (P < 0.05) altered by 1-12 and 24-48 hours of mechanical stretch, respectively. Finally, through integration of miRNA and mRNA data, we predicted the miRNAs that regulate mRNAs potentially leading to the hypertrophic growth induced by mechanical stretch. These analyses predicted nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and interferon regulatory transcription factors as well as the let-7 family of miRNAs as playing roles in the regulation of stretch-regulated genes in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Heikki Tokola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Galatioto J, Caescu CI, Hansen J, Cook JR, Miramontes I, Iyengar R, Ramirez F. Cell Type-Specific Contributions of the Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptor to Aorta Homeostasis and Aneurysmal Disease-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:588-591. [PMID: 29371244 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Two were the aims of this study: first, to translate whole-genome expression profiles into computational predictions of functional associations between signaling pathways that regulate aorta homeostasis and the activity of angiotensin II type 1a receptor (At1ar) in either vascular endothelial or smooth muscle cells; and second, to characterize the impact of endothelial cell- or smooth muscle cell-specific At1ar disruption on the development of thoracic aortic aneurysm in fibrillin-1 hypomorphic (Fbn1mgR/mgR ) mice, a validated animal model of early onset progressively severe Marfan syndrome. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Cdh5-Cre and Sm22-Cre transgenic mice were used to inactivate the At1ar-coding gene (Agt1ar) in either intimal or medial cells of both wild type and Marfan syndrome mice, respectively. Computational analyses of differentially expressed genes predicted dysregulated signaling pathways of cell survival and matrix remodeling in Agt1arCdh5-/- aortas and of cell adhesion and contractility in Agt1arSm22-/- aortas. Characterization of Fbn1mgR/mgR;Agt1arCdh5-/- mice revealed increased median survival associated with mitigated aneurysm growth and media degeneration, as well as reduced levels of phosphorylated (p-) Erk1/2 but not p-Smad2. By contrast, levels of both p-Erk1/2 and p-Smad2 proteins were normalized in Fbn1mgR/mgR;Agt1arSm22-/- aortas in spite of them showing no appreciable changes in thoracic aortic aneurysm pathology. CONCLUSIONS Physiological At1ar signaling in the intimal and medial layers is associated with distinct regulatory processes of aorta homeostasis and function; improper At1ar activity in the vascular endothelium is a significant determinant of thoracic aortic aneurysm development in Marfan syndrome mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Galatioto
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Cristina I Caescu
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Jens Hansen
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Jason R Cook
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Irving Miramontes
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Ravi Iyengar
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Francesco Ramirez
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York.
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15
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Yoshizumi M, Zhao J, Kyotani Y. [Vascular smooth muscle cell response to cyclic mechanical stretch and aortic dissection]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 151:155-159. [PMID: 29628463 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.151.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection is the most common life-threatening vascular disease, with sudden onset of severe pain and a high fatality rate. The pulsatile nature of blood flow exposes vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the vessel wall to cyclic mechanical stretch (CMS), which evokes VSMC death, phenotypic switching, and migration, leading to aortic dissection. We have revealed that CMS of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) caused JNK- and p38-dependent cell death and that a calcium channel blocker, azelnidipine and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, olmesartan decreased the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 and, subsequently, decreased cell death by CMS. JNK and p38 inhibitors also inhibited CMS-induced cell death. In addition, we showed that the expression of Cxcl1 and Cx3cl1 chemokines was induced by CMS in a JNK-dependent manner. Expression of Cxcl1 was also induced in VSMCs by hypertension produced by abdominal aortic constriction in mouse. In addition, antagonists against the receptors for CXCL1 and CX3CL1 increased cell death, indicating that CXCL1 and CX3CL1 protect RASMCs from CMS-induced cell death. We also revealed that STAT1 is activated in RASMCs subjected to CMS. Taken together, these results indicate that CMS of VSMCs induces inflammation-related gene expression, including that of CXCL1 and CX3CL1, and activates JNK and p38 MAP kinases, which may play important roles in the stress response against CMS caused by acute rise in blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Yoji Kyotani
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine
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16
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Johar D. Cytoskeletal remodeling and regulation of cell fate in the hypertensive neonatal pulmonary artery in response to stress. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2146-2161. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Rady College of Medicine; Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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17
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Shanahan CM, Furmanik M. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells: A Novel Regulator of Vascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:94-105. [PMID: 27758694 PMCID: PMC5440785 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161014094738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in industrialised societies. The idea that the arterial smooth muscle cell (ASMC) plays a key role in regulating many vascular pathologies has been gaining importance, as has the realisation that not enough is known about the pathological cellular mechanisms regulating ASMC function in vascular remodelling. In the past decade endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) have been recognised as a stress response underlying many physiological and pathological processes in various vascular cell types. Here we summarise what is known about how ER stress signalling regulates phenotypic switching, trans/dedifferentiation and apoptosis of ASMCs and contributes to atherosclerosis, hypertension, aneurysms and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shanahan
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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18
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Eshtehardi P, Brown AJ, Bhargava A, Costopoulos C, Hung OY, Corban MT, Hosseini H, Gogas BD, Giddens DP, Samady H. High wall shear stress and high-risk plaque: an emerging concept. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 33:1089-1099. [PMID: 28074425 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-1055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant effort to identify high-risk plaques in vivo prior to acute events. While number of imaging modalities have been developed to identify morphologic characteristics of high-risk plaques, prospective natural-history observational studies suggest that vulnerability is not solely dependent on plaque morphology and likely involves additional contributing mechanisms. High wall shear stress (WSS) has recently been proposed as one possible causative factor, promoting the development of high-risk plaques. High WSS has been shown to induce specific changes in endothelial cell behavior, exacerbating inflammation and stimulating progression of the atherosclerotic lipid core. In line with experimental and autopsy studies, several human studies have shown associations between high WSS and known morphological features of high-risk plaques. However, despite increasing evidence, there is still no longitudinal data linking high WSS to clinical events. As the interplay between atherosclerotic plaque, artery, and WSS is highly dynamic, large natural history studies of atherosclerosis that include WSS measurements are now warranted. This review will summarize the available clinical evidence on high WSS as a possible etiological mechanism underlying high-risk plaque development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parham Eshtehardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Adam J Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ankit Bhargava
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Charis Costopoulos
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivia Y Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michel T Corban
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Bill D Gogas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Don P Giddens
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Habib Samady
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road F622, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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19
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Eshtehardi P, Teng Z. Protective or destructive: High wall shear stress and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 251:501-503. [PMID: 27282831 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parham Eshtehardi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhongzhao Teng
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, UK.
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20
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Chua SK, Wang BW, Lien LM, Lo HM, Chiu CZ, Shyu KG. Mechanical Stretch Inhibits MicroRNA499 via p53 to Regulate Calcineurin-A Expression in Rat Cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148683. [PMID: 26859150 PMCID: PMC4747570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs play an important role in cardiac remodeling. MicroRNA 499 (miR499) is highly enriched in cardiomyocytes and targets the gene for Calcineurin A (CnA), which is associated with mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. The mechanism regulating miR499 in stretched cardiomyocytes and in volume overloaded heart is unclear. We sought to investigate the mechanism regulating miR499 and CnA in stretched cardiomyocytes and in volume overload-induced heart failure. METHODS & RESULTS Rat cardiomyocytes grown on a flexible membrane base were stretched via vacuum to 20% of maximum elongation at 60 cycles/min. An in vivo model of volume overload with aorta-caval shunt in adult rats was used to study miR499 expression. Mechanical stretch downregulated miR499 expression, and enhanced the expression of CnA protein and mRNA after 12 hours of stretch. Expression of CnA and calcineurin activity was suppressed with miR499 overexpression; whereas, expression of dephosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was suppressed with miR499 overexpression and CnA siRNA. Adding p53 siRNA reversed the downregulation of miR499 when stretched. A gel shift assay and promoter-activity assay demonstrated that stretch increased p53 DNA binding activity but decreased miR499 promoter activity. When the miR499 promoter p53-binding site was mutated, the inhibition of miR499 promoter activity with stretch was reversed. The in vivo aorta-caval shunt also showed downregulated myocardial miR499 and overexpression of miR499 suppressed CnA and cellular apoptosis. CONCLUSION The miR499-controlled apoptotic pathway involving CnA and Drp1 in stretched cardiomyocytes may be regulated by p53 through the transcriptional regulation of miR499.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kiat Chua
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Wei Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ming Lien
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ming Lo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Zuan Chiu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei County, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Gi Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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21
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Galectin-3 level and the severity of cardiac diastolic dysfunction using cellular and animal models and clinical indices. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17007. [PMID: 26582585 PMCID: PMC4652206 DOI: 10.1038/srep17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is characterized by myocardial interstitial fibrosis. A total of 146 patients with HFPEF, were recruited. HFPEF severity was determined using Doppler imaging (E/Em) and also cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI). Canine modeling of HFPEF was induced by aortic banding. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data were obtained before and after pressure loading and myocardial Galectin-3 was determined. Mechanical stretch of cultured cardiomyocytes served as the cellular model of HFPEF. Patients with severe HFPEF had significantly higher plasma Galectin-3 levels. Significant correlation between plasma Galectin-3 and E/Em in advanced HFPEF patients was noted. After 2 weeks of pressure overload in canine models, the protein expression of Galectin-3 from LV myocardial tissue was significantly increased (p < 0.01) compared with controls. Galectin-3 expression paralleled the severity of LV diastolic dysfunction by evaluation of CMRI (r = -0.58, p = 0.003) and tissue fibrosis (r = 0.59, p = 0.002). After adjusting for confounders for diastolic dysfunction, Galectin-3 levels were still associated with diastolic parameters both in humans (p < 0.001) and canine model (p = 0.041). Mechanical stretch increased Galectin-3 secretion in cultured cardiomyocytes. Both plasma and myocardial Galectin-3 levels correlated with severity of cardiac diastolic dysfunction.
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22
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Simultaneous Increases in Proliferation and Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Accelerate Diabetic Mouse Venous Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141375. [PMID: 26488175 PMCID: PMC4619075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims This study was designed to demonstrate simultaneous increases in proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) leading to accelerated vein graft remodeling and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Vein grafts were performed in non-diabetic and diabetic mice. The cultured quiescent VSMCs were subjected to mechanical stretch stress (SS) and/or advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs). Harvested vein grafts and treated VSMCs were used to detect cell proliferation, apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation and SM-α-actin expression. Results Significantly thicker vessel walls and greater increases in proliferation and apoptosis were observed in diabetic vein grafts than those in non-diabetic. Both SS and AGEs were found to induce different activation of three members of MAPKs and simultaneous increases in proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs, and combined treatment with both had a synergistic effect. VSMCs with strong SM-α-actin expression represented more activated JNKs or p38MAPK, and cell apoptosis, while the cells with weak SM-α-actin expression demonstrated preferential activation of ERKs and cell proliferation. In contrast, inhibition of MAPKs signals triggered significant decreases in VSMC proliferation, and apoptosis. Treatment of the cells with RNA interference of receptor of AGEs (RAGE) also resulted in significant decreases in both proliferation and apoptosis. Conclusions Increased pressure-induced SS triggers simultaneous increases in proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs in the vein grafts leading to vein arterializations, which can be synergistically accelerated by high glucose-induced AGEs resulting in vein graft atherosclerosis. Either SS or AGEs and their combination induce simultaneous increases in proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs via different activation of three members of MAPKs resulting from different VSMC subtypes classified by SM-α-actin expression levels.
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23
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Variability in vascular smooth muscle cell stretch-induced responses in 2D culture. Vasc Cell 2015; 7:7. [PMID: 26301087 PMCID: PMC4546126 DOI: 10.1186/s13221-015-0032-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulsatile nature of blood flow exposes vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the vessel wall to mechanical stress, in the form of circumferential and longitudinal stretch. Cyclic stretch evokes VSMC proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic switching, migration, alignment, and vascular remodeling. Given that these responses have been observed in many cardiovascular diseases, a defined understanding of their underlying mechanisms may provide critical insight into the pathophysiology of cardiovascular derangements. Cyclic stretch-triggered VSMC responses and their effector mechanisms have been studied in vitro using tension systems that apply either uniaxial or equibiaxial stretch to cells grown on an elastomer-bottomed culture plate and ex vivo by stretching whole vein segments with small weights. This review will focus mainly on VSMC responses to the in vitro application of mechanical stress, outlining the inconsistencies in acquired data, and comparing them to in vivo or ex vivo findings. Major discrepancies in data have been seen in mechanical stress-induced proliferation, apoptosis, and phenotypic switching responses, depending on the stretch conditions. These discrepancies stem from variations in stretch conditions such as degree, axis, duration, and frequency of stretch, wave function, membrane coating, cell type, cell passage number, culture media content, and choice of in vitro model. Further knowledge into the variables that cause these incongruities will allow for improvement of the in vitro application of cyclic stretch.
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24
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Liu X, Huang X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang L, Ge C, Wang H, Zhang M. Mechanical stretch promotes matrix metalloproteinase-2 and prolyl-4-hydroxylase α1 production in human aortic smooth muscle cells via Akt-p38 MAPK-JNK signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:15-23. [PMID: 25712031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension can increase mechanical stretch on the vessel wall, an important stimulus that induces collagen remodeling. Prolyl-4-hydroxylaseα1 (P4Hα1) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are essential for collagen synthesis and degradation. However, the effect of mechanical strain and collagen synthesis remains largely unknown. This study aimed to identify the effect of stretch on MMPs and P4Hα1 and the involved signaling pathways. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were stimulated with mechanical stretch (0, 10% and 18% strain), and production of P4Hα1 as well as production and gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 was force-dependently increased. Mechanical stretch at 18% also increased the expression of type I and III collagen and the phosphorylation of Akt, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). MMP-2 production and activity enhanced by 18% stretch were inhibited by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002. Blockade of p38 MAPK or JNK inhibited the promoting effect of stretch on P4Hα1. The in vivo model of aortic banding showed increased protein levels of MMP-2, P4Hα1 and collagen I and III in the aorta. Thus, mechanical stretch increased MMP-2 and P4Hα1 expression in HASMCs via AKT-P38 MAPK-JNK signaling, thereby inducing vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaozhen Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Han Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Zhao J, Ozawa K, Kyotani Y, Nagayama K, Ito S, Komatsubara AT, Tsuji Y, Yoshizumi M. Azelnidipine inhibits cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cell death induced by cyclic mechanical stretch. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102813. [PMID: 25032824 PMCID: PMC4102561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute aortic dissection is the most common life-threatening vascular disease, with sudden onset of severe pain and a high fatality rate. Clarifying the detailed mechanism for aortic dissection is of great significance for establishing effective pharmacotherapy for this high mortality disease. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of biomechanical stretch, which mimics an acute rise in blood pressure using an experimental apparatus of stretching loads in vitro, on rat aortic smooth muscle cell (RASMC) death. Then, we examined the effects of azelnidipine and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors on mechanical stretch-induced RASMC death. The major findings of the present study are as follows: (1) cyclic mechanical stretch on RASMC caused cell death in a time-dependent manner up to 4 h; (2) cyclic mechanical stretch on RASMC induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 activation with peaks at 10 min; (3) azelnidipine inhibited RASMC death in a concentration-dependent manner as well as inhibited JNK and p38 activation by mechanical stretch; and (4) SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 inhibitor) protected against stretch-induced RASMC death; (5) Antioxidants, diphenylene iodonium and tempol failed to inhibit stretch-induced RASMC death. On the basis of the above findings, we propose a possible mechanism where an acute rise in blood pressure increases biomechanical stress on the arterial walls, which induces RASMC death, and thus, may lead to aortic dissection. Azelnidipine may be used as a pharmacotherapeutic agent for prevention of aortic dissection independent of its blood pressure lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoji Kyotani
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nagayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Satoyasu Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira T. Komatsubara
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshizumi
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Maegdefessel L, Dalman RL, Tsao PS. Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: MicroRNAs, Proteases, Genetic Associations. Annu Rev Med 2014; 65:49-62. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-101712-174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald L. Dalman
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Hypoxia activates muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein (MURC) expression via transforming growth factor-β in cardiac myocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2014; 126:367-75. [PMID: 24001173 DOI: 10.1042/cs20130260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of MURC (muscle-restricted coiled-coil protein), a hypertrophy-regulated gene, increases during pressure overload. Hypoxia can cause myocardial hypertrophy; however, how hypoxia affects the regulation of MURC in cardiomyocytes undergoing hypertrophy is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that hypoxia induces MURC expression in cardiomyocytes during hypertrophy. The expression of MURC was evaluated in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia and in an in vivo model of AMI (acute myocardial infarction) to induce myocardial hypoxia in adult rats. MURC protein and mRNA expression were significantly enhanced by hypoxia. MURC proteins induced by hypoxia were significantly blocked after the addition of PD98059 or ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) siRNA 30 min before hypoxia. Gel-shift assay showed increased DNA-binding activity of SRF (serum response factor) after hypoxia. PD98059, ERK siRNA and an anti-TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) antibody abolished the SRF-binding activity enhanced by hypoxia or exogenous administration of TGF-β. A luciferase promoter assay demonstrated increased transcriptional activity of SRF in cardiomyocytes by hypoxia. Increased βMHC (β-myosin heavy chain) and BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) protein expression and increased protein synthesis was identified after hypoxia with the presence of MURC in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. MURC siRNA inhibited the hypertrophic marker protein expression and protein synthesis induced by hypoxia. AMI in adult rats also demonstrated increased MURC protein expression in the left ventricular myocardium. In conclusion, hypoxia in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes increased MURC expression via the induction of TGF-β, SRF and the ERK pathway. These findings suggest that MURC plays a role in hypoxia-induced hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes.
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Wu CK, Wang YC, Lee JK, Chang SN, Su MY, Yeh HM, Su MJ, Chen JJ, Chiang FT, Hwang JJ, Lin JL, Tsai CT. Connective tissue growth factor and cardiac diastolic dysfunction: human data from the Taiwan diastolic heart failure registry and molecular basis by cellular and animal models. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 16:163-72. [PMID: 24464932 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is an emerging marker for tissue fibrosis. We investigated the association between CTGF and cardiac diastolic function using cellular and animal models and clinical human data. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 125 patients with a diagnosis of diastolic heart failure (DHF) were recruited from 1283 patients of the Taiwan Diastolic Heart Failure Registry. The severity of DHF was determined by tissue Doppler imaging (E/e'). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) was used to evaluate myocardial fibrosis in some of the patients (n = 25). Stretch of cardiomyocytes on a flexible membrane base serves as a cellular phenotype of cardiac diastolic dysfunction (DD). A canine model of DD was induced by aortic banding. A significant correlation was found between plasma CTGF and E/e' in DHF patients. The severity of cardiac fibrosis evaluated by CMRI also correlated with CTGF. In the cell model, stretch increased secretion of CTGF from cardiomyocytes. In the canine model, myocardial tissue CTGF expression and fibrosis significantly increased after 2 weeks of aortic banding. Notably, the expression of CTGF paralleled the severity of LV DD (r = 0.40, P < 0.001 for E/e') and haemodynamic changes (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, CTGF levels still correlated with diastolic parameters in both human and canine models (human plasma CTGF, P < 0.001; canine tissue CTGF, P = 0.04). CONCLUSION Plasma CTGF level correlated with the severity of DD and tissue fibrosis in DHF patients. The mechanism may be through myocardial stretch. Our study indicated that CTGF may serve as an early marker for DHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Kai Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, and Yun-Lin, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chiu CZ, Wang BW, Shyu KG. Effects of cyclic stretch on the molecular regulation of myocardin in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:50. [PMID: 23855625 PMCID: PMC3734126 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of myocardin, a cardiac-restricted gene, increases during environmental stress. How mechanical stretch affects the regulation of myocardin in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is not fully understood. We identify the mechanisms and pathways through which mechanical stretch induces myocardin expression in VSMCs. RESULTS Rat VSMCs grown on a flexible membrane base were stretched to 20% of maximum elongation, at 60 cycles per min. An in vivo model of aorta-caval shunt in adult rats was also used to investigate myocardin expression. Cyclic stretch significantly increased myocardin and angiotensin II (AngII) expression after 18 and 6 h of stretch. Addition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway inhibitor (PD98059), ERK small interfering RNA (siRNA), and AngII receptor blocker (ARB; losartan) before stretch inhibited the expression of myocardin protein. Gel shift assay showed that myocardin-DNA binding activity increased after stretch. PD98059, ERK siRNA and ARB abolished the binding activity induced by stretch. Stretch increased while myocardin-mutant plasmid, PD98059, and ARB abolished the promoter activity. Protein synthesis by measuring [3H]proline incorporation into the cells increased after cyclic stretch, which represented hypertrophic change of VSMCs. An in vivo model of aorta-caval shunt also demonstrated increased myocardin protein expression in the aorta. Confocal microscopy showed increased VSMC size 24 h after cyclic stretch and VSMC hypertrophy after creation of aorta-caval shunt for 3 days. CONCLUSIONS Cyclic stretch enhanced myocardin expression mediated by AngII through the ERK pathway in cultured rat VSMCs. These findings suggest that myocardin plays a role in stretch-induced VSMC hypertrophy.
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Maegdefessel L, Spin JM, Adam M, Raaz U, Toh R, Nakagami F, Tsao PS. Micromanaging abdominal aortic aneurysms. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14374-94. [PMID: 23852016 PMCID: PMC3742249 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease to human morbidity and mortality has increased in the aging, industrialized world. In response, extraordinary efforts have been launched to determine the molecular and pathophysiological characteristics of the diseased aorta. This work aims to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to limit AAA expansion and, ultimately, rupture. Contributions from multiple research groups have uncovered a complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory milieu, which is believed to be essential for maintaining aortic vascular homeostasis. Recently, novel small noncoding RNAs, called microRNAs, have been identified as important transcriptional and post-transcriptional inhibitors of gene expression. MicroRNAs are thought to "fine tune" the translational output of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by promoting mRNA degradation or inhibiting translation. With the discovery that microRNAs act as powerful regulators in the context of a wide variety of diseases, it is only logical that microRNAs be thoroughly explored as potential therapeutic entities. This current review summarizes interesting findings regarding the intriguing roles and benefits of microRNA expression modulation during AAA initiation and propagation. These studies utilize disease-relevant murine models, as well as human tissue from patients undergoing surgical aortic aneurysm repair. Furthermore, we critically examine future therapeutic strategies with regard to their clinical and translational feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Maegdefessel
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17176, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Joshua M. Spin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Matti Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Ryuji Toh
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Futoshi Nakagami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5406, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.S.); (M.A.); (U.R.); (R.T.); (F.N.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-650-498-6317; Fax: +1-650-725-2178
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Song JT, Hu B, Qu HY, Bi CL, Huang XZ, Zhang M. Mechanical stretch modulates microRNA 21 expression, participating in proliferation and apoptosis in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47657. [PMID: 23082189 PMCID: PMC3474731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Stretch affects vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, and several responsible genes have been proposed. We tested whether the expression of microRNA 21 (miR-21) is modulated by stretch and is involved in stretch-induced proliferation and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Methods and Results RT-PCR revealed that elevated stretch (16% elongation, 1 Hz) increased miR-21 expression in cultured HASMCs, and moderate stretch (10% elongation, 1 Hz) decreased the expression. BrdU incorporation assay and cell counting showed miR-21 involved in the proliferation of HASMCs mediated by stretch, likely by regulating the expression of p27 and phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (p-Rb). FACS analysis revealed that the complex of miR-21 and programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4) participated in regulating apoptosis with stretch. Stretch increased the expression of primary miR-21 and pre-miR-21 in HASMCs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that stretch increased NF-κB and AP-1 activities in HASMCs, and blockade of AP-1 activity by c-jun siRNA significantly suppressed stretch-induced miR-21 expression. Conclusions Cyclic stretch modulates miR-21 expression in cultured HASMCs, and miR-21 plays important roles in regulating proliferation and apoptosis mediated by stretch. Stretch upregulates miR-21 expression at least in part at the transcription level and AP-1 is essential for stretch-induced miR-21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Cheng WP, Wu GJ, Wang BW, Shyu KG. Regulation of PUMA induced by mechanical stress in rat cardiomyocytes. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:72. [PMID: 22862895 PMCID: PMC3430577 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PUMA (p53-up-regulated modulator of apoptosis), an apoptosis regulated gene, increased during endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the expression of PUMA in cardiomyocytes under mechanical stress is little known. We aimed to investigate the regulation mechanism of PUMA expression and apoptosis induced by mechanical stress in cardiomyocytes. Methods Aorta-caval (AV) shunt was performed in adult Wistar rats to induce volume overload. Rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were stretched by vacuum to 20% of maximum elongation at 60 cycles/min. Results PUMA protein and mRNA were up-regulated in the shunt group as compared with sham group. The increased PUMA protein expression and apoptosis induced by shunt was reversed by treatment with atorvastatin at 30 mg/kg/ day orally for 7 days. TUNEL assay showed that treatment with atorvastatin inhibited the apoptosis induced by volume overload. Cyclic stretch significantly enhanced PUMA protein and gene expression. Addition of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125, JNK small interfering RNA (siRNA) and interferon-γ (INF-γ) antibody 30 min before stretch reduced the induction of PUMA protein. Gel shift assay demonstrated that stretch increased the DNA binding activity of interferon regulatory factor-1. Stretch increased, while PUMA-Mut plasmid, SP600125 and INF-γ antibody abolished the PUMA promoter activity induced by stretch. PUMA mediated apoptosis induced by stretch was reversed by PUMA siRNA and atorvastatin. Conclusions Mechanical stress enhanced apoptosis and PUMA expression in cardiomyocytes. Treatment with atorvastatin reversed both PUMA expression and apoptosis induced by mechanical stress in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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