1
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Li SX, Wang SW, Chen LH, Zhang Q, Lu D, Chen J, Fang YC, Gu M, Xie X, Nan FJ. Unsymmetrical Phosphodiesters as GPR84 Antagonists with High Blood Exposure for the Treatment of Lung Inflammation. J Med Chem 2023; 66:5820-5838. [PMID: 37053384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
GPR84 is a proinflammatory G protein-coupled receptor that mediates myeloid immune cell functions. Blocking GPR84 with antagonists is a promising approach for treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Previously, a GPR84 antagonist 604c, with a symmetrical phosphodiester structure, has displayed promising efficacy in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis. However, the low blood exposure resulting from physicochemical properties prevented its uses in other inflammatory diseases. In this study, a series of unsymmetrical phosphodiesters with lower lipophilicity were designed and tested. The representative compound 37 exhibited a 100-fold increase in mouse blood exposure compared to 604c while maintaining in vitro activity. In a mouse model of acute lung injury, 37 (30 mg/kg, po) significantly reduced the infiltration of proinflammatory cells and the release of inflammatory cytokines and ameliorated pathological changes equally or more effectively than N-acetylcysteine (100 mg/kg, po). These findings suggest that 37 is a promising candidate for treating lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - You-Chen Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Min Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
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2
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Mahindra A, Jenkins L, Marsango S, Huggett M, Huggett M, Robinson L, Gillespie J, Rajamanickam M, Morrison A, McElroy S, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G, Jamieson AG. Investigating the Structure-Activity Relationship of 1,2,4-Triazine G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 84 (GPR84) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11270-11290. [PMID: 35948061 PMCID: PMC9421653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a proinflammatory
orphan
G-protein-coupled receptor implicated in several inflammatory and
fibrotic diseases. Several agonist and antagonist ligands have been
developed that target GPR84; however, a noncompetitive receptor blocker
that was progressed to phase II clinical trials failed to demonstrate
efficacy. New high-quality antagonists are required to investigate
the pathophysiological role of GPR84 and to validate GPR84 as a therapeutic
target. We previously reported the discovery of a novel triazine GPR84
competitive antagonist 1. Here, we describe an extensive
structure–activity relationship (SAR) of antagonist 1 and also present in silico docking with supporting mutagenesis studies
that reveals a potential binding pose for this type of orthosteric
antagonist. Lead compound 42 is a potent GPR84 antagonist
with a favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile suitable for further
drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mahindra
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Mark Huggett
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Margaret Huggett
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Lindsay Robinson
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Jonathan Gillespie
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Muralikrishnan Rajamanickam
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Stuart McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K.,European Screening Centre, University of Dundee, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, U.K
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Davidson Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Andrew G Jamieson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K
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3
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Angiogenic gene characterization and vessel permeability of dermal microvascular endothelial cells isolated from burn hypertrophic scar. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12222. [PMID: 35851095 PMCID: PMC9293893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16376-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scar (HTS) formation is a common challenge for patients after burn injury. Dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMVECs) are an understudied cell type in HTS. An increase in angiogenesis and microvessel density can be observed in HTS. Endothelial dysfunction may play a role in scar development. This study aims to generate a functional and expression profile of HTS DMVECs. We hypothesize that transcript and protein-level responses in HTS DMVECs differ from those in normal skin (NS). HTSs were created in red Duroc pigs. DMVECs were isolated using magnetic-activated cell sorting with ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) lectin. Separate transwell inserts were used to form monolayers of HTS DMVECs and NS DMVECs. Cell injury was induced and permeability was assessed. Gene expression in HTS DMVECS versus NS DMVECs was measured. Select differentially expressed genes were further investigated. HTS had an increased area density of dermal microvasculature compared to NS. HTS DMVECs were 17.59% less permeable than normal DMVECs (p < 0.05). After injury, NS DMVECs were 28.4% and HTS DMVECs were 18.8% more permeable than uninjured controls (28.4 ± 4.8 vs 18.8 ± 2.8; p = 0.11). PCR array identified 31 differentially expressed genes between HTS and NS DMVECs, of which 10 were upregulated and 21 were downregulated. qRT-PCR and ELISA studies were in accordance with the array. DMVECs expressed a mixed profile of factors that can contribute to and inhibit scar formation. HTS DMVECs have both a discordant response to cellular insults and baseline differences in function, supporting their proposed role in scar pathology. Further investigation of DMVECs is warranted to elucidate their contribution to HTS pathogenesis.
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4
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Abstract
The development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common and has adverse prognostic implications in patients with heart failure due to left heart disease (LHD), and thus far, there are no known treatments specifically for PH-LHD, also known as group 2 PH. Diagnostic thresholds for PH-LHD, and clinical classification of PH-LHD phenotypes, continue to evolve and, therefore, present a challenge for basic and translational scientists actively investigating PH-LHD in the preclinical setting. Furthermore, the pathobiology of PH-LHD is not well understood, although pulmonary vascular remodeling is thought to result from (1) increased wall stress due to increased left atrial pressures; (2) hemodynamic congestion-induced decreased shear stress in the pulmonary vascular bed; (3) comorbidity-induced endothelial dysfunction with direct injury to the pulmonary microvasculature; and (4) superimposed pulmonary arterial hypertension risk factors. To ultimately be able to modify disease, either by prevention or treatment, a better understanding of the various drivers of PH-LHD, including endothelial dysfunction, abnormalities in vascular tone, platelet aggregation, inflammation, adipocytokines, and systemic complications (including splanchnic congestion and lymphatic dysfunction) must be further investigated. Here, we review the diagnostic criteria and various hemodynamic phenotypes of PH-LHD, the potential biological mechanisms underlying this disorder, and pressing questions yet to be answered about the pathobiology of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Huston
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA (J.H.H.)
| | - Sanjiv J Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.J.S.)
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5
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Extracellular Lipids in the Lung and Their Role in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071209. [PMID: 35406772 PMCID: PMC8997955 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids are major actors and regulators of physiological processes within the lung. Initial research has described their critical role in tissue homeostasis and in orchestrating cellular communication to allow respiration. Over the past decades, a growing body of research has also emphasized how lipids and their metabolism may be altered, contributing to the development and progression of chronic lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we first describe the current working model of the mechanisms of lung fibrogenesis before introducing lipids and their cellular metabolism. We then summarize the evidence of altered lipid homeostasis during pulmonary fibrosis, focusing on their extracellular forms. Finally, we highlight how lipid targeting may open avenues to develop therapeutic options for patients with lung fibrosis.
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6
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Liu S, Yan Y. Animal models of pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:197-206. [PMID: 35234367 PMCID: PMC9240728 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH‐LHD) is regarded as the most prevalent form of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Indeed, PH is an independent risk factor and predicts adverse prognosis for patients with left heart disease (LHD). Clinically, there are no drugs or treatments that directly address PH‐LHD, and treatment of LHD alone will not also ameliorate PH. To target the underlying physiopathological alterations of PH‐LHD and to develop novel therapeutic approaches for this population, animal models that simulate the pathophysiology of PH‐LHD are required. There are several available models for PH‐LHD that have been successfully employed in rodents or large animals by artificially provoking an elevated pressure load on the left heart, which by transduction elicits an escalated pressure in pulmonary artery. In addition, metabolic derangement combined with aortic banding or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist is also currently applied to reproduce the phenotype of PH‐LHD. As of today, none of the animal models exactly recapitulates the condition of patients with PH‐LHD. Nevertheless, the selection of an appropriate animal model is essential in basic and translational studies of PH‐LHD. Therefore, this review will summarize the characteristics of each PH‐LHD animal model and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao‐Fei Liu
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Yi Yan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK) Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich Munich Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance Munich Germany
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7
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Jenkins L, Marsango S, Mancini S, Mahmud ZA, Morrison A, McElroy SP, Bennett KA, Barnes M, Tobin AB, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G. Discovery and Characterization of Novel Antagonists of the Proinflammatory Orphan Receptor GPR84. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1598-1613. [PMID: 34661077 PMCID: PMC8506611 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
![]()
GPR84 is a poorly
characterized, nominally orphan, proinflammatory
G protein-coupled receptor that can be activated by medium chain length
fatty acids. It is attracting considerable interest as a potential
therapeutic target for antagonist ligands in both inflammatory bowel
diseases and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Successful screening of
more than 300 000 compounds from a small molecule library followed
by detailed analysis of some 50 drug-like hits identified 3-((5,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole as a high affinity and highly selective competitive
antagonist of human GPR84. Tritiation of a di-iodinated form of the
core structure produced [3H]3-((5,6-diphenyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole, which allowed effective measurement of receptor
levels in both transfected cell lines and lipopolysaccharide-treated
THP-1 monocyte/macrophage cells. Although this compound series lacks
significant affinity at mouse GPR84, homology modeling and molecular
dynamics simulations provided a potential rationale for this difference,
and alteration of two residues in mouse GPR84 to the equivalent amino
acids in the human orthologue, predicted to open the antagonist binding
pocket, validated this model. Sequence alignment of other species
orthologues further predicted binding of the compounds as high affinity
antagonists at macaque, pig, and dog GPR84 but not at the rat orthologue,
and pharmacological experiments confirmed these predictions. These
studies provide a new class of GPR84 antagonists that display species
selectivity defined via receptor modeling and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jenkins
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Marsango
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Mancini
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angus Morrison
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo'Ness Road, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd., Bo'Ness Road, Newhouse, Lanarkshire ML1 5UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie A Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Barnes
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6DG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cellular and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Marsango S, Barki N, Jenkins L, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic validation of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor: The case of GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3529-3541. [PMID: 32869860 PMCID: PMC9361006 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of members of the GPCR superfamily as targets of a broad range of effective medicines many GPCRs remain poorly characterised. GPR84 is an example. Expression of GPR84 is strongly up regulated in immune cells in a range of pro-inflammatory settings and clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are currently ongoing using ligands with differing levels of selectivity and affinity as GPR84 antagonists. Although blockade of GPR84 may potentially prove effective also in diseases associated with inflammation of the lower gut there is emerging interest in defining if agonists of GPR84 might find utility in conditions in which regulation of metabolism or energy sensing is compromised. Here, we consider the physiological and pathological expression profile of GPR84 and, in the absence of direct structural information, recent developments and use of GPR84 pharmacological tool compounds to study its broader role and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Floy ME, Mateyka TD, Foreman KL, Palecek SP. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac stromal cells and their applications in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res 2020; 45:101831. [PMID: 32446219 PMCID: PMC7931507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Recent advances in stem cell biology have led to the development and engineering of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived cardiac cells and tissues for application in cellular therapy and cardiotoxicity studies. Initial studies in this area have largely focused on improving differentiation efficiency and maturation states of cardiomyocytes. However, other cell types in the heart, including endothelial and stromal cells, play crucial roles in cardiac development, injury response, and cardiomyocyte function. This review discusses recent advances in differentiation of hPSCs to cardiac stromal cells, identification and classification of cardiac stromal cell types, and application of hPSC-derived cardiac stromal cells and tissues containing these cells in regenerative and drug development applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Floy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor D Mateyka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Koji L Foreman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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10
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Haak AJ, Ducharme MT, Diaz Espinosa AM, Tschumperlin DJ. Targeting GPCR Signaling for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2020; 41:172-182. [PMID: 32008852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, largely through their promotion of profibrotic fibroblast activation. By contrast, recent work has highlighted the beneficial effects of Gαs-coupled GPCRs on reducing fibroblast activation and fibrosis. This review highlights how fibrosis-promoting and -inhibiting GPCR signaling converges on downstream signaling and transcriptional effectors, and how the diversity and dynamics of GPCR expression challenge efforts to identify effective therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Next-generation strategies to overcome these challenges, focusing on target selection, polypharmacology, and personalized medicine approaches, are discussed as a path towards more effective GPCR-targeted therapies for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Haak
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Merrick T Ducharme
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ana M Diaz Espinosa
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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PBI-4050 via GPR40 activation improves adenine-induced kidney injury in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1587-1602. [PMID: 31308217 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PBI-4050 (3-pentylbenzenacetic acid sodium salt), a novel first-in-class orally active compound that has completed clinical Phases Ib and II in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and metabolic syndrome respectively, exerts antifibrotic effects in several organs via a novel mechanism of action, partly through activation of the G protein receptor 40 (GPR40) receptor. Here we evaluate the effects of PBI-4050 in both WT and Gpr40-/- mice on adenine-induced tubulointerstitial injury, anemia and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Adenine-induced CKD was achieved in 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice fed a diet supplemented with 0.25% adenine. After 1 week, PBI-4050 or vehicle was administered daily by oral-gavage for 3 weeks. Gpr40-/- mice were also subjected to adenine-feeding, with or without PBI-4050 treatment. PBI-4050 improved renal function and urine concentrating ability. Anemia was present in adenine-fed mice, while PBI-4050 blunted these effects and led to significantly higher plasma erythropoietin (EPO) levels. Adenine-induced renal fibrosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis were significantly decreased by PBI-4050. In parallel, Gpr40-/- mice were more susceptible to adenine-induced fibrosis, renal function impairment, anemia and ER stress compared with WT mice. Importantly, PBI-4050 treatment in Gpr40-/- mice failed to reduce renal injury in this model. Taken together, PBI-4050 prevented adenine-induced renal injury while these beneficial effects were lost upon Gpr40 deletion. These data reinforce PBI-4050's use as a renoprotective therapy and identify GPR40 as a crucial mediator of its beneficial effects.
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