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Sun W, Tang Y, Zhao T, Li X, Gao S, Zheng G. The relationship between eye canting and vertical craniofacial skeletal asymmetry in adult patients with dento-maxillofacial deformities. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024; 125:101803. [PMID: 38403243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2024.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether eye canting in patients with asymmetric dento-maxillofacial deformities is the result of anatomical asymmetry or a compensatory head position remains controversial. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aims to verify whether eye canting is correlated with craniofacial skeletal asymmetry. METHODS & MATERIALS This study was performed by measuring the computed tomographic scans of 223 patients with dento-maxillofacial deformities in Mimics 21.0 software. First grouping was determined based on the intersection angle between the line passing through bilateral lateral canthus point and Frankfurt horizontal plane, and final grouping was based on measurements of the pregroups. RESULTS The patients were finally categorized into three groups: symmetry group (n = 163), asymmetry subgroups 1 (n = 33) and asymmetry subgroups 2 (n = 27). The results of multiple linear regression and comparisons among groups suggests the presence of orbital skeletal asymmetry in patients with eye canting and the eye canting is partly increment dependent of orbital skeletal asymmetry when using bilateral ears as the reference. The result also reveals that there is a greater angle between the line through bilateral ocular landmarks and the line through the bilateral ear landmarks in patients with ocular canting compared to patient without eye canting. CONCLUSION Patients with asymmetric dento-maxillofacial deformities and with eye canting have vertical asymmetry of the orbital and cranial skeletal landmarks. These symmetry differences between the eyes and ears may affect the overall craniofacial symmetry after orthognathic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyong Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangsen Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No.56 Lingyuanxi Rd., Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510056, People's Republic of China.
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Düzkalır HG, Söbü E, Adıgüzel Karaoysal Ö, Günbey HP, Caliskan E. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements and morphometric evaluation of the cranium in age-matched children with central precocious puberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:740-748. [PMID: 37272067 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2023-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Central precocious puberty (CPP) is one of the common reasons for referral to pediatric endocrinology. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to rule out intracranial pathologies. However, there is insufficient information in the literature about bone marrow abnormalities on MRI in CPP cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values obtained from bone marrow diffusion weight images (DWI) of cranial bone structures and the status of sphenooccipital synchondrosis (SOS) in CPP. METHODS MRI data from 6-to 9-year-old girls with CPP and a healthy control group were evaluated. Anthropometric data, FSH, LH, and oestradiol tests were recorded, and the relationship between SOS status, DWI-ADC values of the clivus, parietal bone, and occipital protuberance were compared. RESULTS The study included 146 girls, 79 CPP, and 67 healthy aged 6-9 years (median: 8 (2)). The diagnosis age was 8.30 ± 0.8 years. The ADC values were significantly lower on CPP than normal controls (p=<0.05). In the CPP group, pattern 1 was found at 2 % (n=2), pattern 2 at 3.5 % (n=3), and pattern 3 at 3.5 % (n=3) in clivus sphenooccipital synchondrosis. There was no correlation between the mean parietal, occipital, and clivus ADC values and any variable (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS DWI-MRI ADC analysis can be used as a quantitative radiological marker for early detection of CPP, even before changes in sphenooccipital synchondrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elif Söbü
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Hediye Pınar Günbey
- Department of Radiology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Emine Caliskan
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Effect of Bone-Borne Trans -Sutural Distraction Osteogenesis Therapy on the Cranial Base of Children With Midfacial Hypoplasia Due to Cleft Lip and Palate. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:551-555. [PMID: 36310153 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-borne trans -sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) is widely used to treat midfacial hypoplasia in children with cleft lip and palate; however, its effects on the cranial base are still poorly understood. The authors aimed to study morphological changes in the cranial base after TSDO. Pre and postoperative computed tomography (CT) images of cleft lip and palate children with midfacial skeleton dysplasia who underwent TSDO were collected retrospectively, and their corresponding 3-dimensional models were measured. Results showed no significant change in the length of the anterior or posterior cranial fossa, but the length of the middle cranial fossa increased significantly. The anterior cranial base rotated upward with the sella turcica at the center, whereas the cranial base angle increased. The sphenoid bone exhibited morphological changes. Post-TSDO, the lateral plate of the pterygoid process increased in length. The angle of the 2 lateral plates of the pterygoid process, the greater wings of the sphenoid bone, and the smaller wings of the sphenoid bone decreased. Posterior inclination of the pterygoid process increased. Mean volume of the sphenoidal sinus increased postoperatively compared with the preoperative volume. Apparent changes in the cranial base after TSDO are primarily in the middle cranial fossa, manifesting as an increase in the sphenoid bone body length, expansion of the sphenoidal sinus volume, growth of the pterygoid process forward and downward, a decrease in the angle of both the greater and smaller wings of the sphenoid bone, and an increase in the posterior inclination of the pterygoid process.
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Hoshino Y, Takechi M, Moazen M, Steacy M, Koyabu D, Furutera T, Ninomiya Y, Nuri T, Pauws E, Iseki S. Synchondrosis fusion contributes to the progression of postnatal craniofacial dysmorphology in syndromic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2023; 242:387-401. [PMID: 36394990 PMCID: PMC9919486 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis (CS) patients exhibit early, bony fusion of calvarial sutures and cranial synchondroses, resulting in craniofacial dysmorphology. In this study, we chronologically evaluated skull morphology change after abnormal fusion of the sutures and synchondroses in mouse models of syndromic CS for further understanding of the disease. We found fusion of the inter-sphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) in Apert syndrome model mice (Fgfr2S252W/+ ) around 3 weeks old as seen in Crouzon syndrome model mice (Fgfr2cC342Y/+ ). We then examined ontogenic trajectories of CS mouse models after 3 weeks of age using geometric morphometrics analyses. Antero-ventral growth of the face was affected in Fgfr2S252W/+ and Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice, while Saethre-Chotzen syndrome model mice (Twist1+/- ) did not show the ISS fusion and exhibited a similar growth pattern to that of control littermates. Further analysis revealed that the coronal suture synostosis in the CS mouse models induces only the brachycephalic phenotype as a shared morphological feature. Although previous studies suggest that the fusion of the facial sutures during neonatal period is associated with midface hypoplasia, the present study suggests that the progressive postnatal fusion of the cranial synchondrosis also contributes to craniofacial dysmorphology in mouse models of syndromic CS. These morphological trajectories increase our understanding of the progression of syndromic CS skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hoshino
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Office of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Miranda Steacy
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiko Furutera
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichirou Ninomiya
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nuri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Feng B, Yu X, Wang Y, Ouyang W, Wu F, Yu M, Chen Q. Using the anterior cranial base to provide a reliable reference plane for patients with or without facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e230-e245. [PMID: 36055884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the midsagittal reference plane (MSP) reliability derived from the 3-dimensional characteristics of patients with or without facial asymmetry in the anterior cranial base (ACB). METHODS We divided the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 60 adult patients into maxillofacial symmetry and asymmetry groups. The ACB models were 3-dimensionally constructed, and then symmetrical characteristics were evaluated with surface asymmetry for each group. The reliability of the MSP derived from the symmetry of the anterior cranial base (MSPACB) was assessed in comparison with the true craniofacial symmetry plane determined using the morphometric method. RESULTS The ACB was symmetrical, as demonstrated by slight surface asymmetry. The MSPACB was reliable for maxillofacial asymmetrical analysis as the intraobserver and interobserver measurements using the MSPACB were of excellent agreement, and there was no significant difference between MSPACB and morphometric method in asymmetrical measurements in both groups. The MSPACB remained stable (maximum deviation <0.32 mm) when cranial landmark identification errors (1 mm and 4 mm) were simulated. CONCLUSIONS MSPACB is reliable for patients with or without facial asymmetry in maxillofacial asymmetry analysis, which is beneficial to patients with severe midfacial asymmetry or trauma when conventional landmarks are displaced or disappear. When using MSPACB for patients with cranial malformations or those whose ACBs differ from normal dimensions, caution should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Feng
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Oral Medical Imaging, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, and State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Wangtao Ouyang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuli Wu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Pagano AS, Márquez S. The nasopharynx as a window to half a billion years of evolutionary change to the upper respiratory tract. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 305:1829-1841. [PMID: 35761765 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nasopharynx is a region at the nexus of several vital physiological systems, including the nasal cavity, oral cavity, braincase, middle ear, and cervical vertebrae. It has undergone pronounced morphological change over the course of tetrapod, mammalian, and human evolution. However, despite its place in evolutionary history, the nasopharynx has received relatively little attention. This special issue focuses on "the evolution, development, and functional morphology of the nasopharynx and its boundaries." Topics covered here include evolutionary developmental biology (or evo-devo), nasopharyngeal adaptions in bats, the importance of the nasopharynx and adjacent structures over the course of human evolution, normal development, middle ear morphology, clinical importance, and the study of the nasopharynx throughout history. Contributions to this special issue range among reviews and syntheses, descriptive analyses, phylogenetic analysis, traditional morphometrics, three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, and computational fluid dynamics. Here, we discuss the central importance of the nasopharynx as can be seen through vertebrate paleontology and comparative morphology. It is via the composite evolutionary history of the nasopharyngeal boundaries that our origins may be better understood, starting with the derivation of the choanae from the median olfactory pit of jawless fish nearly half a billion years ago to the basicranial flexion and facial reduction that distinguish Homo sapiens from all other living mammals. Indeed, the nasopharynx must be acknowledged for its importance in the processes of encephalization and acquisition of speech that have become the hallmark of our species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Pagano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, New Jersey, USA
| | - Samuel Márquez
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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Le Pabic P, Dranow DB, Hoyle DJ, Schilling TF. Zebrafish endochondral growth zones as they relate to human bone size, shape and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1060187. [PMID: 36561564 PMCID: PMC9763315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1060187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the genetic mechanisms underlying human skeletal development and disease have largely relied on studies in mice. However, recently the zebrafish has emerged as a popular model for skeletal research. Despite anatomical differences such as a lack of long bones in their limbs and no hematopoietic bone marrow, both the cell types in cartilage and bone as well as the genetic pathways that regulate their development are remarkably conserved between teleost fish and humans. Here we review recent studies that highlight this conservation, focusing specifically on the cartilaginous growth zones (GZs) of endochondral bones. GZs can be unidirectional such as the growth plates (GPs) of long bones in tetrapod limbs or bidirectional, such as in the synchondroses of the mammalian skull base. In addition to endochondral growth, GZs play key roles in cartilage maturation and replacement by bone. Recent studies in zebrafish suggest key roles for cartilage polarity in GZ function, surprisingly early establishment of signaling systems that regulate cartilage during embryonic development, and important roles for cartilage proliferation rather than hypertrophy in bone size. Despite anatomical differences, there are now many zebrafish models for human skeletal disorders including mutations in genes that cause defects in cartilage associated with endochondral GZs. These point to conserved developmental mechanisms, some of which operate both in cranial GZs and limb GPs, as well as others that act earlier or in parallel to known GP regulators. Experimental advantages of zebrafish for genetic screens, high resolution live imaging and drug screens, set the stage for many novel insights into causes and potential therapies for human endochondral bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pabic
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Willmington, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
| | - Daniel B. Dranow
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Diego J. Hoyle
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas F. Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pierre Le Pabic, ; Thomas F. Schilling,
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Arponen H, Evälahti M, Mäkitie O. Craniofacial and Craniocervical Features in Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia: A Radiological Study of 17 Patients and 34 Controls. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:741548. [PMID: 34956076 PMCID: PMC8703216 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.741548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in the non-coding RNA gene RMRP cause Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH), a rare skeletal dysplasia in which the main phenotypic characteristic is severe progressive growth retardation. OBJECTIVE This study compared the cranial dimensions of individuals with CHH to healthy subjects. METHODS Lateral skull radiographs of 17 patients with CHH (age range 10 to 59 years) and 34 healthy individuals (age range 10 to 54 years) were analyzed for relative position of the jaws to skull base, craniofacial height and depth, as well as vertical growth pattern of the lower jaw, anterior cranial base angle, and the relationship between the cervical spine and skull base. RESULTS We found that the length of the upper and lower jaws, and clivus were significantly decreased in patients with CHH as compared to the controls. Anterior cranial base angle was large in patients with CHH. Basilar invagination was not found. CONCLUSION This study found no severe craniofacial involvement of patients with CHH, except for the short jaws. Unexpectedly, mandibular deficiency did not lead to skeletal class II malocclusion. CLINICAL IMPACT Although the jaws were shorter in patients with CHH, they were proportional to each other. A short posterior cranial base was not associated with craniocervical junction pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Arponen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Heidi Arponen,
| | - Marjut Evälahti
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet and Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dalili Kajan Z, Hadinezhad A, Khosravifard N, Gholinia F, Rafiei E, Ghandari F. Fusion patterns of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis in the age range of 9-22: A computed tomography analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:405-413. [PMID: 33306265 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the fusion patterns of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) in the age range of 9-22 using CT and CBCT images of an Iranian population. SETTING/SAMPLE POPULATION Spiral CT and CBCT scans of 763 subjects (459 males and 304 females) aged 9-22 were evaluated. The scans had to cover the cranial base area, and those with diseases affecting the bone density, cranial base masses and history of trauma were excluded. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists scored the images with regard to the status of SOS fusion based on a 5-stage system. Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher's exact tests were used for data analysis. Age and SOS fusion stages were evaluated through Spearman correlation and linear regression methods (α = 0.01). RESULTS The earliest age for onset of SOS fusion was 9 in both sexes. Open SOS could be observed until the age of 15 and 14 in males and females, respectively. The earliest age of complete fusion was 12 in males and 13 in females. Furthermore, there was a significant, positive correlation between age and the different stages of SOS fusion (P < .001). CONCLUSION A significant correlation exists between age and the fusion stages of SOS, rendering it an appropriate means of age estimation during growth periods. Fusion of SOS begins approximately 2 years earlier in females; however, it ends at the age of 17 in both sexes. The fusion scar can be detected up to the age of 12 and 13 in males and females, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dalili Kajan
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Hadinezhad
- School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Negar Khosravifard
- Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Faegheh Gholinia
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Elahe Rafiei
- Biostatistician, Vice-chancellor of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farnaz Ghandari
- School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Sokołowski W, Barszcz K, Kupczyńska M, Czopowicz M, Czubaj N, Kinda W, Kiełbowicz Z. Morphometry and morphology of rostral cranial fossa in brachycephalic dogs - CT studies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240091. [PMID: 33002083 PMCID: PMC7529308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus occurs more often in brachycephalic individuals of different species. Detailed analysis of rostral cranial fossa–region of cerebrospinal fluid outflow–is necessary to understand causes leading to hydrocephalus in specimens with shortened skull. The objective of the study was to determine morphology and morphometry of rostral cranial fossa in brachycephalic dogs. Skulls of 126 dogs of different breeds and morphotypes were examined using computed tomography. Linear and volumetric measurement in the region of rostral cranial fossa and skull base were made. In brachycephalic dogs there is shortening of rostral cranial fossa which is linked with the volume reduction of this region. There are differences in skull base shape between brachycephalic dogs and other morphotypes. Similarities between brachycephalic dogs and patients with craniosynostoses were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Sokołowski
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kupczyńska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Norbert Czubaj
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kinda
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lachinov D, Getmanskaya A, Turlapov V. Cephalometric Landmark Regression with Convolutional Neural Networks on 3D Computed Tomography Data. PATTERN RECOGNITION AND IMAGE ANALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1054661820030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wang RH, Ho CT, Lin HH, Lo LJ. Three-dimensional cephalometry for orthognathic planning: Normative data and analyses. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 119:191-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Novel method of constructing a stable reference frame for 3-dimensional cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2018; 154:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu X, Chen Z. Effects of Palate Repair on Cranial Base and Maxillary Morphology in Patients With Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:1367-1374. [PMID: 29613840 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618768544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the effects of palate repair on cranial base and maxillary morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to discover the relevance between cranial base and maxilla through cephalometric analysis. Design: Retrospective. Patients: Thirty-seven UCLP patients with operated lip (OL) and unoperated palate constituted OL group and were classified into 5 cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) stages. Thirty-seven UCLP patients with operated lip and palate (OLP) and 37 noncleft people with skeletal class I malocclusion were CVM- and sex-matched with the OL group as OLP group and control group, respectively. CVM stage I and II were combined into group 1, CVM stage III to V were combined into group 2. Interventions: Lateral cephalograms of all participants were obtained. Main Outcome Measures: Cephalometric analysis was employed, and data were compared among groups. Results: Length of posterior cranial base (Ba-S) of the OL group was shorter than controls in group 1; Ba-S and the ratio between length of posterior and anterior cranial base (Ba-S/S-N) of the OL and OLP groups were smaller than controls in group 2. No significant differences in cranial base were found between the OL and OLP groups. In group 1, patients of the OLP group showed smaller SNA, ANS-Ptm, and ANS-Ptm/S-N, and patients of the OL group showed smaller ANS-Ptm. In group 2, both OL and OLP groups had smaller sella-nasion-A point angle (SNA), projection distance between ANS and Ptm points on FH plane (ANS-Ptm), and the ratio between ANS-Ptm and anterior cranial base length (ANS-Ptm/S-N). Conclusions: Palate repair seems to have no obvious effects on cranial base morphology in patients with UCLP. Those patients with lip operated, whether cleft palate operated or not, tend to have a smaller length of maxilla sagittally and this deformity progresses with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyang Liu
- 1 Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqi Chen
- 2 Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Alhazmi A, Vargas E, Palomo JM, Hans M, Latimer B, Simpson S. Timing and rate of spheno-occipital synchondrosis closure and its relationship to puberty. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183305. [PMID: 28827837 PMCID: PMC5565182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the relationship between spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) closure and puberty onset in a modern American population. It also investigates the timing and the rate of SOS closure in males and females. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample includes cross-sectional and longitudinal 3D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans of 741 individuals (361 males and 380 females) aged 6-20 years. Each CBCT scan is visualized in the mid-sagittal plane, and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis (SOS) is scored as completely open, partially fused, mostly fused, and completely fused. The Menarche commencement is used as an indicator of puberty onset in females. RESULTS Mean ages of open, partially-fused, mostly-fused, and completely fused SOS were 11.07, 12.95, 14.44, and 16.41 years in males, and 9.75, 11.67, 13.25, and 15.25 in females, respectively. The results show there is a significant association between the SOS closure stage and the commencement of menarche (Fisher's Exact Test p < 0.001). It was found that females had a higher SOS closure rate (38.60%) per year than males at the age of 10 years. The closure rate in males appears slower than females at age 10, but it lasts a longer time, ranging between 22 and 26% per year from age 11 to 14 years. CONCLUSION There is a significant relationship between puberty onset and SOS closure, suggesting its closure is at least partially affected by systemic, hormonal changes in the growing adolescent. Also, SOS closure occurs at a faster rate and at an earlier age in females compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Alhazmi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biology, School of Art and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Eduardo Vargas
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - J. Martin Palomo
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark Hans
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bruce Latimer
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Scott Simpson
- Department of Biology, School of Art and Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Sinanoglu A, Kocasarac HD, Noujeim M. Age estimation by an analysis of spheno-occipital synchondrosis using cone-beam computed tomography. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2016; 18:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Choi JW, Jung SY, Kim HJ, Lee SH. Positional symmetry of porion and external auditory meatus in facial asymmetry. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2015; 37:33. [PMID: 26451361 PMCID: PMC4591197 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-015-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The porion (Po) is used to construct the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane for cephalometrics, and the external auditory meatus (EAM) is to transfer and mount the dental model with facebow. The classical assumption is that EAM represents Po by the parallel positioning. However, we are sometimes questioning about the possible positional disparity between Po and EAM, when the occlusal cant or facial midline is different from our clinical understandings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the positional parallelism of Po and EAM in facial asymmetries, and also to investigate their relationship with the maxillary occlusal cant. Methods The 67 subjects were classified into three groups. Group I had normal subjects with facial symmetry (1.05 ± 0.52 mm of average chin deviation) with minimal occlusal cant (<1.5 mm). Asymmetry group II-A had no maxillary occlusal cant (average 0.60 ± 0.36), while asymmetry group II-B had occlusal cant (average 3.72 ± 1.47). The distances of bilateral Po, EAM, and mesiobuccal cusp tips of the maxillary first molars (Mx) from the horizontal orbital plane (Orb) and the coronal plane were measured on the three-dimensional computed tomographic images. Their right and left side distance discrepancies were calculated and statistically compared. Results EAM was located 10.3 mm below and 2.3 mm anterior to Po in group I. The vertical distances from Po to EAM of both sides were significantly different in group II-B (p = 0.001), while other groups were not. Interside discrepancy of the vertical distances from EAM to Mx in group II-B also showed the significant differences, as compared with those from Po to Mx and from Orb to Mx. Conclusions The subjects with facial asymmetry and prominent maxillary occlusal cant tend to have the symmetric position of Po but asymmetric EAM. Some caution or other measures will be helpful for them to be used during the clinical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wook Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu 120-752 Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo Yeon Jung
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu 120-752 Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak-Jin Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu 120-752 Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hwy Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu 120-752 Seoul, Korea
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Construction and validation of the midsagittal reference plane based on the skull base symmetry for three-dimensional cephalometric craniofacial analysis. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 25:338-42. [PMID: 24469365 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the reliable midsagittal (MS) reference plane in practical ways for the three-dimensional craniofacial analysis on three-dimensional computed tomography images. METHODS Five normal human dry skulls and 20 normal subjects without any dysmorphoses or asymmetries were used. The accuracies and stability on repeated plane construction for almost every possible candidate MS plane based on the skull base structures were examined by comparing the discrepancies in distances and orientations from the reference points and planes of the skull base and facial bones on three-dimensional computed tomography images. RESULTS The following reference points of these planes were stable, and their distribution was balanced: nasion and foramen cecum at the anterior part of the skull base, sella at the middle part, and basion and opisthion at the posterior part. CONCLUSIONS The candidate reference planes constructed using the aforementioned reference points were thought to be reliable for use as an MS reference plane for the three-dimensional analysis of maxillofacial dysmorphosis.
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Pagano AS, Laitman JT. Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Nasopharyngeal Boundaries and Its Functional Integration with the Face and External Basicranium Among Extant Hominoids. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:85-106. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S. Pagano
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), Department of Anthropology; CUNY Graduate Center; New York New York
- Department of Cell Biology; New York University School of Medicine; New York New York
| | - Jeffrey T. Laitman
- Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- New York Consortium for Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), Department of Anthropology; CUNY Graduate Center; New York New York
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Sanggarnjanavanich S, Sekiya T, Nomura Y, Nakayama T, Hanada N, Nakamura Y. Cranial-base morphology in adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:82-91. [PMID: 24975002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to clarify the characteristics of cranial-base morphology in adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion and investigate factors relating to the establishment of a skeletal Class III malocclusion. METHODS Initial lateral cephalograms of women were examined. Subjects with an ANB angle of 0° to 4°, normal overjet and overbite, and a Class I molar relationship were classified as Class I (n = 86). Those with an ANB angle less than -1°, a Wits appraisal less than 2 mm, a negative overjet, and a Class III molar relationship were the Class III group (n = 86) in this study. Angular, linear, and coordinate measurements were made. Multivariate analysis of variance and the Student t test were used to analyze significant differences between the 2 groups. Discriminant analysis, logistic regression analysis, and decision analysis were used to identify which cranial-base and maxillomandibular variables influenced the establishment of a skeletal Class III malocclusion. RESULTS The Class III group had smaller values for NSBa, SeSBa, FH-SSe, and FH-SBa. Sphenoidale and basion were more inferior and anterior than those of the Class I group. There was no difference in the anterior and posterior cranial-base lengths between the groups. Greater mandibular length was the first major characteristic in the Class III group, followed by smaller values for SeSBa and NSBa. CONCLUSIONS Cranial-base morphology in adults with a skeletal Class III malocclusion is different from that in a skeletal Class I malocclusion. Smaller cranial-base angles, steeper posterior cranial bases, more inferiorly positioned sphenoidale, and more anteriorly positioned basion are major characteristics of skeletal Class III malocclusions. These characteristics play important roles in the establishment of a skeletal Class III malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetala Sanggarnjanavanich
- Postgraduate student, Departments of Orthodontics and Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshiko Sekiya
- Assistant professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nomura
- Associate professor, Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakayama
- Postgraduate student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanada
- Professor and chairman, Department of Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakamura
- Professor and chairman, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan.
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Lee SH, Kil TJ, Park KR, Kim BC, Kim JG, Piao Z, Corre P. Three-dimensional architectural and structural analysis--a transition in concept and design from Delaire's cephalometric analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 43:1154-60. [PMID: 24794759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to present a systematic sequence for three-dimensional (3D) measurement and cephalometry, provide the norm data for computed tomography-based 3D architectural and structural cephalometric analysis, and validate the 3D data through comparison with Delaire's two-dimensional (2D) lateral cephalometric data for the same Korean adults. 2D and 3D cephalometric analyses were performed for 27 healthy subjects and the measurements of both analyses were then individually and comparatively analyzed. Essential diagnostic tools for 3D cephalometry with modified definitions of the points, planes, and measurements were set up based on a review of the conceptual differences between two and three dimensions. Some 2D and 3D analysis results were similar, though significant differences were found with regard to craniofacial angle (C1-F1), incisal axis angles, cranial base length (C2), and cranial height (C3). The discrepancy in C2 and C3 appeared to be directly related to the magnification of 2D cephalometric images. Considering measurement discrepancies between 2D and 3D Delaire's analyses due to differences in concept and design, 3D architectural and structural analysis needs to be conducted based on norms and a sound 3D basis for the sake of its accurate application and widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - T-J Kil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, ROK Army, Republic of Korea
| | - K-R Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B C Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Daejeon Dental Hospital, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - J-G Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Z Piao
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - P Corre
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
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Bedoya A, Landa Nieto Z, Zuluaga LL, Rocabado M. Morphometry of the cranial base and the cranial-cervical-mandibular system in young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion, using tomographic cone beam. Cranio 2014; 32:199-207. [PMID: 25000162 DOI: 10.1179/0886963413z.00000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment planning of structural and three-dimensional anomalies have been performed using two-dimensional X-rays. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), the technology utilized in this study, allows creation of specialized images from the craniofacial region that provide more precise and reliable results. The growth of the cranial base, position and size of the cervical system, and the hyoid bone has an influence upon the morphogenesis and the growth of the maxillofacial complex. The data obtained through this current study offer a better understanding of the origin and manifestation of malocclusions, and will, therefore, offer a better therapeutic approach. The objective of the current study is to describe the measurements of the cranial base and the cranial-cervical-mandibular system in young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion, using CBCT. METHODOLOGY Twenty-four CBCT images were obtained for young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion. The i-CAT Vision (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) was used to view the images. Linear and angular measurements were obtained in the mid-sagittal plane. Univariate and bivariate analyses, as well as a multivariate analysis of principal components, were conducted. RESULTS The only metric with a statistically significant difference regarding gender was S-N major in the male participants. The metrics SNA-SNB and SNPg are positively related and inversely proportional to the angles BA-S-N and PO-P McGregor. The inclination of the upper incisor showed an inverse relationship with the angles SNA-SNB and SNpg. The craniovertebral angle was diminished in the entire sample, and the variable that vertically relates the hyoid was independent of the other variables. CONCLUSIONS After evaluating 24 images of young patients with type II, division 1 malocclusion using helical spiral CBCT, it was concluded that relationships exist between the cranial base structures, the structures that determine the sagittal position of the maxilla, mandible and chin, and the cervical vertebrae complex and hyoid bone.
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Franklin D, Flavel A. Brief Communication: Timing of spheno-occipital closure in modern Western Australians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 153:132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Franklin
- Centre for Forensic Science; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
| | - Ambika Flavel
- Centre for Forensic Science; The University of Western Australia; Crawley Western Australia
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Kim SJ, Lee KJ, Lee SH, Baik HS. Morphologic relationship between the cranial base and the mandible in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 144:330-40. [PMID: 23992805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study was conducted to measure the dimensional changes in the cranial base and the mandible in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism, and to examine the morphologic relationship between asymmetries of the cranial base and the mandible. METHODS The patients were 60 adults with mandibular prognathism, divided into a symmetry group (menton deviation, <2 mm; n = 30) and an asymmetry group (menton deviation, >4 mm; n = 30) according to the degree of menton deviation. Three-dimensional computed tomography scans were obtained with a spiral scanner. Landmarks were designated on the reconstructed 3-dimensional surface models. Linear, angular, and volumetric measurements of the cranial base and mandibular variables were made. RESULTS In the asymmetry group, the hemi-base, anterior cranial base, and middle cranial base volumes were significantly larger (P <0.01), and crista galli to sphenoid, sphenoid to petrous ridge, anterior clinoid process to petrous ridge, and vomer to petrous ridge lengths were significantly longer (P <0.05) on the nondeviated side than on the deviated side. Menton deviation was significantly correlated with the difference in hemi-base volume, and ramal volume was significantly correlated with the difference in hemi-base and middle cranial base volumes between the nondeviated and deviated sides (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS In patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism, cranial base volume increased on the nondeviated side and was also correlated with mandibular asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Al Kaissi A, Ben Chehida F, Kenis V, Ganger R, Radler C, Hofstaetter JG, Klaushofer K, Grill F. Broad spectrum of skeletal malformation complex in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia syndrome: radiographic and tomographic study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ARTHRITIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS 2013; 6:45-55. [PMID: 24023524 PMCID: PMC3762605 DOI: 10.4137/cmamd.s11933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cleidocranial dysplasia is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by defective ossification of the intramembraneous ossification (primarily the clavicles, cranium, and pelvis), and it is caused by mutations in the RUNX2 gene that is responsible for osteoblast differentiation. Spine deformities were of progressive nature and considered to be the major orthopedic abnormalities encountered in our practice in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. We aimed to further delineate the underlying spine pathology and its etiological understanding. Extraspinal deformities were dealt with respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this paper, we describe 7 patients who were consistent with the phenotypic and the genotypic characterization of cleidocranial dysplasia. Reformatted computed tomography (CT) scans have been applied in several instances to further understand the underlying pathology of progressive spine tilting. Radiographs were sufficient to illustrate other skeletal malformations. RESULTS Anatomical survey demonstrates that a broad spectrum of frequently unrecognized orthopedic aberrations were encountered. We believe that torticollis has evolved in connection with the persistence of synchondrosis of the skull base and the upper cervical spine and these are strongly correlated to the well-known pathology of posterior occipital synchondrosis. Similarly, scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis resulted from the pathologic aberration of the cartilaginous stage of disrupted embryological development. All our results are discussed for the first time. Coxa vara, patellar dysplasia, and genu valgum were observed as extraspinal deformities. CONCLUSION This paper includes for the first time the anatomical analysis of the malformation complex of the craniocervical and the entire spine in patients with cleidocranial dysplasia. Reformatted CT scan was the modality of choice. We were able to illustrate that the persistence of skull base and the cervical spine synchondrosis were correlated with the pathological mechanism of the posterior occipital synchondrosis. Therefore, injuries to the craniocervical region in these patients might lead to a wide range of dreadful complications, ranging from complete atlanto-occipital or atlanto-axial dislocation to nondisplaced occipital condyle avulsion fractures with the possibility of morbid and or mortal outcome. On the other hand, the persistence of a cartilaginous spine was the reason behind the progressive spine tilting. This pathological form can be considered as a notoriously unpredictable malformation complex. The value of presenting these patients is to demonsterate that the genotype is not a precise index to assess the severity and the natural history of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Kaissi
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, First Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria. ; Orthopedic Hospital of Speising, Pediatric Department, Vienna, Austria
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Liu Y, Liu F, Zheng Y, Yu X. Morphological Characteristics of the Cranial Base in Sagittal Malocclusion. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cappabianca S, Perillo L, Esposito V, Iaselli F, Tufano G, Thanassoulas TG, Montemarano M, Grassi R, Rotondo A. A computed tomography-based comparative cephalometric analysis of the Italian craniofacial pattern through 2,700 years. Radiol Med 2012; 118:276-90. [PMID: 22580801 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-012-0820-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to define the changes in morphovolumetric features of neurocranium, basicranium and splanchnocranium in the population of Campania, southern Italy, over the last 2,700 years. This was a very intense period for this region from both historical and evolutionary perspectives and was marked by the succession of colonisations, dominations and invasions by several European and non-European peoples, events that profoundly influenced the original genetic heritage, which subsequently became more complex. Unlike most previous authors, we based our craniometric comparative analysis on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) studies of contemporary and ancient series dating to between the seventh and fifth centuries B.C. of skulls found in the Etruscan necropolis of Pompei and Pontecagnano. MDCT is extremely reliable in identifying landmarks and measuring linear and angular indices through the use of multiplanar and tridimensional reformations. While highlighting a remarkable stability of 22/32 of the indices considered, as an effect of the role of the genetic heritage in preserving morphovolumetric features in a given population, statistical analysis showed some interesting results: the main changes concerned the splanchnocranium and the occlusion, indicating a higher sensitivity of these districts to environmental factors, mainly related to diet. Conversely, neurobasicranial complex morphovolumetric features remained amazingly intact. In particular, the neurocranium increased in overall capacity in response to the growing brain and changed shape with a progressive shift to a dolichocranic, flattened frontal pattern; the basicranium shape was preserved, as indicated by the stability of the cranial base (NSBa) angle over time. The splanchnocranium, on the contrary, has undergone a dramatic involution, even conditioning gnathic structures with changes in palatal shape (more acute) and in the relationship between the jaws on the sagittal plane, resulting in increased prevalence of Angle's class I and III malocclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cappabianca
- Unit of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Internistic F. Magrassi, A. Lanzara, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Yáñez-Vico RM, Iglesias-Linares A, Torres-Lagares D, Gutiérrez-Pérez JL, Solano-Reina E. Three-dimensional evaluation of craniofacial asymmetry: an analysis using computed tomography. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:729-36. [PMID: 20632049 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3D image technology provides a very effective tool for evaluating, characterising, and drawing up the surgical treatment plan for potential orthognathic surgery patients. Patients with dysmorphic syndromes or incorrect jaw positions frequently show facial asymmetry. The objective of this cross-sectional survey is to evaluate facial asymmetry by means of three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstructions. Twenty one consecutive patients were diagnosed using a CT scan. 3D reconstructions of the patients' skulls were made and then measurements taken of different craniometric landmarks and of the various structures presenting asymmetry. The gonion emerged as the most asymmetrical point in all subjects, and the anterior nasal spine showed least deviation. The t test produced statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between symmetric and asymmetric patients at all landmarks. The lateral inclination of the mandibular ramus was shown to present the greatest asymmetrical deviation, followed by the frontal inclination of the mandibular ramus. The angulation of the mandibular ramus, on both frontal and lateral planes, determines apparent facial asymmetry, as well as conditioning the surgical treatment plan for patients with craniofacial asymmetry.
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"Ten-point" 3D cephalometric analysis using low-dosage cone beam computed tomography. Prog Orthod 2010; 11:2-12. [PMID: 20529623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pio.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to combine the huge amount of information of low dose Cone Beam CT with a cephalometric simplified protocol thanks to the latest informatics aids. Lateral cephalograms are two-dimensional (2-D) radiographs that are used to represent three-dimensional (3-D) structures. Cephalograms have inherent limitations as a result of distortion, super imposition and differential magnification of the craniofacial complex. This may lead to errors of identification and reduced measurement accuracy. The advantages of CBCT over conventional CT include low radiation exposure, imaging quality improvement, potentially better access, high spatial resolution and lower cost. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study assessed cephalometric 2D and 3D measurements and the analysis of CBCT cephalograms of the volume and centroid of the maxilla and mandible, in 10 clinical cases. RESULTS With a few exceptions the linear and angular cephalometric measurements obtained from CBCT and from conventional cephalograms did not differ statistically (p>0.01). There was a correlation between the variation in the skeletal malocclusion and growth direction of the jaws, and the variation in the spatial position (x, y, z) of the centroids and their volumes (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The 3D cephalometric analysis is easier to interpret than 2D cephalometric analysis. In contrast to those made on projective radiographies, the angular and linear measurements detected on 3D become real, moreover the fewest points to select and the automatic measurements made by the computer drastically reduced human error, for a much more reliable reproducible and repeatable diagnosis.
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Comparison of Computed Tomographic Imaging Measurements with Clinical Findings in Children with Unilateral Lambdoid Synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2009; 123:300-309. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e31819346b5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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EL-Batran M, Soliman N, EL-Wakil K. The relationship between cranial base and maxillo-facial morphology in Egyptian children. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2008; 59:287-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muramatsu A, Nawa H, Kimura M, Yoshida K, Maeda M, Katsumata A, Ariji E, Goto S. Reproducibility of maxillofacial anatomic landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomographic images determined with the 95% confidence ellipse method. Angle Orthod 2008; 78:396-402. [PMID: 18416622 DOI: 10.2319/040207-166.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the plotting reproducibility of landmarks on 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) images through use of the 95% confidence ellipse in order to propose sufficiently stable coordinate systems for 3D-CT measurements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six dentists plotted 19 landmarks twice on 3D-CT images. Scatterplots and the 95% ellipses were produced 3-dimensionally, and the areas of the ellipses were calculated for evaluating the reproducibility of landmarks. RESULTS The plotting reproducibility of each landmark showed characteristic features. Among five landmarks (the sella [S], nasion [N], basion [Ba], orbitale [Or], and true porion [Po]) that are frequently used as reference points on cephalograms, Ba showed the smallest areas for all three coordinate axes, indicating high reproducibility. The coronoid process (CP) and the tooth-related landmarks showed relatively high reproducibility. CONCLUSION Sufficiently stable coordinate axes could be proposed for different treatments and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Muramatsu
- Department of Orthodontics, Aichi-Gakuin University School of Dentistry, Nagoya, Japan
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Martin O, Muelas L, Viñas MJ. Nasopharyngeal cephalometric study of ideal occlusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 130:436.e1-9. [PMID: 17045141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess nasopharyngeal soft-tissue patterns in patients with ideal occlusion. METHODS A sample of 91 patients was selected from the Dental School at Complutense University of Madrid. None of the subjects had a history of sleep disorder, snoring, sleep apnea, upper airway disease, adenoidectomy, or pathology in the pharynx. Lateral cephalograms were digitized, and linear and area measures were made to define the airway pattern. Error analysis was performed to prevent systematic or random errors. The Student t test and the Pearson correlation analysis were applied to compare sex differences and variable correlations. A factorial data analysis was also applied to prove a group-dependant relationship between variables. RESULTS Nasopharyngeal soft-tissue patterns were different in men and women. Nasal fossa, cranial base, and adenoidal tissue were larger in men. All variables except lower pharynx dimension were statistically related. Great dependence was observed between some variables: upper airway thickness explained 60% of the changes in upper pharyngeal dimension and 67% of the changes in aerial area. Cranial base length was also statistically related with different variables that define the airway, mainly nasal fossa length and lower airway thickness. Nasal fossa length was statistically correlated with upper airway thickness. McNamara's lower pharyngeal dimension did not depend on other variables used in this study. Five groups of variables tended to be related among themselves but not with others. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests new lines of investigation into the relationship between skeletal and dental anomalies and airway obstruction, and possible specific respiratory patterns for each type of malocclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Martin
- Department of Orthodontics, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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