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Lunia P, Krishnan K, Irani F, Hundal JS, Arastu S, Vonk JMJ, Sunderaraman P. A scoping review of neuropsychological assessment for Asian Indians in the United States - research and clinical recommendations. Clin Neuropsychol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38565847 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2024.2327674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective: There is an increasing focus on understanding health disparities among various cultural groups in the United States. The need for heterogeneity in norms and test stimuli across ethnically diverse individuals are being increasingly recognized. However, to date it remains unknown whether and to what extent differences in cognitive norms and tests exist in Asian Indians, a fast-growing population in the U.S. It is essential to understand these differences to improve diagnostic accuracy and provide timely and appropriate clinical care. Method: In this study, we conducted a scoping review of available cognitive tests that were normed, developed, or adapted for Asian Indians living in the U.S. Results: The results suggested a paucity of norms and tests specifically examining cognition in this community. Conclusions: Based on the findings, we provide suggestions for research directions focusing on the development of culturally sensitive neuropsychological tools, normative data representative of this demographic, and interventions addressing healthcare access barriers. Overall, this review provides readers with relevant clinical information to immediately enhance patient care as well as provide actionable items in research to improve the future utility of neuropsychology for Asian Indians in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Lunia
- Thomas Jefferson Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamini Krishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Sana Arastu
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Jet M J Vonk
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Preeti Sunderaraman
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus, Boston, MA, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study - Brain Aging Program, Framingham, MA, USA
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Castillo IA, Tengelin E, Arveklev SH, Dahlborg E. When nursing education becomes political: Norm-critical perspectives in a campus-based clinical learning environment. Nurs Inq 2024; 31:e12597. [PMID: 37608629 DOI: 10.1111/nin.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nursing education is in the process of incorporating critical thinking, social justice, and health inequality perspectives into educational structures, aspiring to help nursing students develop into professional nurses prepared to provide equal care. Norm criticism is a pedagogical philosophy that promotes social justice. This qualitative case study aimed to gain an understanding of and elaborate on an educational development initiative in which norm criticism was incorporated into the composition of a new campus-based clinical learning environment for nursing education. By analyzing documents and interviews with the help of reflexive thematic analysis three themes were generated: "Intention to educate beyond nursing education," "Educating in alliance with society," and "The educative ambiguity of the Clinical Learning Centre." The case study indicates that the incorporation of norm criticism into a campus-based clinical learning environment may encourage nursing students to evolve social skills for nursing practice that support health equality within healthcare. By collaborating with society, nursing education can considerably improve its educational frameworks in alignment with societal demands. However, the inclusion of norm criticism in a setting such as a campus-based clinical learning environment entails a clash with established institutionalized norms and being perceived as too proximate to politics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellinor Tengelin
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Science, Mid Sweden University, Ostersund, Sweden
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Rosenqvist J, Slama S, Haavisto A. Generalizability of the Swedish WISC-V to the Finland-Swedish minority - the FinSwed study. Child Neuropsychol 2024:1-27. [PMID: 38526303 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2331277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
International guidelines highlight the importance of using appropriate and culturally fair test materials when conducting clinical psychological assessments. In the present study, the generalizability of the Swedish WISC-V with Scandinavian normative data was explored in 6-16-year-old Swedish-speaking children in Finland (N = 134), as no local test versions or norms are available for this minority. First, metric measurement invariance was established, i.e., the constructs measured were equivalent between the standardization data and the present sample. Second, the performance of this minority group on the Swedish WISC-V was compared to the Scandinavian normative mean. The findings showed that the Finland-Swedish children performed overall higher than the normative mean on the Swedish WISC-V, with an FSIQ of 103. The performance was significantly higher also in the indexes VSI, FRI, and WMI as well as in several subtests. However, in the subtest Vocabulary, the Finland-Swedish children achieved significantly lower scores than the Scandinavian mean. Further analyses showed significant associations between cognitive performance and age as well as parental education. For the VCI and the FSIQ, performance increased significantly with age, despite the use of age-standardized scaled scores. The general high performance was suggested to relate to the overall high educational level of the Finland-Swedes as well as to other cultural and test-related factors. The results have implications for clinicians conducting assessments with this minority, but also highlight the importance of establishing test fairness by validating tests when used in different cultural groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rosenqvist
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Neuropsychology, HUS Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanna Slama
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Haavisto
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vasa, Finland
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Bode I, Huelss H. Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Practical Normativity/Normality: Investigating Practices beyond the Public Space. Open Res Eur 2024; 3:160. [PMID: 38617117 PMCID: PMC11015116 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.16536.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This essay examines how artificial intelligence (AI) technologies may shape international norms. Following a brief discussion of the ways in which AI technologies pose new governance questions, we reflect on the extent to which norm research in the discipline of International Relations (IR) is equipped to understand how AI technologies shape normative substance. Norm research has typically focused on the impact and failure of norms, offering increasingly diversified models of norm contestation, for instance. But present research has two shortcomings: a near-exclusive focus on modes and contexts of norm emergence and constitution that happen in the public space; and a focus on the workings of a pre-set normativity (ideas of oughtness and justice) that stands in an unclear relationship with normality (ideas of the standard, the average) emerging from practices. Responding to this, we put forward a research programme on AI and practical normativity/normality based on two pillars: first, we argue that operational practices of designing and using AI technologies typically performed outside of the public eye make norms; and second, we emphasise the interplay of normality and normativity as analytically influential in this process. With this, we also reflect on how increasingly relying on AI technologies across diverse policy domains has an under-examined effect on the exercise of human agency. This is important because the normality shaped by AI technologies can lead to forms of non-human generated normativity that risks replacing conventional models about how norms matter in AI-affected policy domains. We close with sketching three future research streams. We conclude that AI technologies are a major, yet still under-researched, challenge for understanding and studying norms. We should therefore reflect on new theoretical perspectives leading to insights that are also relevant for the struggle about top-down forms of AI regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Bode
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Region Syddanmark, Denmark
| | - Hendrik Huelss
- Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Syddansk Universitet, Odense, Region Syddanmark, Denmark
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5
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Sumary DP, Raymond J, Chacha M, Banzi FP. Radioactivity and dose assessment of naturally occurring radionuclides in terrestrial environments and foodstuffs: a review of Bahi district, Tanzania. Int J Environ Health Res 2024; 34:1652-1663. [PMID: 37442548 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2234299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the online searchable research articles were scrutinized for the data presented in line with radioactivity and dose estimates from both terrestrial environments and foodstuffs from Bahi district and other parts of Tanzania. The data on natural gamma ray dose rates from Bahi localities were observed with variations among researchers. The observed ranges of radioactivity concentrations (Bq kg-1) in soil were 226Ra (28.5-57.4), 232Th (38.1-521.3), and 40K (562.9-665.0). Deep closed water wells with installed pumps from Ilindi and Bahi Mission reported radioactivity concentration of 238U 3.08 Bq L-1 and Ilindi swamps reported radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra 15.35 Bq L-1, whereas radioactivity concentrations of 238U in cereals were within the annual tolerable limits of 0.001-0.02 Bq kg-1. The quantity and accessibility of published studies, as well as the diversity of the data, point to the necessity for additional studies to be carried out in order to obtain comprehensive baseline data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Parmena Sumary
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Jofrey Raymond
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Musa Chacha
- Department of Global Health and Bio-Medical Sciences, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Frimi Paul Banzi
- Department of Technology and Technical Services, Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, Arusha, Tanzania
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Hudani A, Labonté R, Yaya S. Where's the Disconnect? Exploring Pathways to Healthcare Coordinated for Youth Experiencing Homelessness in Toronto, Canada, Using Grounded Theory Methodology. Qual Health Res 2024; 34:298-310. [PMID: 37948631 PMCID: PMC10905976 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231208417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
About 900 youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) reside at an emergency youth shelter (EYS) in Toronto on any given night. Several EYSs offer access to healthcare based on youths' needs, including access to primary care, and mental health and addictions support. However, youth also require healthcare from the broader health system, which is often challenging to navigate and access. Currently, little is known about healthcare coordination efforts between the EYS and health systems for YEH. Using grounded theory methodology, we interviewed 24 stakeholders and concurrently analyzed and compared data to explore pathways to healthcare coordinated for youth who reside at an EYS in Toronto. We also investigated fundamental parts (i.e., norms, resources, regulations, and operations) within the EYS and health systems that influence these pathways to healthcare using thematic analysis. A significant healthcare coordination gap was found between these two systems, typically when youth experience crises, often resulting in a recurring loop of transition and discharge between EYSs and hospitals. Several parts within each system act interdependently in hindering adequate healthcare coordination between the EYS and health systems. Incorporating training for system staff on how to effectively coordinate healthcare and work with homeless populations who have complex health needs, and rethinking information-sharing policies within circles of care are examples of how system parts can be targeted to improve healthcare coordination for YEH. Establishing multidisciplinary healthcare teams specialized to serve the complex needs of YEH may also improve healthcare coordination between systems, and access and quality of healthcare for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahra Hudani
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- The George Institute for Global Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Snell GE, Seage CH, Mercer J. A phenomenological study on the lived experience of men with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:225-237. [PMID: 37455618 PMCID: PMC10913334 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231186385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been widely researched amongst women, studies investigating how men experience a CFS diagnosis is limited. This study utilised an interpretative phenomenological approach to interview five men who have a medical diagnosis of CFS. Six themes emerged to demonstrate the participants' experiences prior to, during and after obtaining their CFS diagnosis. Findings revealed that participants were initially reluctant to accept their condition, confounded by their perception that symptoms compromised their sense of masculinity. They also felt that healthcare professionals had limited recognition of CFS leading them to seek social support and legitimisation from other sources. The struggle to come to terms with a different lifestyle and sense of masculinity prevailed. Such knowledge could be effectively utilised by researchers, practitioners and employers to facilitate an increased understanding of male accounts of the condition and more bespoke interventions where required.
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Brown KL, Lawson KM, Banks DE. The Differential Role of Perceived Same-Gender and Gender-Neutral Norms in Emerging Adult Risk Behavior. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:549-557. [PMID: 38073312 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2287214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Background: Normative perceptions are strongly related to risk behaviors among emerging adults but the role of gender-specific normative perceptions remain unclear. Objectives: The current study examined the differential effects of same-gender and gender-neutral normative perceptions on self-reported substance use and sexual risk behavior. College students (n = 389, ages 18-25) reported binge drinking, cannabis use and prescription drug misuse, sexual risk behavior, and the perceived frequency of these behaviors by both the average- and same-gender adult. Results: Binge drinking was positively associated with same-gender norms only, whereas cannabis use and sexual risk behavior were also positively associated with gender-neutral norms perceptions. For binge drinking only, same-gender norms explained more variance in behavior than gender-neutral norms. Conclusions: Findings indicate perceptions of same-gender norms play a particularly important role in binge drinking during this developmental period. Interventions targeting emerging adult risk behavior should include within-group normative perceptions related to demographic and social group characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanila L Brown
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katie M Lawson
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, USA
| | - Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Lyons BA, Mérola V, Reifler J, Spälti AK, Stedtnitz C, Stoeckel F. When experts matter: Variations in consensus messaging for vaccine and genetically modified organism safety. Public Underst Sci 2024; 33:210-226. [PMID: 37596933 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231188594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Does consensus messaging about contested science issues influence perceptions of consensus and/or personal beliefs? This question remains open, particularly for topics other than climate change and samples outside the United States. In a Spanish national sample (N = 5087), we use preregistered survey experiments to examine differential efficacy of variations in consensus messaging for vaccines and genetically modified organisms. We find that no variation of consensus messaging influences vaccine beliefs. For genetically modified organisms, about which misperceptions are particularly prevalent in our sample, we find that scientific consensus messaging increases perception of consensus and personal belief that genetically modified organisms are safe, and decreases support for a ban. Increasing degree of consensus did not have consistent effects. Although individual differences (e.g. a conspiratorial worldview) predict these genetically modified organism beliefs, they do not undercut consensus message effects. While we observe relatively modest effect sizes, consensus messaging may be able to improve the accuracy of beliefs about some contentious topics.
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Todaro SM, Schulz CT, Rothstein M, Stamates AL, Ehlke S, Kelley M. Normative Perceptions of Sexual Behavior and Alcohol Use among Bisexual Women. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:785-791. [PMID: 38229244 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2302150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Background: As compared to heterosexual and lesbian women, bisexual women report higher rates of alcohol, other substance use, and risky sexual behavior, and they experience more negative outcomes from these behaviors. Descriptive norms (i.e., perceptions of others' behavior) are an important predictor of risky behaviors, but scant research has examined whether bisexual women's perceptions of other bisexual women's alcohol use and sexual behavior are associated with their own alcohol or drug use during sex. Objectives: Consequently, the present study examined (1) whether perceived sex norms were related to engagement in sex and (2) the relative influence of drinking and sex norms on engaging in sex while drinking among bisexual women. Method: Data were collected from 225 self-identified bisexual women who completed an online survey about their typical weekly alcohol use, engagement in alcohol or drug use during sex in the past 30 days, and normative perceptions of drinking and sexual behavior. Results: Regression models demonstrated both sexual norms and drinking frequency norms were positively associated with alcohol or drug use during sex. In addition, only perceived norms of other bisexual women, compared to perceived norms of lesbian and heterosexual women, predicted engagement in sex. Conclusions: Bisexual women may be susceptible to normative perceptions, given their connectedness to a marginalized social group. Thus, alcohol prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing risky consequences among bisexual women should specifically consider drinking and sexual norms of other bisexual women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Ehlke
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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Wang CW, Yeh JL, Li SF, Chen CM, Wang HH, He CS, Lin HT. Functional Fitness Norms of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Southern Rural Taiwan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:213. [PMID: 38255100 PMCID: PMC10815020 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) and functional fitness (FF) are crucial for promoting independent living and healthy aging in older adults. However, there is a lack of normative values for the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) among older adults (aged 55-90) living in southern rural Taiwan, particularly in the Chiayi region, which has been relatively underserved in terms of health-related resources compared to northern Taiwan. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the age- and gender-specific normative fitness scores for a large representative population of community-dwelling older adults in southern rural Taiwan. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to obtain normative FF scores for 3332 community-dwelling elderly people (1057 men and 2275 women) in Chiayi, through the implementation of functional fitness tests across 72 Chiayi communities. The developed normative data served as a reference for exercise prescription for the elderly in southern Taiwan. RESULTS The study showed that the average normative values of all functional fitness tests declined significantly with increasing age (p < 0.05). Sex differences were also found in all measures of FF tests, with elderly women scoring significantly better than men on flexibility (scratch back: -1.34 ± 9.03 vs. -6.54 ± 11.07; chair sit and reach: 6.56 ± 9.44 vs. 0.56 ± 10.40) (p < 0.05), while men scored significantly higher than women on strength (grip strength: 30.83 ± 8.06 vs. 21.82 ± 5.32; bicep curl: 19.25 ± 5.44 vs. 17.64 ± 4.98) (p < 0.05). Furthermore, four FF normative scores in southern rural Taiwan were found to be significantly higher than their counterparts living in northern Taiwan. CONCLUSION These findings contribute positively to the evaluation of fitness levels among older adults in southern rural Taiwan and provide a concrete reference for developing sound PA programs for this population. The results suggest that strategies aimed at promoting increased participation in PA among older adults need to consider age-, sex-, and region-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Wang
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Jia-Ling Yeh
- Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan;
| | - Shuk-Fong Li
- Department of Athletics Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan; (S.-F.L.); (C.-M.C.); (H.-H.W.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Athletics Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan; (S.-F.L.); (C.-M.C.); (H.-H.W.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Hsiu-Hua Wang
- Department of Athletics Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan; (S.-F.L.); (C.-M.C.); (H.-H.W.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletics Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan; (S.-F.L.); (C.-M.C.); (H.-H.W.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Hsin-Tzu Lin
- Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong 621301, Taiwan;
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Grønneberg SV, Engebretsen E, Løkkeberg ST. Stories of Hope: Young People's Personal Narratives About ADHD Put Into Context of Positive Aspects. Qual Health Res 2024; 34:48-60. [PMID: 37918375 PMCID: PMC10714684 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231206936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing acceptance that ADHD is a multi-dimensional disorder in which not all symptoms are associated with deficits or functional impairments. This article contributes to research on the positive aspects of the diagnosis, specifically understanding the positive aspects of living with ADHD. The empirical data was based on individual interviews and self-narratives of 10 young adults with ADHD. Narrative analysis was implemented when investigating their stories. The findings showed that challenges with the diagnosis were not necessarily stably occupied, and for some, the diagnosis was thought of as a benefit and something they would not have been without. Four stories highlighted particularly the context of positive aspects: (1) insight and strategies, (2) targeted efforts, (3) balanced energy, and (4) social skills. These aspects were correlated to both the individual's strengths as well as the strengths and support that could be related to their societal and cultural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv Vea Grønneberg
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
| | | | - Stine Torp Løkkeberg
- Faculty of Health, Welfare and Organisation, Østfold University College, Fredrikstad, Norway
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Abstract
Purpose: Few studies examine whether and how heterosexist norms in schools might influence disparities in mental health between sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Addressing this gap, we study disparities in life satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints, and emotional problems between same/both-sex attracted and other-sex attracted adolescents and examine the moderating role of heterosexist norms on the classroom- and school-level. Methods: We used data from the 2013 and 2017 Dutch Health and Behavior in School-Aged Children study (N = 12,756; mean age = 14.02; standard deviation = 1.54). Separate multi-level analyses for life satisfaction, psychosomatic complaints, and emotional problems were conducted in which cross-level interaction effects between sexual attraction and school and classroom-level heterosexist norms were estimated. Results: Same-sex attracted, both-sex attracted, and adolescents unsure about their sexual attraction reported lower life satisfaction, more psychosomatic complaints, and more emotional problems than their other-sex attracted peers. On average, stronger school-level heterosexist norms were associated with higher life satisfaction, fewer psychosomatic complaints, and fewer emotional problems. Stronger classroom-level heterosexist norms were associated with fewer emotional problems. One moderating effect of sexual attraction and school-level heterosexist norms was found. Contrary to expectations, disparities in life satisfaction between same-sex attracted and other-sex attracted adolescents were smaller when classroom-level heterosexist norms were stronger. Standardized regression coefficients showed that the associations were small. Conclusion: Although our findings suggest pressing health disparities between heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents, heterosexist norms at the school and classroom level were weakly associated with these health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J Kiekens
- Department of Sociology, Interuniversity Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Baams
- Department of Pedagogy and Educational Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke W J M Stevens
- Department of Interdisciplinary Social Science, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Liu W, Yu L, Deng Q, Li Y, Lu P, Yang J, Chen F, Li F, Zhou X, Bergeron MF, Ashford JW, Xu Q. Toward digitally screening and profiling AD: A GAMLSS approach of MemTrax in China. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:399-409. [PMID: 37654085 PMCID: PMC10916970 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSES To establish a normative range of MemTrax (MTx) metrics in the Chinese population. METHODS The correct response percentage (MTx-%C) and mean response time (MTx-RT) were obtained and the composite scores (MTx-Cp) calculated. Generalized additive models for location, shape and scale (GAMLSS) were applied to create percentile curves and evaluate goodness of fit, and the speed-accuracy trade-off was investigated. RESULTS 26,633 subjects, including 13,771 (51.71%) men participated in this study. Age- and education-specific percentiles of the metrics were generated. Q tests and worm plots indicated adequate fit for models of MTx-RT and MTx-Cp. Models of MTx-%C for the low and intermediate education fit acceptably, but not well enough for a high level of education. A significant speed-accuracy trade-off was observed for MTx-%C from 72 to 94. CONCLUSIONS GAMLSS is a reliable method to generate smoothed age- and education-specific percentile curves of MTx metrics, which may be adopted for mass screening and follow-ups addressing Alzheimer's disease or other cognitive diseases. HIGHLIGHTS GAMLSS was applied to establish nonlinear percentile curves of cognitive decline. Subjects with a high level of education demonstrate a later onset and slower decline of cognition. Speed-accuracy trade-off effects were observed in a subgroup with moderate accuracy. MemTrax can be used as a mass-screen instrument for active cognition health management advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Liu
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ling Yu
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiuqiong Deng
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yunrong Li
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Department of NeurologyRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of NeurologyRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fei Chen
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Li
- Kunming Escher Technology Co. LtdKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Xianbo Zhou
- Center for Alzheimer's ResearchWashington Institute of Clinical ResearchViennaVirginiaUSA
- AstraNeura Co. LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Michael F. Bergeron
- Visiting ScholarDepartment of Health SciencesUniversity of HartfordWest HartfordConnecticutUSA
| | - John Wesson Ashford
- War Related Illness and Injury Study CenterVA Palo Alto HCSPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Qun Xu
- Health Management CenterRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of NeurologyRenji Hospital of Medical School of Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghaiChina
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15
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Purohit B, Hill PS. Posting and Transfer: the experiences of public sector doctors in two Indian states. Health Policy Plan 2023; 38:1121-1130. [PMID: 37140240 PMCID: PMC10684983 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Posting and Transfer (PT) refers to deployment of the health workforce in ways that ensure appropriate numbers and distribution. Although PT is a crucial aspect of health workforce governance, it remains under-researched from the viewpoint of implementation, health workforce and governance. The aim of this paper is to examine public sector doctors' experience of their initial postings, in the context of local policy from two Indian states. We carried out a review search for policy documentation. A total 61 in-depth interviews were conducted in both states with 33 doctors, as subjects of the study. There were 28 key informant (KI) interviews of health administrators and other policy actors to understand their perspectives of PT policies and implementation. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Job histories were constructed from the doctors' interviews to track their experience with the PT system, and analysed using location, duration and postings. Despite search for state policy for PT, we were unable to identify any policy documentation. However, participants referred to PT practices that suggested expectations of what the poliy meant to them. These expectations were corroborated by KI, and the job histories and interview data enabled the authors to construct a series of norms, interpreted as evidence of implied policy. The main norms identified relate to service need, native place, request, gender and posting duration. The norm related to state need had strong face validity, while other norms based on request, gender and duration were less consistent in application. In the absence of documented policies, the construction of norms from the qualitative data proved useful to examine the dynamics of health workers' interactions with the initial PT systems This construction of norms provides a methodological innovation allowing health policy and systems researchers to compensate for the absence of documented policy in exploring PT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Purohit
- Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opposite Airforce Head Quartes, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382042, India
- Faculty of Law and Business, Peter Faber Business School, Australian Catholic University, Tenison Woods House, 8-20 Napier Street, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Peter S Hill
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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16
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Espenes J, Lorentzen IM, Eliassen IV, Hessen E, Waterloo K, Timón-Reina S, Fladby T, Walhovd KB, Fjell AM, Kirsebom BE. Regression-based normative data for the D-KEFS Color-Word Interference Test in Norwegian adults ages 20-85. Clin Neuropsychol 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37974044 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2023.2276967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Color-Word-Interference Test (CWIT; AKA Stroop test) is a widely used measure of processing speed and executive function. While test materials and instructions have been translated to Norwegian, only American age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS are available in Norway. We here develop norms in a sample of 1011 Norwegians between 20 and 85 years. We provide indexes for stability over time and assess demographic adjustments applying the D-KEFS norms. Method: Participants were healthy Norwegian adults from Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC) (n = 899), the Dementia Disease Initiation (n = 77), and Oslo MCI (n = 35). Using regression-based norming, we estimated linear and non-linear effects of age, education, and sex on the CWIT 1-4 subtests. Stability over time was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). The normative adjustment of the D-KEFS norms was assessed with linear regression models. Results: Increasing age was associated with slower completion on all CWIT subtests in a non-linear fashion (accelerated lowering of performance with older age). Women performed better on CWIT-1&3. Higher education predicted faster completion time on CWIT-3&4. The original age-adjusted norms from D-KEFS did not adjust for sex or education. Furthermore, we observed significant, albeit small effects of age on all CWIT subtests. ICC analyses indicated moderate to good stability over time. Conclusion: We present demographically adjusted regression-based norms and stability indexes for the D-KEFS CWIT subtests. US D-KEFS norms may be inaccurate for Norwegians with high or low educational attainment, especially women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Espenes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingrid Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ingvild Vøllo Eliassen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erik Hessen
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Santiago Timón-Reina
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway
- Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Norway
- Computational Radiology and Artificial Intelligence, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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17
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Rienecke RD, Mehler PS, Duffy A, Le Grange D, Peterson CB, Blalock DV. Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire: Norms for Adults in Higher Levels of Care. Assessment 2023:10731911231208386. [PMID: 37927104 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231208386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Establishing normative data for questionnaires is essential for the accurate interpretation of scores, given that these norms can vary according to different subpopulations and treatment contexts. The purpose of this study was to establish norms for the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) among adults receiving higher levels of care (HLOCs) for the treatment of eating disorders. Participants were 2,283 people receiving treatment at the inpatient, residential, partial hospitalization, or intensive outpatient levels of care. The EDE-Q was completed at admission. Patients with anorexia nervosa-restricting subtype (AN-R) had the lowest EDE-Q Global scores when compared with all other eating disorder diagnoses. When compared with intensive outpatient care, only those in residential treatment had higher EDE-Q Global scores. This study is among the first to describe norms for the EDE-Q in a large sample of adults receiving various HLOCs. Programs utilizing the EDE-Q to assess treatment outcomes can use these findings to aid people in interpreting their scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Rienecke
- Eating Recovery Center and Pathlight Mood & Anxiety Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip S Mehler
- Eating Recovery Center and Pathlight Mood & Anxiety Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Denver Health, CO, USA
- University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Alan Duffy
- Eating Recovery Center and Pathlight Mood & Anxiety Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Le Grange
- University of California, San Francisco, USA
- The University of Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Dan V Blalock
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, NC, USA
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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18
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Brady WJ, Jackson JC, Lindström B, Crockett MJ. Algorithm-mediated social learning in online social networks. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:947-960. [PMID: 37543440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Human social learning is increasingly occurring on online social platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, and TikTok. On these platforms, algorithms exploit existing social-learning biases (i.e., towards prestigious, ingroup, moral, and emotional information, or 'PRIME' information) to sustain users' attention and maximize engagement. Here, we synthesize emerging insights into 'algorithm-mediated social learning' and propose a framework that examines its consequences in terms of functional misalignment. We suggest that, when social-learning biases are exploited by algorithms, PRIME information becomes amplified via human-algorithm interactions in the digital social environment in ways that cause social misperceptions and conflict, and spread misinformation. We discuss solutions for reducing functional misalignment, including algorithms promoting bounded diversification and increasing transparency of algorithmic amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Brady
- Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management, Evanston, IL, USA.
| | | | - Björn Lindström
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden
| | - M J Crockett
- Princeton University, Department of Psychology, Princeton, NJ, USA; Princeton University, University Center for Human Values, Princeton, NJ, USA
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19
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Majolo B, Maréchal L, Igali F, Van de Vyver J. Cooperation and group similarity in children and young adults in the UK. Evol Hum Sci 2023; 5:e29. [PMID: 38027425 PMCID: PMC10643143 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
For cooperation to be beneficial, cooperators should be able to differentiate individuals who are willing to cooperate from free-riders. In the absence of kin or of familiar individuals, phenotypic similarity (e.g. in terms of language) can be used as a cue of how likely two or more individuals are to behave similarly (whether they will cooperate or free-ride). Thus, phenotypic similarity could affect cooperation. However, it is unclear whether humans respond to any type of phenotypic similarity or whether only salient phenotypic traits guide cooperation. We tested whether within-group, non-salient phenotypic similarity affects cooperation in 280, 3 to 10 year old children and in 76 young adults (mean 19.8 years old) in the UK. We experimentally manipulated the degree of phenotypic similarity in three computer-based experiments. We found no evidence of a preference for, or greater cooperation with, phenotypically similar individuals in children, even though children displayed ingroup preference. Conversely, young adults cooperated more with phenotypically similar than with phenotypically diverse individuals to themselves. Our results suggest that response to non-salient phenotypic similarity varies with age and that young adults may pay more attention to non-salient cues of diversity then children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonaventura Majolo
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, Brayford Wharf East, LincolnLN5 7AT, UK
| | - Laëtitia Maréchal
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, Brayford Wharf East, LincolnLN5 7AT, UK
| | - Ferenc Igali
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, Brayford Wharf East, LincolnLN5 7AT, UK
| | - Julie Van de Vyver
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Sarah Swift Building, Brayford Wharf East, LincolnLN5 7AT, UK
- Behavioural Insights and Research team, Magpie, Munro House, Duke St, Leeds, LS9 8AG, UK
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Upper Mountjoy, South road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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20
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Gonçalves J, Gerardo B, Nogueira J, Afonso RM, Freitas S. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): An update normative study for the Portuguese population. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37708840 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2252949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief cognitive screening instrument that is known for its good psychometric properties and sensitivity to detect mild cognitive impairment (MCI). After ten years, it became relevant to update the previous Portuguese normative study due to changes in the population and some limitations present in the study itself. The study sample was composed of 860 cognitively healthy adults, stratified according to verified distribution of the Portuguese population across several sociodemographic variables. All participants completed a neuropsychological assessment battery, in which the MoCA was included. The analysis of the relationships between the sociodemographic variables and the MoCA show that age and educational level had a significant effect on MoCA scores, with educational level being the better predictor. These results foster the consideration of age and educational level in the development of normative data. The present study contributes to a reliable update of the normative data of MoCA. The new age groups and more stratified norms comply with the natural changes on the Portuguese population, providing an increase of power and clinical accuracy. The presented norms consider the cognitive domains subscores, consequently improving the comprehension and utility of the results obtained from the MoCA test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Gonçalves
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Bianca Gerardo
- CINEIIC - Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Nogueira
- CINEIIC - Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Marina Afonso
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sandra Freitas
- Department of Psychology and Education, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
- CINEIIC - Centro de Investigação do Núcleo de Estudos e Intervenção Cognitivo-Comportamental, Coimbra, Portugal
- Psychological Assessment and Psychometrics Laboratory (PsyAssessmentLab), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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21
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Laninga-Wijnen L, Malamut ST, Garandeau CF, Salmivalli C. Does defending affect adolescents' peer status, or vice versa? Testing the moderating effects of empathy, gender, and anti-bullying norms. J Res Adolesc 2023; 33:913-930. [PMID: 37000023 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study examined bidirectional associations between students' bully-directed defending behavior and their peer status (being liked or popular) and tested for the moderating role of empathy, gender, and classroom anti-bullying norms. Three waves of data were collected at 4-5-month time intervals among 3680 Finnish adolescents (Mage = 13.94, 53.0% girls). Cross-lagged panel analyses showed that defending positively predicted popularity and, to a larger degree, being liked over time. No moderating effect of empathy was found. Popularity was more strongly predictive of defending, and defending was more strongly predictive of status among girls than among boys. Moreover, the positive effects of both types of status on defending were-albeit to a limited extent-stronger in classrooms with higher anti-bullying norms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah T Malamut
- Developmental Psychology, INVEST Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Claire F Garandeau
- Developmental Psychology, INVEST Flagship, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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22
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Shin Y, Miller-Day M, Pettigrew J, Hecht ML. Does Narrative Quality Matter During Implementation of a School-Based Prevention Intervention? A Test of Narrative Engagement Theory. J Health Commun 2023; 28:526-538. [PMID: 37401175 PMCID: PMC10527670 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2023.2231886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Narratives play a powerful role in sharing meaning and making sense of experiences. Specifically, health narratives convey storylines, characters, and messages about health-related behaviors and provide audiences with models for healthy behaviors, prompting audiences' health-related reflections and decision-making. Narrative engagement theory (NET) explains how personal narratives can be integrated into interventions to promote health. This study utilizes NET to test direct and indirect effects of teachers' narrative quality on adolescent outcomes during a school-based substance use prevention intervention that includes narrative pedagogy and an implementation strategy. Observational coding of teacher narratives in video-recorded lessons along with self-report student surveys (N = 1,683) were subjected to path analysis. Findings showed significant direct effects of narrative quality on student engagement, norms (i.e. personal, best-friend injunctive, and descriptive norms), and substance use behavior. The analysis also yielded support for indirect effects of narrative quality on adolescent substance use behavior via student engagement, personal norms, and descriptive norms. Findings highlight important issues related to teacher-student interaction during implementation and contributes implications for adolescent substance use prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- YoungJu Shin
- Department of Organizational Sciences and Communication, George Washington University
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23
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Chater N. How could we make a social robot? A virtual bargaining approach. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2023; 381:20220040. [PMID: 37271173 PMCID: PMC10239680 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
What is required to allow an artificial agent to engage in rich, human-like interactions with people? I argue that this will require capturing the process by which humans continually create and renegotiate 'bargains' with each other. These hidden negotiations will concern topics including who should do what in a particular interaction, which actions are allowed and which are forbidden, and the momentary conventions governing communication, including language. Such bargains are far too numerous, and social interactions too rapid, for negotiation to be conducted explicitly. Moreover, the very process of communication presupposes innumerable momentary agreements concerning the meaning of communicative signals, thus raising the threat of circularity. Thus, the improvised 'social contracts' that govern our interactions must be implicit. I draw on the recent theory of virtual bargaining, according to which social partners mentally simulate a process of negotiation, to outline how these implicit agreements can be made, and note that this viewpoint raises substantial theoretical and computational challenges. Nonetheless, I suggest that these challenges must be met if we are ever to create AI systems that can work collaboratively alongside people, rather than serving primarily as valuable special-purpose computational tools. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Chater
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Scarman Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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24
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Hydén H. The Sociology of Law potential: exploring its scientific landscape. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1203799. [PMID: 37538351 PMCID: PMC10394636 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1203799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Håkan Hydén
- Department of Sociology of Law, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Academy of Learning, Humanities and Society, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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25
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Swanson HL, Ferrari JR. Predictors of e-waste: Considerations for community psychology prevention and intervention. J Community Psychol 2023; 51:2001-2009. [PMID: 36586134 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
E-waste, the overabundance of unused technology products, is a growing issue as new technology is rapidly innovated and our society promotes the need to always have the "latest and greatest" products. Community psychology, as a field, is concerned with the global climate crisis, and subsequently must be concerned with e-waste. This study tested predictors of individual's likelihood to recycle e-waste with 883 US adults (459 males, 420 females, 3 other/nonbinary; 62.7% 54-year-old or younger) through a crowdsourcing procedure. Similar to previous recycling literature, the present study found that personal norms, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively predicted the likelihood for an individual to recycle; however, the present study provides further empirical evidence for these relationships and expands recycling literature by focusing on e-waste recycling. Implications for the field of community psychology with preventive and interventive actions are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena L Swanson
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Joseph R Ferrari
- Department of Psychology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Hudon C, St-Hilaire A, Landry M, Belzile F, Macoir J. Normative data for the Tower of London (Drexel version) in the Quebec-French population aged between 50 and 88 years. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37378493 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2227382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Tower of London (ToL) is a neuropsychological test used to assess several executive functions such as strategical reasoning, mental planning, and problem-solving. Like other cognitive tests, performance on the ToL can vary according to age, level of education, sex, and cultural background of individuals. The present study aimed to establish normative data for the Drexel version of the ToL among French-Quebec people aged 50 years and over. The normative sample consisted of 174 healthy individuals aged 50-88 years, all from the province of Quebec, Canada. Analyses were performed to estimate the associations between age, sex, and education level on one hand, and ToL performance, on the other hand. Results indicated that Total Execution Time was associated with age, whereas the Total Type II Errors and Total Rule Violation score (Type I + II Errors) were associated with both age and education level. All other scores were not significantly associated with the demographic characteristics of the participants. Since the distributions of the data were all skewed, the normative data are presented in the form of percentile ranks. To conclude, the present norms will ease the detection of executive impairments in French-Quebec middle-aged and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Hudon
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche VITAM, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre St-Hilaire
- Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariane Landry
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
| | - Florence Belzile
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
| | - Joël Macoir
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Québec, Canada
- Département de réadaptation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Runyon A, Heaven S, Forster L, Kerr AM, Shaub TL, Simon JE. US Medical Students' Attitudes, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioral Control Regarding Social Media and Online Professionalism: A Single Institution Study. Teach Learn Med 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37266994 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2211967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: In 2011, the American Medical Association added a section on professionalism and social media (i.e., e-professionalism) to the Code of Medical Ethics. Given the constantly evolving nature of social media use, research is needed to explore the attitudes and behaviors of current medical students, for most of whom social media has been a central facet of interpersonal communication and society since they were born. The goal of the current study is to examine students' social media use and attitudes related to online professionalism. Approach: Two-hundred-twenty-two medical students completed a mixed-methods cross-sectional online survey assessing perceptions of professionalism on social media. The survey was informed using the theory of planned behavior and included validated measures of attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control related to social media use and online professionalism. We analyzed data using thematic analysis and descriptive statistics and t-tests were conducted using SPSS 26. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated during the data interpretation phase. Findings: Quantitative results revealed that students had a positive attitude toward having a social media presence as medical students and future physicians. Students reported: positive attitudes toward sharing positive thoughts, posting photos with family members, and posting photos in white coats or scrubs; neutral attitudes toward posting personal and political opinions; negative attitudes toward posting photos with alcohol, commenting about colleagues or the workplace, using profanity, connecting with patients, and commenting about patients. T-tests revealed significant differences between what students consider to be professional online behaviors for themselves as medical students versus what they believe society will expect of them as a physician. Students reported strong perceived behavioral control regarding professional social media behavior. While students reported they would face some difficulty "cleaning up" some previous content, students strongly disagreed that people's opinions of their online professional image were beyond their control. The qualitative analysis revealed students' perceptions of (a) what it means to demonstrate "online professionalism," (b) the challenges they face related to social media, and (c) training and standards related to social media use. Insights: Overall, our study confirms that students would benefit from e-professionalism training that is not merely disciplinary, but offers them evidence-based recommendations for maintaining medical professionalism while also embracing their personal identity and the benefits of social media as a (future) physician. Policies, guidelines, and training programs should constantly evolve as social norms regarding online communication and online identities evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Runyon
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah Heaven
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa Forster
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna M Kerr
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dublin, Ohio, USA
| | - Tracy L Shaub
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Janet E Simon
- School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, Ohio University College of Health Sciences and Professions, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Keller V. Failed in aging? Queering in living with dementia. Front Sociol 2023; 8:1139271. [PMID: 37333067 PMCID: PMC10270721 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1139271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
This article explored the ways in which living with dementia brings potentials to queer the concept of "successful aging" and associated notions of being human. Regarding the progressive development of dementia, it can be assumed that people affected, no matter how hard they try, will sooner or later fail to age successfully. They increasingly become a symbol of what is called the "fourth age" and are framed as an essentialized other. Based on statements of people with dementia, it will be examined to what extent the position on the outside enables people affected to abandon societal guiding ideals and undermine hegemonic-dominant notions of aging. It is shown how they develop life-affirming ways of being-in-the-world that run counter to the idea of the rational, autonomous, consistent, active, productive, and healthy human beings.
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Paprocki Ł, Migda B, Bokiniec R. Ultrasound Assessment of Larynx and Trachea in the Neonatal Period, Examination Standard with Predictive Values-Study Protocol. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13091578. [PMID: 37174969 PMCID: PMC10178019 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the larynx and trachea are a heterogenous group of disorders. Their diagnosis frequently requires invasive methods. Ultrasound is a non-invasive, repeatable and safe diagnostic method, which has recently, thanks to the development of technology, provided for very accurate imaging of even small structures, as well as their assessment on dynamic examination. Ultrasound examination of the larynx and trachea will be performed in 2022-2023 in a group of randomly selected 300 stable neonates born between 32 and 42 weeks of gestation. The results of this study will be presented after data collection in accordance with the adopted methodology. To date, this will be the first study to describe the ultrasound anatomy of the larynx and trachea and to establish reference ranges for the size of individual structures of the larynx and trachea in the neonatal population. We expect that our study will contribute to the further development of this part of ultrasonography and will reduce the number of invasive procedures performed in the diagnostics of these organs in the future. This manuscript is a study protocol registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT05636410) and approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Warsaw (KB 65/A2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Paprocki
- Department of Neonatology, Ujastek Medical Center, 31-752 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bartosz Migda
- Diagnostic Ultrasound Lab, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Bokiniec
- Department of Neonatology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Garfield ZH, Ringen EJ, Buckner W, Medupe D, Wrangham RW, Glowacki L. Norm violations and punishments across human societies. Evol Hum Sci 2023; 5:e11. [PMID: 37587937 PMCID: PMC10426015 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2023.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Punishments for norm violations are hypothesised to be a crucial component of the maintenance of cooperation in humans but are rarely studied from a comparative perspective. We investigated the degree to which punishment systems were correlated with socioecology and cultural history. We took data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample database and coded ethnographic documents from a sample of 131 largely non-industrial societies. We recorded whether punishment for norm violations concerned adultery, religion, food, rape or war cowardice and whether sanctions were reputational, physical, material or execution. We used Bayesian phylogenetic regression modelling to test for culture-level covariation. We found little evidence of phylogenetic signals in evidence for punishment types, suggesting that punishment systems change relatively quickly over cultural evolutionary history. We found evidence that reputational punishment was associated with egalitarianism and the absence of food storage; material punishment was associated with the presence of food storage; physical punishment was moderately associated with greater dependence on hunting; and execution punishment was moderately associated with social stratification. Taken together, our results suggest that the role and kind of punishment vary both by the severity of the norm violation, but also by the specific socio-economic system of the society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary H. Garfield
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France
| | - Erik J. Ringen
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Buckner
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dithapelo Medupe
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Luke Glowacki
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Hajek A, Kretzler B, Orth B, Von Rüden U, König HH. Perceived Norms and Vaccination against COVID-19 among the General Adult Population in Germany: Results of a Nationally Representative Survey. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040800. [PMID: 37112712 PMCID: PMC10146349 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to examine whether perceived norms are associated with vaccination against COVID-19 (also stratified by age group). STUDY DESIGN nationally representative survey. METHODS Data were taken from a sample of the general adult population (n = 3829, 16 to 94 years). Data collection took place from early July to early August 2021, and 3 different groups (1: not yet vaccinated and no intention to vaccinate against COVID-19; 2: not yet, but intended to vaccinate against COVID-19; 3: yes, at least one vaccination against COVID-19) were distinguished in the analyses. Data were adjusted for several sociodemographic and health-related factors. Perceived norms served as key independent variables (1: number of important friends and relatives who would like me to get vaccinated; 2: number of important friends and relatives who already have been vaccinated or still want to do so; 3: how your general practitioner (GP) thinks about Corona vaccination). RESULTS Multiple logistic regression showed that, in particular, the number of important friends/relatives who would like an individual to get vaccinated is associated with the actual COVID-19 vaccination status among individuals aged 16 to 59 years. Interestingly, all 3 indicators for perceived norms are associated with the likelihood of COVID-19 vaccination status among individuals aged 60 years and over. CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to the understanding of the association between perceived norms and COVID-19 vaccination status. This highlights potential pathways to increase vaccination rates to further combat the later stages of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Hajek
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kretzler
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Orth
- Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA), Referat Q3-Evaluation, Methods, Research Data, 50825 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ursula Von Rüden
- Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA), Referat Q3-Evaluation, Methods, Research Data, 50825 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Helmut König
- Department of Health Economics and Health Services Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg Center for Health Economics, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Amo-Adjei J, Deliege A, Nurzhynska A, Essuman R, Khan MR. A Vignettes-Based Exploration of Attitudes of Parents Toward Reporting of Child Sexual Abuse in Ghana. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:6138-6166. [PMID: 36213952 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221127215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reporting child sexual abuse (CSA) to law enforcement institutions is the ideal child protection imperative. The role of parents in this process is unquestionably profound. Yet, there is limited evidence on parental perspectives on reporting CSA to law enforcement agencies in developing country contexts. We apply vignettes to describe the views of parents about reporting CSA perpetrated by "family members, schoolteachers, and strangers." Data was collected from 89 parents from four culturally diverse regions of Ghana. A systematic inductive approach was used to determine patterns and similarities in participants' attitudes toward reporting. We note that the attitudes of participants about reporting CSA varied considerably; these are influenced by the nature of social relationships between the victim and perpetrator. In a seeming order of severity, CSA perpetrated by a family member was viewed less seriously compared to victimization by a teacher or a stranger. The desire to preserve familial/kin ties and reputation and keeping to the cultural heritage of resolving "disputes and disagreements" amicably were primary norms against reporting CSA. However, attitudes toward reporting CSA by teachers were influenced by expectation of higher moral standards, which made reporting CSA by a teacher a reasonable cause of action. Positive attitudes toward reporting CSA by "strangers" were prevalent. Child protection programs must recognzse the segmented attitudes toward CSA and tackle the deep-seated cultural and social norms through social and behavioral change communication (SBCC).
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Yang J, Ang TFA, Lu S, Liu X, Devine S, Au R, Liu C. Establishing cognitive baseline in three generations: Framingham Heart Study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst) 2023; 15:e12416. [PMID: 36968621 PMCID: PMC10038074 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Generational changes warrant recalibrating normative cognitive measures to detect changes indicative of dementia risk within each generation. Methods We performed linear regressions to compare eight neuropsychological (NP) tests among three‐generation cohorts at baseline in Framingham Heart Study (FHS, n = 4787) and conducted Cox regressions to investigate the relationships of NP tests with generation‐specific dementia risk. Results The FHS second and third generations performed better than the first generation for seven NP tests (0.14–0.81 standard deviation improvement, P ≤ .001) while the second and third generations performed similarly for six of eight NP tests (P > .05). One standard deviation better performance was associated with a higher reduction in incident dementia risk in the second than the first generation (35% vs. 24%, Pinteraction = .02) for the similarities test. Discussion Our findings suggest cohort‐based norms are needed for cognitive assessment for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- Department for Endemic Disease Control and PreventionHenan Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionZhengzhouChina
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sophia Lu
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Sherral Devine
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Framingham Heart StudyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
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van Leeuwen F, Jaeger B, Sleegers WWA, Petersen MB. Do Experimental Manipulations of Pathogen Avoidance Motivations Influence Conformity? Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023:1461672231160655. [PMID: 36945750 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231160655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
By conforming to ingroup norms, individuals coordinate with other group members, preserve cohesion, and avoid costs of exclusion. Previous experiments have shown that increased concerns about infectious disease increase conformity. However, coordination with other group members has multiple benefits, most of which exist independent of pathogenic infection. Hence, a strong causal effect of pathogen avoidance motivations on conformity seems unlikely. Results from five experiments (N = 1,931) showed only limited support for the hypothesis that experimentally increasing pathogen avoidance motivations influences conformity. Overall, our findings are not consistent with the notion that the human mind contains a fast-acting psychological mechanism that regulates conformity as a function of short-term pathogen avoidance motivations.
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35
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Seto MC, Roche K, Stroebel M, Gonzalez-Pons K, Goharian A. Sending, receiving, and nonconsensually sharing nude or near-nude images by youth. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 36938856 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is growing evidence about the prevalence of sending, receiving, or resharing nude images by youth (sexting). Less is known about the demographic, technology use, and social context correlates of sexting. Using logistic regression, we looked at predictors of sexting behaviors in minors. METHODS Participants were a market panel sample of 394 youths aged 9-12 and 602 youths aged 13-17 (Mage = 13.5, SD = 2.50, 60.3% females) recruited for an anonymous online survey in the United States. The survey comprised questions about demographic characteristics, sexting behaviors, technology use, attitudes, and perceived norms. The four outcomes were sending nude or near-nude images or videos (images), receiving images sent without the depicted person's knowledge, nonconsensually resharing images, or having one's own images nonconsensually reshared. RESULTS Regression analyses showed gender, gender/sexual minority status, use of dating apps and particular online platforms, self-sharing and resharing attitudes, and friend norms predicted sending images. Age, resharing attitudes, and friend norms all predicted receiving nude images of other youths. Household income, geographic location, some online platforms, resharing attitudes, and friend norms all predicted nonconsensual resharing of nudes. Age, use of encrypted apps, and friend norms predicted having one's own image nonconsensually reshared. CONCLUSIONS We partially replicated prior research by finding associations between age and gender. Further, we identified technology use factors including the use of dating apps and particular platforms. Attitudes about sexting and perceived friend norms were robust across sexting behaviors, suggesting these factors are potentially important for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Seto
- Forensic Research Unit, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kailey Roche
- Forensic Research Unit, Royal Ottawa Health Care Group, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Fruhen LS, Benetti P, Kanse L, Rossen I. Why Not Pedal for the Planet? The Role of Perceived Norms for Driver Aggression as a Deterrent to Cycling. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5163. [PMID: 36982071 PMCID: PMC10049320 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cycling has many benefits for humans and the planet. This research investigates perceived norms and driver behavior toward cyclists as issues that may be useful for addressing reluctance to cycle. It connects perceived norms observed in the road context regarding aggressive driver behavior towards cyclists, and norms observed in workplaces regarding sustainability (perceived green psychological workplace climate) with driver aggressive behavior toward cyclists. Self-reported online survey responses from N = 426 Australian drivers were collected. Perceived norms regarding aggressive driver behavior toward cyclists were linked to drivers engaging more frequently in such behavior, but no such link was found for perceived green psychological workplace climate. However, perceived green psychological workplace climate moderated the link between perceived norms regarding aggressive driver behavior toward cyclists and drivers engaging in such behavior. When drivers perceived aggression toward cyclists to be common on the road, perceived green psychological workplace climate weakened the link between perceived norms regarding aggressive driver behavior towards cyclists and drivers engaging in such behavior. Findings reinforce the role of perceived road context norms regarding aggressive driver behavior toward cyclists for drivers engaging in such behavior. They illustrate that, while not directly linked, sustainability norms perceived in other contexts have a role in shaping car driver behavior towards cyclists. The study's findings suggest that interventions targeted at aggressive behavior toward cyclists in road contexts can focus on driver behavior norms and can be complemented by normative interventions in other settings to shape a key deterrent to cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Fruhen
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick Benetti
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lisette Kanse
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Isabel Rossen
- StudySmarter, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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37
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Fillenbaum GG, Mohs R. CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease) Neuropsychology Assessment Battery: 35 Years and Counting. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:1-27. [PMID: 36938738 PMCID: PMC10175144 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1986, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) was mandated to develop a brief neuropsychological assessment battery (CERAD-NAB) for AD, for uniform neuropsychological assessment, and information aggregation. Initially used across the National Institutes of Aging-funded Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers, it has become widely adopted wherever information is desired on cognitive status and change therein, particularly in older populations. OBJECTIVE Our purpose is to provide information on the multiple uses of the CERAD-NAB since its inception, and possible further developments. METHODS Since searching on "CERAD neuropsychological assessment battery" or similar terms missed important information, "CERAD" alone was entered into PubMed and SCOPUS, and CERAD-NAB use identified from the resulting studies. Use was sorted into major categories, e.g., psychometric information, norms, dementia/differential dementia diagnosis, epidemiology, intervention evaluation, genetics, etc., also translations, country of use, and alternative data gathering approaches. RESULTS CERAD-NAB is available in ∼20 languages. In addition to its initial purpose assessing AD severity, CERAD-NAB can identify mild cognitive impairment, facilitate differential dementia diagnosis, determine cognitive effects of naturally occurring and experimental interventions (e.g., air pollution, selenium in soil, exercise), has helped to clarify cognition/brain physiology-neuroanatomy, and assess cognitive status in dementia-risk conditions. Surveys of primary and tertiary care patients, and of population-based samples in multiple countries have provided information on prevalent and incident dementia, and cross-sectional and longitudinal norms for ages 35-100 years. CONCLUSION CERAD-NAB has fulfilled its original mandate, while its uses have expanded, keeping up with advances in the area of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerda G Fillenbaum
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Mohs
- Global Alzheimer's Platform Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
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38
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Fosco WD, Babinski DE, Waschbusch DA. The Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale: Updated Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and National Caregiver Norms. J Pediatr Psychol 2023; 48:468-478. [PMID: 36881692 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide the first caregiver-report national norms for the Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale (DBDRS) and an updated evaluation of its factor structure and measurement invariance across child sex, informant sex, and child age. METHODS Caregivers of children aged 5-12 years (N = 962) based in the United States completed the four DBDRS subscales. Using both severity scoring and dichotomous scoring procedures, confirmatory factor analyses supported a four-factor model of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, oppositional defiant symptoms, and conduct disorder symptoms. RESULTS Measurement invariance was supported, indicating that the DBDRS functions similarly across demographic characteristics. Boys were reported to have more severe symptoms than girls (Cohen's d = 0.33 [inattention], 0.30 [hyperactivity/impulsivity], 0.18 [oppositional defiant disorder], 0.14 [conduct disorder]), female caregivers rated ADHD symptoms as more severe than male caregivers (ds = 0.15 and 0.19 for inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, respectively), and older children were reported to experience more inattention than younger children (d = 0.18). Overall, group differences were modest in magnitude. CONCLUSION This psychometric study supports the continued use of the DBDRS in school-aged youth and will enhance the measure's clinical and research utility by providing the first caregiver-report norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney D Fosco
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA.,Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Dara E Babinski
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA.,Penn State College of Medicine, USA
| | - Daniel A Waschbusch
- Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, USA.,Penn State College of Medicine, USA
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39
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Ruisch BC, Ferguson MJ. Did Donald Trump's presidency reshape Americans' prejudices? Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:207-9. [PMID: 36669999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Did the presidency of Donald Trump affect Americans' intergroup attitudes? Converging evidence from recent experimental and longitudinal studies suggests that Trump's political rise led his supporters to increase their reported prejudice toward traditionally minoritized racial and religious groups in the USA.
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40
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Lorentzen IM, Espenes J, Hessen E, Waterloo K, Bråthen G, Timón S, Aarsland D, Fladby T, Kirsebom BE. Regression-based norms for the FAS phonemic fluency test for ages 40-84 based on a Norwegian sample. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2023; 30:159-168. [PMID: 33969763 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1918128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The FAS phonemic fluency test is a commonly used neuropsychological test of executive function and processing speed. Although Norwegian discrete norms have been developed for the FAS test, American regression-based norms are frequently used by clinicians in Norway.However, language and cultural differences impact performance on the FAS test, and using foreign norms may not be appropriate. Moreover, while discrete norming relies on stratified subgroups of demographics, regression-based norming uses the entire sample to estimate the influence of demographics on performance and may thus improve normative estimates. Here we develop regression-based norms for the FAS phonemic fluency test based on n = 204 healthy Norwegian controls between the ages 40-84 from the Norwegian Dementia Disease Initiation cohort (DDI). We compare the proposed regression norms to published Norwegian discrete norms and American regression-based norms in an independent sample of n = 182 cognitively healthy adults reporting subjective cognitive decline (SCD). We found that years of education was the only significant predictor of FAS performance in our normative sample, accounting for 14.9% of the variance. Both the proposed regression-based norms and previously published discrete norms adequately adjusted for demographics in the independent sample. In contrast, the American norms underestimated the effect of education and overestimated the effect of age. While both the proposed Norwegian regression norms and the previously published discrete norms are suitable for use in Norway, the proposed regression norms may be less vulnerable to sub-stratification sample characteristics posed by discrete norming procedures, and thereby improve normative estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Myrvoll Lorentzen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jacob Espenes
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Erik Hessen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Knut Waterloo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Santiago Timón
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tormod Fladby
- Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn-Eivind Kirsebom
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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van Deelen TRD, de Vet G, Zijp A, van den Putte B, Kunst AE, Kuipers MG. The association between objectively measured exposure to tobacco outlets and smoking cognitions: a study among non-smoking adolescents in four Dutch cities. Addiction 2023; 118:500-508. [PMID: 36307915 PMCID: PMC10099974 DOI: 10.1111/add.16076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exposure to tobacco products and advertising at the point of sale may be associated with pro-smoking cognitions. However, previous studies on this topic measured exposure based on self-report and did not include European countries. The aim of this study was to assess the association between objectively measured exposure to tobacco outlets and non-smoking adolescents' smoking attitudes, beliefs and norms. DESIGN This cross-sectional study combined survey data with Global Positioning Systems data using geographic information system. SETTING The four Dutch cities of Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Haarlem and Zwolle. PARTICIPANTS We retrieved data of 308 13 to 17-year-old non-smoking adolescents, mainly girls (61%), adolescents attending pre-university secondary education (71%) and without smoking friends (58%). MEASUREMENTS Exposure was measured with a smartphone app registering for 2 weeks how often participants were within 10 m of a tobacco outlet. We distinguished between outlets without visible tobacco promotion (i.e. supermarkets), with only internal visibility and with both internal and external visibility. Participants' reported smoking cognitions were dichotomised into pro-smoking or anti-smoking. We applied multi-level logistic regression analyses and adjusted for age, sex, educational level and smoking friends. FINDINGS On average, adolescents were exposed to 1.18 (SD = 1.23) tobacco outlets per day. Higher exposure to tobacco outlets was associated with higher odds of pro-smoking injunctive norm ( OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.04-1.75). Associations with attitude (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.91-1.38), social beliefs (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.93-1.43), health beliefs (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.97-1.44) and descriptive norm (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.91-1.44) were also positive, but non-significant. Overall, associations were strongest for outlets with internal visibility, for instance, for injunctive norm (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.03-1.81). CONCLUSIONS Global Positioning Systems-measured exposure to tobacco outlets was associated with pro-smoking cognitions among non-smoking adolescents in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R D van Deelen
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabriëlle de Vet
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anne Zijp
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas van den Putte
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - MirteA G Kuipers
- Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Obst P, Juillerat T, White K. A theory based examination of factors associated with male body hair removal. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:356-373. [PMID: 36113144 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221120969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Male body hair removal has implications for men's mental health such as anxiety about body image. Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour and relevant additional constructs, this research examined factors associated with young men's upper body and pubic hair removal. Young men residing in Australia completed a pilot survey, online survey (N = 655) of predictors of intention (plans) to remove body hair and a 4-week follow up survey (n = 222) reporting body hair removal behaviour. Attitudes about body hair removal, pressure from others, perceptions of control and similarity to prototypical young men who removed body hair were associated with intention for upper body (60%) and pubic (48%) hair removal. Intention was significantly associated with body hair removal behaviours. These findings indicate social pressure was associated with young men's decisions to remove body hair, pointing to sources of potential intervention.
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Kirkland K, Jetten J, Wilks M, Kirby J. Promoting prosocial behavior in an unequal world. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1021093. [PMID: 36817385 PMCID: PMC9932976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amid a global pandemic and the climate crisis, there is an increasing need to understand how to promote largescale, coordinated action between different groups. Yet certain factors such as inequality can hinder cooperation. We aimed to establish how to orient groups toward a superordinate goal when they have unequal resources. Participants were divided into two 'countries' and asked to assemble LEGO bricks into food (by building pieces in a certain order) to prevent starvation among 'the people'. One 'country' had few LEGO bricks whereas the other had an abundance, and the only way to maximize food creation was for the groups to work together. We assessed the efficacy of three diverse interventions on superordinate behavior and attitudes: compassion meditation training (Study 1), lower inequality (Study 2), and the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm by a confederate (Study 3). Compassion meditation training and altering the degree of inequality between groups did not have a clear effect on collaborative action. Only the introduction of a pro-sharing group norm enhanced sharing behavior, made participants feel more cooperative and reduced fears of being compassionate toward others. Our findings speak to the importance of leadership in promoting coordinated action to address challenges that face the superordinate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Kirkland
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,*Correspondence: Kelly Kirkland,
| | - Jolanda Jetten
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Matti Wilks
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Kirby
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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44
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Thai M, Wenzel M, Okimoto TG. Turning Tables: Offenders Feel Like "Victims" When Victims Withhold Forgiveness. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2023; 49:233-250. [PMID: 34964377 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211062401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
When offenders apologize to victims for a wrongdoing, they often expect forgiveness in return. Sometimes, however, victims may withhold forgiveness. Across four experimental studies, we find that offenders feel like "victims" when victims respond to their apologies with non-forgiveness. This can be explained by the fact that they interpret non-forgiveness as both a norm violation and a threat to their sense of power. Together, these mechanisms can account for the relationship between non-forgiveness and negative conciliatory sentiments in offenders. These effects of non-forgiveness emerge irrespective of whether the transgression is recalled (Study 1) or imagined (Studies 2-4). They are specific to non-forgiveness rather than a lack of explicit forgiveness (Study 3), and are not qualified by subtle prods for participants to take the victim's perspective (Study 4). These findings demonstrate a destructive response pattern in offenders that warrants further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thai
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Wenzel
- Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tyler G Okimoto
- The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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de Beurs E, Jadnanansing R, Etwaroo K, Blankers M, Bipat R, Peen J, Dekker J. Norms and T-scores for screeners of alcohol use, depression and anxiety in the population of Suriname. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1088696. [PMID: 37181892 PMCID: PMC10172675 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1088696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a considerable gap between care provision and the demand for care for common mental disorders in low-and-middle-income countries. Screening for these disorders, e.g., in primary care, will help to close this gap. However, appropriate norms and threshold values for screeners of common mental disorders are lacking. Methods In a survey study, we gathered data on frequently used screeners for alcohol use disorders, (AUDIT), depression, (CES-D), and anxiety disorders (GAD-7, ACQ, and BSQ) in a representative sample from Suriname, a non-Latin American Caribbean country. A stratified sampling method was used by random selection of 2,863 respondents from 5 rural and 12 urban resorts. We established descriptive statistics of all scale scores and investigated unidimensionality. Furthermore, we compared scores by gender, age-group, and education level with t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests, using a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Norms and crosswalk tables were established for the conversion of raw scores into a common metric: T-scores. Furthermore, recommended cut-off values on the T-score metric for severity levels were compared with international cut-off values for raw scores on these screeners. Discussion The appropriateness of these cut-offs and the value of converting raw scores into T-scores are discussed. Cut-off values help with screening and early detection of those who are likely to have a common mental health disorder and may require treatment. Conversion of raw scores to a common metric in this study facilitates the interpretation of questionnaire results for clinicians and can improve health care provision through measurement-based care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin de Beurs
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden Universiteit, Leiden, Netherlands
- Research department, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Edwin de Beurs,
| | - Raj Jadnanansing
- Department of Psysiology, Anton de Kom University, Tammenga, Suriname
| | - Kajal Etwaroo
- Department of Psysiology, Anton de Kom University, Tammenga, Suriname
| | - Matthijs Blankers
- Research department, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robbert Bipat
- Department of Psysiology, Anton de Kom University, Tammenga, Suriname
| | - Jaap Peen
- Research department, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jack Dekker
- Research department, Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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46
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Hervias-Guerra E, Capa-Luque W, Bazán-Ramírez A, Cossío-Reynaga M. Determinants of the Attitude to COVID-19 Vaccine in Lima-Peru: Path Analysis and Structural Regression. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231158960. [PMID: 36895706 PMCID: PMC9989381 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231158960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Research on the effects of COVID-19 has shown that a favorable attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine would help reduce the pandemic's sequelae and avoid lethal variants. Objective A theoretical model was tested through the strategy of path analysis and structural equation modeling, seeking to evaluate the direct effect of neuroticism and the indirect effects of risk-avoidance and rule-following behaviors, mediated by attitudes toward science. Methods A total of 459 adults, mostly women (61%), mean age 28.51 (SD = 10.36), living in Lima (Peru), participated. The scales of neuroticism, risk avoidance behavior (RAB), norm following (NF), attitudes toward science, and attitudes toward vaccination were administered. Results The path analysis explained 36% of the variance in vaccine attitude, whereas the latent structural regression model achieved a 54% explanation; according to this model attitude toward science (β=.70, p < .01) and neuroticism (β=-.16, p < .01) are significant predictors of vaccine attitude. Likewise, risk avoidance behavior and rule-following have indirect effects on attitudes toward vaccination. Conclusion Low neuroticism and a positive attitude toward the science that mediates the effects of RAB and NF directly condition the possibility of vaccination against COVID-19 in the adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Capa-Luque
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú
| | - Aldo Bazán-Ramírez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú
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Gershon R, Fridman A. Individuals prefer to harm their own group rather than help an opposing group. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2215633119. [PMID: 36442089 PMCID: PMC9894232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215633119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Group-based conflict enacts a severe toll on society, yet the psychological factors governing behavior in group conflicts remain unclear. Past work finds that group members seek to maximize relative differences between their in-group and out-group ("in-group favoritism") and are driven by a desire to benefit in-groups rather than harm out-groups (the "in-group love" hypothesis). This prior research studies how decision-makers approach trade-offs between two net-positive outcomes for their in-group. However, in the real world, group members often face trade-offs between net-negative options, entailing either losses to their group or gains for the opposition. Anecdotally, under such conditions, individuals may avoid supporting their opponents even if this harms their own group, seemingly inconsistent with "in-group love" or a harm minimizing strategy. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, these circumstances have not been investigated. In six pre-registered studies, we find consistent evidence that individuals prefer to harm their own group rather than provide even minimal support to an opposing group across polarized issues (abortion access, political party, gun rights). Strikingly, in an incentive-compatible experiment, individuals preferred to subtract more than three times as much from their own group rather than support an opposing group, despite believing that their in-group is more effective with funds. We find that identity concerns drive preferences in group decision-making, and individuals believe that supporting an opposing group is less value-compatible than harming their own group. Our results hold valuable insights for the psychology of decision-making in intergroup conflict as well as potential interventions for conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gershon
- Rady School of Management, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
| | - Ariel Fridman
- Rady School of Management, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA92093
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48
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Cabrera-Álvarez P, Hornsey MJ, Lobera J. Determinants of self-reported adherence to COVID-19 regulations in Spain: social norms, trust and risk perception. Health Promot Int 2022; 37:daac138. [PMID: 36300700 PMCID: PMC9620366 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of individuals to voluntarily observe regulations and recommendations around mitigating COVID-19 (e.g. social distancing; frequent handwashing) is often cited as a reason why some countries struggled to curtail the spread of the virus. Understanding the factors that are associated with people's willingness to comply with COVID-19 regulations and recommendations is an important step in helping policy makers and health officials reduce the impact of this (and future) pandemics. In the current study we examined this question in one of the countries hardest hit by the pandemic: Spain. A large, representative survey (N = 2100) revealed that several factors were positively associated with willingness to comply to COVID-19 regulations and recommendations. In decreasing order of predictive value, these were: (i) perceptions of whether friends and family were complying (i.e. norms), (ii) trust in science as a basis for lawmaking, (iii) perceived effectiveness of regulations and (iv) perception of risk of infection. These results point to the importance of influencing social norms as the primary way to improve adherence to the health regulations of COVID-19; more important than intrapsychic considerations such as efficacy and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew J Hornsey
- University of Queensland Business School, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Josep Lobera
- Department of Sociology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Haddock CK, Jitnarin N, Caetano R, Jahnke SA, Hollerbach BS, Kaipust CM, Poston WS. Norms about Alcohol Use among US Firefighters. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:387-393. [PMID: 36579011 PMCID: PMC9772477 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Problem drinking is a perennial concern in the US fire service. A large literature has documented the importance of addressing alcohol norms in intervention research. The purpose of this study was to explore alcohol norms in a national cohort of firefighters (FFs) to inform intervention development in this occupational group. Methods Data were from a national online survey of career and volunteer FFs (N = 674). Participants were recruited through national fire service listservs and a database of FFs who had agreed to be contacted for research. Results When asked about "acceptable" levels of alcohol consumption, FFs on average suggested levels which exceeded public health guidelines. Further, approximately half of career and volunteer FFs believed that, at least under some circumstances, drinking until intoxicated was normative. When asked how long should elapse between a FFs last drink and reporting for duty, the average suggested lag was 11.2 hours (sd = 4.6). However, among male volunteer FFs who reported heavy drinking, the average was 6.68 hours (sd = 4.77). Conclusions Given the high prevalence of heavy and binge drinking in the fire service, it is not surprising that the alcohol norms found in this study were consistent with a culture of drinking. Participants' reports of alcohol use among their peers were consistent with the actual prevalence of problem drinking. Thus, education and prevention efforts in this occupation should focus on changing norms about alcohol use, including linking heavy drinking to other health and safety issues they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Haddock
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA,Corresponding author. Center for Fire, Rescue and EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, Inc., 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA.
| | - Nattinee Jitnarin
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | - Raul Caetano
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 601, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Sara A. Jahnke
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | - Brittany S. Hollerbach
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | - Christopher M. Kaipust
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
| | - Walker S.C. Poston
- Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Research, NDRI-USA, 1920 West 143rd Street, Suite 120, Leawood, KS 66224, USA
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50
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Dalby M, Annas P, Harrison JE. Further validation of the THINC-it tool and extension of the normative data set in a study of n = 10.019 typical controls. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2022; 31:e1922. [PMID: 35748111 PMCID: PMC9720188 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report further validation and normative data for the THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it), a measure of cognitive function designed for use with individuals living with Major Depressive Disorder, but which is finding use in further psychiatric and neurological diseases. THINC-it comprises four objective computerised cognitive tests based on traditional psychological paradigms and a version of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire assessment. METHODS Sample size of n = 10.019 typical control study participants were tested on one to two occasions to further validate the reliability of THINC-it. Temporal reliability was assessed across 120-180 days. RESULTS Test-retest reliability correlations varied between r = 0.50 and 0.72 for the component measures and r = 0.75 (95% confidence intervals 0.74, 0.76) for the THINC-it composite score. Normative data categorised by Age, Sex and Years of Education were calculated and the effect on task performance was reported. DISCUSSION Our analysis confirms previously reported levels of reliability and validates previously reported normative data values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dalby
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, California, USA
| | - John E Harrison
- Metis Cognition Ltd, Warminster, Wiltshire, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Alzheimer Center, AU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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