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Jiang X, Yuan B, Ma L, Zhang J, Li D. Correlation Between the Computed Tomography and 3D Scanning System-Based Periorbital Morphology of Children with Congenital Microphthalmia. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:744-751. [PMID: 37097059 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2204939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This article aimed to explore the correlation between the periorbital morphology determined using a 3D scanning system and CT in congenital microphthalmia. METHODS Fifty-two children with microphthalmia aged 0-6 were enrolled in this study. All the participants were subjected to orbital CT scans and 3D scanning. The CT and 3D scanning images were separately processed to obtain the orbital and facial parameters. Multivariate regression was used to analyze the correlation between 3D parameters and orbital volume. RESULTS The orbital volume of the affected side (15.25 ± 3.35 cm3) was generally smaller than the unaffected side (18.58 ± 2.65 cm3, p < .001). Based on CT, at all ages, the parameters of the unaffected orbit were greater than the affected side. In the 3D scanning and 3D reconstruction based on CT, both unaffected and affected sides were highly correlated. A multiple linear regression equation including three 3D scanning factors was obtained for the orbital volume (R2 = 0.808, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The retarded orbital volume could be estimated by the parameters based on 3D scanning, along with axial length. In the follow-up stage, 3D scanning can be a novel alternative method to assess the degree of orbital growth retardation in congenital microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bowei Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Chen G, Hsieh EYJ, Chen SH, Pai BCJ, Tsai CY, Wang SW, Chou PY. Occlusion-Based Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Anthropometric and Symmetric Evaluation in Preadolescences: A Comparative COHORT Study. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5017. [PMID: 37568419 PMCID: PMC10419555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of early diagnosis of pediatric malocclusion and early intervention has been emphasized. Without use of radiation, 3D imaging holds the potential to be an alternative for evaluating facial features in school-aged populations. METHODS Students aged 9 and 10 years were recruited. We performed annual 3D stereophotogrammetry of the participants' heads. A total of 37 recognizable anatomical landmarks were identified for linear, angular, and asymmetric analyses using the MATLAB program. RESULTS This study included 139 healthy Taiwanese children with a mean age of 9.13, of whom 74 had class I occlusion, 50 had class II malocclusion, and 15 had class III malocclusion. The class III group had lower soft-tissue convexity (p = 0.01) than the class II group. The boys with class II malocclusion had greater dimensions in the anteroposterior position of the mid-face (p = 0.024) at age 10. Overall asymmetry showed no significance (p > 0.05). Heat maps of the 3D models exhibited asymmetry in the mid-face of the class II group and in the lower face of the class III group. CONCLUSION Various types of malocclusion exhibited distinct facial traits in preadolescents. Those with class II malocclusion had a protruded maxilla and convex facial profile, whereas those with class III malocclusion had a less convex facial profile. Asymmetry was noted in facial areas with relatively prominent soft-tissue features among different malocclusion types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (G.C.)
| | - Emma Yuh-Jia Hsieh
- Division of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (E.Y.-J.H.)
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (G.C.)
| | - Betty C. J. Pai
- Division of Craniofacial Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (E.Y.-J.H.)
| | - Ching-Yen Tsai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (G.C.)
| | - Sheng-Wei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (G.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Rajbhoj AA, Stroo M, Begnoni G, Willems G, de Llano-Pérula MC. Skeletal and soft-tissue changes in humans with untreated normal occlusion throughout lifetime: a systematic review. Odontology 2023; 111:263-309. [PMID: 36350428 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes are important in orthodontics, especially due to the increase of adult patients seeking treatment. The aim of this study is to assess the available evidence regarding age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes in untreated Angle Class I. Articles studying skeletal and soft-tissue changes in orthodontically untreated subjects with Angle Class I and comparing them between age groups were included. Studies focusing on a single age group or in languages other than English were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed with both the MINORS and ROBINS-I tools. 50 studies were included, showing high methodological heterogeneity and a lack of information in subjects over 60 years old. In subjects with Angle Class I, the mandibular plane inclination was reported to reduce from 7 and 20 years old, while the anterior and posterior facial height continue to increase in late adult life. The anterior cranial base length increases until 20 years old, afterwards decreasing slowly until late adulthood. Nasal width increases and the nasolabial angle decreases during adolescence. Upper lip length and lower lip length increase from 6 to 18 years along with retrusion of the lips in late adulthood. Age-related skeletal and soft-tissue changes are documented in the literature from childhood until the fifth decade of life, but studies mostly focus on subjects until 20 years old. Changes after the second decade of life are studied only for the vertical and sagittal dimensions. No changes are reported in the transversal dimension beyond 15 years for neither skeletal nor soft tissues. Well-designed, long-term prospective cohort studies considering all three dimensions of skeletal and soft tissues are needed for confirmation of these findings (PROSPERO: CRD42020203206).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Arvind Rajbhoj
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Marie Stroo
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Giacomo Begnoni
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Guy Willems
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - María Cadenas de Llano-Pérula
- Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Blok A, Bus 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Velemínská J, Jaklová LK, Kočandrlová K, Hoffmannová E, Koudelová J, Suchá B, Dupej J. Three-dimensional analysis of modeled facial aging and sexual dimorphism from juvenile to elderly age. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21821. [PMID: 36528705 PMCID: PMC9759541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of craniofacial ontogenetic development is important in a variety of scientific disciplines dealing with facial reconstruction, forensic identification, ageing prediction, and monitoring of pathological growth, including the effect of therapy. The main goals of this study were (1) the construction of the facial aging model using local polynomial regression fitting separately for both sexes, (2) evaluation of the aging effect not only on facial form as a whole but also on dimensions important for clinical practice, and (3) monitoring of the development of shape facial sexual dimorphism. Our study was based on the form and shape analysis of three-dimensional facial surface models of 456 individuals aged 14-83 years. The facial models were obtained using a structured light-based optical scanner and divided (for some analyses) into four age categories (juveniles, young adults, middle adults, and elderly adults). The methodology was based on geometric and classic morphometrics including multivariate statistics. Aging in both sexes shared common traits such as more pronounced facial roundness reducing facial convexity, sagging soft tissue, smaller visible areas of the eyes, greater nose, and thinner lips. In contrast to female faces, male faces increase in size until almost 30 years of age. After the age of 70, male facial size not only stagnates, like in females, but actually decreases slightly. Sexual dimorphic traits tended to diminish in the frontal and orbitonasal areas and increase in the gonial area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Velemínská
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kožejová Jaklová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Kočandrlová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Koudelová
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Suchá
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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ter Horst R, Maal TJJ, de Koning MJJ, Mertens JS, Schatorjé EJH, Hoppenreijs EP, Seyger MMB. 3D stereophotogrammetry in children and adolescents with Scleroderma En Coup De Sabre/Parry‐Romberg Syndrome: Description of a novel method for monitoring disease progression. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e132. [PMID: 36092259 PMCID: PMC9435452 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of Scleroderma En Coup de Sabre (ECDS)/Parry Romberg Syndrome (PRS) is mainly based on characteristic clinical findings. Methods to objectively monitor the course of the disease in a standardized way are lacking. Objectives This descriptive, retrospective, single centre cohort study aims to describe the contribution of 3D photographs in the assessment of the degree of facial asymmetry changes over time in growing children and adolescents with ECDS and PRS. Methods Six patients diagnosed with ECDS/PRS, with a follow‐up period of at least 24 months and at least three 3D photographs were included. Mirroring these 3D photographs was automatically performed using surface‐based matching to generate a colour‐coded distance map, illustrating the inter‐surface distance and thereby asymmetry between the original and mirrored 3D photographs. The percentage of absolute distances between the original and mirrored 3D photograph were calculated. Results In two patients, impressive decreases in the percentages of absolute distance levels over time were found, whereas the other patients did not show progression of asymmetry over time. Conclusion This study shows the potential of 3D stereophotogrammetry as an objective tool to measure disease activity over time in patients with ECDS/PRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutger ter Horst
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J. J. Maal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Martien J. J. de Koning
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jorre S. Mertens
- Department of Dermatology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen J. H. Schatorjé
- Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Esther P. Hoppenreijs
- Department of Pediatrics Pediatric Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Marieke M. B. Seyger
- Department of Dermatology Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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A Longitudinal 3D Investigation on Facial Similarity among Two Monozygotic Twins in Their First Childhood: An Application of the 3D-3D Facial Superimposition Technique. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020187. [PMID: 35204908 PMCID: PMC8869879 DOI: 10.3390/children9020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Children affected by orofacial disorders mix functional alterations with morphological problems, and suitable techniques should be devised for their analysis. Stereophotogrammetry and 3D-3D facial superimposition have already proven to reliably assess morphological differences even between twin siblings, separating the effect of genetic and environmental factors. However, little information is available about twin babies. We longitudinally analyzed a couple of healthy monozygotic twin sisters aged 6 months to 5 years (height time points). The entire 3D facial models of the two sisters were registered according to the least point-to-point distance, and the relevant RMS (root mean square) distance between the facial models was calculated at each time and compared with reference data recorded from adult twins (Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05). RMS values in the twin sisters were on average 1.18 ± 0.21 mm, and 1.86 ± 0.53 mm in adults, with a significant difference (p < 0.01). Results showed that twins are more similar in early childhood when environmental factors are supposed to have not influenced facial morphology sufficiently. Additionally, the technique seems adequate to detect even small differences: the faces of the twin sisters were not fully identical. 3D-3D facial superimposition techniques can objectively quantify facial dissimilarity even in monozygotic twins. The method may be applied to the faces of twins discordant for some orofacial and maxillofacial pathology and potentially separate genetic and environmental factors.
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Kamínková P, Dírer P, Fudalej P. Association of 3-dimensional facial changes and height and weight increase in children: A 2-year follow-up. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:e199-e214. [PMID: 34728129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate changes in facial size and shape in children and their relationship to the changes in height and weight. METHODS One hundred and thirteen healthy children aged between 6 and 13 years were followed annually for 2 consecutive years. The facial morphology was captured in 12-month intervals (from T1 to T2 and from T2 to T3) using a 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetric optical scanner; the body height and weight were recorded simultaneously. The changes in facial size and shape were analyzed with geometric morphometrics. Multiple regression mixed-effects models were exploited for evaluation of the association between the changes of facial size or shape and age at the beginning of the observation, gender, and change of height and weight. RESULTS The centroid size (reflecting facial size) increased from T1 to T2 and T2 to T3 in boys and girls. In contrast, the facial shape did not change during both 12-month observation periods (T1 to T2 and T2 to T3) either in boys or girls. Of 2 multiple regression mixed-effects models, only the model with the change of natural logarithm of centroid size as a dependent variable was statistically significant (P <0.001; adjusted r2 = 0.29). It showed that height and weight changes were associated with a change of the facial size (with weight change having a greater effect than height change: adjusted r2 = 0.25 for weight change and adjusted r2 = 0.106 for height change). CONCLUSIONS Most changes in the facial morphology observed in our cohort were associated with increasing facial size. In contrast, the shape of the face remained relatively constant. Body height and weight gains were associated with the change of the facial size only. However, only 29% of the variation in facial size was explained by height or weight changes during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kamínková
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Dírer
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Fudalej
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Comparison of Soft Tissue Changes Produced by Two Different Appliances on Mixed Dentition Children. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6612598. [PMID: 33834067 PMCID: PMC8018865 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6612598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was focused on comparing and analyzing the soft tissue changes induced by Reverse Twin-Block (RTB) and Reverse Pull Face Mask (RPFM) in early and late mixed dentition Malay children having Class III malocclusion. Methods This cross-sectional study includes a total sample of 95 Malay children of both early (8-9 years) and late (10-11 years) mixed dentition stages. The comparison was between 49 samples treated by RTB and 46 samples treated by RPFM. Both pre- and posttreatment changes were assessed with Holdaway's analysis using the CASSOS software. In each cephalogram, 71 anatomic landmarks were traced. Descriptive and multiple regression analyses were performed for statistical evaluation. Results Statistically significant changes were noticed in soft tissue facial angle, subnasale to H-line, skeletal profile convexity, upper lip strain, H-line angle, lower lip to H-line, and inferior sulcus to H-line measurements. Gender disparity was noticed in upper lip strain. Other significant changes were influenced by the type of appliance. However, the mean differences were minute to notice clinically. Age difference did not have any effect on the treatment changes. Conclusions RPFM revealed treatment outcome with more protruded upper lip than RTB.
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Analysis of correlation of 3-dimensional lip vermilion morphology and dentoskeletal forms in young Chinese adults on the basis of sex and skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:e423-e437. [PMID: 33653638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this research was to evaluate the correlation between 3-dimensional (3D) lip vermilion (LV) morphology and skeletal patterns as well as incisor measurements in young Chinese adults. METHODS In all, 240 young adults were enrolled; these included 80 patients each with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions, respectively. Each sagittal skeletal pattern included 40 male and 40 female subjects. Twenty-two 3D LV measurements were obtained from 3D facial scans. Skeletal and incisor measurements were evaluated on lateral cephalograms. Correlation and regression analysis were performed between soft and hard tissue measurements. RESULTS Six of 22 LV measurements showed significant differences between male and female subjects. The 3D LV morphology showed significant differences with respect to different skeletal patterns and sex. Adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion tended to have thinner upper vermilion and fuller lower vermilion than subjects with skeletal Class II and III malocclusion. The mandibular plane angle negatively correlated with the upper-lower vermilion midsagittal curve length and surface area ratio in adults with skeletal Class I and II malocclusion, yet the vertical facial skeletal type showed no correlation in adults with skeletal Class III malocclusion. The vermilion angle, central bow angle, vermilion height, vermilion midsagittal curve length, vermilion height and width ratio, and vermilion surface area showed a significant correlation with incisor measurements. Regression analysis found that the ANB angle was an important factor affecting the upper and lower vermilion midsagittal curve length and surface area ratio. Further, the vermilion height and height and width ratio were closely correlated with the interincisal (U1/L1) angle, whereas the central bow angle was closely correlated with the maxillary incisor torque. CONCLUSIONS Most LV morphology variables were correlated to skeletal patterns and incisor measurements. Skeletal Class III malocclusion showed significant differences in vermilion morphology. Both the sagittal and vertical skeletal pattern have effects on vermilion proportion. The incisor torque was closely correlated to vermilion shape and central bow angle and might influence the vermilion esthetics. However, the proportion of the upper and lower vermilion was mainly affected by the ANB angle.
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Yuan B, Jiang X, Liu Y, Dong J, Li D. Three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry assessment of congenital microphthalmia children with a structured light 3D scanning system. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:206-214. [PMID: 33487550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital microphthalmia is a rare phenotype characterized by eye growth retardation. Due to the lack of eyeball stimulation, children suffering from congenital microphthalmia always have bony orbital maldevelopment, which leads to facial asymmetry. In the present study, a structured light 3D scanning system was used as a novel method to measure the three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry in children with congenital microphthalmia. Children with unilateral congenital microphthalmia of 0-6 years old were enrolled in the present study. All participants underwent an ultrasound scan to measure the axial length, and accepted the structured light 3D scanning system for their periorbital appearance. The degree of periorbital asymmetry was evaluated using 17 facial landmarks within a three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system (the X-axis represented the horizontal direction, the Y-axis represented the vertical direction, and the Z-axis represented the sagittal direction). Paired student t-test and ANOVA were used in the present study. A three-dimensional periorbital topography was also established to further illustrate the periorbital asymmetry. A total of 67 children were recruited, which included 31 boys and 34 girls. The axial length on the affected side (12.28 ± 3.35 mm) was generally smaller than that on the unaffected side (20.54 ± 1.65 mm, P < 0.001). When grouped by age, the periorbital asymmetry mainly manifested in the Y-axis and Z-axis directions. The unaffected side had a higher orbitale superior (5.09 ± 0.35 vs. 3.02 ± 0.30, P < 0.001) and a lower orbitale inferior (-19.52 ± 0.51 vs. -16.90 ± 0.53, P < 0.001) in 0-1 year old group. Same performances were also found in the 1-3 and 3-6 age groups. When grouped according to the proportion of axial length on the bilateral sides, seven of the 12 Y-values and all 12 Z-values had statistical differences. The structured Light 3D scanning system may serve as a beneficial complementary tool for computed tomography, in order to better understand the periorbital deformities caused by congenital microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yuan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Kočandrlová K, Dupej J, Hoffmannová E, Velemínská J. Three-dimensional mixed longitudinal study of facial growth changes and variability of facial form in preschool children using stereophotogrammetry. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:511-519. [PMID: 33345464 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the normal, non-pathological facial growth in preschool children is not sufficiently reported, the aim was to follow growth changes of facial surface, sex differences and facial variability in preschool children using 3D stereophotogrammetry. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Mixed longitudinal sample of healthy Caucasian preschool children without head and facial trauma or craniofacial anomalies from 3.4 to 6.7 years of age consisted of 25 girls and 17 boys. MATERIALS AND METHODS 136 3D facial models from optical scanner Vectra 3D were evaluated by geometric morphometrics (CPC-DCA, PCA, per-vertex t test). RESULTS In both sexes, the lower face was widened and elongated, and the prominences of the superciliary arches, lower orbital region, nose, lips and chin increased. Facial surface increments were more even in girls with a maximum between the fourth and fifth year of age, while in boys, there was the most intensive growth between fifth and sixth year of age. Sexual dimorphism was very stable during investigated period, only less statistically significant at the age of 3 years. Boys had more prominent lateral lower part of forehead, nose and lips than girls in every age category. CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal growth of the face between third and sixth year of age was similar in both sexes, facial sex differences were found in terms of intensity, size and timing. Variability of facial form showed that boys' faces were larger on average and facial shape did not differ. The knowledge of facial growth is essential for diagnostics and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kočandrlová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Software and Computer Science Education, Charles University, Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Faculty of Science, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Negishi S, Richards LC, Hughes T, Kondo S, Kasai K. Genetic contribution to palatal morphology variation using three-dimensional analysis in Australian twins. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 115:104740. [PMID: 32417704 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide insight into the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to palatal morphology variation in a cohort of Australian twins. METHODS Healthy Australian twins, aged 12-15 years (45 monozygotic, 46 same sex dizygotic, and 32 opposite-sex dizygotic) were included in the study groups. A scanner was used to obtain three-dimensional data of the maxillary arch. Palatal depth was defined by a line to the deepest point measured from the reference plane at the mid-point of the inter-pre-molar or inter-molar line. This line was then divided into 10 equal sections in order to created 10 different depths for each palatal width. Each palatal width was divided into anterior and posterior areas. Univariate genetic analysis, using the OpenMx structural equation modelling package in R, was carried out on the quantitative data using the normal assumptions of a twin model. RESULTS Heritability estimates for anterior palatal width ranged from 0.75 to 0.80, and from 0.78 to 0.86 for posterior palatal width. Estimates for anterior and posterior palatal depth were 0.72 and 0.86, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Palatal morphology tends to have a moderate to relatively high genetic contribution overall. Palate height has a higher genetic contribution posteriorly than anteriorly. The width of the deep palate is under marginally less stringent genetic regulation than the width of the shallow palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Negishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan; The University of Adelaide Dental School, Australia.
| | | | - Toby Hughes
- The University of Adelaide Dental School, Australia
| | - Shintaro Kondo
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kasai
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan
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13
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Krneta Đokić B, Zhurov A, Richmond S, Verdenik I, Ovsenik M. 3D soft‐tissue evaluation of a Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expander and face mask in pre‐pubertal phase—A retrospective cohort study. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 23:323-331. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Krneta Đokić
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health School of Dentistry Cardiff UK
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Department of Applied Clinical Research and Public Health School of Dentistry Cardiff UK
| | - Ivan Verdenik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Medical Centre Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Maja Ovsenik
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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14
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Treatment compliance of adolescent orthodontic patients with headgear activator and twin-block appliance assessed prospectively using microelectronic wear-time documentation. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:180-186. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Background
Success of orthodontic removable appliance treatment relies on patient compliance. The aim of this quantitative and qualitative study was to explore the compliance and self-reported experience of adolescents in orthodontic treatment with headgear activator (HGA) or twin-block (TB) appliance.
Materials/methods
The study group comprised 52 adolescents with a mean age of 12.6 (±1.3) years at the start of the treatment. The patients were treated at a free-of-charge public dental clinic. Participants were randomly allocated to two equal groups to be treated with either HGA or TB. Patient compliance was evaluated as appliance wear time and subjective experience. Appliance wear time was recorded with Theramon® microchip, and the self-reported subjective experience using a questionnaire.
Results
In total, 30 patients completed the treatment during the follow-up period. HGA was worn on average 7 hours per day and TB 9 hours per day by those patients, who successfully completed the treatment. During a mean observation period of 13 months (range 7–23 months), the mean actual wear time was 43 per cent less than the advised 12 or 18 hours per day in the whole patient group, and 55 per cent in those patients, who completed the treatment. Compliance level was unrelated to the appliance type.
Limitations
Study assessed a relatively small number of patients.
Conclusions/implications
Adolescent patients wear HGA and TB less than advised. Individual variation in treatment adherence is considerable. Thereby, microelectronic wear-time documentation can be a cost-effective mean of identifying non-compliance.
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15
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Curti SM, Barla N, Bianchi FA, Di Vella G, Orto D, Ramieri GA, Verzé L. Juvenile Facial Growth and Mimicry: A Preliminary 3D Study. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1812-1816. [PMID: 30990888 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies focused on facial development during childhood have been conducted by means of 3D technology to provide modifications of anthropometric parameters. Facial mobility was also considered. This study proposed a 3D approach to facial growth changes. Facial surface data of 6 subjects were acquired in T1 (age 7-14 years) and after 7 years (T2), in rest position, and during voluntary movements, by a 3D laser scanner. Linear and angular measurements on rest position scans at T1 and T2 were compared. Each mimic scan was superimposed with the corresponding rest scan. Displacement of significant anthropometric points was measured for each facial gesture and at T1 and T2 statistically compared. Vertical measurements were those most influenced by aging. Some measurements of central facial area were consistent over time. The pattern of soft tissues displacement for each expression was consistent in T1 and T2. These results may be helpful for missing children identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Maria Curti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Niccolò Barla
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Francesca Antonella Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, S.C. Chirurgia Maxillo-facciale, "A.O. Santa Croce e Carle", via Michele Coppino 26, 12100, Cuneo, Italia
| | - Giancarlo Di Vella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Daria Orto
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, S.C. Chirurgia maxillo-facciale U, "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Guglielmo Amedeo Ramieri
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, S.C. Chirurgia maxillo-facciale U, "A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino", corso Bramante 88/90, 10126, Torino, Italia
| | - Laura Verzé
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Sanità Pubblica e Pediatriche, Sezione di Medicina Legale, "Università degli Studi di Torino", corso Galileo Galilei 22, 10126, Torino, Italia
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16
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Koudelová J, Hoffmannová E, Dupej J, Velemínská J. Simulation of facial growth based on longitudinal data: Age progression and age regression between 7 and 17 years of age using 3D surface data. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212618. [PMID: 30794623 PMCID: PMC6386244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Modelling of the development of facial morphology during childhood and adolescence is highly useful in forensic and biomedical practice. However, most studies in this area fail to capture the essence of the face as a three-dimensional structure. The main aims of our present study were (1) to construct ageing trajectories for the female and male face between 7 and 17 years of age and (2) to propose a three-dimensional age progression (age -regression) system focused on real growth-related facial changes. Our approach was based on an assessment of a total of 522 three-dimensional (3D) facial scans of Czech children (39 boys, 48 girls) that were longitudinally studied between the ages of 7 to 12 and 12 to 17 years. Facial surface scans were obtained using a Vectra-3D scanner and evaluated using geometric morphometric methods (CPD-DCA, PCA, Hotelling’s T2 tests). We observed very similar growth rates between 7 and 10 years in both sexes, followed by an increase in growth velocity in both sexes, with maxima between 11 and 12 years in girls and 11 to 13 years in boys, which are connected with the different timing of the onset of puberty. Based on these partly different ageing trajectories for girls and boys, we simulated the effects of age progression (age regression) on facial scans. In girls, the mean error was 1.81 mm at 12 years and 1.7 mm at 17 years. In boys, the prediction system was slightly less successful: 2.0 mm at 12 years and 1.94 mm at 17 years. The areas with the greatest deviations between predicted and real facial morphology were not important for facial recognition. Changes of body mass index percentiles in children throughout the observation period had no significant influence on the accuracy of the age progression models for both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koudelová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Hoffmannová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Dupej
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Software and Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Launonen A, Maikku M, Vuollo V, Pirttiniemi P, Valkama AM, Heikkinen T, Kau CH, Harila V. 3D follow-up study of facial asymmetry after developmental dysplasia of the hip. Orthod Craniofac Res 2018; 21:146-152. [PMID: 29971961 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the change in facial asymmetry among subjects treated for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) from childhood to adolescence. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION A total of 39 adolescents (26 females and 13 males), born and treated for DDH during 1997-2001, participated in the first examination in 2007 (T1; at the age of 8.2) and in the follow-up in 2016 (T2; at the age of 16.6). MATERIAL AND METHODS In this longitudinal study, three-dimensional (3D) images were taken using a 3DMD face system based on a stereophotogrammetric method. Facial asymmetry was determined as the average distance (mm) calculated between the original and superimposed mirrored face and the symmetry percentage (%) calculated as the face area where the distance between the original face and the mirrored surface does not exceed 0.5 mm. RESULTS Results showed increased asymmetry from T1 to T2. The average distance increased for whole face (from 0.51 mm to 0.59 mm, P = .001), upper face (from 0.41 mm to 0.49 mm, P = .005), mid-face (from 0.48 mm to 0.57, P = .002) and lower face (from 0.74 mm to 0.85 mm, P = .147). Facial symmetry percentage decreased for whole face from 61.23% to 55.38% (P = .011), for upper face from 69.27% to 62.24% (P = .005) and for mid-face from 62.29% to 55.63% (P = .007) and for lower face from 43.37% to 42.19% (P = .66). CONCLUSION Facial asymmetry increases from childhood to adulthood in subjects treated for DDH. Orthodontic treatment does not eliminate this asymmetric facial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Launonen
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Maikku
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research group, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Vuollo
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A M Valkama
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- PEDEGO Research group, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - C H Kau
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA
| | - V Harila
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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18
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Wishney M, Darendeliler MA, Dalci O. Craniofacial growth studies in orthodontic research — lessons, considerations and controversies. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/aoj-2020-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The distinguishing features of Class I, Class II and Class III craniofacial growth have been subjects of orthodontic research since the middle of the 20th century. However, the moral and practical issues related to studying craniofacial growth in modern times have presented unresolved challenges to researchers. While previous longitudinal growth investigations are typically based on historical data sets, the cephalometric growth studies of contemporary populations must now rely on cross-sectional data. Furthermore, clinical orthodontic research has faced similar ethical challenges in which therapeutic outcomes are analysed using historical control data. These limitations, amongst others, have obscured the conclusions that can be drawn from both types of studies. This article begins with a review of the defining characteristics of Class I, Class II and Class III growth and then explores the limitations of growth studies and the use of historical control groups in orthodontic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Wishney
- Discipline of Orthodontics , Faculty of Dentistry , University of Sydney , Sydney Dental Hospital , Sydney South West Area Health Service , Sydney , Australia
| | - M. Ali Darendeliler
- Discipline of Orthodontics , Faculty of Dentistry , University of Sydney , Sydney Dental Hospital , Sydney South West Area Health Service , Sydney , Australia
| | - Oyku Dalci
- Discipline of Orthodontics , Faculty of Dentistry , University of Sydney , Sydney Dental Hospital , Sydney South West Area Health Service , Sydney , Australia
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