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Bian J, Zhang W, Guo Z, Li X, Fu L, Lu Z, Fitzpatrick T, Sun Y, Gao Y, Chen Y, Liu Q, He L, Sun C, Zou H. Influence of grandchildren on COVID-19 vaccination uptake among older adults in China: a parallel-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:638-646. [PMID: 38724731 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The uptake of COVID-19 booster vaccination among older adults in China is suboptimal. Here, we report the results of a parallel-group cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of promoting COVID-19 booster vaccination among grandparents (≥60 years) through a health education intervention delivered to their grandchildren (aged ≥16 years) in a Chinese cohort (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2200063240 ). The primary outcome was the uptake rate of COVID-19 booster dose among grandparents. Secondary outcomes include grandparents' attitude and intention to get a COVID-19 booster dose. A total of 202 college students were randomized 1:1 to either the intervention arm of web-based health education and 14 daily reminders (n = 188 grandparents) or control arm (n = 187 grandparents) and reported their grandparents' COVID-19 booster vaccination status at baseline and 21 days. Grandparents in the intervention arm were more likely to receive COVID-19 booster vaccination compared to control cohort (intervention, 30.6%; control, 16.9%; risk ratio = 2.00 (95% CI, 1.09 to 3.66)). Grandparents in the intervention arm also had greater attitude change (β = 0.28 (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.52)) and intention change (β = 0.32 (95% CI, 0.12 to 0.52)) to receive a COVID-19 booster dose. Our results show that an educational intervention targeting college students increased COVID-19 booster vaccination uptake among grandparents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junye Bian
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijie Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihui Guo
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Leiwen Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Yinghui Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanxiao Gao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanyi Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Longtao He
- Research Institute of Social Development, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huachun Zou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Mielke A, Sørensen MP, Wyller J. Memory effects in disease modelling through kernel estimates with oscillatory time history. J Math Biol 2024; 88:57. [PMID: 38578546 PMCID: PMC10997723 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-024-02080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We design a linear chain trick algorithm for dynamical systems for which we have oscillatory time histories in the distributed time delay. We make use of this algorithmic framework to analyse memory effects in disease evolution in a population. The modelling is based on a susceptible-infected-recovered SIR-model and on a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered SEIR-model through a kernel that dampens the activity based on the recent history of infectious individuals. This corresponds to adaptive behavior in the population or through governmental non-pharmaceutical interventions. We use the linear chain trick to show that such a model may be written in a Markovian way, and we analyze the stability of the system. We find that the adaptive behavior gives rise to either a stable equilibrium point or a stable limit cycle for a close to constant number of susceptibles, i.e. locally in time. We also show that the attack rate for this model is lower than it would be without the dampening, although the adaptive behavior disappears as time goes to infinity and the number of infected goes to zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mielke
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Bldg. 324, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Peter Sørensen
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, Bldg. 324, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - John Wyller
- Department of Mathematics, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
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Lüdecke D, von dem Knesebeck O. Worsened self-rated health in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults in Europe. Eur J Public Health 2023; 33:1148-1154. [PMID: 37568252 PMCID: PMC10710346 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Governments across Europe deployed non-pharmaceutical interventions to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which not only showed clear benefits but also had negative consequences on peoples' health. Health inequalities increased, disproportionally affecting people with higher age or lower education. This study analyzed associations between social factors and worsened self-rated health of elderly people in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, taking different stringencies of government mandates as well as infection rates into account. METHODS Data stem from the European SHARE survey. The main outcome was a binary indicator of worsened self-rated health. Analyses included data from two waves (2020 and 2021) during the pandemic (N = 48 356 participants, N = 96 712 observations). Predictors were age, sex, education and living together with a partner, and two macro indicators that reflected the stringency of government response mandates and COVID-19 infection rates. Data were analyzed using logistic mixed-effects regression models. RESULTS Older age [odds ratio (OR) 1.73, confidence interval (CI) 1.65-1.81] and female sex (OR 1.26, CI 1.20-1.32) were positively associated and higher education (OR 0.74, CI 0.70-0.79) was negatively associated with worsened self-rated health. Not living together with a partner showed higher odds of worsened self-rated health (OR 1.30, CI 1.24-1.36). Inequalities increased from 2020 to 2021. Associations between worsened self-rated health and government response mandates or infection rates were inconsistent. CONCLUSION Self-rated health worsened in the course of the pandemic and health disparities increased. Possible future pandemics require targeted interventions to minimize adverse health outcomes, in particular among old, potentially isolated, and deprived people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüdecke
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf von dem Knesebeck
- Institute of Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Ren W, Ma X, Tarimo CS, Xing Y, Lv X, Liang Z. A study on the current state and equity level of the health promotion service demands among older adults in China. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:67. [PMID: 37055791 PMCID: PMC10103517 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01882-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meeting the demands of older adults for health promotion services (DOAHPS) is essential for maintaining their health and enhancing their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to construct a model for evaluating DOAHPS to quantitatively evaluate the current state and equity level of DOAHPS in China, as well as to explore the main factors affecting DOAHPS' current state and equity level. METHODS This study analyzed the DOAHPS data from the "Survey on Chinese Residents' Health Service Demands in the New Era", which included 1542 older adults aged 65 and older. Relationships between evaluation indicators of DOAHPS were explored using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The Weighted TOPSIS method and Logistic regression (LR) were used to analyze the current state and factors impacting DOAHPS. The equity level of DOAHPS' allocation among different older adult groups and its influencing factors were determined using the Rank Sum Ratio (RSR) method and T Theil index. RESULTS The evaluation score for DOAHPS was 42.57 ± 1.51. Health status, health literacy and behavior were positively correlated with DOAHPS (r = 0.40, 0.38; P < 0.05). The LR results revealed that the most significant determinants of DOAHPS were sex, residence, education level and pre-retirement occupation (all P < 0.05). The number of older adults with very poor, poor, general, high and very high level health promotion service demands accounted for 2.27%, 28.60%, 53.05%, 15.43% and 0.65%, respectively. The total T Theil index of DOAHPS was 2.7433*10-4, and the intra-group difference contribution rate exceeded 72%. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the maximum level, the total DOAHPS level was found to be moderate, although the demands of urban seniors with higher levels of education may be substantially greater. The observed inequities in the allocation of DOAHPS were primarily related to differences in education level and pre-retirement occupation within group. To better address health promotion services for older adults, policymakers could target older males with low education who reside in rural regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicun Ren
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiwang Ma
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Clifford Silver Tarimo
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dares Salaam Institute of Technology, Dares Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yiqing Xing
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyuan Lv
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Liang
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Dankowski T, Kastner L, Suenkel U, von Thaler AK, Mychajliw C, Krawczak M, Maetzler W, Berg D, Brockmann K, Thiel A, Eschweiler GW, Heinzel S. Longitudinal dynamics of depression in risk groups of older individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1093780. [PMID: 38455897 PMCID: PMC10911044 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1093780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Older individuals are most at risk of severe COVID-19 and particularly require protection causing (self)restriction of psychosocial interaction in daily living. So far, the impact of psychosocial withdrawal on mental health seems less pronounced in community-dwelling older individuals compared to younger individuals. However, dynamics and adverse long-term effects of the pandemic, such as increases in depression, are still mostly unclear, especially for vulnerable subgroups. Methods Pre-pandemic and 3-, 8-, 14-, 20-month peri-pandemic data were analyzed in 877 older participants (age at 3-month peri-pandemic: mean ± SD: 72.3 ± 6.3, range: 58-91 years) of the observational prospective TREND study in Germany. Severity of depression (Beck's Depression Inventory-II scores) and key factors of (mental) health were investigated for cross-sectional associations using path modeling. Risk groups defined by resilience, loneliness, history of depression, stress, health status and fear of COVID-19 were investigated for differences in depression between timepoints. Findings The early pandemic (3-month) severity of depression was most strongly associated with history of depression, stress and resilience. Overall increases in clinically relevant depression (mild-severe) from pre- to 3-month peri-pandemic were small (% with depression at pre-/3-month peri-pandemic: 8.3%/11.5%). Changes were most pronounced in risk groups with low resilience (27.2%/41.8%), loneliness (19.0%/28.9%), fear of COVID-19 (17.6%/31.4%), high stress (24.4%/34.2%), a history of depression (27.7%/36.9%), and low health status (21.8%/31.4%). Changes in depression were largely observed from pre- to 3-month and were sustained to the 20-month peri-pandemic timepoint, overall and in stratified risk groups defined by single and cumulative risk factors. Changes between timepoints were heterogenous as indicated by alluvial diagrams. Conclusion Only specific risk groups of older individuals showed a large increase in depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since these increases occurred early in the pandemic and were sustained over 20 months, these vulnerable risk groups need to be prioritized for counselling and risk mitigation of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Dankowski
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lydia Kastner
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Lead Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Suenkel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina von Thaler
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Mychajliw
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ansgar Thiel
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard W. Eschweiler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
- Geriatric Center, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurology, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Szepietowska EM, Filipiak SA. Greater knowledge about COVID-19, more negative emotions. Research in adult Poles after 2nd and 5th waves of the pandemic. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2023. [DOI: 10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The study investigated the dynamics of cognitive and emotional representation of COVID-19 in adult Poles, following the second (2021) and the fifth (2022) wave of the pandemic.
Material and methods: The study involved a total of 303 subjects (N = 198 in Survey 1 in 2021, and N = 105 in Survey 2 in 2022). The following measures were used: a questionnaire covering demographic data and general opinions about COVID-19 as well as the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R).
Results: After the fifth wave, significantly more respondents were convinced that COVID-19 was a real and dangerous disease. Cognitive deficits were more commonly recognised among symptoms of the viremia. Vaccination against COVID-19 was recognised as an essential preventive measure. Both surveys showed that COVID-19 representation was characterised by negative emotions and low sense of illness coherence. However, there was increased belief that the disease can be controlled through medical interventions. The age of the respondents in Survey 1 and Survey 2 was differently related to beliefs about COVID-19.
Conclusions:
1. After 2.5 years of the pandemic, the awareness of Poles about the causes, symptoms and methods of preventing the disease has increased.
2. Failure to vaccinate against COVID-19 has been identified as a significant cause of viremia.
3. Negative emotions and a sense of serious consequences were predominant in both Surveys, but after the fifth wave of the pandemic the scores reflect increased perception of the chronic nature of the disease and belief that the illness can be treated with medication, whereas the sense of personal control was found to decrease.
4. After the fifth wave of the pandemic, older age corresponded to increased belief in the relevance of some preventive measures, and to greater awareness of the viral origin, increased belief in the feasibility of controlling the disease through one's behaviours and a greater sense of illness coherence.
5. The intensification of negative emotions related to the pandemic can be treated as a predictor of the increase in adjustment disorders and risk of mental health deterioration among adult Poles in the following years.
Keywords: cognitive and emotional representation of illness, COVID-19 pandemic, Polish adults
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa M. Szepietowska
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sara A. Filipiak
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Maria-Curie Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
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Active ageing profiles among older adults in Spain: A Multivariate analysis based on SHARE study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272549. [PMID: 35925982 PMCID: PMC9352065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Following the active ageing model based on the Health, Lifelong Learning, Participation and Security pillars, this research has a twofold objective: i) to classify older adults according to active ageing profiles, taking into account the four pillars, and ii) to ascertain the relationship between the profiles and personal and contextual factors, as well as well-being and quality of life in old age. Methods A study sample of 5,566 Spanish older adults who participated in wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was included. Data were analysed in different steps applying several statistical analyses (Principal Component, Cluster, Discriminant, Multiple Correspondence and bivariate analysis with Pearson chi-square and ANOVA). Results Five older adult profiles were obtained (I: with moderate activity; II: quasi-dependents; III: with active ageing-limiting conditions; IV: with diverse and balanced activity; V: with excellent active ageing conditions). The first three profiles were characterised by subjects with a high average age, low educational level, who were retired or housewives, and who perceived a moderate level of loneliness, satisfaction with the social network and quality of life, as well as having a larger family network, but living in small households or alone. In contrast, the latter two profiles showed better personal and contextual conditions, well-being and quality of life. Discussion and conclusions The multidimensional approach to active ageing followed in this article has revealed the presence of several older adult profiles, which are confined to groups with better or worse active ageing conditions. In this context, if ageing is a process that reflects the previous way of life, intervention priorities will have to consider actions that promote better conditions during the life cycle.
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Arpino B, Bordone V, Di Gessa G. Close kin influence COVID-19 precautionary behaviors and vaccine acceptance of older individuals. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1699988. [PMID: 35677077 PMCID: PMC9176653 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1699988/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The family plays a central role in shaping health behaviors of its members through social control and support mechanisms. We investigate whether and to what extent close kin (i.e., partner and children) have mattered for older people in taking on precautionary behaviors (e.g., physical distancing) and vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Drawing on data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), we combine its Corona Surveys (June-August 2020 and June-August 2021) with pre-COVID information (October 2019-March2020). We find that having close kin (especially a partner) is associated with a higher probability of both adopting precautionary behaviors and accepting a COVID-19 vaccine. Results are robust to controlling for other potential drivers of precautionary behaviors and vaccine acceptance, as well as to accounting for co-residence with kin. Our findings suggest that policy makers and practitioners may differently address kinless individuals when promoting public policy measures.
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Wallis H, Holzen V, Sieverding T, Matthies E, Schmidt K. How do appraisal as threat or challenge, efficacy, and environmental quality affect wellbeing in the COVID-19 pandemic? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1009977. [PMID: 36713898 PMCID: PMC9875378 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In crises, it is of great relevance to identify mechanisms that help people to maintain a certain level of wellbeing. This paper investigates whether appraising the COVID-19 pandemic as a threat vs. as a challenge has different effects on subjective wellbeing during the pandemic. Furthermore, we study the role of the perceived local environmental quality for individuals' subjective wellbeing. METHODS Via online survey study with two times of measurement (N = 758), we investigated (a) the prediction of participants' wellbeing in June 2020 and June 2021 through five variables and (b) how these five variables moderated within-participant differences in subjective wellbeing over time. RESULTS Results showed that a stronger perception of the pandemic as a threat (feeling worried) and a lower education in June 2020 predicted a lower subjective wellbeing in 2020 and 2021. A stronger challenge appraisal (feeling confident), higher efficacy expectations, and positive perceptions of the local environmental quality in June 2020 predicted a higher wellbeing in 2020 and 2021. There was no substantial change in participants' aggregated wellbeing over time. However, those who perceived the pandemic more as a threat in June 2020 struggled more with negative changes in their wellbeing, whereas those who perceived the pandemic more as a challenge reported a higher wellbeing. CONCLUSION It seems key to support people in activating positive feelings to successfully cope with crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wallis
- Medical Faculty, University Clinic of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Veronique Holzen
- Department of Environmental Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Sieverding
- Department of Environmental Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ellen Matthies
- Department of Environmental Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karolin Schmidt
- Department of Environmental Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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