Regional variations and socio-economic disparities in neonatal mortality in Angola: a cross-sectional study using demographic and health surveys

Subnational trends and inequalities of under-immunisation and zero-dose among children aged 12-23 months in Uganda: a national population-based cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

Despite the Global Vaccine Action Plan's goal of at least 90% vaccine coverage for all children, Uganda has made limited progress in vaccination over the past decade. The objective of this study was to examine the subnational trends in the prevalence and inequalities in under-immunisation and zero-dose among children aged 12-23 months in Uganda.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective national cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Uganda PARTICIPANTS: Uganda Demographic and Health Survey secondary data of only children aged 12-23 months. The samples selected for analyses were 1507 in 2006, 1409 in 2011 and 2650 children in 2016.

OUTCOME MEASURE

The primary outcomes were under-immunisation and zero-dose vaccination.Absolute and relative inequality measures were used in the analysis.

RESULTS

From 2006 to 2016, the under-vaccination rate decreased by 21%, but remained high at 40.8%. The zero-dose vaccination rate dropped by 82%, affecting 1.2% of children in 2016. Subnational inequalities in under-vaccination increased over time with widening gaps between regions. While inequalities across wealth quintiles, maternal education levels and places of residence narrowed, children of mothers with lower education levels continued to have the highest under-vaccination rates. The rural-urban gap for zero-dose vaccination remained unchanged, with rural children disproportionately impacted.

CONCLUSION

While some progress was made in reducing under-vaccination rates in Uganda within the study period, no region achieved an under-vaccination rate below 20%. This indicates significant challenges in reaching the Sustainable Development Goal target of at least 80% immunisation coverage. Targeted interventions are necessary to improve healthcare access, enhance public health communication and strengthen the health system, particularly in underserved communities and among vulnerable populations.

Association between maternal and child health care and neonatal death in Angola: a secondary analysis of Angola Demographic Health Survey 2015-16

BACKGROUND

Neonatal mortality has decreased in Angola; however, it remains high. Quality maternal and child health (MCH) care is key to improving neonatal survival. In Angola, however, the association between neonatal mortality and MCH care has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the association between neonatal mortality and MCH services in Angola.

METHODS

We used the Angola Demographic Health Survey 2015-16, which is the latest nationally representative dataset of Angola. The associations between early/late neonatal death and MCH care utilization were identified by a multivariable logistic regression analysis, adjusted by the sex of the child, type of residence, wealth index, caesarian section, size of the child at birth and delivery assisted by skilled birth attendant. The individual sample weight, sample strata for sampling errors/design, and cluster number were incorporated in a descriptive and logistic regression analysis to account for the unequal probability sampling in different strata.

RESULTS

The early and late neonatal mortality rates were 22 and 2 per 1000 live births, respectively. We found that having none, one, two or three tetanus injections before the last pregnancy compared to five or more injections, and no postnatal health check for children before discharge were associated with the occurrence of late neonatal death. During the first 2 days after childbirth, no observation of breastfeeding, no counseling on breastfeeding, no counseling on newborn danger signs, no measurement of child body temperature, and no examination of the cord as well as not checking child health before discharge were associated with early neonatal death.

CONCLUSIONS

Doses of maternal tetanus vaccination and postnatal child health check before discharge were modifiable factors associated to late neonatal death. Further studies to improve MCH care coverage are needed.

Socio-economic and geographical inequalities in neonatal mortality rates in Sierra Leone, 2008-2019

BACKGROUND

Sierra Leone has reduced neonatal mortality rates(NMR) in recent years. Despite this progress, disparities in newborn survival persist across socio-economic and geographic areas. This study examined the inequalities in neonatal mortality rates in Sierra Leone between 2008 and 2019.

METHODS

We utilized data from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey rounds conducted in 2008, 2013, and 2019. We used the World Health Organisation Health Equity Assessment Toolkit to calculate simple measures of inequality (Difference, and Ratio), and complex measures of inequality (Population Attributable Risk, and Population Attributable Fraction). Inequality in neonatal mortality rate was calculated on six stratifiers: maternal age, maternal economic status, maternal level of education, place of residence, sex of the child, and sub-national province.

RESULTS

Neonatal mortality rate decreased in Sierra Loene from 48.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to 29.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. There was an increase in age-related inequality from a Difference of 0.7 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to 4.3 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. Economic inequality decreased from a Difference of 26.8 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to -3.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. Inequality in education decreased from a Difference of 4.6 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to -4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. Inequality increased from a Difference of - 0.5 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to -4.2 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019 for place of residence. For the child's sex, the inequality increased from a Difference of - 7.9 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to -11.1 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019. Provincial inequality increased slightly from a Difference of 14.0 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2008 to 14.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2019.

CONCLUSION

The findings show a decline in the national neonatal mortality rate from 2008 to 2019, indicating improvements in healthcare and maternal support. While economic and educational inequalities have decreased, especially in education, sustaining these gains is essential for equitable healthcare access. Despite this progress, inequalities based on age, residence, child's sex, and province still exist, and have increased between 2008 and 2019. Policymakers should focus on targeted programs for vulnerable age groups and sexes, and develop geographical strategies to ensure uniform improvements in neonatal health.

Maternal Profiles and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study from Angola

OBJECTIVES

To characterize pregnant women admitted to Irene Neto Maternity Hospital, Lubango city, Huíla province, and their pregnancy outcomes.

METHODS

We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional facility-based survey between October 2016 and September 2017, involving 500 pregnant women, followed from admission in labor until the end of delivery. Mean (SD) was computed for quantitative variables, while relative and absolute frequencies were determined for categorical variables. Additionally, confidence intervals were estimated.

RESULTS

Among pregnant women 18.3% were adolescents (≤ 19 years) and 14.5% had advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years). Illiteracy was reported by 8.2%. One in three (33.6%) had a short stature (< 1.55 m). Malaria was the most frequent infection during pregnancy (16.3%). Upon admission, 18.1% were anemic (Hb < 11 g/dl) and 36.0% had hypertension (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg), contrasting with the few cases reported of chronic hypertension and pregnancy-induced hypertension. There were 15 twin pregnancies. Cesarean section was performed in 25.2% of the women, although there was no medical indication for 23.0% of women having cesareans. Two maternal deaths occurred in our sample. Among live births from singleton pregnancies (97.1%), birth asphyxia (Apgar < 7 at 5 min) was observed in 22.7% and 10.3% had low birth weight (< 2.5 kg).

CONCLUSIONS

There are very few studies reporting pregnancy outcomes in Angola. This analysis presents data from Huíla province, the second most populous province. We identified characteristics for higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: adolescence, illiteracy, and short stature. Among newborn outcomes, birth asphyxia and low birth weight demand special attention. Further research is needed to explore the non-medical indications for cesarean section and to better understand the twinning rate in Lubango.

Factors associated with infant mortality in Nigeria: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Infant mortality persists as a global public health concern, particularly in lower-middle-income countries (LIMCs) such as Nigeria. The risk of an infant dying before one year of age is estimated to be six times higher in Africa than in Europe. Nigeria recorded an infant mortality rate of 72.2 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2020, in contrast to the global estimate of 27.4 per 1,000 live births. Several studies have been undertaken to determine the factors influencing infant mortality.

OBJECTIVE

This scoping review sought to identify and summarise the breadth of evidence available on factors associated with infant mortality in Nigeria.

METHODS

This review followed the five-stage principles of Arksey and O'Malley's framework. Four electronic databases were searched with no limit to publication date or study type: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science. Selected studies were imported into Endnote software and then exported to Rayyan software where duplicates were removed. Included articles were thematically analysed and synthesised using the socioecological model.

RESULTS

A total of 8,139 references were compiled and screened. Forty-eight articles were included in the final review. At the individual level, maternal- and child-related factors were revealed to influence infant mortality; socioeconomic and sociocultural factors at the interpersonal level; provision and utilisation of health services, health workforce, hospital resources and access to health services at the organisational level; housing/neighbourhood and environmental factors at the community level; and lastly, governmental factors were found to affect infant mortality at the public policy level.

CONCLUSION

Factors related to the individual, interpersonal, organisational, community and public policy levels were associated with infant mortality in Nigeria.

Disparities in use of skilled birth attendants and neonatal mortality rate in Guinea over two decades

BACKGROUND

Maternal mortality remains high in sub-Saharan African countries, including Guinea. Skilled birth attendance (SBA) is one of the crucial interventions to avert preventable obstetric complications and related maternal deaths. However, within-country inequalities prevent a large proportion of women from receiving skilled birth attendance. Scarcity of evidence related to this exists in Guinea. Hence, this study investigated the magnitude and trends in socioeconomic and geographic-related inequalities in SBA in Guinea from 1999 to 2016 and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) between 1999 and 2012.

METHODS

We derived data from three Guinea Demographic and Health Surveys (1999, 2005 and 2012) and one Guinea Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2016). For analysis, we used the 2019 updated WHO Health Equity Assessment Toolkit (HEAT). We analyzed inequalities in SBA and NMR using Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Population Attributable Fraction (PAF), Difference (D) and Ratio (R). These summary measures were computed for four equity stratifiers: wealth, education, place of residence and subnational region. We computed 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UI) for each point estimate to show whether or not observed SBA inequalities and NMR are statistically significant and whether or not disparities changed significantly over time.

RESULTS

A total of 14,402 for SBA and 39,348 participants for NMR were involved. Profound socioeconomic- and geographic-related inequalities in SBA were found favoring the rich (PAR = 33.27; 95% UI: 29.85-36.68), educated (PAR = 48.38; 95% UI: 46.49-50.28), urban residents (D = 47.03; 95% UI: 42.33-51.72) and regions such as Conakry (R = 3.16; 95% UI: 2.31-4.00). Moreover, wealth-driven (PAF = -21.4; 95% UI: -26.1, -16.7), education-related (PAR = -16.7; 95% UI: -19.2, -14.3), urban-rural (PAF = -11.3; 95% UI: -14.8, -7.9), subnational region (R = 2.0, 95% UI: 1.2, 2.9) and sex-based (D = 12.1, 95% UI; 3.2, 20.9) inequalities in NMR were observed between 1999 and 2012. Though the pattern of inequality in SBA varied based on summary measures, both socioeconomic and geographic-related inequalities decreased over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Disproportionate inequalities in SBA and NMR exist among disadvantaged women such as the poor, uneducated, rural residents, and women from regions like Mamou region. Hence, empowering women through education and economic resources, as well as prioritizing SBA for these disadvantaged groups could be key steps toward ensuring equitable SBA, reduction of NMR and advancing the health equity agenda of "no one left behind."