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Burt M, Angelidou G, Mais CN, Preußer C, Glatter T, Heimerl T, Groß R, Serrania J, Boosarpu G, Pogge von Strandmann E, Müller JA, Bange G, Becker A, Lehmann M, Jonigk D, Neubert L, Freitag H, Paczia N, Schmeck B, Jung AL. Lipid A in outer membrane vesicles shields bacteria from polymyxins. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12447. [PMID: 38766978 PMCID: PMC11103557 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens poses a major global healthcare challenge, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being a prominent threat. We conducted a comprehensive study on K. pneumoniae's antibiotic resistance mechanisms, focusing on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and polymyxin, a last-resort antibiotic. Our research demonstrates that OMVs protect bacteria from polymyxins. OMVs derived from Polymyxin B (PB)-stressed K. pneumoniae exhibited heightened protective efficacy due to increased vesiculation, compared to OMVs from unstressed Klebsiella. OMVs also shield bacteria from different bacterial families. This was validated ex vivo and in vivo using precision cut lung slices (PCLS) and Galleria mellonella. In all models, OMVs protected K. pneumoniae from PB and reduced the associated stress response on protein level. We observed significant changes in the lipid composition of OMVs upon PB treatment, affecting their binding capacity to PB. The altered binding capacity of single OMVs from PB stressed K. pneumoniae could be linked to a reduction in the lipid A amount of their released vesicles. Although the amount of lipid A per vesicle is reduced, the overall increase in the number of vesicles results in an increased protection because the sum of lipid A and therefore PB binding sites have increased. This unravels the mechanism of the altered PB protective efficacy of OMVs from PB stressed K. pneumoniae compared to control OMVs. The lipid A-dependent protective effect against PB was confirmed in vitro using artificial vesicles. Moreover, artificial vesicles successfully protected Klebsiella from PB ex vivo and in vivo. The findings indicate that OMVs act as protective shields for bacteria by binding to polymyxins, effectively serving as decoys and preventing antibiotic interaction with the cell surface. Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying antibiotic cross-protection and offer potential avenues for the development of novel therapeutic interventions to address the escalating threat of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Burt
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Georgia Angelidou
- Core Facility for Metabolomics and Small Molecules Mass SpectrometryMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsMax Planck Institute for terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
| | - Christopher Nils Mais
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Christian Preußer
- Institute for Tumor ImmunologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Core Facility ‐ Extracellular VesiclesPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Timo Glatter
- Core Facility for Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsMax Planck Institute for terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
| | - Thomas Heimerl
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Groß
- Institute of Molecular VirologyUlm University Medical CenterUlmGermany
| | - Javier Serrania
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Gowtham Boosarpu
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Institute for Tumor ImmunologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Core Facility ‐ Extracellular VesiclesPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Janis A. Müller
- Institute of VirologyPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Gert Bange
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Anke Becker
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Health and ImmunityHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Center for Lung Research (DZL)MunichGermany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH)GiessenGermany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)German Center of Lung Research (DZL)HannoverGermany
- Institute of PathologyUniversity Medical Center RWTH University of AachenAachenGermany
| | - Lavinia Neubert
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)German Center of Lung Research (DZL)HannoverGermany
- Institute of PathologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Hinrich Freitag
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH)German Center of Lung Research (DZL)HannoverGermany
- Institute of PathologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | - Nicole Paczia
- Core Facility for Metabolomics and Small Molecules Mass SpectrometryMax Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyMarburgGermany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH)GiessenGermany
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care MedicineUniversity Medical Center MarburgUniversities of Giessen and Marburg Lung CenterPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Member of the German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF)MarburgGermany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry – Bacterial VesiclesPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
| | - Anna Lena Jung
- Institute for Lung Research, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL)Philipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry – Bacterial VesiclesPhilipps‐University MarburgMarburgGermany
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2
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Jiang B, Lai Y, Xiao W, Zhong T, Liu F, Gong J, Huang J. Microbial extracellular vesicles contribute to antimicrobial resistance. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012143. [PMID: 38696356 PMCID: PMC11065233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the escalating global antimicrobial resistance crisis, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies against drug-resistant microbes. Accumulating evidence indicates microbial extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, comprehensively elucidating the roles and mechanisms of microbial EVs in conferring resistance could provide new perspectives and avenues for novel antimicrobial approaches. In this review, we systematically examine current research on antimicrobial resistance involving bacterial, fungal, and parasitic EVs, delineating the mechanisms whereby microbial EVs promote resistance. Finally, we discuss the application of bacterial EVs in antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Jiang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yi Lai
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Xiao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junjie Gong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junyun Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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3
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Wang Y, Sapula SA, Whittall JJ, Blaikie JM, Lomovskaya O, Venter H. Identification and characterization of CIM-1, a carbapenemase that adds to the family of resistance factors against last resort antibiotics. Commun Biol 2024; 7:282. [PMID: 38454015 PMCID: PMC10920655 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing rate of carbapenem-resistant bacteria within healthcare environments is an issue of great concern that needs urgent attention. This resistance is driven by metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), which can catalyse the hydrolysis of almost all clinically available β-lactams and are resistant to all the clinically utilized β-lactamase inhibitors. In this study, an uncharacterized MBL is identified in a multidrug resistant isolate of the opportunistic pathogen, Chryseobacterium indologenes. Sequence analysis predicts this MBL (CIM-1) to be a lipoprotein with an atypical lipobox. Characterization of CIM-1 reveals it to be a high-affinity carbapenemase with a broad spectrum of activity that includes all cephalosporins and carbapenems. Results also shown that CIM-1 is potentially a membrane-associated MBL with an uncharacterized lipobox. Using prediction tools, we also identify more potentially lipidated MBLs with non-canonical lipoboxes highlighting the necessity of further investigation of lipidated MBLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Sapula
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Whittall
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jack M Blaikie
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Henrietta Venter
- Health and Biomedical Innovation, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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4
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Huang S, Lin J, Han X. Extracellular vesicles-Potential link between periodontal disease and diabetic complications. Mol Oral Microbiol 2024. [PMID: 38227219 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
It has long been suggested that a bidirectional impact exists between periodontitis and diabetes. Periodontitis may affect diabetes glycemic control, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications. Diabetes can worsen periodontitis by delaying wound healing and increasing the chance of infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous particles of membrane-enclosed spherical structure secreted by eukaryotes and prokaryotes and play a key role in a variety of diseases. This review will introduce the biogenesis, release, and biological function of EVs from a microbial and host cell perspective, discuss the functional properties of EVs in the development of periodontitis and diabetes, and explore their role in the pathogenesis and clinical application of these two diseases. Their clinical implication and diagnostic value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Huang
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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5
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Niode NJ, Kepel BJ, Hessel SS, Kairupan TS, Tallei TE. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae: A novel source for combating broad-spectrum bacterial and fungal infections. Vet World 2024; 17:156-170. [PMID: 38406375 PMCID: PMC10884581 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.156-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern due to the growth of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which makes it difficult to treat infection. Due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against a diverse array of bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larval antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have demonstrated potential as antimicrobial agents for the treatment of microbial infections and prevention of antibiotic resistance. This study emphasizes the unexplored mechanisms of action of R. ferrugineus larvae against microorganisms. Among the most widely discussed mechanisms is the effect of AMPs in larvae in response to a threat or infection. Modulation of immune-related genes in the intestine and phagocytic capacity of its hemocytes may also affect the antimicrobial activity of R. ferrugineus larvae, with an increase in phenoloxidase activity possibly correlated with microbial clearance and survival rates of larvae. The safety and toxicity of R. ferrugineus larvae extracts, as well as their long-term efficacy, are also addressed in this paper. The implications of future research are explored in this paper, and it is certain that R. ferrugineus larvae have the potential to be developed as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent with proper investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurdjannah Jane Niode
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Billy Johnson Kepel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Sofia Safitri Hessel
- Department of Biotechnology, Indonesia Biodiversity and Biogeography Research Institute (INABIG), Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tara Sefanya Kairupan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
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6
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Magaña G, Harvey C, Taggart CC, Rodgers AM. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles: Role in Pathogenesis and Host-Cell Interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 13:32. [PMID: 38247591 PMCID: PMC10812699 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are small, spherical structures released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria into the surrounding environment. Investigations into OMVs range from their biogenesis and cargo composition to their ability to transfer virulence factors and modulate host immune responses. This emerging understanding of OMVs has unveiled their pivotal role in the pathogenicity of infectious diseases, shedding light on their interactions with host cells, their contributions to inflammation, their potential involvement in antimicrobial resistance, and their promising use for the development of novel treatments and therapies. Numerous studies have associated the OMVs of pathogenic bacteria with the exacerbation of inflammatory diseases, underlining the significance of understanding the mechanisms associated with these vesicles to find alternatives for combating these conditions. Additionally, OMVs possess the ability to act as decoys, absorbing and neutralizing antibiotics, which significantly diminishes the efficacy of a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agents. Another subtopic of interest is OMVs produced by commensal microbiota. These vesicles are increasingly acknowledged for their mutualistic functions, significantly influencing their host's physiology and immune responses. Consequently, OMVs play a crucial role in maintaining a balanced gut microbiota by fostering symbiotic relationships that significantly contribute to the overall health and well-being of the host. This comprehensive review aims to provide an up-to-date review of OMVs derived from Gram-negative bacteria, summarizing current research findings, and elucidating the multifaceted role of these vesicles in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aoife M. Rodgers
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK; (G.M.); (C.H.); (C.C.T.)
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Warsi OM, Gedda L, Edwards K, Andersson DI. Vesicle-enriched secretomes alter bacterial competitive abilities and are drivers of evolution in microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad141. [PMID: 37884450 PMCID: PMC10653989 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial membrane vesicles can carry compounds that inhibit bacterial growth, but how they impact the fitness of the vesicle-producing bacterial species and influence community dynamics remain unexplored questions. To address these questions, we examined the effect of vesicle-enriched secretomes (VESs) in different single-species and multi-species systems. Effects of VESs on single-species growth dynamics were determined for nine bacterial species belonging to four genera (Escherichia, Salmonella, Pseudomonas and Bacillus) in nutrient-rich and poor growth media. Results showed both species-specific and nutrient-dependent effects of the VESs on bacterial growth. The strongest antagonistic effects were observed for VES isolated from the natural isolates of E. coli, while those isolated from P. aeruginosa PA14 affected the highest number of species. We further demonstrated that these VESs altered the competitive abilities of the species involved in two-species (S. Typhimurium LT2 and S. arizonae) and three-species systems (E. coli, S. Typhimurium LT2 and B. subtilis). Finally, using experimental evolution we showed that different bacterial species could rapidly acquire mutations that abrogated the antagonistic effects of VESs. This study demonstrates how VESs can contribute in shaping microbial communities, both by increasing the competitive ability of a given bacterial species and as a driver of genetic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar M Warsi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Lars Gedda
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Katarina Edwards
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden
| | - Dan I Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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Płaczkiewicz J, Gieczewska K, Musiałowski M, Adamczyk-Popławska M, Bącal P, Kwiatek A. Availability of iron ions impacts physicochemical properties and proteome of outer membrane vesicles released by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18733. [PMID: 37907530 PMCID: PMC10618220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are bilayer structures released by bacteria for various purposes, e.g., response to environmental factors, bacterial communication, and interactions with host cells. One of the environmental variables bacteria need to react is the amount and availability of iron, a crucial element for bacteria biology. We have investigated the impact of the iron amount and availability on OMV secretion by pathogenic Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which, depending on the infection site, challenges different iron availability. N. gonorrhoeae releases OMVs in iron starvation and repletion growth environments. However, OMVs differed in physicochemical features and proteome according to iron amount and availability during the bacteria growth, as was analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Infrared spectroscopy with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and Atomic Force Microscopy. OMVs from iron starvation and repletion conditions had a higher variation in size, different flexibility, and different membrane protein and lipid components than OMVs isolated from control growth conditions. These OMVs also varied qualitatively and quantitatively in their total proteome composition and contained proteins unique for iron starvation and repletion conditions. Thus, the modulation of OMVs' properties seems to be a part of N. gonorrhoeae adaptation to surroundings and indicates a new direction of antigonococcal proceeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoda Płaczkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
- International Centre for Translational Eye Research, Ophthalmic Biology Group, Warsaw, Poland, 01-230
| | - Katarzyna Gieczewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Institute of Experimental Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, 02-096
| | - Marcin Musiałowski
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, 02-096
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Popławska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Bącal
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 00-818
| | - Agnieszka Kwiatek
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
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Onorini D, Schoborg R, Borel N, Leonard C. Beta lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae alleviates Amoxicillin-induced chlamydial persistence in a novel in vitro co-infection model. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100188. [PMID: 37025122 PMCID: PMC10070076 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) cause most bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. Epidemiological studies have shown high percentages of co-infections with CT/NG and indicate that NG co-infection can reactivate CT shedding during persistent chlamydial infection. These data also suggest that biological interaction between the two bacteria may increase susceptibility or transmissibility. CT is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a developmental cycle that alternates between two forms: infectious elementary bodies (EBs) which invade the epithelium and non-infectious reticulate bodies (RBs) which divide and replicate inside the inclusion. Adverse environmental conditions can interrupt chlamydial development, with a consequent temporary halt in RB division, reduction in infectious EB production and formation of enlarged chlamydiae (aberrant bodies, ABs) - characterizing chlamydial persistence. When the stressor is removed, the chlamydial developmental cycle is restored, together with production of infectious EBs. The beta-lactam amoxicillin (AMX) induces chlamydial persistence, both in vitro and in mice. We investigated the impact of penicillinase-producing NG strain (PPNG) on AMX-persistent chlamydial infection utilizing our recently developed, contact-independent in vitro model of co-infection. We hypothesized that co-infection with PPNG could prevent and/or reverse AMX-induced chlamydial persistence. Our results showed that PPNG can ameliorate AMX-persistence in two chlamydial species, CT and C. muridarum (CM), providing novel evidence for a range of Chlamydia/NG interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Onorini
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
| | - Robert Schoborg
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cory Leonard
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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