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Szczygieł T, Koziróg A, Otlewska A. Synthetic and Natural Antifungal Substances in Cereal Grain Protection: A Review of Bright and Dark Sides. Molecules 2024; 29:3780. [PMID: 39202859 PMCID: PMC11357261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Molds pose a severe challenge to agriculture because they cause very large crop losses. For this reason, synthetic fungicides have been used for a long time. Without adequate protection against pests and various pathogens, crop losses could be as high as 30-40%. However, concerns mainly about the environmental impact of synthetic antifungals and human health risk have prompted a search for natural alternatives. But do natural remedies only have advantages? This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the use of antifungal substances in agriculture to protect seeds against phytopathogens. The advantages and disadvantages of using both synthetic and natural fungicides to protect cereal grains were discussed, indicating specific examples and mechanisms of action. The possibilities of an integrated control approach, combining cultural, biological, and chemical methods are described, constituting a holistic strategy for sustainable mold management in the grain industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szczygieł
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
- Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Koziróg
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (T.S.); (A.O.)
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Andronis CE, Jacques S, Lopez-Ruiz FJ, Lipscombe R, Tan KC. Proteomic analysis revealed that the oomyceticide phosphite exhibits multi-modal action in an oomycete pathosystem. J Proteomics 2024; 301:105181. [PMID: 38670258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes constitute some of the most devastating plant pathogens and cause significant crop and horticultural yield and economic losses. The phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causes dieback disease in native vegetation and several crops. The most commonly used chemical to control P. cinnamomi is the oomyceticide phosphite. Despite its widespread use, the mode of action of phosphite is not well understood and it is unclear whether it targets the pathogen, the host, or both. Resistance to phosphite is emerging in P. cinnamomi isolates and other oomycete phytopathogens. The mode of action of phosphite on phosphite-sensitive and resistant isolates of the pathogen and through a model host was investigated using label-free quantitative proteomics. In vitro treatment of sensitive P. cinnamomi isolates with phosphite hinders growth by interfering with metabolism, signalling and gene expression; traits that are not observed in the resistant isolate. When the model host Lupinus angustifolius was treated with phosphite, proteins associated with photosynthesis, carbon fixation and lipid metabolism in the host were enriched. Increased production of defence-related proteins was also observed in the plant. We hypothesise the multi-modal action of phosphite and present two models constructed using comparative proteomics that demonstrate mechanisms of pathogen and host responses to phosphite. SIGNIFICANCE: Phytophthora cinnamomi is a significant phytopathogenic oomycete that causes root rot (dieback) in a number of horticultural crops and a vast range of native vegetation. Historically, areas infected with phosphite have been treated with the oomyceticide phosphite despite its unknown mode of action. Additionally, overuse of phosphite has driven the emergence of phosphite-resistant isolates of the pathogen. We conducted a comparative proteomic study of a sensitive and resistant isolate of P. cinnamomi in response to treatment with phosphite, and the response of a model host, Lupinus angustifolius, to phosphite and its implications on infection. The present study has allowed for a deeper understanding of the bimodal action of phosphite, suggested potential biochemical factors contributing to chemical resistance in P. cinnamomi, and unveiled possible drivers of phosphite-induced host plant immunity to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Andronis
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia; Proteomics International, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
| | - Silke Jacques
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Kar-Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
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Zhu X, Jin F, Yang G, Zhuang T, Zhang C, Zhou H, Niu X, Wang H, Wu D. Mitochondrial Protease Oct1p Regulates Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Influences Pathogenicity through Affecting Hyphal Growth and Biofilm Formation Activities in Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:391. [PMID: 38921377 PMCID: PMC11204688 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, as the core metabolic organelles, play a crucial role in aerobic respiration/biosynthesis in fungi. Numerous studies have demonstrated a close relationship between mitochondria and Candida albicans virulence and drug resistance. Here, we report an octapeptide-aminopeptidase located in the mitochondrial matrix named Oct1p. Its homolog in the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the key proteins in maintaining mitochondrial respiration and protein stability. In this study, we utilized evolutionary tree analysis, gene knockout experiments, mitochondrial function detection, and other methods to demonstrate the impact of Oct1p on the mitochondrial function of C. albicans. Furthermore, through transcriptome analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, and morphological observation, we discovered that the absence of Oct1p results in functional abnormalities in C. albicans, affecting hyphal growth, cell adhesion, and biofilm formation. Finally, the in vivo results of the infection of Galleria mellonella larvae and vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice indicate that the loss of Oct1p led to the decreased virulence of C. albicans. In conclusion, this study provides a solid theoretical foundation for treating Candida diseases, developing new targeted drugs, and serves as a valuable reference for investigating the connection between mitochondria and virulence in other pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Guangyuan Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Tian Zhuang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Cangcang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Hanjing Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaojia Niu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Daqiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230012, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 350 Longzihu Road, Hefei 230038, China
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Xue P, Sánchez-León E, Hu G, Lee CWJ, Black B, Brisland A, Li H, Jung WH, Kronstad JW. The interplay between electron transport chain function and iron regulatory factors influences melanin formation in Cryptococcus neoformans. mSphere 2024; 9:e0025024. [PMID: 38687055 PMCID: PMC11237718 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00250-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions are critical for the ability of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans to cause disease. However, mechanistic connections between key functions such as the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and virulence factor elaboration have yet to be thoroughly characterized. Here, we observed that inhibition of ETC complex III suppressed melanin formation, a major virulence factor. This inhibition was partially overcome by defects in Cir1 or HapX, two transcription factors that regulate iron acquisition and use. In this regard, loss of Cir1 derepresses the expression of laccase genes as a potential mechanism to restore melanin, while HapX may condition melanin formation by controlling oxidative stress. We hypothesize that ETC dysfunction alters redox homeostasis to influence melanin formation. Consistent with this idea, inhibition of growth by hydrogen peroxide was exacerbated in the presence of the melanin substrate L-DOPA. In addition, loss of the mitochondrial chaperone Mrj1, which influences the activity of ETC complex III and reduces ROS accumulation, also partially overcame antimycin A inhibition of melanin. The phenotypic impact of mitochondrial dysfunction was consistent with RNA-Seq analyses of WT cells treated with antimycin A or L-DOPA, or cells lacking Cir1 that revealed influences on transcripts encoding mitochondrial functions (e.g., ETC components and proteins for Fe-S cluster assembly). Overall, these findings reveal mitochondria-nuclear communication via ROS and iron regulators to control virulence factor production in C. neoformans.IMPORTANCEThere is a growing appreciation of the importance of mitochondrial functions and iron homeostasis in the ability of fungal pathogens to sense the vertebrate host environment and cause disease. Many mitochondrial functions such as heme and iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, and the electron transport chain (ETC), are dependent on iron. Connections between factors that regulate iron homeostasis and mitochondrial activities are known in model yeasts and are emerging for fungal pathogens. In this study, we identified connections between iron regulatory transcription factors (e.g., Cir1 and HapX) and the activity of complex III of the ETC that influence the formation of melanin, a key virulence factor in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. This fungus causes meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised people and is a major threat to the HIV/AIDS population. Thus, understanding how mitochondrial functions influence virulence may support new therapeutic approaches to combat diseases caused by C. neoformans and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guanggan Hu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher W J Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Braydon Black
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Brisland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haohua Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - James W Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu T, Pyle AM. Highly Reactive Group I Introns Ubiquitous in Pathogenic Fungi. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168513. [PMID: 38447889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections are a growing public health threat, and yet viable antifungal drug targets are limited as fungi share a similar proteome with humans. However, features of RNA metabolism and the noncoding transcriptomes in fungi are distinctive. For example, fungi harbor highly structured RNA elements that humans lack, such as self-splicing introns within key housekeeping genes in the mitochondria. However, the location and function of these mitochondrial riboregulatory elements has largely eluded characterization. Here we used an RNA-structure-based bioinformatics pipeline to identify the group I introns interrupting key mitochondrial genes in medically relevant fungi, revealing their fixation within a handful of genetic hotspots and their ubiquitous presence across divergent phylogenies of fungi, including all highest priority pathogens such as Candida albicans, Candida auris, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. We then biochemically characterized two representative introns from C. albicans and C. auris, demonstrating their exceptionally efficient splicing catalysis relative to previously-characterized group I introns. Indeed, the C. albicans mitochondrial intron displays extremely rapid catalytic turnover, even at ambient temperatures and physiological magnesium ion concentrations. Our results unmask a significant new set of players in the RNA metabolism of pathogenic fungi, suggesting a promising new type of antifungal drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshuo Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anna Marie Pyle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Zhou M, Peng J, Ren K, Yu Y, Li D, She X, Liu W. Divergent mitochondrial responses and metabolic signal pathways secure the azole resistance in Crabtree-positive and negative Candida species. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0404223. [PMID: 38442003 PMCID: PMC10986575 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04042-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Azole drugs are the main therapeutic drugs for invasive fungal infections. However, azole-resistant strains appear repeatedly in the environment, posing a major threat to human health. Several reports have shown that mitochondria are associated with the virulence of pathogenic fungi. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of mitochondria-mediated azoles resistance. Here, we first performed mitochondrial proteomic analysis on multiple Candida species (Candida albicans, Nakaseomyces glabrata, Pichia kudriavzevii, and Candida auris) and analyzed the differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins (DEMPs) between azole-sensitive and azole-resistant Candida species. Subsequently, we performed Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, gene ontology analysis, and protein-protein interaction network analysis of DEMPs. Our results showed that a total of 417, 165, and 25 DEMPs were identified in resistant C. albicans, N. glabrata, and C. auris, respectively. These DEMPs were enriched in ribosomal biogenesis at cytosol and mitochondria, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, transporters, ergosterol, and cell wall mannan biosynthesis. The high activations of these cellular activities, found in C. albicans and C. auris (at low scale), were mostly opposite to those observed in two fermenter species-N. glabrata and P. kudriavzevii. Several transcription factors including Rtg3 were highly produced in resistant C. albicans that experienced a complex I activation of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The reduction of mitochondrial-related activities and complex IV/V of ETC in N. glabrata and P. kudriavzevii was companying with the reduced proteins of Tor1, Hog1, and Snf1/Snf4.IMPORTANCECandida spp. are common organisms that cause a variety of invasive diseases. However, Candida spp. are resistant to azoles, which hinders antifungal therapy. Exploring the drug-resistance mechanism of pathogenic Candida spp. will help improve the prevention and control strategy and discover new targets. Mitochondria, as an important organelle in eukaryotic cells, are closely related to a variety of cellular activities. However, the role of mitochondrial proteins in mediating azole resistance in Candida spp. has not been elucidated. Here, we analyzed the mitochondrial proteins and signaling pathways that mediate azole resistance in Candida spp. to provide ideas and references for solving the problem of azole resistance. Our work may offer new insights into the connection between mitochondria and azoles resistance in pathogenic fungi and highlight the potential clinical value of mitochondrial proteins in the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medicine School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kun Ren
- Centers for pharmaceutical preparations, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiaodong She
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Xue P, Sánchez-León E, Hu G, Lee CWJ, Black B, Brisland A, Li H, Jung WH, Kronstad JW. The interplay between electron transport chain function and iron regulatory factors influences melanin formation in Cryptococcus neoformans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.15.580540. [PMID: 38405941 PMCID: PMC10888943 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.15.580540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial functions are critical for the ability of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans to cause disease. However, mechanistic connections between key functions such as the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and virulence factor elaboration have yet to be thoroughly characterized. Here, we observed that inhibition of ETC complex III suppressed melanin formation, a major virulence factor. This inhibition was partially blocked upon loss of Cir1 or HapX, two transcription factors that regulate iron acquisition and use. In this regard, loss of Cir1 derepresses the expression of laccase genes as a potential mechanism to restore melanin, while HapX may condition melanin formation by controlling oxidative stress. We hypothesize that ETC dysfunction alters redox homeostasis to influence melanin formation. Consistent with this idea, inhibition of growth by hydrogen peroxide was exacerbated in the presence of the melanin substrate L-DOPA. Additionally, loss of the mitochondrial chaperone Mrj1, which influences the activity of ETC complex III and reduces ROS accumulation, also partially blocked antimycin A inhibition of melanin. The phenotypic impact of mitochondrial dysfunction was consistent with RNA-Seq analyses of WT cells treated with antimycin A or L-DOPA, or cells lacking Cir1 that revealed influences on transcripts encoding mitochondrial functions (e.g., ETC components and proteins for Fe-S cluster assembly). Overall, these findings reveal mitochondria-nuclear communication via ROS and iron regulators to control virulence factor production in C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Present address: Nantong Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guanggan Hu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher WJ Lee
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Braydon Black
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Brisland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Haohua Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Won Hee Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Valderrama V, Sánchez P, Delso M, Díaz-Dosque M, Escobar A, Budini M, Catalán M, Vivar R, López-Muñoz R, Jara JA, Molina-Berríos A. Gallic acid triphenylphosphonium derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 inhibit mitochondrial function in Candida albicans exerting antifungal and antibiofilm effects. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad316. [PMID: 38148145 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of gallic acid derivatives TPP+-C10 and TPP+-C12 and their effects on mitochondrial function on two Candida albicans reference strains (ATCC 90029 and ATCC 10231). METHODS AND RESULTS First, we determined minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) using a microdilution assay. Both compounds exerted antifungal effects, and their MICs ranged from 3.9 to 13 µM, with no statistically significant differences between them (P > 0.05, t-test). These concentrations served as references for following assays. Subsequently, we measured oxygen consumption with a Clark electrode. Our observations revealed that both drugs inhibited oxygen consumption in both strains with TPP+-C12 exerting a more pronounced inhibitory effect. We then employed flow cytometry with TMRE as a probe to assess mitochondrial membrane potential. For each strain assayed, the compounds induced a decay in transmembrane potential by 75%-90% compared to the control condition (P < 0.05, ANOVA). Then, we measured ATP levels using a commercial kit. TPP+-C12 showed a 50% decrease of ATP content (P < 0.05 ANOVA), while TPP+-C10 exhibited a less pronounced effect. Finally, we assessed the antibiofilm effect using the MTT reduction assay. Both compounds were effective, but TPP+-C12 displayed a greater potency, requiring a lower concentration to inhibit 50% of biofilms viability (P < 0.05, t-test). CONCLUSIONS Derivatives of gallic acid linked to a TPP+ group exert antifungal and antibiofilm activity through impairment of mitochondrial function in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Valderrama
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Macarena Delso
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mario Díaz-Dosque
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
- Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mauricio Budini
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Mabel Catalán
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Raúl Vivar
- Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo López-Muñoz
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5110566, Chile
| | - José A Jara
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina-Berríos
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology for the Development of Anticancer and Antifungal Drugs, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences (ICOD), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380544, Chile
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9
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Zeng G, Xu X, Kok YJ, Deng FS, Ling Chow EW, Gao J, Bi X, Wang Y. Cytochrome c regulates hyphal morphogenesis by interfering with cAMP-PKA signaling in Candida albicans. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113473. [PMID: 37980562 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, invasive hyphal growth is a well-recognized virulence trait. We employed transposon-mediated genome-wide mutagenesis, revealing that inactivating CTM1 blocks hyphal growth. CTM1 encodes a lysine (K) methyltransferase, which trimethylates cytochrome c (Cyc1) at K79. Mutants lacking CTM1 or expressing cyc1K79A grow as yeast under hyphae-inducing conditions, indicating that unmethylated Cyc1 suppresses hyphal growth. Transcriptomic analyses detected increased levels of the hyphal repressor NRG1 and decreased levels of hyphae-specific genes in ctm1Δ/Δ and cyc1K79A mutants, suggesting cyclic AMP (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling suppression. Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that unmethylated Cyc1 inhibits PKA kinase activity. Surprisingly, hyphae-defective ctm1Δ/Δ and cyc1K79A mutants remain virulent in mice due to accelerated proliferation. Our results unveil a critical role for cytochrome c in maintaining the virulence of C. albicans by orchestrating proliferation, growth mode, and metabolism. Importantly, this study identifies a biological function for lysine methylation on cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Zeng
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A(∗)STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A(∗)STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Yee Jiun Kok
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Fu-Sheng Deng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Eve Wai Ling Chow
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A(∗)STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01 Centros, Singapore 138668, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Yue Wang
- A(∗)STAR Infectious Diseases Labs (A(∗)STAR ID Labs), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #05-13 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
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10
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Kulik T, van Diepeningen AD, Hausner G. Editorial: The significance of mitogenomics in mycology, volume II. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1344877. [PMID: 38192293 PMCID: PMC10773717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1344877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anne D. van Diepeningen
- B.U. Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Georg Hausner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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11
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Himmelstrand K, Brandström Durling M, Karlsson M, Stenlid J, Olson Å. Multiple rearrangements and low inter- and intra-species mitogenome sequence variation in the Heterobasidion annosum s.l. species complex. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1159811. [PMID: 37275157 PMCID: PMC10234125 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1159811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondria are essential organelles in the eukaryotic cells and responsible for the energy production but are also involved in many other functions including virulence of some fungal species. Although the evolution of fungal mitogenomes have been studied at some taxonomic levels there are still many things to be learned from studies of closely related species. Methods In this study, we have analyzed 60 mitogenomes in the five species of the Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato complex that all are necrotrophic pathogens on conifers. Results and Discussion Compared to other fungal genera the genomic and genetic variation between and within species in the complex was low except for multiple rearrangements. Several translocations of large blocks with core genes have occurred between the five species and rearrangements were frequent in intergenic areas. Mitogenome lengths ranged between 108 878 to 116 176 bp, mostly as a result of intron variation. There was a high degree of homology of introns, homing endonuclease genes, and intergenic ORFs among the five Heterobasidion species. Three intergenic ORFs with unknown function (uORF6, uORF8 and uORF9) were found in all five species and was located in conserved synteny blocks. A 13 bp long GC-containing self-complementary palindrome was discovered in many places in the five species that were optional in presence/absence. The within species variation is very low, among 48 H. parviporum mitogenomes, there was only one single intron exchange, and SNP frequency was 0.28% and indel frequency 0.043%. The overall low variation in the Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato complex suggests a slow evolution of the mitogenome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Åke Olson
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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She X, Zhang P, Shi D, Peng J, Wang Q, Meng X, Jiang Y, Calderone R, Bellanti JA, Liu W, Li D. The mitochondrial complex I proteins of Candida albicans moderate phagocytosis and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages and dendritic cells. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22575. [PMID: 36208290 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200275rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of respiratory functions impairs Candida albicans colonization of host tissues and virulence in a murine model of candidiasis. Furthermore, it is known that respiratory inhibitors decrease mannan synthesis and glucan exposure and thereby promotes phagocytosis. To understand the impact of respiratory proteins of C. albicans on host innate immunity, we characterized cell wall defects in three mitochondrial complex I (CI) null mutants (nuo1Δ, nuo2Δ and ndh51Δ) and in one CI regulator mutant (goa1Δ), and we studied the corresponding effects of these mutants on phagocytosis, neutrophil killing and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). We find that reductions of phosphopeptidomannan (PPM) in goa1Δ, nuo1Δ and phospholipomannan (PLM) in nuo2Δ lead to reductions of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 but increase of TNF-α in infected DCs. While PPM loss is a consequence of a reduced phospho-Cek1/2 MAPK that failed to promote phagocytosis and IL-22 production in goa1Δ and nuo1Δ, a 30% glucan reduction and a defective Mek1 MAPK response in ndh51Δ lead to only minor changes in phagocytosis and cytokine production. Glucan exposure and PLM abundance seem to remain sufficient to opsonize neutrophil killing perhaps via humoral immunity. The diversity of immune phenotypes in these mutants possessing divergent cell wall defects is further supported by their transcriptional profiles in each infected murine macrophage scenario. Since metabolic processes, oxidative stress-induced senescence, and apoptosis are differently affected in these scenarios, we speculate that during the early stages of infection, host immune cells coordinate their bioactivities based upon a mixture of signals generated during host-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong She
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Sport Science Research Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Weida Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Hugaboom M, Hatmaker EA, LaBella AL, Rokas A. Evolution and codon usage bias of mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in Aspergillus section Flavi. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 13:6777267. [PMID: 36305682 PMCID: PMC9836360 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Aspergillus contains a diversity of species divided into taxonomic sections of closely related species. Section Flavi contains 33 species, many of industrial, agricultural, or medical relevance. Here, we analyze the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of 20 Flavi species-including 18 newly assembled mitogenomes-and compare their evolutionary history and codon usage bias patterns to their nuclear counterparts. Codon usage bias refers to variable frequencies of synonymous codons in coding DNA and is shaped by a balance of neutral processes and natural selection. All mitogenomes were circular DNA molecules with highly conserved gene content and order. As expected, genomic content, including GC content, and genome size differed greatly between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 concatenated mitochondrial genes predicted evolutionary relationships largely consistent with those predicted by a phylogeny constructed from 2,422 nuclear genes. Comparing similarities in interspecies patterns of codon usage bias between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes showed that species grouped differently by patterns of codon usage bias depending on whether analyses were performed using mitochondrial or nuclear relative synonymous usage values. We found that patterns of codon usage bias at gene level are more similar between mitogenomes of different species than the mitogenome and nuclear genome of the same species. Finally, we inferred that, although most genes-both nuclear and mitochondrial-deviated from the neutral expectation for codon usage, mitogenomes were not under translational selection while nuclear genomes were under moderate translational selection. These results contribute to the study of mitochondrial genome evolution in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Hugaboom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anne Hatmaker
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1364, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. (AH)
| | - Abigail L LaBella
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1364, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. (AR)
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14
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Ellena V, Steiger MG. The importance of complete and high-quality genome sequences in Aspergillus niger research. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:935993. [PMID: 37746178 PMCID: PMC10512394 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.935993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to sequence the entire genome of an organism revolutionized the fields of biology and biotechnology. The first genome sequence of the important filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger was obtained in 2007, 11 years after the release of the first eukaryotic genome sequence. From that moment, genomics of A. niger has seen major progresses, facilitated by the advances in the sequencing technologies and in the methodologies for gene function prediction. However, there are still challenges to face when trying to obtain complete genomes, equipped with all the repetitive sequences that they contain and without omitting the mitochondrial sequences. The aim of this perspective article is to discuss the current status of A. niger genomics and draw attention to the open challenges that the fungal community should address to move research of this important fungus forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Ellena
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias G. Steiger
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
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15
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Piatek M, O'Beirne C, Beato Z, Tacke M, Kavanagh K. Exposure of Candida parapsilosis to the silver(I) compound SBC3 induces alterations in the proteome and reduced virulence. Metallomics 2022; 14:6617997. [PMID: 35751649 PMCID: PMC9348618 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial properties of silver have been exploited for many centuries and continue to gain interest in the fight against antimicrobial drug resistance. The broad-spectrum activity and low toxicity of silver have led to its incorporation into a wide range of novel antimicrobial agents, including N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The antimicrobial activity and in vivo efficacy of the NHC silver(I) acetate complex SBC3, derived from 1,3-dibenzyl-4,5-diphenylimidazol-2-ylidene (NHC*), have previously been demonstrated, although the mode(s) of action of SBC3 remains to be fully elucidated. Label-free quantitative proteomics was applied to analyse changes in protein abundance in the pathogenic yeast Candida parapsilosis in response to SBC3 treatment. An increased abundance of proteins associated with detoxification and drug efflux were indicative of a cell stress response, whilst significant decreases in proteins required for protein and amino acid biosynthesis offer potential insight into the growth-inhibitory mechanisms of SBC3. Guided by the proteomic findings and the prolific biofilm and adherence capabilities of C. parapsilosis, our studies have shown the potential of SBC3 in reducing adherence to epithelial cells and biofilm formation and hence decrease fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Piatek
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Cillian O'Beirne
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zoe Beato
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Matthias Tacke
- School of School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Stillorgan, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- SSPC Pharma Research Centre, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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16
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Meshram S, Gogoi R, Bashyal BM, Kumar A, Mandal PK, Hossain F. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Fungal Pathogen Bipolaris maydis to Understand Pathogenicity Behavior on Resistant and Susceptible Non-CMS Maize Genotypes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:837056. [PMID: 35572625 PMCID: PMC9100685 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.837056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolaris maydis is pathogen of maize which causes maydis leaf blight disease. In India major losses occur due to the B. maydis race “O” pathogen, whereas in other parts of the world, major losses are due to the race “T” pathogen. In the present study, we conducted an in planta transcriptomics study of the B. maydis race “O” pathogen after infection on non-CMS maize resistant and susceptible genotypes by mRNA sequencing to understand the molecular basis of pathogenicity for better management of the pathogen. Approximately 23.4 GB of mRNA-seq data of B. maydis were obtained from both resistant and susceptible maize backgrounds for fungus. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis of B. maydis in two different genetic backgrounds suggested that the majority of highly DEGs were associated with mitochondrial, cell wall and chitin synthesis, sugar metabolism, peroxidase activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and shikimate dehydrogenase. KEGG analysis showed that the biosynthetic pathways for secondary metabolism, antibiotics, and carbon metabolism of fungus were highly enriched, respectively, in susceptible backgrounds during infection. Previous studies in other host pathogen systems suggest that these genes play a vital role in causing disease in their host plants. Our study is probably the first transcriptome study of the B. maydis race “O” pathogen and provides in-depth insight of pathogenicity on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Meshram
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Robin Gogoi
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Robin Gogoi,
| | - Bishnu Maya Bashyal
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Aundy Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mandal
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Firoz Hossain
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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17
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Resendiz-Sharpe A, da Silva RP, Geib E, Vanderbeke L, Seldeslachts L, Hupko C, Brock M, Lagrou K, Vande Velde G. Longitudinal multimodal imaging-compatible mouse model of triazole-sensitive and -resistant invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274857. [PMID: 35352801 PMCID: PMC8990085 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) caused by the mold Aspergillus fumigatus is one of the most important life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. The alarming increase of isolates resistant to the first-line recommended antifungal therapy urges more insights into triazole-resistant A. fumigatus infections. In this study, we systematically optimized a longitudinal multimodal imaging-compatible neutropenic mouse model of IPA. Reproducible rates of pulmonary infection were achieved through immunosuppression (sustained neutropenia) with 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide at day −4, −1 and 2, and an orotracheal inoculation route in both sexes. Furthermore, increased sensitivity of in vivo bioluminescence imaging for fungal burden detection, as early as the day after infection, was achieved by optimizing luciferin dosing and through engineering isogenic red-shifted bioluminescent A. fumigatus strains, one wild type and two triazole-resistant mutants. We successfully tested appropriate and inappropriate antifungal treatment scenarios in vivo with our optimized multimodal imaging strategy, according to the in vitro susceptibility of our luminescent fungal strains. Therefore, we provide novel essential mouse models with sensitive imaging tools for investigating IPA development and therapy in triazole-susceptible and triazole-resistant scenarios. Summary: A novel reproducible longitudinal multimodal imaging-compatible neutropenic mouse model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis provides increased early fungal detection through novel red-shifted luciferase-expressing triazole-susceptible and -resistant Aspergillus fumigatus strains, and boosted bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Resendiz-Sharpe
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Geib
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lore Vanderbeke
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura Seldeslachts
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlien Hupko
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Centre for Mycosis, Excellence Centre for Medical Mycology (ECMM), University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI unit/MoSAIC, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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18
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The SPFH Protein Superfamily in Fungi: Impact on Mitochondrial Function and Implications in Virulence. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112287. [PMID: 34835412 PMCID: PMC8624314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins from the ancient SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, HflK/HflC) protein superfamily are found in nearly all living organisms. Mammalian SPFH proteins are primarily associated with mitochondrial functions but also coordinate key processes such as ion transport, signaling, and mechanosensation. In addition, SPFH proteins are required for virulence in parasites. While mitochondrial functions of SPFH proteins are conserved in fungi, recent evidence has uncovered additional roles for SPFH proteins in filamentation and stress signaling. Inhibitors that target SPFH proteins have been successfully used in cancer and inflammation treatment. Thus, SPFH proteins may serve as a potential target for novel antifungal drug development. This review article surveys SPFH function in various fungal species with a special focus on the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.
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19
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Kim J, Park S, Kwon SH, Lee EJ, Lee JS. Set1-mediated H3K4 methylation is required for Candida albicans virulence by regulating intracellular level of reactive oxygen species. Virulence 2021; 12:2648-2658. [PMID: 34696687 PMCID: PMC8555521 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1980988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen that exists in normal flora but can cause infection in immunocompromised individuals. The transition to pathogenic C. albicans requires a change of various gene expressions. Because histone-modifying enzymes can regulate gene expression, they are thought to control the virulence of C. albicans. Indeed, the absence of H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase Set1 has been shown to reduce the virulence of C. albicans; however, Set1-regulated genes responsible for this attenuated virulence phenotype remain unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Set1 positively regulates the expression of mitochondrial protein genes by methylating H3K4. In particular, levels of cellular mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were higher in Δset1 than in the wild-type due to the defect of those genes’ expression. Set1 deletion also increases H2O2 sensitivity and prevents proper colony formation when interacting with macrophage in vitro, consistent with its attenuated virulence in vivo. Together, these findings suggest that Set1 is required to regulate proper cellular ROS production by positively regulating the expression of mitochondrial protein genes and subsequently sustaining mitochondrial membrane integrity. Consequently, C. albicans maintains proper ROS levels via Set1-mediated transcriptional regulation, thus establishing a rapid defense against external ROS generated by the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
| | - Shinae Park
- Department of Molecular Bioscience College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Shin Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Korea
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20
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Lin R, Xia Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Xiang X, Niu X, Jiang L, Wang X, Zheng A. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis and the Evolution of Rhizoctonia solani Anastomosis Groups. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:707281. [PMID: 34616376 PMCID: PMC8488467 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.707281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the major energy source for cell functions. However, for the plant fungal pathogens, mitogenome variations and their roles during the host infection processes remain largely unknown. Rhizoctonia solani, an important soil-borne pathogen, forms different anastomosis groups (AGs) and adapts to a broad range of hosts in nature. Here, we reported three complete mitogenomes of AG1-IA RSIA1, AG1-IB RSIB1, and AG1-IC, and performed a comparative analysis with nine published Rhizoctonia mitogenomes (AG1-IA XN, AG1-IB 7/3/14, AG3, AG4, and five Rhizoctonia sp. mitogenomes). These mitogenomes encoded 15 typical proteins (cox1-3, cob, atp6, atp8-9, nad1-6, nad4L, and rps3) and several LAGLIDADG/GIY-YIG endonucleases with sizes ranging from 109,017 bp (Rhizoctonia sp. SM) to 235,849 bp (AG3). We found that their large sizes were mainly contributed by repeat sequences and genes encoding endonucleases. We identified the complete sequence of the rps3 gene in 10 Rhizoctonia mitogenomes, which contained 14 positively selected sites. Moreover, we inferred a robust maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 32 Basidiomycota mitogenomes, representing that seven R. solani and other five Rhizoctonia sp. lineages formed two parallel branches in Agaricomycotina. The comparative analysis showed that mitogenomes of Basidiomycota pathogens had high GC content and mitogenomes of R. solani had high repeat content. Compared to other strains, the AG1-IC strain had low substitution rates, which may affect its mitochondrial phylogenetic placement in the R. solani clade. Additionally, with the published RNA-seq data, we investigated gene expression patterns from different AGs during host infection stages. The expressed genes from AG1-IA (host: rice) and AG3 (host: potato) mainly formed four groups by k-mean partitioning analysis. However, conserved genes represented varied expression patterns, and only the patterns of rps3-nad2 and nad1-m3g18/mag28 (an LAGLIDADG endonuclease) were conserved in AG1-IA and AG3 as shown by the correlation coefficient analysis, suggesting regulation of gene repertoires adapting to infect varied hosts. The results of variations in mitogenome characteristics and the gene substitution rates and expression patterns may provide insights into the evolution of R. solani mitogenomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runmao Lin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xing Xiang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianyu Niu
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjia Jiang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Zheng
- Agriculture College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
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21
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Hossain S, Veri AO, Liu Z, Iyer KR, O’Meara TR, Robbins N, Cowen LE. Mitochondrial perturbation reduces susceptibility to xenobiotics through altered efflux in Candida albicans. Genetics 2021; 219:iyab095. [PMID: 34143207 PMCID: PMC8860387 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a leading human fungal pathogen, which can cause superficial infections or life-threatening systemic disease in immunocompromised individuals. The ability to transition between yeast and filamentous forms is a major virulence trait of C. albicans, and a key regulator of this morphogenetic transition is the molecular chaperone Hsp90. To explore the mechanisms governing C. albicans morphogenesis in response to Hsp90 inhibition, we performed a functional genomic screen using the gene replacement and conditional expression collection to identify mutants that are defective in filamentation in response to the Hsp90 inhibitor, geldanamycin. We found that transcriptional repression of genes involved in mitochondrial function blocked filamentous growth in response to the concentration of the Hsp90 inhibitor used in the screen, and this was attributable to increased resistance to the compound. Further exploration revealed that perturbation of mitochondrial function reduced susceptibility to two structurally distinct Hsp90 inhibitors, geldanamycin and radicicol, such that filamentous growth was restored in the mitochondrial mutants by increasing the compound concentration. Deletion of two representative mitochondrial genes, MSU1 and SHY1, enhanced cellular efflux and reduced susceptibility to diverse intracellularly acting compounds. Additionally, screening a C. albicans efflux pump gene deletion library implicated Yor1 in the efflux of geldanamycin and Cdr1, in the efflux of radicicol. Deletion of these transporter genes restored sensitivity to Hsp90 inhibitors in MSU1 and SHY1 homozygous deletion mutants, thereby enabling filamentation. Taken together, our findings suggest that mitochondrial dysregulation elevates cellular efflux and consequently reduces susceptibility to xenobiotics in C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Hossain
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Amanda O Veri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Zhongle Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Kali R Iyer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Teresa R O’Meara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Leah E Cowen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
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22
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Wang JM, Woodruff AL, Dunn MJ, Fillinger RJ, Bennett RJ, Anderson MZ. Intraspecies Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Key Regulators of Candida albicans Pathogenic Traits. mBio 2021; 12:e00586-21. [PMID: 33879584 PMCID: PMC8092256 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00586-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human commensal and opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans displays extensive genetic and phenotypic variation across clinical isolates. Here, we performed RNA sequencing on 21 well-characterized isolates to examine how genetic variation contributes to gene expression differences and to link these differences to phenotypic traits. C. albicans adapts primarily through clonal evolution, and yet hierarchical clustering of gene expression profiles in this set of isolates did not reproduce their phylogenetic relationship. Strikingly, strain-specific gene expression was prevalent in some strain backgrounds. Association of gene expression with phenotypic data by differential analysis, linear correlation, and assembly of gene networks connected both previously characterized and novel genes with 23 C. albicans traits. Construction of de novo gene modules produced a gene atlas incorporating 67% of C. albicans genes and revealed correlations between expression modules and important phenotypes such as systemic virulence. Furthermore, targeted investigation of two modules that have novel roles in growth and filamentation supported our bioinformatic predictions. Together, these studies reveal widespread transcriptional variation across C. albicans isolates and identify genetic and epigenetic links to phenotypic variation based on coexpression network analysis.IMPORTANCE Infectious fungal species are often treated uniformly despite clear evidence of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity being widespread across strains. Identifying the genetic basis for this phenotypic diversity is extremely challenging because of the tens or hundreds of thousands of variants that may distinguish two strains. Here, we use transcriptional profiling to determine differences in gene expression that can be linked to phenotypic variation among a set of 21 Candida albicans isolates. Analysis of this transcriptional data set uncovered clear trends in gene expression characteristics for this species and new genes and pathways that were associated with variation in pathogenic processes. Direct investigation confirmed functional predictions for a number of new regulators associated with growth and filamentation, demonstrating the utility of these approaches in linking genes to important phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew L Woodruff
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew J Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Fillinger
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard J Bennett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Matthew Z Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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23
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Mamouei Z, Singh S, Lemire B, Gu Y, Alqarihi A, Nabeela S, Li D, Ibrahim A, Uppuluri P. An evolutionarily diverged mitochondrial protein controls biofilm growth and virulence in Candida albicans. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3000957. [PMID: 33720927 PMCID: PMC8007014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A forward genetic screening approach identified orf19.2500 as a gene controlling Candida albicans biofilm dispersal and biofilm detachment. Three-dimensional (3D) protein modeling and bioinformatics revealed that orf19.2500 is a conserved mitochondrial protein, structurally similar to, but functionally diverged from, the squalene/phytoene synthases family. The C. albicans orf19.2500 is distinguished by 3 evolutionarily acquired stretches of amino acid inserts, absent from all other eukaryotes except a small number of ascomycete fungi. Biochemical assays showed that orf19.2500 is required for the assembly and activity of the NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase Complex I (CI) of the respiratory electron transport chain (ETC) and was thereby named NDU1. NDU1 is essential for respiration and growth on alternative carbon sources, important for immune evasion, required for virulence in a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, and for potentiating resistance to antifungal drugs. Our study is the first report on a protein that sets the Candida-like fungi phylogenetically apart from all other eukaryotes, based solely on evolutionary "gain" of new amino acid inserts that are also the functional hub of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mamouei
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Bernard Lemire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yiyou Gu
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Abdullah Alqarihi
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Sunna Nabeela
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Ashraf Ibrahim
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Priya Uppuluri
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Ke CL, Liao YT, Lin CH. MSS2 maintains mitochondrial function and is required for chitosan resistance, invasive growth, biofilm formation and virulence in Candida albicans. Virulence 2021; 12:281-297. [PMID: 33427576 PMCID: PMC7808435 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, by screening a C. albicans mutant library, we first identified that the MSS2 gene, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSS2 required for mitochondrial respiration, mediates chitosan resistance. Upon treatment with 0.2% chitosan, the growth of mss2Δ strains was strikingly impaired, and MSS2 expression was significantly repressed by chitosan. Furthermore, mss2Δ strains exhibited slow growth on medium supplemented with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Similar to the chitosan-treated wild-type strain, the mss2Δ strain exhibited a significantly impaired ATP production ability. These data suggest that an antifungal mechanism of chitosan against C. albicans acts by inhibiting MSS2 gene expression, leading to repression of mitochondrial function. Normal respiratory function is suggested to be required for fungal virulence. Interestingly, the mss2Δ mutant strains exhibited significantly impaired invasive ability in vitro and ex vivo but retained normal hyphal development ability in liquid medium. Furthermore, the MSS2 deletion strains could not form robust biofilms and exhibited significantly reduced virulence. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the antifungal effect of chitosan against C. albicans is mediated via inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis. These data may provide another strategy for antifungal drug development via inhibition of fungal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Ke
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Navarro-Espíndola R, Suaste-Olmos F, Peraza-Reyes L. Dynamic Regulation of Peroxisomes and Mitochondria during Fungal Development. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E302. [PMID: 33233491 PMCID: PMC7711908 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes and mitochondria are organelles that perform major functions in the cell and whose activity is very closely associated. In fungi, the function of these organelles is critical for many developmental processes. Recent studies have disclosed that, additionally, fungal development comprises a dynamic regulation of the activity of these organelles, which involves a developmental regulation of organelle assembly, as well as a dynamic modulation of the abundance, distribution, and morphology of these organelles. Furthermore, for many of these processes, the dynamics of peroxisomes and mitochondria are governed by common factors. Notably, intense research has revealed that the process that drives the division of mitochondria and peroxisomes contributes to several developmental processes-including the formation of asexual spores, the differentiation of infective structures by pathogenic fungi, and sexual development-and that these processes rely on selective removal of these organelles via autophagy. Furthermore, evidence has been obtained suggesting a coordinated regulation of organelle assembly and dynamics during development and supporting the existence of regulatory systems controlling fungal development in response to mitochondrial activity. Gathered information underscores an important role for mitochondrial and peroxisome dynamics in fungal development and suggests that this process involves the concerted activity of these organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonardo Peraza-Reyes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (R.N.-E.); (F.S.-O.)
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26
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Munusamy K, Loke MF, Vadivelu J, Tay ST. LC-MS analysis reveals biological and metabolic processes essential for Candida albicans biofilm growth. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104614. [PMID: 33202254 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection associated with high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised patients. The ability to form biofilm is essential for Candida albicans pathogenesis and drug resistance. In this study, the planktonic cell and biofilm proteomes of C. albicans SC5314 strain analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) were compared. In total, 280 and 449 proteins are annotated from the planktonic cell and biofilm proteomes, respectively. The biofilm proteome demonstrated significantly higher proportion of proteins associated with the endomembrane system, mitochondrion and cytoplasm than planktonic proteome. Among proteins detected, 143 and 207 biological processes are annotated, of which, 38 and 102 are specific to the planktonic cell and biofilm proteomes, respectively, while 105 are common biological processes. The specific biological processes of C. albicans planktonic cell proteome are associated with cell polarity, energy metabolism and nucleotide (purine) metabolism, oxido-reduction coenzyme metabolic process, monosaccharide and amino acid (methionine) biosynthesis, regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis and cell cycling, and single organism reproduction. Meanwhile, regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis and metabolism, transcription and gene expression are major biological processes specifically associated with C. albicans biofilm proteome. Biosynthesis of leucine, isoleucine, and thiocysteine are highlighted as planktonic-related pathways, whereas folate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids (lysine, serine and glycine) are highlighted as biofilm-related pathways. In summary, LC-MS-based proteomic analysis reveals different adaptative strategies of C. albicans via specific biological and metabolic processes for planktonic cell and biofilm lifestyles. The mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD007830 (for biofilm proteome) and PXD007831 (for planktonic cell proteome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Komathy Munusamy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fai Loke
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jamuna Vadivelu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sun Tee Tay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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27
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Truong T, Pang LM, Rajan S, Wong SSW, Fung YME, Samaranayake L, Seneviratne CJ. The Proteome of Community Living Candida albicans Is Differentially Modulated by the Morphologic and Structural Features of the Bacterial Cohabitants. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101541. [PMID: 33036329 PMCID: PMC7601143 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal polymorphic and opportunistic fungus, which usually resides as a small community in the oral cavities of a majority of humans. The latter eco-system presents this yeast varied opportunities for mutualistic interactions with other cohabitant oral bacteria, that synergizes its persistence and pathogenicity. Collectively, these communities live within complex plaque biofilms which may adversely affect the oral health and increase the proclivity for oral candidiasis. The proteome of such oral biofilms with myriad interkingdom interactions are largely underexplored. Herein, we employed limma differential expression analysis, and cluster analysis to explore the proteomic interactions of C. albicans biofilms with nine different common oral bacterial species, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Streptococcus mutants, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sobrinus. Interestingly, upon exposure of C. albicans biofilms to the foregoing heat-killed bacteria, the proteomes of the fungus associated with cellular respiration, translation, oxidoreductase activity, and ligase activity were significantly altered. Subsequent differential expression and cluster analysis revealed the subtle, yet significant alterations in the C. albicans proteome, particularly on exposure to bacteria with dissimilar cell morphologies, and Gram staining characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuyen Truong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119085, Singapore;
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
| | - Suhasini Rajan
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Medical Faculty, LMU-Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Molecular Mycology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR2000, 10098 Paris, France;
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Lakshman Samaranayake
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE;
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore (NDRIS), National Dental Centre Singapore, Singapore 168938, Singapore;
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-65767141
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28
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Arf-like proteins (Arl1 and Arl2) are involved in mitochondrial homeostasis in Mucor circinelloides. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:619-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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The Novel J-Domain Protein Mrj1 Is Required for Mitochondrial Respiration and Virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01127-20. [PMID: 32518190 PMCID: PMC7373193 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01127-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is the causative agent of cryptococcal meningitis, a disease responsible for ∼15% of all HIV-related deaths. Unfortunately, development of antifungal drugs is challenging because potential targets are conserved between humans and C. neoformans. In this context, we characterized a unique J-domain protein, Mrj1, which lacks orthologs in humans. We showed that Mrj1 was required for normal mitochondrial respiration and that mutants lacking Mrj1 were deficient in growth, capsule elaboration, and virulence. Furthermore, we were able to phenocopy the defects in growth and capsule elaboration by inhibiting respiration. This result suggests that the role of Mrj1 in mitochondrial function was responsible for the observed virulence defects and reinforces the importance of mitochondria to fungal pathogenesis. Mitochondria are difficult to target, as their function is also key to human cells; however, Mrj1 presents an opportunity to target a unique fungal protein required for mitochondrial function and virulence in C. neoformans. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans must adapt to the mammalian environment to establish an infection. Proteins facilitating adaptation to novel environments, such as chaperones, may be required for virulence. In this study, we identified a novel mitochondrial co-chaperone, Mrj1 (mitochondrial respiration J-domain protein 1), necessary for virulence in C. neoformans. The mrj1Δ and J-domain-inactivated mutants had general growth defects at both routine laboratory and human body temperatures and were deficient in the major virulence factor of capsule elaboration. The latter phenotype was associated with cell wall changes and increased capsular polysaccharide shedding. Accordingly, the mrj1Δ mutant was avirulent in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Mrj1 has a mitochondrial localization and co-immunoprecipitated with Qcr2, a core component of complex III of the electron transport chain. The mrj1 mutants were deficient in mitochondrial functions, including growth on alternative carbon sources, growth without iron, and mitochondrial polarization. They were also insensitive to complex III inhibitors and hypersensitive to an alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitor, suggesting that Mrj1 functions in respiration. In support of this conclusion, mrj1 mutants also had elevated basal oxygen consumption rates which were completely abolished by the addition of the AOX inhibitor, confirming that Mrj1 is required for mitochondrial respiration through complexes III and IV. Furthermore, inhibition of complex III phenocopied the capsule and cell wall defects of the mrj1 mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that Mrj1 is required for normal mitochondrial respiration, a key aspect of adaptation to the host environment and virulence.
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30
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Kulik T, Brankovics B, van Diepeningen AD, Bilska K, Żelechowski M, Myszczyński K, Molcan T, Stakheev A, Stenglein S, Beyer M, Pasquali M, Sawicki J, Wyrȩbek J, Baturo-Cieśniewska A. Diversity of Mobile Genetic Elements in the Mitogenomes of Closely Related Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum sensu stricto Strains and Its Implication for Diagnostic Purposes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1002. [PMID: 32528440 PMCID: PMC7263005 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the mitogenome variation observed in fungal lineages seems driven by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), which have invaded their genomes throughout evolution. The variation in the distribution and nucleotide diversity of these elements appears to be the main distinction between different fungal taxa, making them promising candidates for diagnostic purposes. Fungi of the genus Fusarium display a high variation in MGE content, from MGE-poor (Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex) to MGE-rich mitogenomes found in the important cereal pathogens F. culmorum and F. graminearum sensu stricto. In this study, we investigated the MGE variation in these latter two species by mitogenome analysis of geographically diverse strains. In addition, a smaller set of F. cerealis and F. pseudograminearum strains was included for comparison. Forty-seven introns harboring from 0 to 3 endonucleases (HEGs) were identified in the standard set of mitochondrial protein-coding genes. Most of them belonged to the group I intron family and harbored either LAGLIDADG or GIY-YIG HEGs. Among a total of 53 HEGs, 27 were shared by all fungal strains. Most of the optional HEGs were irregularly distributed among fungal strains/species indicating ancestral mosaicism in MGEs. However, among optional MGEs, one exhibited species-specific conservation in F. culmorum. While in F. graminearum s.s. MGE patterns in cox3 and in the intergenic spacer between cox2 and nad4L may facilitate the identification of this species. Thus, our results demonstrate distinctive traits of mitogenomes for diagnostic purposes of Fusaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Balazs Brankovics
- Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Żelechowski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kamil Myszczyński
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Molcan
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Alexander Stakheev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sebastian Stenglein
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Godoy Cruz, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Marco Beyer
- Department of Environmental Research and Innovation, Agro-Environmental Systems, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jakub Sawicki
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wyrȩbek
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska
- Laboratory of Phytopathology and Molecular Mycology, Department of Biology and Plant Protection, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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31
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Li D, She X, Calderone R. The antifungal pipeline: the need is established. Are there new compounds? FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5827531. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Our review summarizes and compares the temporal development (eras) of antifungal drug discovery as well as antibacterial ventures. The innovation gap that occurred in antibacterial discovery from 1960 to 2000 was likely due to tailoring of existing compounds to have better activity than predecessors. Antifungal discovery also faced innovation gaps. The semi-synthetic antibiotic era was followed closely by the resistance era and the heightened need for new compounds and targets. With the immense contribution of comparative genomics, antifungal targets became part of the discovery focus. These targets by definition are absolutely required to be fungal- or even lineage (clade) specific. Importantly, targets need to be essential for growth and/or have important roles in disease and pathogenesis. Two types of antifungals are discussed that are mostly in the FDA phase I–III clinical trials. New antifungals are either modified to increase bioavailability and stability for instance, or are new compounds that inhibit new targets. One of the important developments in incentivizing new antifungal discovery has been the prolific number of publications of global and country-specific incidence. International efforts that champion global antimicrobial drug discovery are discussed. Still, interventions are needed. The current pipeline of antifungals and alternatives to antifungals are discussed including vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xiaodong She
- Jiangsu Key laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Disease and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Richard Calderone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Georgetown University, NW 302 Med Dent Building, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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32
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Wang Y, Xu J. Mitochondrial Genome Polymorphisms in the Human Pathogenic Fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:706. [PMID: 32373103 PMCID: PMC7186387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cryptococcus complex consists of at least seven evolutionary divergent lineages and causes ∼200,000 fatal human infections each year worldwide. The dominant lineage is Cryptococcus neoformans which consists of three haploid clades VNI, VNII, and VNB, their haploid hybrids, and various diploids derived from intra- and inter-clade mating events. In this study, we analyzed the mitogenomes of 184 strains of C. neoformans. Our analyses revealed that all 184 mitogenomes contained the same 15 protein-coding genes in the same gene order. However, their mitogenome sizes varied between 24,740 and 31,327 bp, primarily due to differences in the number and size of mitochondrial introns. Twelve nucleotide sites within five mitochondrial genes were found to contain introns in at least one of the 184 strains, ranging from 2 to 7 introns within each mitogenome. The concatenated mitochondrial exon sequences of the 15 protein-coding genes and two rRNA genes showed that VNI, VNII, and VNB strains were separated into distinct clades or sub-clades, largely consistent with results based on nuclear genome SNPs. However, several novel findings were observed. First, one strain of the VNB clade contained mitogenome exon sequences identical to the main VNI mitogenome type but was distant to other VNB mitogenomes. Second, hybrids among clades VNI, VNII, and VNB identified based on their nuclear genome SNPs contained mitogenomes from different clades, with evidence of their mitogenomes inherited from either the MAT a or the MAT α parents. Third, the eight diploid VNB (C. neoformans) × VNIV (C. deneoformans) hybrids contained recombinant mitogenomes. Fourth, analyses of intron distribution and the paired exon-intron phylogenies for each of the 12 exon-intron pairs suggested frequent gains and losses of mitochondrial introns during the evolution of C. neoformans. The combined mitogenome exon-based phylogeny and intron distributions suggested that clades VNI, VNII and VNB could be further divided into sub-clades. Together, our results revealed a dynamic evolution of mitochondrial genomes in this important human fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops and Center of Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
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33
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Inhibition of Respiration of Candida albicans by Small Molecules Increases Phagocytosis Efficacy by Macrophages. mSphere 2020; 5:5/2/e00016-20. [PMID: 32295866 PMCID: PMC7160677 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00016-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans adapts to various conditions in different body niches by regulating gene expression, protein synthesis, and metabolic pathways. These adaptive reactions not only allow survival but also influence the interaction with host cells, which is governed by the composition and structure of the fungal cell wall. Numerous studies had shown linkages between mitochondrial functionality, cell wall integrity and structure, and pathogenicity. Thus, we decided to inhibit single complexes of the respiratory chain of C. albicans and to analyze the resultant interaction with macrophages via their phagocytic activity. Remarkably, inhibition of the fungal bc1 complex by antimycin A increased phagocytosis, which correlated with an increased accessibility of β-glucans. To contribute to mechanistic insights, we performed metabolic studies, which highlighted significant changes in the abundance of constituents of the plasma membrane. Collectively, our results reinforce the strong linkage between fungal energy metabolism and other components of fungal physiology, which also determine the vulnerability to immune defense reactions.IMPORTANCE The yeast Candida albicans is one of the major fungal human pathogens, for which new therapeutic approaches are required. We aimed at enhancements of the phagocytosis efficacy of macrophages by targeting the cell wall structure of C. albicans, as the coverage of the β-glucan layer by mannans is one of the immune escape mechanisms of the fungus. We unambiguously show that inhibition of the fungal bc1 complex correlates with increased accessibilities of β-glucans and improved phagocytosis efficiency. Metabolic studies proved not only the known direct effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and fermentative pathways but also the clear downregulation of the ergosterol pathway and upregulation of unsaturated fatty acids. The changed composition of the plasma membrane could also influence the interaction with the overlying cell wall. Thus, our work highlights the far-reaching relevance of energy metabolism, indirectly also for host-pathogen interactions, without affecting viability.
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Kulik T, Bilska K, Żelechowski M. Promising Perspectives for Detection, Identification, and Quantification of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes through Targeting Mitochondrial DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2645. [PMID: 32290169 PMCID: PMC7177237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes encompass many pathogens affecting crops worldwide. Their effective control requires screening pathogens across the local and international trade networks along with the monitoring of pathogen inocula in the field. Fundamentals to all of these concerns are their efficient detection, identification, and quantification. The use of molecular markers showed the best promise in the field of plant pathogen diagnostics. However, despite the unquestionable benefits of DNA-based methods, two significant limitations are associated with their use. The first limitation concerns the insufficient level of sensitivity due to the very low and uneven distribution of pathogens in plant material. The second limitation pertains to the inability of widely used diagnostic assays to detect cryptic species. Targeting mtDNA appears to provide a solution to these challenges. Its high copy number in microbial cells makes mtDNA an attractive target for developing highly sensitive assays. In addition, previous studies on different pathogen taxa indicated that mitogenome sequence variation could improve cryptic species delimitation accuracy. This review sheds light on the potential application of mtDNA for pathogen diagnostics. This paper covers a brief description of qPCR and DNA barcoding as two major strategies enabling the diagnostics of plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Both strategies are discussed along with the potential use of mtDNA, including their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kulik
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bilska
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Żelechowski
- Department of Botany and Nature Protection, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Łódzki 1, 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland
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Kundu D, Pasrija R. The ERMES (Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria Encounter Structures) mediated functions in fungi. Mitochondrion 2020; 52:89-99. [PMID: 32105794 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular organelles are membrane-bound and provide a microenvironment for specific functions. A mitochondrion is a double membranous and dynamic organelle that undergoes numerous fusion/fission events, which depends on various cellular factors. However, it is still dependent on other organelles and requires both communications as well as the movement of physical metabolites between them. Mitochondria interact with different organelles counting lipid droplets (LD), peroxisomes, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM), etc. Apart from them, mitochondria maintain multiple interactions with ER including ERMES (Endoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria encounter structures). ERMES is actually a multi-protein complex, and imperative in the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and its functions. Its disruption also compromises phospholipid exchange, drug resistance and pathogenicity. This assembly is reportedly unique to fungal systems and proposed as a target for development of new antifungal. In the light of separate reports across diverse fungal systems, we have summarised the information about its distribution and effect on mitochondrial fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Ritu Pasrija
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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Liu S, Wei Y, Zhang SH. The C3HC type zinc-finger protein (ZFC3) interacting with Lon/MAP1 is important for mitochondrial gene regulation, infection hypha development and longevity of Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:23. [PMID: 32000669 PMCID: PMC6993355 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-1711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rice blast is a typical fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, and the mitochondrial ATP-dependent Lon protease (MAP1) has been proven to be involved in blast development. We previously screened a C3HC type Zinc-finger domain protein (ZFC3), which is interacted with MAP1. The purpose of this research was to study the biological function of ZFC3 protein in M. oryzae. Results We first confirmed that the ZFC3-RFP fusion protein is localized within the mitochondria. The deleted mutant strains of ZFC3 (∆ZFC3) showed the enhanced expression level of mtATP6, particularly mtATP8, and almost unchanged nATP9. ΔZFC3 produces more conidia and more tolerance to multiple stressors. The knock-out strain shows more melanin accumulation suggests the susceptibility to aging. ΔZFC3 displays faster early-stage hypha infiltration involved in MAP1-mediated pathogenicity in host rice. Conclusion These results support the view that ZFC3 is a key regulator involved in gene regulation, stress response, cell wall integrity, longevity, conidiation, infection hypha development and MAP1-mediated pathogenicity in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Present address: Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Alves R, Kastora SL, Gomes-Gonçalves A, Azevedo N, Rodrigues CF, Silva S, Demuyser L, Van Dijck P, Casal M, Brown AJP, Henriques M, Paiva S. Transcriptional responses of Candida glabrata biofilm cells to fluconazole are modulated by the carbon source. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:4. [PMID: 31993211 PMCID: PMC6978337 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an important human fungal pathogen known to trigger serious infections in immune-compromised individuals. Its ability to form biofilms, which exhibit high tolerance to antifungal treatments, has been considered as an important virulence factor. However, the mechanisms involving antifungal resistance in biofilms and the impact of host niche environments on these processes are still poorly defined. In this study, we performed a whole-transcriptome analysis of C. glabrata biofilm cells exposed to different environmental conditions and constraints in order to identify the molecular pathways involved in fluconazole resistance and understand how acidic pH niches, associated with the presence of acetic acid, are able to modulate these responses. We show that fluconazole treatment induces gene expression reprogramming in a carbon source and pH-dependent manner. This is particularly relevant for a set of genes involved in DNA replication, ergosterol, and ubiquinone biosynthesis. We also provide additional evidence that the loss of mitochondrial function is associated with fluconazole resistance, independently of the growth condition. Lastly, we propose that C. glabrata Mge1, a cochaperone involved in iron metabolism and protein import into the mitochondria, is a key regulator of fluconazole susceptibility during carbon and pH adaptation by reducing the metabolic flux towards toxic sterol formation. These new findings suggest that different host microenvironments influence directly the physiology of C. glabrata, with implications on how this pathogen responds to antifungal treatment. Our analyses identify several pathways that can be targeted and will potentially prove to be useful for developing new antifungals to treat biofilm-based infections.
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Grants
- MR/M026663/1 Medical Research Council
- MR/N006364/1 Medical Research Council
- MR/N006364/2 Medical Research Council
- This study was supported by the Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology FCT (grant PTDC/BIAMIC/5184/2014). RA received FCT PhD fellowship (PD/BD/113813/2015). The authors gratefully acknowledge Edinburgh Genomics for RNA-Seq library preparation and sequencing. The work on CBMA was supported by the strategic program UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569). The work on CEB was supported by PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013, from FCT, “BioHealth - Biotechnology and Bioengineering approaches to improve health quality", Ref. NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000027, co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 – O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER and the project “Consolidating Research Expertize and Resources on Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology at CEB/IBB”, Ref. FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462. The work in Aberdeen was also supported by the European Research Council through the advanced grant “STRIFE” (C-2009-AdG-249793), by the UK Medical Research Council (MR/M026663/1) and by the Medical Research Council Center for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1). The work at KU Leuven was supported by the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS) through a short-term fellowship awarded to RA and by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO; WO.009.16N).
- Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS)
- Strategic program UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569)
- European Research Council through the advanced grant “STRIFE” (C-2009-AdG-249793), UK Medical Research Council (MR/M026663/1) and Medical Research Council Center for Medical Mycology and the University of Aberdeen (MR/N006364/1
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alves
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Stavroula L. Kastora
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alexandra Gomes-Gonçalves
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Azevedo
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Center for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Center for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Center for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Flanders, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Margarida Casal
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alistair J. P. Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana Henriques
- LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Center for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sandra Paiva
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Navarro-Rodríguez P, Martin-Vicente A, López-Fernández L, Guarro J, Capilla J. Expression of ERG11 and efflux pump genes CDR1, CDR2 and SNQ2 in voriconazole susceptible and resistant Candida glabrata strains. Med Mycol 2020; 58:30-38. [DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCandida glabrata causes difficult to treat invasive candidiasis due to its antifungal resistance, mainly to azoles. The aim of the present work was to study the role of the genes ERG11, CDR1, CDR2, and SNQ2 on the resistance to voriconazole (VRC) in a set of C. glabrata strains with known in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to this drug. Eighteen clinical isolates of C. glabrata were exposed in vitro to VRC, and the expression of the cited genes was quantified by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR). In addition, the ERG11 gene was amplified and sequenced to detect possible mutations. Ten synonymous mutations were found in 15 strains, two of them being reported for the first time; however, no amino acid changes were detected. ERG11 and CDR1 were the most expressed genes in all the strains tested, while the expression of CDR2 and SNQ2 was modest. Our results show that gene expression does not directly correlate with the VRC MIC. In addition, the expression profiles of ERG11 and efflux pump genes did not change consistently after exposure to VRC. Although individual analysis did not result in a clear correlation between MIC and gene expression, we did observe an increase in ERG11 and CDR1 expression in resistant strains. It is of interest that considering both in vitro and in vivo results, the slight increase in such gene expression correlates with the observed resistance to VRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Navarro-Rodríguez
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Loida López-Fernández
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, and Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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Truong T, Zeng G, Lim TK, Cao T, Pang LM, Lee YM, Lin Q, Wang Y, Seneviratne CJ. Proteomics Analysis ofCandida albicans dnm1Haploid Mutant Unraveled the Association between Mitochondrial Fission and Antifungal Susceptibility. Proteomics 2019; 20:e1900240. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thuyen Truong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of DentistryNational University of Singapore 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119085
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Singapore 138673
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of DentistryNational University of Singapore 9 Lower Kent Ridge Road Singapore 119085
| | - Li Mei Pang
- National Dental Research Institute SingaporeSinghealth Duke NUS, Singapore 5 Second Hospital Ave Singapore 168938
| | - Yew Mun Lee
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of Science, National University of Singapore 16 Science Drive 4, S2 Singapore 117558
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyAgency for Science, Technology and Research 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos Singapore 138673
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of Singapore 10 Medical Dr Singapore 117597
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Koch B, Barugahare AA, Lo TL, Huang C, Schittenhelm RB, Powell DR, Beilharz TH, Traven A. A Metabolic Checkpoint for the Yeast-to-Hyphae Developmental Switch Regulated by Endogenous Nitric Oxide Signaling. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2244-2258.e7. [PMID: 30463019 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida albicans colonizes several sites in the human body and responds to metabolic signals in commensal and pathogenic states. The yeast-to-hyphae transition correlates with virulence, but how metabolic status is integrated with this transition is incompletely understood. We used the putative mitochondrial fission inhibitor mdivi-1 to probe the crosstalk between hyphal signaling and metabolism. Mdivi-1 repressed C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis, but the mechanism was independent of its presumed target, the mitochondrial fission GTPase Dnm1. Instead, mdivi-1 triggered extensive metabolic reprogramming, consistent with metabolic stress, and reduced endogenous nitric oxide (NO) levels. Limiting endogenous NO stabilized the transcriptional repressor Nrg1 and inhibited the yeast-to-hyphae transition. We establish a role for endogenous NO signaling in C. albicans hyphal morphogenesis and suggest that NO regulates a metabolic checkpoint for hyphal growth. Furthermore, identifying NO signaling as an mdivi-1 target could inform its therapeutic applications in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Koch
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Adele A Barugahare
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tricia L Lo
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Biomedical Proteomics Facility and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David R Powell
- Bioinformatics Platform, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Traude H Beilharz
- Development and Stem Cells Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Marcos CM, Tamer G, de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Scorzoni L, Santos CT, de Lacorte Singulani J, de Fátima da Silva J, de Almeida R, de Paula E Silva ACA, da Silva RAM, de Andrade CR, Tamayo DP, Lopez AM, Barbosa NM, Zanelli CF, Hernandez-Ruiz O, McEwen JG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Down-regulation of TUFM impairs host cell interaction and virulence by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17206. [PMID: 31748561 PMCID: PMC6868139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Paracoccidioides consist of dimorphic fungi geographically limited to the subtropical regions of Latin America, which are responsible for causing deep systemic mycosis in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Paracoccidioides spp. causes the disease remain poorly understood. Paracoccidioides spp. harbor genes that encode proteins involved in host cell interaction and mitochondrial function, which together are required for pathogenicity and mediate virulence. Previously, we identified TufM (previously known as EF-Tu) in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (PbTufM) and suggested that it may be involved in the pathogenicity of this fungus. In this study, we examined the effects of downregulating PbTUFM using a silenced strain with a 55% reduction in PbTUFM expression obtained by antisense-RNA (aRNA) technology. Silencing PbTUFM yielded phenotypic differences, such as altered translation elongation, respiratory defects, increased sensitivity of yeast cells to reactive oxygen stress, survival after macrophage phagocytosis, and reduced interaction with pneumocytes. These results were associated with reduced virulence in Galleria mellonella and murine infection models, emphasizing the importance of PbTufM in the full virulence of P. brasiliensis and its potential as a target for antifungal agents against paracoccidioidomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Tamer
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Claudia Tavares Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo de Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Aparecida Moraes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleverton Roberto de Andrade
- Faculdade de Odontologia, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diana Patricia Tamayo
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angela Maria Lopez
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natália Moreira Barbosa
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Celular de Microrganismos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleslei Fernando Zanelli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Celular de Microrganismos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orville Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación MICROBA -Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clinica, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of ATP using power generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). While much of what is known about mitochondria has been gained from a study of a small number of model species, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the general mechanisms of mitochondrial respiration have been recognized as being highly conserved across eukaryotes. Now, Sun et al. (N. Sun, R. S. Parrish, R. A. Calderone, and W. A. In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of ATP using power generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). While much of what is known about mitochondria has been gained from a study of a small number of model species, including the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the general mechanisms of mitochondrial respiration have been recognized as being highly conserved across eukaryotes. Now, Sun et al. (N. Sun, R. S. Parrish, R. A. Calderone, and W. A. Fonzi, mBio 10:e00300-19, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00300-19) take the next steps in understanding mitochondrial function by identifying proteins that are unique to a smaller phylogenetic group of microbes. Using the combination of in silico, biochemical, and microbiological assays, Sun and colleagues identified seven genes that are unique to the CTG fungal clade, which contains multiple important human pathogens, including Candida albicans, and showed that they are required for full ETC function during respiratory metabolism. Because respiratory metabolism is critical for fungal pathogenesis, these clade-specific mitochondrial factors may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Xue YP, Kao MC, Lan CY. Novel mitochondrial complex I-inhibiting peptides restrain NADH dehydrogenase activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13694. [PMID: 31548559 PMCID: PMC6757105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant fungal pathogens is becoming increasingly serious due to overuse of antifungals. Antimicrobial peptides have potent activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including fungi, and are considered a potential new class of antifungals. In this study, we examined the activities of the newly designed peptides P-113Du and P-113Tri, together with their parental peptide P-113, against the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The results showed that these peptides inhibit mitochondrial complex I, specifically NADH dehydrogenase, of the electron transport chain. Moreover, P-113Du and P-113Tri also block alternative NADH dehydrogenases. Currently, most inhibitors of the mitochondrial complex I are small molecules or artificially-designed antibodies. Here, we demonstrated novel functions of antimicrobial peptides in inhibiting the mitochondrial complex I of C. albicans, providing insight in the development of new antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Peng Xue
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mou-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan, ROC.
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Vahedi Shahandashti R, Lass-Flörl C. Antifungal resistance in Aspergillus terreus: A current scenario. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 131:103247. [PMID: 31247322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis caused by intrinsically resistant non-fumigatus Aspergillus species displays a poor outcome in immunocompromised patients. The polyene antifungal amphotericin B (AmB) remains to be "gold standard" in the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Aspergillus terreus is innately resistant to AmB, in vivo and in vitro. Till now, the exact mode of action in polyene resistance is not well understood. This review highlights the underlying molecular basis of AmB resistance in A. terreus, displaying data obtained from AmB susceptible A. terreus and AmB resistant A. terreus strains. The effect of AmB on main cellular and molecular functions such as fungal respiration and stress response pathways will be discussed in detail and resistance mechanisms will be highlighted. The fungal stress response machinery seems to be a major player in the onset of AmB resistance in A. terreus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of major clinical concern. The virulence of this pathogen is intimately intertwined with its metabolism. Mitochondria, which have a central metabolic role, have undergone many lineage-specific adaptations in association with their eukaryotic host. A screen for lineage-specific genes identified seven such genes specific to the CTG clade of fungi, of which C. albicans is a member. Each is required for respiratory growth and is integral to expression of complex I, III, or IV of the electron transport chain. Two genes, NUO3 and NUO4, encode supernumerary subunits of complex I, whereas NUE1 and NUE2 have nonstructural roles in expression of complex I. Similarly, the other three genes have nonstructural roles in expression of complex III (QCE1) or complex IV (COE1 and COE2). In addition to these novel additions, an alternative functional assignment was found for the mitochondrial protein encoded by MNE1 MNE1 was required for complex I expression in C. albicans, whereas the distantly related Saccharomyces cerevisiae ortholog participates in expression of complex III. Phenotypic analysis of deletion mutants showed that fermentative metabolism is unable to support optimal growth rates or yields of C. albicans However, yeast-hypha morphogenesis, an important virulence attribute, did not require respiratory metabolism under hypoxic conditions. The inability to respire also resulted in hypersensitivity to the antifungal fluconazole and in attenuated virulence in a Galleria mellonella infection model. The results show that lineage-specific adaptations have occurred in C. albicans mitochondria and highlight the significance of respiratory metabolism in the pathobiology of C. albicans IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of major clinical concern. The virulence of this pathogen is intimately intertwined with its metabolic behavior, and mitochondria have a central role in that metabolism. Mitochondria have undergone many evolutionary changes, which include lineage-specific adaptations in association with their eukaryotic host. Seven lineage-specific genes required for electron transport chain function were identified in the CTG clade of fungi, of which C. albicans is a member. Additionally, examination of several highly diverged orthologs encoding mitochondrial proteins demonstrated functional reassignment for one of these. Deficits imparted by deletion of these genes revealed the critical role of respiration in virulence attributes of the fungus and highlight important evolutionary adaptations in C. albicans metabolism.
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The potential of respiration inhibition as a new approach to combat human fungal pathogens. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1347-1353. [PMID: 31172256 PMCID: PMC6820612 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-01001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain has been proposed as an attractive target for the development of new therapies to tackle human fungal pathogens. This arises from the presence of fungal-specific electron transport chain components and links between respiration and the control of virulence traits in several pathogenic species. However, as the physiological roles of mitochondria remain largely undetermined with respect to pathogenesis, its value as a potential new drug target remains to be determined. The use of respiration inhibitors as fungicides is well developed but has been hampered by the emergence of rapid resistance to current inhibitors. In addition, recent data suggest that adaptation of the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans, to respiration inhibitors can enhance virulence traits such as yeast-to-hypha transition and cell wall organisation. We conclude that although respiration holds promise as a target for the development of new therapies to treat human fungal infections, we require a more detailed understanding of the role that mitochondria play in stress adaption and virulence.
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Connecting iron regulation and mitochondrial function in Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:7-13. [PMID: 31085406 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron acquisition is essential for the proliferation of microorganisms, and human pathogens such as the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans must use sophisticated uptake mechanisms to overcome host iron sequestration. Iron is of particular interest for C. neoformans because its availability is an important cue for the elaboration of virulence factors. In fungi, extracellular iron is taken up through high affinity, low affinity, siderophore-mediated, and heme uptake pathways, and the details of these mechanisms are under active investigation in C. neoformans. Following uptake, iron is transported to intracellular organelles including mitochondria where it is used in heme biosynthesis and the synthesis of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster precursors. One Fe-S cluster binding protein of note is the monothiol glutaredoxin Grx4 which has emerged as a master regulator of iron sensing in C. neoformans and other fungi through its influence on the expression of proteins for iron uptake or use. The activity of Grx4 likely occurs through interactions with Fe-S clusters and transcription factors known to control expression of the iron-related functions. Although the extent to which Grx4 controls the iron regulatory network is still being investigated in C. neoformans, it is remarkable that it also influences the expression of many genes encoding mitochondrial functions. Coupled with recent studies linking mitochondrial morphology and electron transport to virulence factor elaboration, there is an emerging appreciation of mitochondria as central players in cryptococcal disease.
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Inhibition of Classical and Alternative Modes of Respiration in Candida albicans Leads to Cell Wall Remodeling and Increased Macrophage Recognition. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02535-18. [PMID: 30696734 PMCID: PMC6355986 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02535-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fungal pathogen Candida albicans requires respiratory function for normal growth, morphogenesis, and virulence. Mitochondria therefore represent an enticing target for the development of new antifungal strategies. This possibility is bolstered by the presence of characteristics specific to fungi. However, respiration in C. albicans, as in many fungal organisms, is facilitated by redundant electron transport mechanisms, making direct inhibition a challenge. In addition, many chemicals known to target the electron transport chain are highly toxic. Here we made use of chemicals with low toxicity to efficiently inhibit respiration in C. albicans We found that use of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and of the alternative oxidase inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) prevents respiration and leads to a loss of viability and to cell wall rearrangements that increase the rate of uptake by macrophages in vitro and in vivo We propose that treatment with SNP plus SHAM (SNP+SHAM) leads to transcriptional changes that drive cell wall rearrangement but which also prime cells to activate the transition to hyphal growth. In line with this, we found that pretreatment of C. albicans with SNP+SHAM led to an increase in virulence. Our data reveal strong links between respiration, cell wall remodeling, and activation of virulence factors. Our findings demonstrate that respiration in C. albicans can be efficiently inhibited with chemicals that are not damaging to the mammalian host but that we need to develop a deeper understanding of the roles of mitochondria in cellular signaling if they are to be developed successfully as a target for new antifungals.IMPORTANCE Current approaches to tackling fungal infections are limited, and new targets must be identified to protect against the emergence of resistant strains. We investigated the potential of targeting mitochondria, which are organelles required for energy production, growth, and virulence, in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans Our findings suggest that mitochondria can be targeted using drugs that can be tolerated by humans and that this treatment enhances their recognition by immune cells. However, release of C. albicans cells from respiratory inhibition appears to activate a stress response that increases the levels of traits associated with virulence. Our results make it clear that mitochondria represent a valid target for the development of antifungal strategies but that we must determine the mechanisms by which they regulate stress signaling and virulence ahead of successful therapeutic advance.
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Koch B, Traven A. Mitochondrial Control of Fungal Cell Walls: Models and Relevance in Fungal Pathogens. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:277-296. [PMID: 31807895 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Proper structure and function of the fungal cell wall are controlled by metabolic processes, as well as an interplay between a range of cellular organelles. Somewhat surprisingly, mitochondrial function has been shown to be important for proper cell wall biogenesis and integrity. Mitochondria also play a role in the susceptibility of fungi to cell wall-targeting drugs. This is true in a range of fungal species, including important human fungal pathogens. The biochemical mechanisms that explain the roles of mitochondria in cell wall biology have remained elusive, but studies to date strongly support the idea that mitochondrial control over cellular lipid homeostasis is at the core of these processes. Excitingly, recent evidence suggests that the mitochondria-lipid linkages drive resistance to the echinocandin drug caspofungin, a clinically important therapeutic that targets cell wall biosynthesis. Here, we review the state of affairs in mitochondria-fungal cell wall research and propose models that could be tested in future studies. Elucidating the mechanisms that drive fungal cell wall integrity through mitochondrial functions holds promise for developing new strategies to combat fungal infections, including the possibility to potentiate the effects of antifungal drugs and curb drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Koch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.,Protein, Science and Engineering, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ana Traven
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia.
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Fungal mitochondrial genomes and genetic polymorphisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9433-9448. [PMID: 30209549 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, responsible for ATP generation and playing a role in a diversity of cellular and organismal functions. Different from the majority of other intracellular membrane structures, mitochondria contain their own genetic materials that are capable of independent replication and inheritance. In this mini-review, we provide brief summaries of fungal mitochondrial genome structure, size, gene content, inheritance, and genetic variation. We pay special attention to the relative genetic polymorphisms of the mitochondrial vs nuclear genomes at the population level within individual fungal species. Among the 20 species/groups of species reviewed here, there is a range of variation among genes and species in the relative nuclear and mitochondrial genetic polymorphisms. Interestingly, most (15/20) showed a greater genetic diversity for nuclear genes and genomes than for mitochondrial genes and genomes, with the remaining five showing similar or slower nuclear genome genetic variations. This fungal pattern is different from the dominant pattern in animals, but more similar to that in plants. At present, the mechanisms for the variations among fungal species and the overall low level of mitochondrial sequence polymorphisms are not known. The increasing availability of population genomic data should help us reveal the potential genetic and ecological factors responsible for the observed variations.
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