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Wittmeyer KT, Oppenheim SJ, Hopper KR. Assemblies of the genomes of parasitic wasps using meta-assembly and scaffolding with genetic linkage. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 12:6423991. [PMID: 34751385 PMCID: PMC8727961 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Safe, effective biological-control introductions against invasive pests depend on narrowly host-specific natural enemies with the ability to adapt to a changing environment. As part of a project on the genetic architectures of these traits, we assembled and annotated the genomes of two aphid parasitoids, Aphelinus atriplicis and Aphelinus certus. We report here several assemblies of A. atriplicis made with Illumina and PacBio data, which we combined into a meta-assembly. We scaffolded the meta-assembly with markers from a genetic map of hybrids between A. atriplicis and A. certus. We used this genetic-linkage scaffolded (GLS) assembly of A. atriplicis to scaffold a de novo assembly of A. certus. The de novo assemblies of A. atriplicis differed in contiguity, and the meta-assembly of these assemblies was more contiguous than the best de novo assembly. Scaffolding with genetic-linkage data allowed chromosomal-level assembly of the A. atriplicis genome and scaffolding a de novo assembly of A. certus with this GLS assembly, greatly increased the contiguity of the A. certus assembly to the point where it was also at the chromosomal-level. However, completeness of the A. atriplicis assembly, as measured by percent complete, single-copy BUSCO hymenopteran genes, varied little among de novo assemblies and was not increased by meta-assembly or genetic scaffolding. Furthermore, the greater contiguity of the meta-assembly and GLS assembly had little or no effect on the numbers of genes identified, the proportions with homologs or functional annotations. Increased contiguity of the A. certus assembly provided modest improvement in assembly completeness, as measured by percent complete, single-copy BUSCO hymenopteran genes. The total genic sequence increased, and while the number of genes declined, gene length increased, which together suggest greater accuracy of gene models. More contiguous assemblies provide uses other than gene annotation, for example, identifying the genes associated with quantitative trait loci and understanding of chromosomal rearrangements associated with speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameron T Wittmeyer
- USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | | | - Keith R Hopper
- USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, USA,Corresponding author: USDA-ARS, Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit, 501 South Chapel Street, Newark, DE 19713, USA.
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Ma WJ, Pannebakker BA, Li X, Geuverink E, Anvar SY, Veltsos P, Schwander T, van de Zande L, Beukeboom LW. A single QTL with large effect is associated with female functional virginity in an asexual parasitoid wasp. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1979-1992. [PMID: 33638236 PMCID: PMC8252104 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the transition from sexual to asexual reproduction, a suite of reproduction-related sexual traits become superfluous, and may be selected against if costly. Female functional virginity refers to asexual females resisting to mate or not fertilizing eggs after mating. These traits appear to be among the first that evolve during transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction. The genetic basis of female functional virginity remains elusive. Previously, we reported that female functional virginity segregates as expected for a single recessive locus in the asexual parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of this trait by quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and candidate gene analyses. Consistent with the segregation of phenotypes, we found a single QTL of large effect, spanning over 4.23 Mb and comprising at least 131 protein-coding genes, of which 15 featured sex-biased expression in the related sexual species Asobara tabida. Two of the 15 sex-biased genes were previously identified to differ between related sexual and asexual population/species: CD151 antigen and nuclear pore complex protein Nup50. A third gene, hormone receptor 4, is involved in steroid hormone mediated mating behaviour. Overall, our results are consistent with a single locus, or a cluster of closely linked loci, underlying rapid evolution of female functional virginity in the transition to asexuality. Once this variant, causing rejection to mate, has swept through a population, the flanking region does not get smaller owing to lack of recombination in asexuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Juan Ma
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuan Li
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elzemiek Geuverink
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Seyed Yahya Anvar
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paris Veltsos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Tanja Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louis van de Zande
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leo W Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Ferguson KB, Kursch-Metz T, Verhulst EC, Pannebakker BA. Hybrid Genome Assembly and Evidence-Based Annotation of the Egg Parasitoid and Biological Control Agent Trichogramma brassicae. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:3533-3540. [PMID: 32792343 PMCID: PMC7534424 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) are egg parasitoids that are used throughout the world as biological control agents and in laboratories as model species. Despite this ubiquity, few genetic resources exist beyond COI, ITS2, and RAPD markers. Aided by a Wolbachia infection, a wild-caught strain from Germany was reared for low heterozygosity and sequenced in a hybrid de novo strategy, after which several assembling strategies were evaluated. The best assembly, derived from a DBG2OLC-based pipeline, yielded a genome of 235 Mbp made up of 1,572 contigs with an N50 of 556,663 bp. Following a rigorous ab initio-, homology-, and evidence-based annotation, 16,905 genes were annotated and functionally described. As an example of the utility of the genome, a simple ortholog cluster analysis was performed with sister species T. pretiosum, revealing over 6000 shared clusters and under 400 clusters unique to each species. The genome and transcriptome presented here provides an essential resource for comparative genomics of the commercially relevant genus Trichogramma, but also for research into molecular evolution, ecology, and breeding of T. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim B Ferguson
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tore Kursch-Metz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Department of Biology, Darmstadt, Germany
- AMW Nützlinge GmbH, Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Eveline C Verhulst
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A Pannebakker
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Mateo Leach I, Ferber S, van de Zande L, Beukeboom LW. Genetic variability of arrhenotokous and thelytokous Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera). Genetica 2012; 140:53-63. [PMID: 22729870 PMCID: PMC3386485 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-012-9657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ichneumonid wasp Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera) has been studied extensively for foraging behaviour and population dynamics of sexually (arrhenotokous) and parthenogenetically (thelytokous) reproducing individuals. Here we report the development of a set of microsatellite markers for V.canescens and use them to show that arrhenotokous individuals have more genetic variability than thelytokous ones, which are even homozygous for all tested loci. Crosses between arrhenotokous individuals suggested one marker, Vcan071, to be linked with the Complementary Sex Determiner (CSD) locus and one, Vcan109, with the Virus Like Protein (vlp-p40) locus. The genome size of V. canescens was estimated to be 274–279 Mb. We discuss how both reproductive modes can give rise to the observed genetic variability and how the new markers can be used for future genetic studies of V. canescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Mateo Leach
- Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Niehuis O, Gibson JD, Rosenberg MS, Pannebakker BA, Koevoets T, Judson AK, Desjardins CA, Kennedy K, Duggan D, Beukeboom LW, van de Zande L, Shuker DM, Werren JH, Gadau J. Recombination and its impact on the genome of the haplodiploid parasitoid wasp Nasonia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8597. [PMID: 20087411 PMCID: PMC2799529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous meiotic recombination occurs in most sexually reproducing organisms, yet its evolutionary advantages are elusive. Previous research explored recombination in the honeybee, a eusocial hymenopteran with an exceptionally high genome-wide recombination rate. A comparable study in a non-social member of the Hymenoptera that would disentangle the impact of sociality from Hymenoptera-specific features such as haplodiploidy on the evolution of the high genome-wide recombination rate in social Hymenoptera is missing. Utilizing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between two Nasonia parasitoid wasp genomes, we developed a SNP genotyping microarray to infer a high-density linkage map for Nasonia. The map comprises 1,255 markers with an average distance of 0.3 cM. The mapped markers enabled us to arrange 265 scaffolds of the Nasonia genome assembly 1.0 on the linkage map, representing 63.6% of the assembled N. vitripennis genome. We estimated a genome-wide recombination rate of 1.4-1.5 cM/Mb for Nasonia, which is less than one tenth of the rate reported for the honeybee. The local recombination rate in Nasonia is positively correlated with the distance to the center of the linkage groups, GC content, and the proportion of simple repeats. In contrast to the honeybee genome, gene density in the parasitoid wasp genome is positively associated with the recombination rate; regions of low recombination are characterized by fewer genes with larger introns and by a greater distance between genes. Finally, we found that genes in regions of the genome with a low recombination frequency tend to have a higher ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions, likely due to the accumulation of slightly deleterious non-synonymous substitutions. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that recombination reduces interference between linked sites and thereby facilitates adaptive evolution and the purging of deleterious mutations. Our results imply that the genomes of haplodiploid and of diploid higher eukaryotes do not differ systematically in their recombination rates and associated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Niehuis
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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6
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Snelling WM, Chiu R, Schein JE, Hobbs M, Abbey CA, Adelson DL, Aerts J, Bennett GL, Bosdet IE, Boussaha M, Brauning R, Caetano AR, Costa MM, Crawford AM, Dalrymple BP, Eggen A, Everts-van der Wind A, Floriot S, Gautier M, Gill CA, Green RD, Holt R, Jann O, Jones SJM, Kappes SM, Keele JW, de Jong PJ, Larkin DM, Lewin HA, McEwan JC, McKay S, Marra MA, Mathewson CA, Matukumalli LK, Moore SS, Murdoch B, Nicholas FW, Osoegawa K, Roy A, Salih H, Schibler L, Schnabel RD, Silveri L, Skow LC, Smith TPL, Sonstegard TS, Taylor JF, Tellam R, Van Tassell CP, Williams JL, Womack JE, Wye NH, Yang G, Zhao S. A physical map of the bovine genome. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R165. [PMID: 17697342 PMCID: PMC2374996 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-8-r165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new physical map of the bovine genome has been constructed by integrating data from genetic and radiation hybrid maps, and a new bovine BAC map, with the bovine genome draft assembly. Background Cattle are important agriculturally and relevant as a model organism. Previously described genetic and radiation hybrid (RH) maps of the bovine genome have been used to identify genomic regions and genes affecting specific traits. Application of these maps to identify influential genetic polymorphisms will be enhanced by integration with each other and with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries. The BAC libraries and clone maps are essential for the hybrid clone-by-clone/whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach taken by the bovine genome sequencing project. Results A bovine BAC map was constructed with HindIII restriction digest fragments of 290,797 BAC clones from animals of three different breeds. Comparative mapping of 422,522 BAC end sequences assisted with BAC map ordering and assembly. Genotypes and pedigree from two genetic maps and marker scores from three whole-genome RH panels were consolidated on a 17,254-marker composite map. Sequence similarity allowed integrating the BAC and composite maps with the bovine draft assembly (Btau3.1), establishing a comprehensive resource describing the bovine genome. Agreement between the marker and BAC maps and the draft assembly is high, although discrepancies exist. The composite and BAC maps are more similar than either is to the draft assembly. Conclusion Further refinement of the maps and greater integration into the genome assembly process may contribute to a high quality assembly. The maps provide resources to associate phenotypic variation with underlying genomic variation, and are crucial resources for understanding the biology underpinning this important ruminant species so closely associated with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren M Snelling
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Readman Chiu
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacqueline E Schein
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Cooperative Research Centre for Innovative Dairy Products, Reprogen, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Jan Aerts
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Ian E Bosdet
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mekki Boussaha
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Alexandre R Caetano
- Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasilia-DF, CP 02372 70770-900, Brasil
| | - Marcos M Costa
- Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasilia-DF, CP 02372 70770-900, Brasil
| | | | - Brian P Dalrymple
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - André Eggen
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sandrine Floriot
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clare A Gill
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ronnie D Green
- USDA-ARS - National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705-5134, USA
| | - Robert Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oliver Jann
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Steven JM Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven M Kappes
- USDA-ARS - National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705-5134, USA
| | - John W Keele
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Pieter J de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Harris A Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Stephanie McKay
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carrie A Mathewson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stephen S Moore
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Brenda Murdoch
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Frank W Nicholas
- Cooperative Research Centre for Innovative Dairy Products, Reprogen, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Alice Roy
- Genoscope, rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Hanni Salih
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Laurent Schibler
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Robert D Schnabel
- Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Licia Silveri
- Istituto di Zootecnica Università Cattolica del S Cuore, via E Parmense, 84 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Loren C Skow
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Timothy PL Smith
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Tad S Sonstegard
- USDA, ARS, BARC Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy F Taylor
- Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ross Tellam
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | | | - John L Williams
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
- Current address: Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Polo Universitario, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | | | - Natasja H Wye
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George Yang
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shaying Zhao
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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Stratikopoulos EE, Augustinos AA, Petalas YG, Vrahatis MN, Mintzas A, Mathiopoulos KD, Zacharopoulou A. An integrated genetic and cytogenetic map for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, based on microsatellite and morphological markers. Genetica 2007; 133:147-57. [PMID: 17786564 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-007-9195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A genetic map based on microsatellite polymorphisms and visible mutations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata is presented. Genotyping was performed on single flies from several backcross families. The map is composed of 67 microsatellites and 16 visible markers distributed over four linkage groups. Fluorescence in situ hybridization of selected microsatellite markers on salivary gland polytene chromosomes allowed the alignment of these groups to the second, fourth, fifth and sixth chromosome. None of the markers tested showed segregation either with the X or the third chromosome. However, this map constitutes a substantial starting point for a detailed genetic map of C. capitata. The construction of an integrated map covering the whole genome should greatly facilitate genetic studies and future genome sequence projects of the species.
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Pannebakker BA, Schidlo NS, Boskamp GJF, Dekker L, van Dooren TJM, Beukeboom LW, Zwaan BJ, Brakefield PM, van Alphen JJM. Sexual functionality of Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) after reversing Wolbachia-induced parthenogenesis. J Evol Biol 2005; 18:1019-28. [PMID: 16033575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.00898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Females infected with parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia bacteria can be cured from their infection by antibiotic treatment, resulting in male production. In most cases, however, these males are either sexually not fully functional, or infected females have lost the ability to reproduce sexually. We studied the decay of sexual function in males and females of the parasitoid Leptopilina clavipes. In western Europe, infected and uninfected populations occur allopatrically, allowing for an investigation of both male and female sexual function. This was made by comparing females and males induced from different parthenogenetic populations with those from naturally occurring uninfected populations. Our results indicate that although males show a decay of sexual function, they are still able to fertilize uninfected females. Infected females, however, do not fertilize their eggs after mating with males from uninfected populations. The absence of genomic incompatibilities suggests that these effects are due to the difference in mode of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Pannebakker
- Section of Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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9
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Pannebakker BA, Beukeboom LW, van Alphen JJM, Brakefield PM, Zwaan BJ. The genetic basis of male fertility in relation to haplodiploid reproduction in Leptopilina clavipes (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). Genetics 2005; 168:341-9. [PMID: 15454547 PMCID: PMC1448103 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.027680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traits under relaxed selection are expected to become reduced or disappear completely, a process called vestigialization. In parthenogenetic populations, traits historically involved in sexual reproduction are no longer under selection and potentially subject to such reduction. In Leptopilina clavipes, thelytokous (parthenogenetic) populations are infected by Wolbachia bacteria. Arrhenotokous populations do not harbor Wolbachia. When antibiotics are applied to infected females, they are cured from their infection and males arise. Such males are capable of producing offspring with uninfected females, but with lower fertilization success than sexual males. This can be attributed to the lack of selection on male fertility in thelytokous lines. In this study we used this variation in L. clavipes male fertility to determine the genetic basis of this trait. Males from cured thelytokous populations were crossed to females from uninfected populations. Using AFLP markers, a genetic linkage map was generated, consisting of five linkage groups and spanning a total distance of 219.9 cM. A single QTL of large effect (explaining 46.5% of the phenotypic variance) was identified for male fertility, which we call male fertility factor (mff). We discuss possible mechanisms underlying the effect of mff, as well as mechanisms involved in vestigialization of traits involved in sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart A Pannebakker
- Section of Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, NL-2300 RA, The Netherlands.
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10
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Solignac M, Vautrin D, Baudry E, Mougel F, Loiseau A, Cornuet JM. A microsatellite-based linkage map of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Genetics 2005; 167:253-62. [PMID: 15166152 PMCID: PMC1470837 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.167.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A linkage map for the honeybee (Apis mellifera) was constructed mainly from the progeny of two hybrid queens (A. m. ligustica x A. m. mellifera). A total of 541 loci were mapped; 474 were microsatellite loci; a few were additional bands produced during PCRs, one of the two rDNA loci (using ITS), the MDH locus, and three sex-linked markers (Q and FB loci and one RAPD band). Twenty-four linkage groups were estimated of which 5 were minute (between 7.1 and 22.8 cM) and 19 were major groups (>76.5 cM). The number of major linkage groups exceeded by three the number of chromosomes of the complement (n = 16). The sum of the lengths of all linkage groups amounts to 4061 cM to which must be added at least 320 cM to link groups in excess, making a total of at least 4381 cM. The length of the largest linkage group I was 630 cM. The average density of markers was 7.5 cM and the average resolution was about one marker every 300 kb. For most of the large groups, the centromeric region was determined genetically, as described in (accompanying article in this issue), using half-tetrad analysis of thelytokous parthenogens in which diploid restoration occurs through central fusion. Several cases of segregation distortion that appreared to result from deleterious recessives were discovered. A low positive interference was also detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Solignac
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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11
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Parsons YM, Shaw KL. Mapping unexplored genomes: a genetic linkage map of the Hawaiian cricket Laupala. Genetics 2002; 162:1275-82. [PMID: 12454072 PMCID: PMC1462318 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/162.3.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As with many organisms of evolutionary interest, the Hawaiian cricket Laupala genome is not well characterized genetically. Mapping such an unexplored genome therefore presents challenges not often faced in model genetic organisms and not well covered in the literature. We discuss the evolutionary merits of Laupala as a model for speciation studies involving prezygotic change, our choice of marker system for detecting genetic variation, and the initial genetic expectations pertaining to the construction of any unknown genomic map in general and to the Laupala linkage map construction in particular. We used the technique of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to develop a linkage map of Laupala. We utilized both EcoRI/MseI- and EcoRI/PstI-digested genomic DNA to generate AFLP bands and identified 309 markers that segregated among F(2) interspecific hybrid individuals. The map is composed of 231 markers distributed over 11 and 7 species-specific autosomal groups together with a number of putative X chromosome linkage groups. The integration of codominant markers enabled the identification of five homologous linkage groups corresponding to five of the seven autosomal chromosomal pairs found in Laupala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Parsons
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Abstract
Genomics is the study of the structure and function of the genome: the set of genetic information encoded in the DNA of the nucleus and organelles of an organism. It is a dynamic field that combines traditional paths of inquiry with new approaches that would have been impossible without recent technological developments. Much of the recent focus has been on obtaining the sequence of entire genomes, determining the order and organization of the genes, and developing libraries that provide immediate physical access to any desired DNA fragment. This has enabled functional studies on a genome-wide level, including analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits, quantification of global patterns of gene expression, and systematic gene disruption projects. The successful contribution of genomics to problems in applied entomology requires the cooperation of the private and public sectors to build upon the knowledge derived from the Drosophila genome and effectively develop models for other insect Orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Heckel
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Page
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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15
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Gadau J, Gerloff CU, Krüger N, Chan H, Schmid-Hempel P, Wille A, Page RE. A linkage analysis of sex determination in Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Heredity (Edinb) 2001; 87:234-42. [PMID: 11703515 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We constructed a linkage map of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera, Apidae) phase unknown. The map contains 79 markers (six microsatellite and 73 RAPD markers) in 21 linkage groups and spans over 953.1 cM. The minimal recombinational size of the B. terrestris genome was estimated to be 1073 cM. Using flow cytometry, the physical size of the haploid genome of B. terrestris was calculated to be 274 Mb. This is the second linkage map for a social insect species. Bombus terrestris has on average five times less recombinational events per kb than the honey bee Apis mellifera. Male haploidy, chromosome size, and eusociality can now be excluded as reasons for the high recombination frequency of Apis mellifera. Finally, the sex determination locus of B. terrestris was placed on the map using bulked segregant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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16
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Wajnberg E, Fauvergue X, Pons O. Patch leaving decision rules and the Marginal Value Theorem: an experimental analysis and a simulation model. Behav Ecol 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/11.6.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Nishimori Y, Lee JM, Sumitani M, Hatakeyama M, Oishi K. A linkage map of the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Genes Genet Syst 2000; 75:159-66. [PMID: 10984841 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.75.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A linkage map was constructed for the sawfly, Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera), based on the segregation of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and a visible mutation, yellow fat body (yfb). Forty haploid male progeny (20 yfb and 20+) from a single diploid female parent (yfb/+) were examined. Sixty-one of the 180 arbitrary primers tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) produced one or more RAPD bands. A total of 79 RAPD markers were detected. Of these, seven showed significant deviation from the expected 1:1 ratio, and were therefore excluded from further analysis. The remaining 72 RAPD markers and the marker mutation, yfb, were subjected to linkage analysis. Sixty RAPD markers and the yfb marker were organized into 16 linkage groups, spanning a distance of 517.2 cM. Twelve RAPD markers showed no linkage relationship to any group. Thirteen gel-purified RAPD bands were cloned and sequenced to generate the sequence-tagged sites (STSs). A single locus was represented by two markers, with one of them having a short internal deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nishimori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Japan
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18
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Weeks AR, van Opijnen T, Breeuwer JA. AFLP fingerprinting for assessing intraspecific variation and genome mapping in mites. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2000; 24:775-93. [PMID: 11345315 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006486400800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic techniques have come a long way in the last decade. With the advent of PCR, genetic markers are now accessible for all organisms, including mites. However, there is usually a trade-off between the accuracy of the molecular technique or genetic marker and expediency. In mites, many molecular techniques are not applicable due to their small size. Here we describe a relatively new molecular fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which is currently used widely in plant genomic research. We outline the AFLP procedure adapted for mites, show results using this technique from our own research and discuss the benefits and limitations of AFLPs for assessing genetic variation and for genome mapping. It is our intention to highlight the possible use of AFLPs as genetic markers with a broad application in acarological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Weeks
- Institute for Biodiversity, and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Abstract
According to theory, F(2) hybrid breakdown (lethality or sterility) is due to incompatibilities between interacting genes of the different species (i.e., the breaking up of coadapted gene complexes). Detection of such incompatibilities is particularly straightforward in haplodiploid species, because virgin F(1) hybrid females will produce haploid recombinant F(2) males. This feature allows for screening of the complete genome for recessive genetic incompatibilities. Crosses were performed between Nasonia vitripennis (v) and its sibling species N. giraulti (g). First, a linkage map was produced using RAPD markers. RAPD markers showed an overall bias toward vitripennis alleles, a pattern not predicted by the basic two-interactor Dobzhansky-Muller model. Recovery patterns of visible markers were consistent with those of linked RAPD markers. If particular genetic interactions between two loci are causing hybrid lethality, then those genotypes should be underrepresented or absent among adult F(2) males. Four sets of significant incompatibilities were detected by performing pairwise comparisons of markers on different chromosomes. Likely explanations for the observed patterns are maternal effect-zygotic gene incompatibilities or clustering of incompatibility loci. Due to the short generation time, advantages of haplodiploidy, and availability of markers, Nasonia promises to be a productive system for investigating the genetics of hybrid inviability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gadau
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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